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50:
798:), by less than 14,000 votes. Since none of the candidates managed to get the constitutionally-established minimum of one third of the vote required to win outright, selection of the President would fall to Congress; the long-held antagonistic relationship between the military and APRA prompted Haya de la Torre to make a deal with former dictator Odría, who had come in third, which would result in Odría taking the Presidency in a coalition government.
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578:
440:
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Belaúnde also promoted a program of "social interest" homes in Lima and other cities, which benefited dozen thousands of families. Legal recognition was also given to hundreds of indigenous Indian communities, the hospital network was expanded into uncovered areas, and improvements were made in social security coverage. However, his administration was also blamed for making bad economic decisions, and by 1967 the
736:
that the confrontation was going to turn violent, Belaúnde showed the gift for symbolism that would serve him well throughout his political life; calming down the demonstrators and armed solely with a
Peruvian flag, he crossed alone the gap separating the demonstrators from the police to deliver an ultimatum to the police chief that his candidacy be accepted.
980:, and medical teams. Belaúnde's government proposed a peace settlement between the two countries, but the Argentine military junta rejected it and the British launched an attack on the Argentinian forces deployed around the islands. In response to Chile's support of Britain, Belaúnde called for Latin American unity.
863:
He also advanced the ambitious
Santiago Antunez de Mayolo and Chira Piura irrigation projects, and the Tinajones, Jequetepeque, Majes, Chavimochic, Olmos, Chinecas hydroelectric projects. Belaúnde also oversaw the establishment of the Peruvian National Bank (Banco de la Nación). To alleviate poverty,
886:
fields. However, widespread anger about Belaúnde's decision to pay the
Standard Oil compensation for handing over the installation to Peru forced his cabinet to resign on October 1. A further cause of anger was the fact that the document of agreement was given by Belaúnde to the press with the final
1045:
During the next years, the economic problems left over from the military government persisted, worsened by an occurrence of the "El Niño" weather phenomenon in 1982–83, which caused widespread flooding in some parts of the country, severe droughts in others, and sharply reduced the schools of ocean
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He gained notoriety on June 1 of the same year when, after the national election board refused to accept his candidacy filing, he led a massive protest that became known as the "manguerazo" or "hosedown" from the powerful water cannons used by the police to repress the demonstrators. When it seemed
1096:
described him as "a 19th century politician, with a high moral purpose and a sense of civic duty, who was perfectly at home in the conservative political milieu of 20th-century Peru, which for long occupied a time-warp, unusual even in Latin
America, about a century behind the rest of the world".
773:
In 1959, the Prado government's refusal to authorize the permits for the Accion
Popular annual convention led to another confrontation: Belaúnde led the opening of the convention in defiance of the prohibition, and the Prado government arrested and jailed him in the Alcatraz-like island prison of
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He would go on to travel extensively throughout the country, fleshing out the ideological principles of Acción
Popular, while leading the opposition. During this period Belaúnde's traditionalism would manifest itself in dramatic flourishes, most notoriously when he challenged to a duel a Pradista
948:
once again played an important part in
Peruvian politics. Gradually, he attempted to undo some of the most radical effects of the agrarian reform initiated by Velasco, and reversed the independent stance that the Military Government of Velasco had with the United States.
902:
for about a decade, creating officers that believed the elite were sacrificing Peru's sovereignty in exchange for foreign capital and that such practices resulted with an undeveloped, reliant nation. Several days after the
Standard Oil controversy, Belaúnde was
765:
party, claiming the mantle of recapturing indigenous Inca traditions of community and cooperation in a modern social democratic context, placing itself squarely between the pro-oligarchy right-wing and the radicalism of the left-wing APRA and communist parties.
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for the restoration of constitutional rule. Belaúnde won a five-year term, polling an impressive 45 percent of the vote in a 15-man contest. One of his first actions as president was the return of several newspapers to their respective owners. In this way,
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Regarding
Shining Path, Belaúnde personally did not pay too much attention to this: insurgent movements were already active during his first term, but without much support. In addition, some government officials and insurgents were subsequently accused of
778:
off the Lima coast. The imprisonment lasted 12 days, during which Belaúnde engaged in a failed attempt to escape by swimming to freedom; the Prado government, facing unrelenting public pressure, was forced to release him and drop all charges.
753:
Belaúnde's 1956 candidacy was ultimately unsuccessful, as the dictatorship-favored right-wing candidacy of Manuel Prado took first place. Claiming irregularities, he prepared to lead the opposition, and in July 1956 in
Chincheros,
548:("Peruvian Architect"), which dealt with interior design, general urbanism and housing problems the country was facing. This also gave way to the Architects Association of Peru and the Urbanism Institute of Peru.
555:
at Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros of Lima and later became the dean of the Civil Engineering and Architecture department. Belaúnde also directed the construction, along with other professors and students, of the
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and worked as an architect for a brief time, but returned to Peru in 1936 and started his professional career as an architect designing private homes. In 1937, he started a magazine called
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In domestic policy, he continued with many of the projects that were planned during his first term, including the completion of what is considered his most important legacy, the
805:. Pérez Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by Belaúnde by a more comfortable but still narrow five percent margin.
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newspaper, which had been closed down by the dictatorship in early 1956, had prompted the leadership of the National Front to approach him as to lead its slate.
923:. Meanwhile the military regime established by General Velasco instituted sweeping but ill-fated reforms, primarily the nationalization of the oil industry and
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551:
As a result, Belaúnde also became a government public-housing consultant throughout the country and abroad. In 1943, Belaúnde began teaching architecture and
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The military's ideology at the time had also distanced itself from the wealthy elite, with the Center of High Military Studies promoting studies of
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After a promising beginning, Belaúnde's popularity eroded under the stress of inflation, the War on Housing's continuation, economic hardship, and
653:
Belaúnde returned to the political arena in 1956, when the outgoing Odría dictatorship called for elections and he led the slate submitted by the "
972:, Belaúnde declared that Peru was ready to support Argentina with all the resources it needed. This included a number of fighter planes from the
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congressman who refused to retract insulting statements in an open letter; the duel took place, with minor scratches on both sides.
657:", an organization formed by reform-minded university students, some of which had studied under him; his principled support for the
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The government capitulated, and the striking image of Belaúnde walking by himself with the flag was featured by the news magazine
1531:
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Fernando Belaunde Terry recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division’s audio literary archive on April 22, 1977
2363:
1357:
Gorman, Stephen M. (September 1980). "The Economic and Social Foundations of Elite Power in Peru: A Review of the Literature".
911:, who would go on to become dictator of Peru for seven years. Belaúnde spent the next decade in the United States, teaching at
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However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, led by
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In August 1968, the Belaúnde Administration announced the settlement of a long-standing dispute with a subsidiary of
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During Belaúnde's first term in office, he spurred numerous developmental projects. Belaúnde held a doctrine called "
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in 1924, where Fernando attended high school and received his initial University education in engineering.
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1018:, which was launched the day before Belaúnde was elected in 1980. He was president during the peak of the
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family of Spanish forebears: his father, Rafael Belaúnde Diez Canseco (1886–1972), a professor, served as
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2013:
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page (page 11) missing and signatures were squeezed at the bottom of page 10. The missing page became a
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1062:. However, as established in the 1979 Constitution, he would go on to serve in the Peruvian Senate as
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1988:
1983:
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1838:
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after two loggers were killed, with the Peruvian armed forces using USA-made fighter planes dropping
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the following day, in an article entitled "Así Nacen Los Líderes" ("This is how Leaders are Born").
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1998:
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and was later shown on television containing the contribution that Belaúnde had promised to pay.
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and became very proficient in the English language, with some referring to him as "Fred Blundy".
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In April 1980, with Peru's economy in deep depression, the military administration permitted an
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2008:
1978:
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1993:
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1973:
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8:
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once did, will South America finally achieve true development". These included the
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506:, the persecution for the political activities of his father Rafael and his uncle
2018:
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Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification, and Inequality
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as president in 1945; he served in the Peruvian Congress until a coup by General
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552:
455:(October 7, 1912 – June 4, 2002) was a Peruvian politician who twice served as
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144:
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1295:"CHAPTER TWO. The Expansion of Welfare Commitments in Latin America, 1945–80"
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1968:
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1070:"), a privilege for former Presidents abolished by the 1993 Constitution.
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on the Pacific coast with then isolated northern regions of Amazonas and
1022:, in which unemployment rose above 50% and homelessness rose above 30%.
860:
on the indigenous groups armed with bows and arrows, killing hundreds.
409:
1543:
533:, where he obtained his degree as an architect. He would later become
1712:
999:
965:
883:
529:(where his father was also teaching), and in 1935 transferred to the
428:
1551:
1440:"Peruvian Peace Initiative Believed To Retain Some Chance for Gains"
853:
674:
577:
1237:"Terrorista "José" amenaza con más ataques a las fuerzas del orden"
1035:
988:
869:
822:
790:. The results were very tight; he ended in second place, following
912:
741:
463:, he was re-elected in 1980 after twelve years of military rule.
24:
857:
541:
511:
1266:
Alexander, Robert Jackson; Parker, Eldon M. (1 January 2007).
1214:
Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica (CAAAP)
638:
Belaúnde's political career began in 1944 as cofounder of the
1496:
by Fernando Belaúnde Terry (translated by David A. Robinson)
2354:
University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture alumni
1747:
1692:
1382:"Fernando Belaunde Terry, 89, Former Peruvian Leader, Dies"
825:, stating "only by turning our vision to the interior, and
487:; his paternal grandfather, Mariano Andrés Belaunde, was a
472:
373:
356:
279:
230:(as President of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Government)
133:(as President of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Government)
1054:
During the national elections of 1985, Belaúnde's party,
1293:
Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert R. (August 24, 2020).
925:
the redistribution of land from owners of large holdings
1010:
burgeoned, and violence by leftist insurgents (notably
817:", which promoted the exploitation of resources in the
499:. He attended the Sagrados Corazones Recoleta in Lima.
1513:, published by the United States Library of Congress
1046:
fish that are one of the country's major resources.
1177:Las relaciones entre el Perú y Alemania, 1828–2003
471:The second of four children, Belaúnde was born in
2275:
1269:A History of Organized Labor in Peru and Ecuador
934:
1415:"The Deseret News – Google News Archive Search"
1301:. Princeton University Press. pp. 79–113.
1265:
808:
31: and the second or maternal family name is
1292:
1049:
827:conquering our wilderness as the United States
1728:
782:Belaúnde ran for president once again in the
748:
453:Fernando Sergio Marcelo Marcos Belaúnde Terry
344:Fernando Sergio Marcelo Marcos Belaúnde Terry
664:
1548:, Belaúnde's magazine (Spanish and English)
1458:"Peruvian rebel storms government party HQ"
1207:
852:, the Belaúnde administration targeted the
703:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
606:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
466:
16:President of Peru (1963–1968 and 1980–1985)
1735:
1721:
1299:Development, Democracy, and Welfare States
650:in 1948 interrupted democratic elections.
1649:President of the Revolutionary Government
1329:
821:and other outlying areas of Peru through
723:Learn how and when to remove this message
626:Learn how and when to remove this message
1101:, he supported the claims of Argentina.
459:(1963–1968 and 1980–1985). Deposed by a
1538:"Peru mourns death of 'model democrat'"
1330:Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (15 November 1978).
1169:
271:28 July 1945 – 29 October 1948
2276:
1742:
1532:Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation
1356:
1203:
1201:
905:removed from office by a military coup
157:28 July 1963 – 3 October 1968
1716:
1379:
1208:Dourojeanni, Marc J. (12 June 2017).
491:; and one of his great-grandfathers,
1140:
1136:
1134:
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1130:
1128:
1126:
841:. In 1964 in an incident called the
701:adding citations to reliable sources
668:
604:adding citations to reliable sources
571:
517:From 1930 to 1935, Belaúnde studied
253:26 July 1985 – 5 April 1992
214:(as President of the Military Junta)
78:28 July 1980 – 28 July 1985
1198:
1179:(Serie Política exterior peruana).
567:
13:
2309:Peruvian people of Spanish descent
1487:
1350:
1336:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
1234:
1228:
1073:
655:National Front of Democratic Youth
562:National University of Engineering
14:
2380:
2359:Popular Action (Peru) politicians
2304:Peruvian people of Basque descent
1527:Página oficial de Acción Popular.
1517:
1247:from the original on 10 June 2021
1123:
1078:Belaúnde’s political outlook was
1058:, was defeated by APRA candidate
815:The Conquest of Peru by Peruvians
259:Member of the Chamber of Deputies
2262:
987:, a much-needed roadway linking
786:, this time with his own party,
673:
576:
438:
241:Former President of the Republic
48:
1638:July 1963 – October 1968
1450:
1432:
1407:
1373:
510:prompted the family to move to
1606:July 1956 – August 2001
1323:
1319:– via www.degruyter.com.
1286:
1272:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1259:
1110:
985:Carretera Marginal de la Selva
831:Carretera Marginal de la Selva
525:, where he first attended the
1:
2364:Members of the Senate of Peru
1697:July 1985 – April 1992
1367:University of the West Indies
1235:LR, Redacción (9 June 2018).
935:Second presidency (1980–1985)
531:University of Texas at Austin
419:University of Texas at Austin
2329:Peruvian democracy activists
1671:July 1980 – July 1985
1523:Editorial del Diario Expreso
1141:Gott, Richard (2002-06-06).
952:At the outbreak of the 1982
921:George Washington University
809:First presidency (1963–1968)
792:Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
23:, the first or paternal
7:
2369:Children of prime ministers
1380:Lewis, Paul (6 June 2002).
1359:Social and Economic Studies
1050:Post-presidency (1985–2002)
1014:) rose steadily during the
502:During the dictatorship of
299:7 July 1956 – 2001
10:
2385:
2349:University of Miami alumni
1660:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
877:Standard Oil of New Jersey
749:Founding of Acción Popular
167:Julio Óscar Trelles Montes
129:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
18:
2260:
1754:
1699:
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1564:
1559:
1463:Christian Science Monitor
1307:10.1515/9780691214153-007
1210:"Belaúnde en la Amazonía"
1016:internal conflict in Peru
784:general elections of 1962
640:National Democratic Front
497:President of the Republic
446:
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424:
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363:
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173:Daniel Becerra de la Flor
161:
150:
138:
122:
106:
97:Sandro Mariátegui Chiappe
82:
71:
63:
59:
47:
40:
2334:Peruvian Roman Catholics
2314:Leaders ousted by a coup
1560:Party political offices
1104:
879:over claims to the rich
485:José Bustamante y Rivero
467:Early life and education
287:Leader of Popular Action
181:Oswaldo Hercelles García
1575:presidential candidate
1034:was promulgated in the
1028:human rights violations
558:faculty of architecture
178:Raúl Ferrero Rebagliati
175:Edgardo Seoane Corrales
42:Fernando Belaúnde Terry
1814:Gutiérrez de la Fuente
962:Guerra de las Malvinas
961:
900:José Carlos Mariátegui
508:Víctor Andrés Belaúnde
2319:Politicians from Lima
1600:General Secretary of
1587:Javier Alva Orlandini
1545:El Arquitecto Peruano
1510:Peru: A Country Study
909:Juan Velasco Alvarado
896:Manuel González Prada
868:had become seriously
546:El Arquitecto Peruano
461:military coup in 1968
394:Violeta Correa Miller
226:Juan Velasco Alvarado
210:Nicolás Lindley López
198:Mario Polar Ugarteche
117:Javier Alva Orlandini
1500:Inside South America
1191:, 9789972426346. p.
1181:Fondo Editorial PUCP
1118:Inside South America
697:improve this section
642:party which elected
600:improve this section
325:(as Party President)
2324:Peruvian architects
2299:Diez Canseco family
2144:Bustamante y Rivero
1804:Salazar y Baquíjano
1494:Peru's Own Conquest
1444:The Washington Post
1143:"Fernando Belaúnde"
881:La Brea and Pariñas
803:Ricardo Pérez Godoy
527:University of Miami
415:University of Miami
183:Miguel Mujica Gallo
101:Luis Pércovich Roca
2339:Presidents of Peru
1705:(Senate dissolved)
1619:Political offices
1386:The New York Times
1032:state of emergency
974:Peruvian Air Force
540:He later moved to
493:Pedro Diez Canseco
396:Carola Aubry Bravo
89:Manuel Ulloa Elías
2271:
2270:
1789:Bernardo de Tagle
1774:Bernardo de Tagle
1711:
1710:
1706:
1700:Succeeded by
1674:Succeeded by
1667:President of Peru
1651:
1641:Succeeded by
1634:President of Peru
1612:Valentín Paniagua
1609:Succeeded by
1585:Succeeded by
1316:978-0-691-21415-3
1064:Senador Vitalicio
1006:declined, Peru's
1004:per capita income
946:freedom of speech
819:Amazon rainforest
733:
732:
725:
636:
635:
628:
504:Augusto B. Leguía
457:President of Peru
450:
449:
326:
322:Valentín Paniagua
242:
231:
215:
134:
66:President of Peru
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2266:
2189:Morales-Bermúdez
2034:Morales Bermúdez
1737:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1693:Republic of Peru
1684:Preceded by
1657:Preceded by
1647:
1624:Preceded by
1593:Preceded by
1565:Preceded by
1557:
1556:
1482:
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1479:
1478:
1466:. 13 July 1983.
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1068:senator for life
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568:Political career
489:Finance Minister
442:
370:
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335:Personal details
324:
318:
306:
297:
269:
251:
240:
237:Senator for Life
229:
222:
213:
206:
190:
170:Fernando Schwalb
164:
155:
141:
132:
125:
113:Fernando Schwalb
109:
93:Fernando Schwalb
85:
76:
54:Belaúnde in 1990
52:
38:
37:
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2294:Belaúnde family
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2267:
2258:
2164:Prado Ugarteche
2139:Prado Ugarteche
2094:Pardo y Barreda
2074:Pardo y Barreda
2004:García Calderón
1979:F. Diez Canseco
1964:P. Diez Canseco
1954:P. Diez Canseco
1934:P. Diez Canseco
1750:
1741:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1691:Senator of the
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1637:
1629:
1627:Nicolás Lindley
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1488:Further reading
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1419:news.google.com
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1219:
1217:
1206:
1199:
1175:Novak, Fabián.
1174:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1139:
1124:
1116:Gunther, John,
1115:
1111:
1107:
1076:
1074:Political views
1052:
937:
907:led by general
845:
811:
751:
729:
718:
712:
709:
694:
678:
667:
665:"El Manguerazo"
644:José Bustamante
632:
621:
615:
612:
597:
581:
570:
475:into a wealthy
469:
417:
395:
381:Political party
372:
368:
355:
349:
347:
346:
345:
316:
304:
298:
293:
270:
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2259:
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2256:
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2246:
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2236:
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2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Belaúnde Terry
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Belaúnde Terry
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Samanez Ocampo
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
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1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
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1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1752:
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1740:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1639:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1602:Acción Popular
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1573:Acción Popular
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:External links
1516:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1449:
1431:
1406:
1372:
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1315:
1285:
1278:
1258:
1243:(in Spanish).
1227:
1197:
1168:
1122:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1075:
1072:
1056:Acción Popular
1051:
1048:
970:United Kingdom
936:
933:
843:Matsé genocide
810:
807:
788:Acción Popular
763:Acción Popular
758:, founded the
750:
747:
731:
730:
681:
679:
672:
666:
663:
634:
633:
584:
582:
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553:urban planning
481:Prime Minister
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385:Popular Action
382:
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377:
371:(aged 89)
365:
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354:7 October 1912
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194:Edgardo Seoane
191:
189:Vice President
185:
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165:
163:Prime Minister
159:
158:
148:
147:
142:
136:
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126:
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108:Vice President
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2129:Sánchez Cerro
2127:
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2120:
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2109:Sánchez Cerro
2107:
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2025:
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
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1962:
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1947:
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1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
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1930:
1927:
1925:
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1628:
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1563:
1558:
1553:
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1522:
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1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1446:. 4 May 1982.
1445:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
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1353:
1345:
1343:9780822976202
1339:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
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1279:9780275977412
1275:
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1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
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1172:
1158:
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1150:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1099:Falklands War
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
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1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:Falklands War
950:
947:
942:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:Johns Hopkins
914:
910:
906:
901:
897:
892:
890:
889:cause célèbre
885:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
861:
859:
855:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
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799:
797:
793:
789:
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771:
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764:
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757:
746:
744:
743:
737:
727:
724:
716:
706:
702:
698:
692:
691:
687:
682:This section
680:
676:
671:
670:
662:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
630:
627:
619:
609:
605:
601:
595:
594:
590:
585:This section
583:
579:
574:
573:
565:
563:
559:
554:
549:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:United States
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
464:
462:
458:
454:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
389:
386:
383:
379:
375:
366:
362:
358:
342:
338:
333:
329:
323:
320:
314:
311:
310:Party founded
308:
302:
296:
291:
288:
284:
281:
278:
274:
268:
263:
260:
256:
250:
245:
238:
234:
227:
224:
218:
211:
208:
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199:
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186:
179:
171:
166:
160:
154:
149:
146:
143:
137:
130:
127:
121:
118:
114:
111:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
81:
75:
70:
67:
62:
58:
51:
46:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2084:Billinghurst
1824:Luna Pizarro
1764:Luna Pizarro
1690:
1665:
1648:
1644:Juan Velasco
1632:
1599:
1571:
1544:
1534:(in Spanish)
1508:
1504:John Gunther
1499:
1493:
1475:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1385:
1375:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1332:
1325:
1298:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1241:La República
1240:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1216:(in Spanish)
1213:
1176:
1171:
1160:. Retrieved
1148:The Guardian
1146:
1117:
1112:
1093:The Guardian
1091:
1088:conservative
1084:pro-American
1080:centre-right
1077:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1024:
1012:Shining Path
1008:foreign debt
997:
984:
982:
951:
938:
893:
888:
874:
862:
830:
814:
812:
800:
787:
781:
772:
768:
760:center-right
752:
740:
738:
734:
719:
710:
695:Please help
683:
658:
652:
648:Manuel Odría
637:
622:
613:
598:Please help
586:
550:
545:
539:
535:pro-American
519:architecture
516:
501:
477:aristocratic
470:
452:
451:
369:(2002-06-04)
317:Succeeded by
309:
294:
276:Constituency
266:
248:
221:Succeeded by
152:
140:Succeeded by
73:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
2289:2002 deaths
2284:1912 births
2169:Pérez Godoy
2114:Elías Arias
2069:S. Calderón
1779:Riva Agüero
1677:Alan García
1582:1980 (won)
1578:1962 (lost)
1097:During the
1060:Alan García
1020:Lost Decade
846: [
495:, was also
367:4 June 2002
305:Preceded by
205:Preceded by
145:Alan García
124:Preceded by
2278:Categories
1844:Santa Cruz
1799:Santa Cruz
1759:San Martín
1744:Presidents
1580:1963 (won)
1540:(BBC News)
1477:2023-04-05
1369:: 292–319.
1220:14 October
1189:9972426343
1162:2023-04-05
993:San Martín
964:) between
929:campesinos
839:San Martín
776:El Frontón
425:Profession
410:Alma mater
350:1912-10-07
2344:Duellists
2229:Kuczynski
2134:Benavides
2089:Benavides
1974:Gutiérrez
1924:San Román
1914:Echenique
1899:Figuerola
1869:Figuerola
1839:Salaverry
1472:0882-7729
1394:0362-4331
1157:0261-3077
1042:regions.
1000:terrorism
966:Argentina
931:of Peru.
684:does not
659:La Prensa
587:does not
564:in 1955.
435:Signature
429:Architect
391:Spouse(s)
295:In office
267:In office
249:In office
153:In office
74:In office
2254:Boluarte
2249:Castillo
2234:Vizcarra
2209:Paniagua
2204:Fujimori
2019:Iglesias
1984:Zevallos
1929:Castilla
1919:Castilla
1909:Castilla
1904:Menéndez
1894:Menéndez
1884:Castilla
1854:Menéndez
1834:Bermúdez
1829:Orbegoso
1245:Archived
1183:, 2004.
1120:, p. 322
1040:Apurímac
1036:Ayacucho
1030:, and a
989:Chiclayo
968:and the
941:election
870:devalued
835:Amazonas
823:conquest
713:May 2020
616:May 2020
401:Children
29:Belaúnde
19:In this
2244:Sagasti
2184:Velasco
2174:Lindley
2154:Noriega
2119:Jiménez
2064:Candamo
2054:Piérola
2049:Candamo
2044:Cáceres
2039:Borgoño
2029:Cáceres
2014:Cáceres
2009:Montero
1999:Piérola
1874:Vivanco
1859:Torrico
1849:Gamarra
1819:Gamarra
1794:Bolívar
1686:—
1595:—
1567:—
1365:(2/3).
958:Spanish
927:to the
913:Harvard
742:Caretas
705:removed
690:sources
608:removed
593:sources
560:of the
521:in the
25:surname
2239:Merino
2224:Humala
2219:García
2214:Toledo
2199:García
2099:Leguía
2079:Leguía
2059:Romaña
2024:Arenas
1809:La Mar
1769:La Mar
1470:
1392:
1340:
1313:
1276:
1251:27 May
1187:
1155:
1086:, and
858:napalm
854:Matsés
542:Mexico
512:France
483:under
376:, Peru
359:, Peru
2159:Odría
2149:Odría
2104:Ponce
1994:Prado
1989:Pardo
1969:Balta
1959:Prado
1949:Pezet
1944:Prado
1939:Pezet
1889:Elías
1879:Nieto
1864:Vidal
1784:Sucre
1424:8 May
1399:8 May
1105:Notes
978:ships
850:]
756:Cuzco
64:52nd
33:Terry
1748:Peru
1702:none
1468:ISSN
1426:2016
1401:2016
1390:ISSN
1338:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1253:2021
1222:2021
1185:ISBN
1153:ISSN
1038:and
919:and
898:and
837:and
796:APRA
688:any
686:cite
591:any
589:cite
473:Lima
374:Lima
364:Died
357:Lima
340:Born
280:Lima
1746:of
1502:by
1303:doi
884:oil
866:sol
699:by
602:by
27:is
2280::
1460:.
1442:.
1417:.
1388:.
1384:.
1363:29
1361:.
1309:.
1297:.
1239:.
1212:.
1200:^
1193:45
1151:.
1145:.
1125:^
1090:.
1082:,
1066:("
1002::
995:.
976:,
960::
915:,
872:.
848:es
1736:e
1729:t
1722:v
1480:.
1428:.
1403:.
1346:.
1305::
1282:.
1255:.
1224:.
1195:.
1165:.
956:(
794:(
726:)
720:(
715:)
711:(
707:.
693:.
629:)
623:(
618:)
614:(
610:.
596:.
404:3
352:)
348:(
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
