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from equipment and storing vessels may result in the multiplication of harmful organisms within the ferment, potentially increasing the risks of food borne illnesses such as botulism. However, botulism in vegetable ferments is only possible when not properly canned. The production of off smells and
307:", within the yeast cells. The "ferments" were thought to function only within living organisms. Pasteur wrote that "Alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells."
238:
Natural fermentation predates human history. Since ancient times, humans have exploited the fermentation process. The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation is 13,000-year-old residues of a beer, with the consistency of gruel, found in a cave near
3696:
417:
Food fermentation serves five main purposes: to enrich the diet through development of a diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food substrates; to preserve substantial amounts of food through
2184:
1755:
1663:
McGovern, P. E.; Zhang, J.; Tang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Hall, G. R.; Moreau, R. A.; Nunez, A.; Butrym, E. D.; Richards, M. P.; Wang, C. -S.; Cheng, G.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, C. (2004).
361:
1527:(urethane). "A 2009 review of the existing studies conducted across Asia concluded that regularly eating pickled vegetables roughly doubles a person's risk for
1929:
Dubos, J. (1951). "Louis
Pasteur: Free Lance of Science, Gollancz. Quoted in Manchester K. L. (1995) Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)--chance and the prepared mind".
1968:
2180:
327:, Germany, found that sugar was fermented even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture, by an enzyme complex secreted by yeast that he termed
1751:
1809:
1993:
3727:
1244:
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259:
area. Seven-thousand-year-old jars containing the remains of wine, now on display at the
University of Pennsylvania, were excavated in the
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2884:
2064:
171:. More localised foods prepared by fermentation may also be based on beans, grain, vegetables, fruit, honey, dairy products, and fish.
2128:
4057:
1641:
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1490:
since 1985. It has more cases of botulism than any other state in the United States of
America. This is caused by the traditional
1905:
2058:
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tails, seal oil, and birds, to ferment for an extended period of time before being consumed. The risk is exacerbated when a
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17:
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in Israel. Another early alcoholic drink, made from fruit, rice, and honey, dates from 7000 to 6600 BC, in the
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made with grilled, banana leaf-wrapped pork (both skin and meat) that has been fermented with glutinous rice.
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bread. The production of organic acids is exploited to preserve and flavor vegetables and dairy products.
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1989:
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is used for this purpose instead of the old-fashioned, traditional method, a grass-lined hole, as the
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is an important factor to consider during the fermentation of foods. Failing to completely remove any
105:
usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired. The science of fermentation is known as
3732:
3296:
357:
315:
Nevertheless, it was known that yeast extracts can ferment sugar even in the absence of living yeast
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386:. All three products have found human uses. The production of alcohol is made use of when fruit
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3276:
1832:
1610:
295:, when in 1856 he connected yeast to fermentation. When studying the fermentation of sugar to
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discoloration may be indications that harmful bacteria may have been introduced to the food.
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bacteria thrive in the anaerobic conditions created by the air-tight enclosure in plastic.
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produced by yeast activity), and in the preservation of sour foods with the production of
8:
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How Not to Die: Discover the Foods
Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease
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The term "fermentation" sometimes refers specifically to the chemical conversion of
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82:
2131:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. federal agency). Archived from
1892:
The
Indigenous Fermented Foods of the Sudan: A Study in African Food and Nutrition
303:, Pasteur concluded that the fermentation was catalyzed by a vital force, called "
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2026:(526) (Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character ed.): 369–375.
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1544: – Process of softening that certain fleshy fruits undergo, beyond ripening
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being trodden to extract the juice and made into wine in storage jars. Tomb of
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1808:
Cavalieri, D.; McGovern P.E.; Hartl D.L.; Mortimer R.; Polsinelli M. (2003).
1578: – Study of the microorganisms that inhibit, create, or contaminate food
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2015:
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Research has found that fermented food contains a carcinogenic by-product,
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1068:
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706:
702:
698:
613:
577:
434:
379:
375:
267:. There is strong evidence that people were fermenting alcoholic drinks in
102:
74:
42:
27:
Converting carbohydrates to alcohol or acids using anaerobic microorganisms
1950:
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994:
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319:. While studying this process in 1897, the German chemist and zymologist
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practice of allowing animal products such as whole fish, fish heads,
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Hui YH, Meunier-Goddik L, Josephsen J, Nip WK, Stanfield PS (2004).
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1638:"'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers"
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Pickling § Possible health hazards of pickled vegetables
1414:
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661:
653:
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589:
585:
500:
492:
437:; and to reduce cooking time and the associated use of fuel.
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184:
164:
137:
129:
113:
90:
38:
34:
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2210:
Science aid: Fermentation - Process and uses of fermentation
2087:
Handbook of
Indigenous Foods Involving Alkaline Fermentation
1584: – Biochemical process applied in industrial production
362:
List of microorganisms used in food and beverage preparation
337:
for his research and discovery of "cell-free fermentation".
3840:
3805:
2466:
1303:
1220:
1150:
1087:
1072:
1044:
1004:
990:
950:
888:
844:
804:
694:
617:
609:
573:
484:
480:
402:, are fermented and then distilled to make spirits such as
395:
391:
264:
125:
121:
3881:
1810:"Evidence for S. cerevisiae fermentation in ancient wine"
1228:
403:
969:, oncom, soybean paste, Beijing mung bean milk, kinama,
374:
Food fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other
1780:"Fermented fruits and vegetables. A global perspective"
1640:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018.
429:
fermentations; to enrich food substrates with protein,
2181:"The WHO Says Cellphones—and Pickles—May Cause Cancer"
1665:"Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China"
1662:
1618: – Yeasts used for alcoholic fermentation of wine
1602: – Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
370:
Beer and bread, two major uses of fermentation in food
3922:
2050:
Handbook of Food and
Beverage Fermentation Technology
2040:
310:
1572: – Device used in beer brewing and wine making
2215:Fermented cereals. A global perspective - FAO 1999
2155:"New Link Between Wine, Fermented Food And Cancer"
1752:"Now on display ... world's oldest known wine jar"
1555: – Fungal plant disease on maize and teosinte
275:ca. 3150 BC, pre-Hispanic Mexico ca. 2000 BC, and
2013:
282:
4049:
2109:
1669:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
344:studies led to the early discovery of oxidized
132:. However, similar processes take place in the
410:. The production of carbon dioxide is used to
159:Other widely consumed fermented foods include
3728:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
3089:
2878:
2235:
2085:Sarkar, Prabir K.; Nout, M.J. Robert (2014).
1245:Still Life with Cheeses, Almonds and Pretzels
1965:"Nobel Laureate Biography of Eduard Buchner"
1486:has witnessed a steady increase of cases of
440:
251:, and winemaking dates from ca. 6000 BC, in
191:, exactly as laid out in the Great Tomb at
3096:
3082:
2885:
2871:
2242:
2228:
2103:
2084:
2020:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1723:"8,000-year-old wine unearthed in Georgia"
922:
2123:
2121:
2031:
1928:
1889:
1836:
1784:FAO Agricultural Services Bulletins - 134
1698:
1688:
398:, and when foods rich in starch, such as
217:
174:
2014:Harden, A.; Young, W.J. (October 1906).
1801:
1390:
1237:
1126:
980:
444:
365:
178:
56:
29:
1656:
14:
4050:
2249:
2187:from the original on 29 September 2011
2118:
2112:Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods
2016:"The Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast-Juice"
3210:Academics, dietitians, and physicians
3103:
3077:
2892:
2866:
2223:
2053:. CRC Press. pp. 27 and passim.
1774:
1772:
120:, producing alcoholic drinks such as
3987:
3907:
2833:
2129:"Why does Alaska have more botulism"
1883:
989:) prepared and fermented for baking
3723:Plant-Based Health Professionals UK
2849:
1990:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929"
1744:
1715:
24:
2161:from the original on 11 March 2007
1769:
1644:from the original on 8 August 2019
1529:esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
985:Batter made from rice and lentil (
25:
4114:
2203:
346:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
4030:
4013:
3996:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3057:
3056:
3045:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2805:
4058:Fermentation in food processing
3983:Fermentation in food processing
2641:Indirect grilling/Plank cooking
2173:
2147:
2078:
2067:from the original on 2023-03-17
2007:
1996:from the original on 2006-08-27
1982:
1971:from the original on 2016-06-29
1957:
1758:from the original on 2012-08-26
1733:from the original on 2019-10-09
1590: – Branch of biotechnology
3411:Advocates and cookbook authors
2110:Steinkraus, K.H., ed. (1995).
1922:
1898:
1817:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1630:
283:Discovery of the role of yeast
13:
1:
1943:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)89014-9
1623:
1097:
433:, and vitamins; to eliminate
378:into alcohol or preservative
325:Humboldt University of Berlin
394:, when grains are made into
7:
3063:Category: Food preservation
2483:Bain-marie (Double boiling)
1566: – Wine making process
1534:
340:One year earlier, in 1906,
333:. In 1907 he received the
10:
4119:
2769:List of cooking appliances
2261:List of cooking techniques
1865:. 15008419. Archived from
1564:Fermentation in winemaking
1559:Curing (food preservation)
1465:
1384:
1316:
1255:
1139:
926:
465:
355:
231:
221:
202:
101:(oxygen-free) conditions.
3890:
3859:
3798:
3777:
3741:
3733:Pritikin Longevity Center
3715:
3673:
3630:
3410:
3209:
3202:
3111:
3040:
2900:
2802:
2761:
2695:
2654:
2598:
2573:
2517:
2510:
2475:
2419:
2378:
2371:
2331:
2300:
2274:
2267:
2258:
1847:10.1007/s00239-003-0031-2
1596: – Order of bacteria
441:Fermented foods by region
358:Microbes in human culture
3683:Adventist Health Studies
1600:Lactic acid fermentation
1461:
1233:
1215:
1135:
976:
933:
515:East and Southeast Asia:
335:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
311:"Cell-free fermentation"
3769:Plant-based action plan
2774:List of cooking vessels
2344:Grilling (charbroiling)
1931:Trends in Biotechnology
1690:10.1073/pnas.0407921102
1588:Industrial microbiology
1582:Industrial fermentation
1380:
1312:
929:List of fermented foods
923:Fermented foods by type
468:List of fermented foods
452:, a Japanese fermented
351:
213:History of microbiology
205:History of biochemistry
3277:Christopher D. Gardner
2349:Roasting (traditional)
2033:10.1098/rspb.1906.0070
1611:Symbiotic fermentation
1439:
1403:
1253:
1132:
1131:Fermenting cocoa beans
997:
463:
371:
224:Brewing § History
218:Brewing and winemaking
200:
175:History and prehistory
62:
54:
3578:Arnold Schwarzenegger
3159:Planetary health diet
1517:Clostridium botulinum
1394:
1241:
1130:
984:
466:Further information:
448:
431:essential amino acids
369:
356:Further information:
203:Further information:
182:
73:is the conversion of
60:
33:
4083:Culinary terminology
4063:Alchemical processes
3790:Vegetarian nutrition
3433:Dawn Jackson Blatner
3337:Palaniappan Manickam
3134:Lacto-ovo vegetarian
2183:. Slate. June 2011.
1894:. CAB International.
1823:(Suppl 1): S226–32.
1594:Lactic acid bacteria
342:ethanol fermentation
4068:Biology and culture
3538:Joanne Lee Molinaro
2975:Modified atmosphere
1872:on December 9, 2006
1829:2003JMolE..57S.226C
1790:on January 19, 2007
1681:2004PNAS..10117593M
1675:(51): 17593–17598.
1616:Yeast in winemaking
947:fermented bean curd
287:The French chemist
18:Fermentation (food)
4078:Chinese inventions
3705:The Longevity Diet
3533:Hetty Lui McKinnon
3257:Caldwell Esselstyn
3144:Mediterranean diet
2646:Stir frying (chao)
1890:Dirar, H. (1993).
1404:
1254:
1133:
998:
464:
372:
201:
183:Conical loaves of
63:
61:Sourdough starter.
55:
3920:
3919:
3663:The Game Changers
3639:Forks Over Knives
3626:
3625:
3483:Robert Downey Jr.
3463:Suzy Amis Cameron
3402:Ellsworth Wareham
3342:John A. McDougall
3227:T. Colin Campbell
3105:Plant-based diets
3071:
3070:
2950:Hurdle technology
2910:Burying in ground
2894:Food preservation
2860:
2859:
2789:Food preservation
2713:Burying in ground
2606:Carryover cooking
2594:
2593:
2506:
2505:
2367:
2366:
2313:Roasting (modern)
2060:978-0-8247-5122-7
1576:Food microbiology
1570:Fermentation lock
1512:plastic container
1435:fermented sausage
1286:products such as
867:products such as
390:are converted to
245:Neolithic Chinese
16:(Redirected from
4110:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3973:
3972:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3816:Herbs and spices
3647:PlantPure Nation
3593:Hannah Sunderani
3583:Jessica Seinfeld
3548:David H. Murdock
3347:Tracye McQuirter
3307:David J. Jenkins
3207:
3206:
3184:Sustainable diet
3129:Lacto vegetarian
3098:
3091:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3049:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2822:Drink portal
2820:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2784:Food preparation
2672:Pressure cooking
2515:
2514:
2376:
2375:
2272:
2271:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:. ScienceDaily.
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2135:on 7 August 2006
2125:
2116:
2115:
2114:. Marcel Dekker.
2107:
2101:
2100:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1911:. Archived from
1910:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1840:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1786:. Archived from
1776:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1242:Cheeses in art:
1094:, among others.
837:pickled cucumber
456:food made using
261:Zagros Mountains
209:History of bread
21:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3988:sister projects
3985:at Knowledge's
3979:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3886:
3855:
3794:
3785:Vegan nutrition
3773:
3754:Fermented foods
3737:
3711:
3689:The China Study
3675:
3669:
3655:What the Health
3622:
3618:Robert O. Young
3598:Deborah Szekely
3478:Rosanna Davison
3448:Brendan Brazier
3438:Carleigh Bodrug
3406:
3372:Nathan Pritikin
3292:Julieanna Hever
3222:Will Bulsiewicz
3217:Neal D. Barnard
3198:
3139:Low-carbon diet
3107:
3102:
3072:
3067:
3052:Food portal
3044:
3036:
2905:Biopreservation
2896:
2891:
2861:
2856:
2816:
2814:
2812:Food portal
2804:
2798:
2779:Outdoor cooking
2757:
2691:
2687:Thermal cooking
2677:Pressure frying
2650:
2590:
2569:
2502:
2493:Double steaming
2471:
2415:
2363:
2327:
2296:
2287:Hot salt frying
2263:
2254:
2248:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1937:(12): 511–515.
1927:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1838:10.1.1.628.6396
1812:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1727:The Independent
1721:
1720:
1716:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1537:
1525:ethyl carbamate
1470:
1464:
1442:
1400:Thai speciality
1389:
1383:
1321:
1315:
1260:
1236:
1218:
1148:
1140:Main articles:
1138:
1100:
979:
936:
931:
925:
817:elderberry wine
813:sourdough bread
470:
443:
364:
354:
313:
285:
236:
234:History of beer
230:
228:History of wine
222:Main articles:
220:
215:
177:
143:
67:food processing
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4045:
4044:
4042:from Wikibooks
4027:
4025:from Wikiquote
4010:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Legumes/Pulses
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3764:Gut microbiome
3761:
3759:Gut microbiota
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:Charity Morgan
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Mary McCartney
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Matthew Kenney
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Alfredo Bowman
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:Terry Shintani
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:Susan M. Levin
3324:
3322:Michael Klaper
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3302:Shireen Kassam
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Michael Greger
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3262:Gary E. Fraser
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Portfolio diet
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Ovo vegetarian
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3054:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3032:Vacuum packing
3029:
3027:Tyndallization
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Caramelization
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Shallow frying
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2204:External links
2202:
2199:
2198:
2172:
2146:
2117:
2102:
2095:
2077:
2059:
2039:
2006:
1981:
1956:
1921:
1918:on 2012-05-30.
1906:"Fermentation"
1897:
1882:
1800:
1768:
1743:
1729:. 2003-12-28.
1714:
1655:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1463:
1460:
1441:
1438:
1398:is a northern
1387:Fermented meat
1385:Main article:
1382:
1379:
1319:Fermented fish
1317:Main article:
1314:
1311:
1278:(camel milk),
1262:Some kinds of
1256:Main article:
1235:
1232:
1217:
1214:
1137:
1134:
1099:
1096:
1081:Bangla (drink)
978:
975:
935:
932:
927:Main article:
924:
921:
920:
919:
904:
807:
795:
751:
719:
718:
717:
665:
644:
507:
442:
439:
384:carbon dioxide
353:
350:
321:Eduard Buchner
312:
309:
284:
281:
219:
216:
199:, 2435-2305 BC
176:
173:
148:, such as in
141:
87:microorganisms
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4115:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4011:
4007:
4006:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3913:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Dietary fiber
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:Organizations
3714:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3664:
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3657:
3656:
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3649:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3635:
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3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Ocean Robbins
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Kathy Freston
3496:
3494:
3493:Rip Esselstyn
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:James Cameron
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Clarence Bass
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:David L. Katz
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Pascalization
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:Freeze-drying
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Gentle frying
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:Indirect heat
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
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2433:
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2345:
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2334:
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2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
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2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2096:9781466565302
2092:
2089:. CRC Press.
2088:
2081:
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2017:
2010:
1995:
1991:
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1970:
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1497:
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1492:Alaska Native
1489:
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1474:
1473:Sterilization
1469:
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1301:
1297:
1296:crème fraîche
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:cultured milk
1281:
1277:
1274:(mare milk),
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1258:Dairy product
1251:
1250:Clara Peeters
1247:
1246:
1240:
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1226:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
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1200:
1196:
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1179:burong mangga
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:Indian pickle
1112:
1108:
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1074:
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930:
918:
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878:
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865:cultured milk
862:
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830:
826:
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696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
666:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:
647:Central Asia:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
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583:
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567:
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547:
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531:
530:burong mangga
527:
523:
519:
516:
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486:
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478:
475:
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455:
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435:antinutrients
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
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397:
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389:
385:
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380:organic acids
377:
376:carbohydrates
368:
363:
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349:
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332:
331:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Louis Pasteur
280:
279:ca. 1500 BC.
278:
274:
273:ancient Egypt
271:ca. 3000 BC,
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
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84:
80:
76:
75:carbohydrates
72:
68:
59:
52:
51:Ancient Egypt
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4093:Food science
4088:Fermentation
4037:
4020:
4008:from Commons
4003:
3982:
3894:
3851:Whole grains
3742:Key concepts
3703:
3695:
3687:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3553:Toni Okamoto
3518:Max La Manna
3508:Richa Hingle
3453:Dan Buettner
3428:Mark Bittman
3387:Sheil Shukla
3352:Gemma Newman
3332:Valter Longo
3267:Joel Fuhrman
3242:Alan Desmond
3232:Brenda Davis
3179:Sattvic diet
3000:Potjevleesch
2935:Fermentation
2934:
2727:
2655:Device-based
2599:Mixed medium
2452:Slow cooking
2282:Dry roasting
2189:. Retrieved
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:the original
2111:
2105:
2086:
2080:
2069:. Retrieved
2049:
2042:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1959:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1913:the original
1900:
1891:
1885:
1874:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1820:
1816:
1803:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:the original
1783:
1760:. Retrieved
1746:
1735:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1648:15 September
1646:. Retrieved
1632:
1522:
1515:
1482:
1471:
1443:
1405:
1396:Chin som mok
1395:
1372:surströmming
1368:shrimp paste
1322:
1261:
1243:
1219:
1175:nata de coco
1149:
1107:mixed pickle
1101:
1069:grain whisky
999:
986:
937:
906:
841:surströmming
809:
798:Middle East:
797:
753:
721:
699:mixed pickle
667:
646:
614:shrimp paste
578:nata de coco
514:
509:
473:
457:
416:
373:
339:
328:
314:
286:
237:
158:
111:
109:or zymurgy.
103:Fermentation
85:acids using
71:fermentation
70:
64:
43:18th dynasty
3573:Derek Sarno
3563:Steve Pilot
3558:Darin Olien
3513:Daniel Humm
3488:Marta Dymek
3392:Tim Spector
3377:Megan Rossi
3362:Dean Ornish
3357:Jack Norris
3272:Kristi Funk
3252:Gidon Eshel
3237:Garth Davis
3164:Pollotarian
3154:Pescetarian
3119:Flexitarian
2955:Irradiation
2854:WikiProject
2794:Food safety
2682:Slow cooker
2667:Microwaving
2560:Stir frying
2545:Deep frying
2339:Charbroiler
1065:malt whisky
987:Vigna mungo
973:, thua nao
963:stinky tofu
917:kānga pirau
668:South Asia:
626:stinky tofu
423:acetic acid
421:, alcohol,
419:lactic acid
247:village of
189:grave goods
146:lactic acid
4098:Metabolism
4052:Categories
4022:Quotations
3877:Plant milk
3846:Vegetables
3608:Nisha Vora
3588:Gene Stone
3528:Ella Mills
3468:Hannah Che
3418:Eric Adams
3367:Jane Plant
3297:Simon Hill
3282:Max Gerson
3247:Hans Diehl
3194:Vegetarian
3124:Fruitarian
2920:Cold chain
2728:Fermenting
2662:Air frying
2611:Barbecuing
2550:Pan frying
2530:Blackening
2457:Smothering
2401:Parboiling
2354:Rotisserie
2301:Convection
2275:Conduction
2253:techniques
2191:10 October
2165:10 October
2071:2016-10-22
2000:2007-01-28
1975:2009-08-26
1876:2007-01-28
1794:2007-01-28
1762:2007-01-28
1737:2007-01-28
1624:References
1506:flippers,
1466:See also:
1445:Pu-erh tea
1332:fish sauce
1203:aragh sagi
1146:Winemaking
1111:sauerkraut
1098:Vegetables
861:prosciutto
833:sauerkraut
546:fish sauce
474:Worldwide:
232:See also:
150:sauerkraut
3778:Nutrition
3613:Joe Yonan
3473:Joe Cross
3312:Joel Kahn
3174:Raw vegan
3007:Rillettes
2636:Fricassee
2626:Deglazing
2518:High heat
2511:Fat-based
2488:Sous-vide
2447:Simmering
2411:Reduction
2396:Decoction
2386:Blanching
2379:High heat
2332:Radiation
1833:CiteSeerX
1553:Corn smut
1457:Goishicha
1431:saucisson
1419:pepperoni
1252:, c. 1615
1225:metheglin
1195:chocolate
1061:rice wine
1053:sourdough
1041:rejuvelac
1029:makgeolli
959:soy sauce
769:hot sauce
761:chocolate
754:Americas:
622:soy sauce
570:narezushi
566:leppet-so
255:, in the
134:leavening
99:anaerobic
4103:Mycology
3901:Category
3603:Jeeca Uy
3022:Sugaring
2985:Pickling
2965:Jellying
2945:Freezing
2846:Cookbook
2830:Category
2762:See also
2738:Pickling
2696:Non-heat
2616:Braising
2586:Sweating
2574:Low heat
2565:Sautéing
2535:Browning
2498:Steaming
2462:Steeping
2442:Poaching
2437:Infusion
2432:Creaming
2427:Coddling
2420:Low heat
2406:Shocking
2359:Toasting
2323:Barbecue
2185:Archived
2159:Archived
2065:Archived
1994:Archived
1969:Archived
1855:15008419
1756:Archived
1731:Archived
1709:15590771
1642:Archived
1606:Pickling
1542:Bletting
1535:See also
1500:sea lion
1488:botulism
1477:microbes
1449:Kombucha
1292:filmjölk
1211:tempoyak
1191:vişinată
1187:pickling
943:doenjang
877:filmjölk
825:pickling
821:kombucha
793:parakari
664:(yogurt)
638:tempoyak
606:ruou nep
562:kombucha
554:lambanog
538:doenjang
534:com ruou
459:Bacillus
427:alkaline
400:potatoes
305:ferments
293:zymology
291:founded
257:Caucasus
193:Gebelein
187:left as
107:zymology
95:bacteria
4073:Brewing
4039:Recipes
3975:Biology
3939:Cooking
3925:Portals
3912:Commons
3676:studies
3397:Mia Syn
3017:Smoking
3012:Salting
2990:Potting
2970:Jugging
2960:Jamming
2915:Canning
2838:Commons
2753:Souring
2748:Salting
2733:Juicing
2708:Brining
2525:Basting
2467:Stewing
2391:Boiling
2318:Smoking
2292:Searing
2251:Cooking
2139:18 July
1951:8595136
1863:7914033
1825:Bibcode
1677:Bibcode
1548:Brining
1427:som moo
1407:Chorizo
1364:rakfisk
1344:jeotgal
1328:faseekh
1324:Bagoong
1300:smetana
1171:atchara
1155:vinegar
1142:Brewing
1119:gundruk
1013:choujiu
1001:Amazake
908:Oceania
885:smetana
829:rakfisk
810:Europe:
777:tibicos
773:tepache
765:vanilla
722:Africa:
642:zha cai
550:lah pet
526:belacan
522:atchara
518:amazake
489:vinegar
477:alcohol
462:species
454:soybean
348:(NAD).
297:alcohol
269:Babylon
253:Georgia
161:vinegar
118:ethanol
97:—under
83:organic
79:alcohol
3872:Coffee
3836:Tempeh
3708:(2018)
3700:(2015)
3692:(2005)
3674:Books,
3666:(2018)
3658:(2017)
3650:(2015)
3642:(2011)
3203:People
3061:
2995:Confit
2930:Drying
2925:Curing
2723:Drying
2718:Curing
2631:Flambé
2540:Frying
2308:Baking
2093:
2057:
1949:
1861:
1853:
1835:
1707:
1700:539767
1697:
1508:beaver
1502:, and
1496:walrus
1484:Alaska
1453:Lahpet
1425:chua,
1411:salami
1376:shidal
1360:prahok
1356:pla ra
1352:padaek
1340:Hákarl
1308:yogurt
1306:, and
1276:shubat
1266:also,
1264:cheese
1207:chacha
1183:asinan
1167:brandy
1103:Kimchi
1092:chicha
1090:, and
1057:sowans
1049:sikhye
1021:injera
967:tempeh
853:salami
801:torshi
789:kiviak
785:muktuk
781:pulque
757:chicha
733:laxoox
729:injera
715:paneer
711:tongba
691:yogurt
683:dhokla
658:shubat
634:tempeh
602:prahok
598:pla ra
594:padaek
558:kimchi
542:douchi
505:cheese
497:yogurt
493:olives
425:, and
412:leaven
388:juices
330:zymase
226:, and
211:, and
169:cheese
167:, and
165:olives
154:yogurt
128:, and
114:sugars
91:yeasts
47:Thebes
35:Grapes
4005:Media
3963:Drink
3867:Cacao
3860:Drink
3831:Seeds
3811:Fruit
3806:Beans
3631:Films
3189:Vegan
3112:Diets
2743:Purée
2703:Aging
1916:(PDF)
1909:(PDF)
1870:(PDF)
1859:S2CID
1813:(PDF)
1504:whale
1462:Risks
1415:sucuk
1348:ngapi
1336:Garum
1288:quark
1280:ayran
1272:kumis
1268:kefir
1234:Dairy
1216:Honey
1163:perry
1159:cider
1136:Fruit
1123:tursu
1084:vodka
1033:murri
1025:kvass
1017:gamju
1009:bread
995:dosas
991:idlis
977:Grain
955:natto
934:Beans
873:kefir
869:quark
857:sucuk
849:kvass
745:ogiri
737:mageu
725:garri
707:sinki
703:ngari
675:appam
671:achar
662:qatiq
654:kefir
650:kumis
590:oncom
586:ngapi
582:nattō
501:bread
450:Nattō
408:vodka
317:cells
301:yeast
277:Sudan
249:Jiahu
241:Haifa
197:Egypt
185:bread
138:bread
130:cider
116:into
39:Nakht
3951:Food
3841:Tofu
3826:Nuts
3799:Food
2193:2012
2167:2012
2141:2011
2091:ISBN
2055:ISBN
1947:PMID
1851:PMID
1705:PMID
1650:2018
1381:Meat
1313:Fish
1304:skyr
1221:Mead
1199:rakı
1151:Wine
1144:and
1088:boza
1077:dosa
1073:idli
1045:sake
1005:beer
993:and
951:miso
897:tupí
893:rakı
889:skyr
845:mead
805:boza
695:idli
687:dahi
679:dosa
630:tape
618:soju
610:sake
574:miso
510:Asia
485:wine
481:beer
406:and
396:beer
392:wine
382:and
360:and
352:Uses
265:Iran
152:and
126:beer
122:wine
3882:Tea
2372:Wet
2268:Dry
2028:doi
1939:doi
1843:doi
1695:PMC
1685:doi
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1531:."
1440:Tea
1423:nem
1229:tej
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971:iru
913:poi
901:żur
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404:gin
323:of
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