98:. In this method, two or more optical pulses with variable time delay between them are used to investigate the processes happening during a chemical reaction. The first pulse (pump) initiates the reaction, by breaking a bond or exciting one of the reactants. The second pulse (probe) is then used to interrogate the progress of the reaction a certain period of time after initiation. As the reaction progresses, the response of the reacting system to the probe pulse will change. By continually scanning the time delay between pump and probe pulses and observing the response, workers can reconstruct the progress of the reaction as a function of time.
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Many publications have discussed the possibility of controlling chemical reactions by this method, but this remains controversial. The steps in some reactions occur in the femtosecond timescale and sometimes in
24:
115:
dissociation. When dissociated by a 400 nm laser pulse, electrons completely localize onto individual atoms after 140 fs, with Br atoms separated by 6.0 Ă… after 160 fs.
59:
published an article using this term for the first time, stating "Real-time femtochemistry, that is, chemistry on the femtosecond timescale...". Later in 1999, Zewail received the
51:, hence the name) in order to study the very act of atoms within molecules (reactants) rearranging themselves to form new molecules (products). In a 1988 issue of the journal
271:
Lu, Jia; Kadakkuzha, Beena M.; Zhao, Liang; et al. (2011). "Dynamic
Ensemble View of the Conformational Landscape of HIV-1 TAR RNA and Allosteric Recognition".
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for his pioneering work in this field showing that it is possible to see how atoms in a molecule move during a chemical reaction with flashes of
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Kadakkuzha, B. M.; Zhao, L.; Xia, T. (2009). "Conformational
Distribution and Ultrafast Base Dynamics of Leadzyme".
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2007:
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Application of femtochemistry in biological studies has also helped to elucidate the conformational dynamics of
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367:"Visualizing electron rearrangement in space and timeduring the transition from a molecule to atoms"
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86:. These reaction intermediates cannot always be deduced from observing the start and end products.
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2012:
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The simplest approach and still one of the most common techniques is known as pump–probe
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Kling, Matthias F.; Vrakking, Marc J. J. (1 May 2008). "Attosecond
Electron Dynamics".
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1996:
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Femtochemistry has been used to show the time-resolved electronic stages of
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Controlling and probing atoms and molecules with ultrafast laser pulses
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on extremely short timescales (approximately 10 seconds or one
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Femtochemistry: Ultrafast
Dynamics of the Chemical Bond
165:
16:Chemistry of reactions on 10^-15 second timescales
235:
1994:
426:
270:
1462:
483:
358:
1534:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules
315:
306:"Femtochemistry: Past, present, and future"
1529:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
1469:
1455:
490:
476:
365:Li, Wen; et al. (November 23, 2010).
89:
1902:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
1582:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
497:
400:
390:
344:10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093532
1670:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
451:, Ahmed H Zewail, World Scientific, 1994
18:
312:, Vol. 72, No. 12, pp. 2219–2231, 2000.
106:
1995:
164:
1450:
471:
299:
1975:
1405:
82:timescales, and will sometimes form
1429:
324:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
13:
421:
364:
14:
2024:
1887:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
1639:Saturated absorption spectroscopy
455:
224:The 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1974:
1963:
1962:
1892:Dual-polarization interferometry
1476:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1907:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
1882:Circular dichroism spectroscopy
1877:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
1836:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
1524:Vibrational circular dichroism
264:
229:
217:
158:
1:
1634:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
1539:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
757:Interface and colloid science
511:Glossary of chemical formulae
187:10.1126/science.242.4886.1645
151:
1768:Inelastic neutron scattering
136:Ultrafast laser spectroscopy
7:
1829:Data collection, processing
1705:Photoelectron/photoemission
1034:Bioorganometallic chemistry
521:List of inorganic compounds
226:, article on nobelprize.org
118:
101:
10:
2029:
1914:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
1856:Time-resolved spectroscopy
960:Dynamic covalent chemistry
931:Enantioselective synthesis
911:Physical organic chemistry
864:Organolanthanide chemistry
1958:
1940:Astronomical spectroscopy
1932:
1919:Photothermal spectroscopy
1869:
1828:
1821:
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1697:
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968:
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839:
715:
658:
549:Electroanalytical methods
534:
506:
427:Andrew M. Weiner (2009).
1304:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1220:Supramolecular chemistry
859:Organometallic chemistry
61:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1924:Pump–probe spectroscopy
1813:Ferromagnetic resonance
1605:Laser-induced breakdown
1242:Combinatorial chemistry
1153:Food physical chemistry
1116:Environmental chemistry
1000:Bioorthogonal chemistry
926:Retrosynthetic analysis
747:Chemical thermodynamics
730:Spectroelectrochemistry
673:Computational chemistry
392:10.1073/pnas.1014723107
90:Pump–probe spectroscopy
2008:Ultrafast spectroscopy
1620:Glow-discharge optical
1600:Raman optical activity
1514:Rotational–vibrational
1314:of element discoveries
1160:Agricultural chemistry
1148:Carbohydrate chemistry
1039:Bioinorganic chemistry
904:Alkane stereochemistry
849:Coordination chemistry
678:Mathematical chemistry
544:Instrumental chemistry
33:
1841:Hyperspectral imaging
1309:Timeline of chemistry
1206:Post-mortem chemistry
1191:Clandestine chemistry
1121:Atmospheric chemistry
1044:Biophysical chemistry
876:Solid-state chemistry
826:Equilibrium chemistry
735:Photoelectrochemistry
127:(1 attosecond = 10 s)
84:intermediate products
32:Pump-probe techniques
31:
1593:Coherent anti-Stokes
1548:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical"
1299:History of chemistry
1254:Chemical engineering
1029:Bioorganic chemistry
779:Structural chemistry
516:List of biomolecules
107:Bromine dissociation
1897:Hadron spectroscopy
1687:Conversion electron
1648:X-ray and Gamma ray
1555:Ultraviolet–visible
1322:The central science
1276:Ceramic engineering
1201:Forensic toxicology
1174:Chemistry education
1072:Radiation chemistry
1054:Interdisciplinarity
1007:Medicinal chemistry
945:Fullerene chemistry
821:Microwave chemistry
690:Molecular mechanics
685:Molecular modelling
383:2010PNAS..10720219L
377:(47): 20219–20222.
336:2008ARPC...59..463K
179:1988Sci...242.1645Z
173:(4886): 1645–1653.
57:Ahmed Hassan Zewail
2003:Physical chemistry
1945:Force spectroscopy
1870:Measured phenomena
1861:Video spectroscopy
1565:Cold vapour atomic
1365:Chemical substance
1227:Chemical synthesis
1196:Forensic chemistry
1077:Actinide chemistry
1019:Clinical chemistry
700:Molecular geometry
695:Molecular dynamics
650:Elemental analysis
603:Separation process
125:Attosecond physics
45:chemical reactions
41:physical chemistry
34:
1990:
1989:
1954:
1953:
1846:Spectrophotometry
1773:Neutron spin echo
1747:Beta spectroscopy
1660:Energy-dispersive
1444:
1443:
1380:Quantum mechanics
1345:Chemical compound
1328:Chemical reaction
1266:Materials science
1184:General chemistry
1179:Amateur chemistry
1107:Photogeochemistry
1092:Stellar chemistry
1062:Nuclear chemistry
983:Molecular biology
950:Polymer chemistry
921:Organic synthesis
916:Organic reactions
881:Ceramic chemistry
871:Cluster chemistry
801:Chemical kinetics
789:Molecular physics
668:Quantum chemistry
581:Mass spectrometry
440:978-0-471-41539-8
285:10.1021/bi200495d
279:(22): 5042–5057.
250:10.1021/bi900256q
244:(22): 3807–3809.
29:
2020:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1965:
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1737:phenomenological
1486:Vibrational (IR)
1471:
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1408:
1407:
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1340:Chemical element
995:Chemical biology
854:Magnetochemistry
831:Mechanochemistry
784:Chemical physics
725:Electrochemistry
630:Characterization
492:
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478:
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444:
430:Ultrafast Optics
415:
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310:Pure Appl. Chem.
308:. A. H. Zewail,
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146:Flash photolysis
141:Ultrashort pulse
74:RNA structures.
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1992:
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1950:
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1504:Resonance Raman
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1384:
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1281:Polymer science
1237:Click chemistry
1232:Green chemistry
1126:Ocean chemistry
1102:Biogeochemistry
1048:
964:
936:Total synthesis
899:Stereochemistry
885:
835:
752:Surface science
742:Thermochemistry
711:
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625:Crystallography
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422:Further reading
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131:Femtotechnology
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39:is the area of
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2013:Photochemistry
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1720:Angle-resolved
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1165:Soil chemistry
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1138:Carbochemistry
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1133:Clay chemistry
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1088:Astrochemistry
1084:Cosmochemistry
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1067:Radiochemistry
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955:Petrochemistry
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816:Spin chemistry
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811:Photochemistry
808:
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796:Femtochemistry
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608:Chromatography
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526:Periodic table
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456:External links
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330:(1): 463–492.
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37:Femtochemistry
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1577:Near-infrared
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1370:Chemical bond
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1259:Stoichiometry
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43:that studies
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1979:
1967:
1947:(a misnomer)
1933:Applications
1851:Time-stretch
1742:paramagnetic
1560:Fluorescence
1478:Spectroscopy
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1247:Biosynthesis
1097:Geochemistry
1012:Pharmacology
988:Cell biology
978:Biochemistry
806:Spectroscopy
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705:VSEPR theory
554:Spectroscopy
498:Branches of
464:, PhD Thesis
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1519:Vibrational
1435:WikiProject
660:Theoretical
645:Calorimetry
49:femtosecond
1997:Categories
1725:Two-photon
1627:absorption
1509:Rotational
1271:Metallurgy
970:Biological
536:Analytical
152:References
80:attosecond
1803:Terahertz
1784:Radiowave
1682:Mössbauer
1333:Catalysis
841:Inorganic
635:Titration
500:chemistry
433:. Wiley.
211:220103588
195:0036-8075
72:stem-loop
1969:Category
1698:Electron
1665:Emission
1615:emission
1572:Vibronic
1399:Category
1355:Molecule
1292:See also
717:Physical
411:21059945
352:18031218
293:21553929
258:19301929
203:17730575
119:See also
102:Examples
1981:Commons
1808:ESR/EPR
1756:Nucleon
1584:(REMPI)
1411:Commons
1375:Alchemy
891:Organic
402:2996685
379:Bibcode
332:Bibcode
175:Bibcode
167:Science
113:bromine
67:light.
53:Science
1822:Others
1610:Atomic
1423:Portal
569:UV-Vis
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1763:Alpha
1732:Auger
1710:X-ray
1677:Gamma
1655:X-ray
1588:Raman
1499:Raman
1494:FT-IR
596:MALDI
564:Raman
207:S2CID
65:laser
1350:Atom
618:HPLC
435:ISBN
407:PMID
371:PNAS
348:PMID
289:PMID
254:PMID
199:PMID
191:ISSN
1791:NMR
1360:Ion
591:ICP
574:NMR
397:PMC
387:doi
375:107
340:doi
281:doi
246:doi
183:doi
171:242
1999::
1796:2D
1715:UV
1090:/
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559:IR
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