229:). Data-driven models have shown a predictive relationship between the LFPs and spike activity. A common method to investigate LFP oscillations that lead to spikes is to calculate spike-triggered averages (see figure). This is done after the recording (off line) by detecting the spikes as fast downward deflections, cutting out the temporal sections around the spike (+/- 250 ms) and averaging the spike-aligned traces for each recording site. Alternatively, spikes can be removed from the extracellular recording traces by low-pass filtering, revealing the LFP.
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257:, the potential difference between individual dendrites and the soma tend to cancel out with diametrically opposite dendrites, this configuration is called a closed field geometrical arrangement. As a result the net potential difference over the whole cell when the dendrites are simultaneously activated tends to be very small. Thus changes in the local field potential represent simultaneous dendritic events in cells in the open field configuration.
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105:, such electrodes can only 'see' potentials in a spatially limited radius. They are 'potentials' because they are generated by the voltage that results from charge separation in the extracellular space. They are 'field' because those extracellular charge separations essentially create a local electric field. LFP are typically recorded with a high-impedance
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allows the activity of a large number of neurons to contribute to the signal. The unfiltered signal reflects the sum of action potentials from cells within approximately 50-350 μm from the tip of the electrode and slower ionic events from within 0.5–3 mm from the tip of the electrode. The
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the opening of an ion channel results in the net flow of ions into the cell from the extracellular medium, or out of the cell into the extracellular medium. These local currents result in larger changes in the electrical potential between the local extracellular medium and the interior of the
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and other tissues by the summed and synchronous electrical activity of the individual cells (e.g. neurons) in that tissue. LFP are "extracellular" signals, meaning that they are generated by transient imbalances in ion concentrations in the spaces outside the cells, that result from cellular
180:) between the microelectrode and a reference electrode. One end of the reference electrode is also connected to the voltmeter while the other end is placed in a medium which is continuous with, and compositionally identical to the extracellular medium. In a simple
221:, which represents the output from the area. The fast fluctuations are mostly caused by the short inward and outward currents of action potentials, while the LFP is composed of the more sustained currents in the tissue that are generated by synaptic activity (
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giving rise to local field potentials is due to complex electrical properties of extracellular space. The fact that the extracellular space is not homogeneous, and is composed of a complex aggregate of highly
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Spike-triggered averages of LFP from 4 recording sites. The spike is the sharp downward deflection at t = 0. The spike is preceded by slow oscillations (alpha), the spike happens at the trough of the LFP.
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Gray CM, Maldonado PE, Wilson M, McNaughton B (December 1995). "Tetrodes markedly improve the reliability and yield of multiple single-unit isolation from multi-unit recordings in cat striate cortex".
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Juergens E, Guettler A, Eckhorn R (November 1999). "Visual stimulation elicits locked and induced gamma oscillations in monkey intracortical- and EEG-potentials, but not in human EEG".
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Legatt AD, Arezzo J, Vaughan HG (April 1980). "Averaged multiple unit activity as an estimate of phasic changes in local neuronal activity: effects of volume-conducted potentials".
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Which cells contribute to the slow field variations is determined by the geometric configuration of the cells themselves. In some cells, the dendrites face one direction and the
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Michmizos KP, Sakas D, Nikita KS (March 2012). "Prediction of the timing and the rhythm of the parkinsonian subthalamic nucleus neural spikes using the local field potentials".
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recording electrode. The overall recorded signal thus represents the potential caused by the sum of all local currents on the surface of the electrode.
543:"Theta oscillations in somata and dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells in vivo: activity-dependent phase-precession of action potentials"
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electrical activity. LFP are 'local' because they are recorded by an electrode placed nearby the generating cells. As a result of the
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placed in the midst of the population of cells generating it. They can be recorded, for example, via a microelectrode placed in the
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The local field potential is believed to represent the sum of synaptic inputs into the observed area, as opposed to the
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492:"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data"
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Peyrache A, Dehghani N, Eskandar EN, Madsen JR, Anderson WS, Donoghue JA, et al. (January 2012).
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The voltmeter or analog-to-digital converter to which the microelectrode is connected measures the
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from dominating the electrophysiological signal. This signal is then
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for analysis. The low impedance and positioning of the
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Oostenveld R, Fries P, Maris E, Schoffelen JM (2011).
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Mechanisms of local field potentials (Scholarpedia)
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541:Kamondi A, Acsády L, Wang XJ, Buzsáki G (1998).
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