3743:
705:
3763:
1073:
1319:
158:
3725:
691:
680:
135:
1145:(hermaphrodite and female). Nearly half of fig species are gynodioecious, and therefore have some plants with inflorescences (syconium) with long styled pistillate flowers, and other plants with staminate flowers mixed with short styled pistillate flowers. The long-styled flowers tend to prevent wasps from laying their eggs within the ovules, while the short-styled flowers are accessible for egg laying.
3742:
1061:
1356:. Morphological and reproductive behavior evidence, such as the correspondence between fig and wasp larvae maturation rates, have been cited as support for this hypothesis for many years. Additionally, recent genetic and molecular dating analyses have shown a very close correspondence in the character evolution and
1469:, the rest of the monoecious species, and all of the dioecious species. These remaining species are divided into two main monophyletic lineages (though the statistical support for these lineages is not as strong as for the monophyly of the more derived clades within them). One consists of all sections of
1276:
grow in common fig caprifigs but not in the female syconiums because the female flower is too long for the wasp to successfully lay her eggs in them. Nonetheless, the wasp pollinates the flower with pollen from the caprifig it grew up in. In many situations, the wasp pollinator is unable to escape
1115:
that crawl through the opening in search of a suitable place to lay eggs. Without this pollinator service fig trees could not reproduce by seed. In turn, the flowers provide a safe haven and nourishment for the next generation of wasps. This accounts for the frequent presence of wasp larvae in the
1303:
Depending on the species, each fruit can contain hundreds or even thousand of seeds. Figs can be propagated by seeds, cuttings, air-layering or grafting. However, as with any plant, figs grown from seed are not necessarily genetically identical to the parent and are only propagated this way for
3523:, weeping fig, ficus – hardy to 5 °C (41 °F). Widely used as an indoor plant for the home or the office. It benefits from the dry, warm atmosphere of centrally-heated interiors, and can grow to substantial heights in a favoured position. Several variegated cultivars are available.
1399:
are necessarily fixed ecologically. While the morphological characteristics that facilitate the fig-wasp mutualisms are likely to be shared more fully in closer relatives, the absence of unique pairings would make it impossible to do a one-to-one tree comparison and difficult to determine
1363:
According to meta-analysis of molecular data for 119 fig species 35% (41) have multiple pollinator wasp species. The real proportion is higher because not all wasp species were detected. On the other hand, species of wasps pollinate multiple host fig species. Molecular techniques, like
787:
these subclosed inflorescences to both pollinate and lay their own eggs, has been a constant source of inspiration and wonder to biologists. Notably, three vegetative traits together are unique to figs. All figs present a white to yellowish
1284:
When a caprifig ripens, another caprifig must be ready to be pollinated. In temperate climes, wasps hibernate in figs, and there are distinct crops. Caprifigs have three crops per year; common figs have two. The first crop
1351:
The intimate association between fig species and their wasp pollinators, along with the high incidence of a one-to-one plant-pollinator ratio have long led scientists to believe that figs and wasps are a clear example of
796:—or circular scars if the stipules have fallen off; the lateral veins at the base of the leaf are steep, forming a tighter angle with the midrib than the other lateral veins, a feature referred to as "triveined".
772:, which is lined on the inside with the fig's tiny flowers that develop into multiple ovaries on the inside surface. In essence, the fig fruit is a fleshy stem with multiple tiny flowers that fruit and coalesce.
1331:
Each species of fig is pollinated by one or a few specialised wasp species, and therefore plantings of fig species outside of their native range results in effectively sterile individuals. For example, in
671:. However, they are extremely important food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for their many practical uses.
1457:
studies employing genetic methods to investigate the relationships between representative members of the various sections of each subgenus. Of Corner's original subgeneric divisions of the genus, only
3515:, common fig – hardy to −10 °C (14 °F). Shrub or small tree which can be grown outdoors in mild temperate regions, producing substantial harvests of fruit. Many cultivars are available.
1416:
were originally split into several genera in the mid-1800s, providing the basis for a subgeneric classification when reunited into one genus in 1867. This classification put functionally
4771:
Herre, E.; Machado, C.A.; Bermingham, E.; Nason, J.D.; Windsor, D.M.; McCafferty, S.; Van Houten, W.; Bachmann, K. (1996). "Molecular phylogenies of figs and their pollinator wasps".
1461:
is supported as monophyletic in the majority of phylogenetic studies. Notably, there is no clear split between dioecious and monoecious lineages. One of the two sections of
1372:
wasp species. Not all these cryptic species are sister taxa and thus must have experienced a host fig shift at some point. These cryptic species lacked evidence of genetic
3463:), were among the first – if not the very first – plant species that were deliberately bred for agriculture in the Middle East, starting more than 11,000 years ago. Nine
3686:, sacrifices to Ngai were performed under a sycomore tree (Mũkũyũ) and if one was not available, a fig tree (Mũgumo) would be used. The common fig tree is cited in the
1336:, some 60 species of figs have been introduced, but only four of the wasps that fertilize them, so only those species of figs produce viable seeds there and can become
1130:, also in the fig family (Moraceae), exhibits similar tiny flowers arranged on a receptacle but in this case the receptacle is a more or less flat, open surface.
5469:
3291:
1412:
is by far the largest genus in the
Moraceae, and is one of the largest genera of flowering plants currently described. The species currently classified within
1094:, derived from an arrangement of many small flowers on an inverted, nearly closed receptacle. The many small flowers are unseen unless the fig is cut open.
2358:
5618:
3276:
2655:
5257:
1933:
3367:
2322:
1947:
1124:
found inside one fig – if you cut open a fresh fig, individual fruit will appear as fleshy "threads", each bearing a single seed inside. The genus
3436:
667:, also referred to as figs. The fruit of most other species are also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as
6282:
4811:
Jousselin, E.; Rasplus, J.-Y.; Kjellberg, F. (2003). "Convergence and coevolution in a mutualism: evidence from a molecular phylogeny of Ficus".
4579:"Cryptic species of fig-pollinating wasps: Implications for the evolution of the fig-wasp mutualism, sex allocation, and precision of adaptation"
3762:
3749:
1940:
1987:
737:, but some deciduous species are found in areas outside of the tropics and to higher elevations. Fig species are characterized by their unique
6321:
1217:
5397:
Lev-Yadun, Simcha; Ne'eman, Gidi; Abbo, Shahal; Flaishman, Moshe A (2006). "Comment on "Early
Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley"".
6357:
5350:
Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2006). "Response to
Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley"".
5674:
1041:
6230:
5572:
5235:
4965:
4464:
Yang, Li-Yuan; Machado, Carlos A.; Dang, Xiao-Dong; Peng, Yan-Qiong; Yang, Da-Rong; Zhang, Da-Yong; Liao, Wan-Jin (February 2015).
807:
is a relatively ancient genus, being at least 60 million years old, and possibly as old as 80 million years. The main radiation of
6295:
6243:
3867:
6144:
4277:
Valdeyron, Georges; Lloyd, David G. (June 1979). "Sex
Differences and Flowering Phenology in the Common Fig, Ficus carica L.".
1424:
reorganized the genus on the basis of breeding system, uniting these four dioecious subgenera into a single dioecious subgenus
3531:, rubber plant – hardy to 10 °C (50 °F): widely cultivated as a houseplant; several cultivars with variegated leaves
1260:) and related species. The hermaphrodite common figs are called "inedible figs" or "caprifigs"; in traditional culture in the
5453:
5204:
5177:
4645:
4352:
4261:
4097:
4075:
4024:
1289:) is larger and juicier, and usually eaten fresh. In cold climates the breba crop is often destroyed by spring frosts. Some
1040:
and is spread through the export of these plants to other localities. For a list of other diseases common to fig trees, see
6470:
6300:
5536:
Shanahan, M.; Compton, S. G.; So, Samson; Corlett, Richard (2001). "Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review".
873:
commonly is the most species-rich plant genus in a particular forest. In Asia, as many as 70 or more species can co-exist.
3590:
Fig trees have profoundly influenced culture through several religious traditions. Among the more famous species are the
3724:
6139:
4221:
5463:
Rønsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Cook, James M.; Salamin, Nicholas; Machado, Carlos A.; Savoainen, Vincent (2005).
5056:
1396:
1313:
1465:, a monoecious group, form a monophyletic clade basal to the rest of the genus, which includes the other section of
6432:
6411:
4371:
6326:
6269:
5016:
3238:
5277:
704:
6406:
5510:"Reconstructing the phylogeny of figs (Ficus, Moraceae) to reveal the history of the fig pollination mutualism"
6375:
6308:
5667:
5300:
Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2006). "Early
Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley".
3703:
5282:
4222:"A Key to Subgroups of Dioecious* (Gynodioecious) Figs Based On Fig Wasp/Male Syconium Pollination Patterns"
2152:
4196:(in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris: A. Franck. pp. 277–281 (ch. 7 - Article 25).
157:
6118:
6113:
6100:
4207:
3483:
3130:
6222:
6196:
4191:
6370:
4995:
4515:"Critical review of host specificity and its coevolutionary implications in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism"
1512:
1120:
relationship. Technically, a fig fruit proper would be only one of the many tiny matured, seed-bearing
4417:"Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps"
6437:
6336:
6248:
3960:
1365:
1013:
17:
3449:
Figs have figured prominently in some human cultures. There is evidence that figs, specifically the
1272:). In the female fig trees, the male flower parts fail to develop; they produce the "'edible figs".
760:
and a distinctive shape or habit, and their fruits distinguish them from other plants. The fruit of
663:
region (from
Afghanistan to Portugal), which has been widely cultivated from ancient times for its
6465:
5660:
5344:
1368:
markers and mitochondrial sequence analysis, allowed a discovery of multiple genetically distinct,
4251:
3899:
and used this as an example for believers of the promise of the power faith in the only true God.
6362:
6217:
5580:"The species richness of fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae, Pteromalidae) in Yemen"
3896:
3506:
Numerous species of fig are found in cultivation in domestic and office environments, including:
2092:
1489:, though the relationships of the sections of these groups to one another are not well resolved.
1369:
6191:
6043:
1551:
1385:
1297:
1148:
All the native fig trees of the
American continent are hermaphrodites, as well as species like
6287:
4065:
3494:
type and thus apparently an early cultivar. This find predates the first known cultivation of
854:), a vine whose small, hard leaves form a dense carpet of foliage over rocks or garden walls.
4045:
4040:
1593:
1498:
1029:
997:
988:
39:
6349:
4466:"The incidence and pattern of copollinator diversification in dioecious and monoecious figs"
6152:
5408:
5361:
5311:
4780:
4590:
4526:
4415:
Machado, C. A.; Jousselin, E.; Kjellberg, F.; Compton, S. G.; Herre, E. A. (7 April 2001).
3935:– the largest fig tree in Pretoria, South Africa, which has grown very large, through self-
2378:
2247:
1261:
814:
Some better-known species that represent the diversity of the genus include, alongside the
811:
species, however, may have taken place more recently, between 20 and 40 million years ago.
742:
3698:, and is included in the list of food found in the Promised Land, according to the Torah (
1296:
of common figs do not require pollination at all, and will produce a crop of figs (albeit
752:
Specific identification of many of the species can be difficult, but members of the genus
8:
3887:
3471:
3322:
2676:
2502:
2408:
1634:
1341:
1165:
980:
6183:
5635:
5412:
5365:
5315:
4784:
4594:
4530:
3618:, Sri Lanka by King Tissa in 288 BCE. The common fig is one of two significant trees in
6419:
6204:
5563:
5538:
5491:
5464:
5432:
5385:
5335:
4836:
4792:
4698:
4549:
4514:
4490:
4465:
4441:
4416:
4294:
3815:
3769:
3753:
3543:
3420:
3091:
3059:
2757:
2716:
2585:
2492:
2428:
2418:
2336:
2287:
2237:
1850:
1676:
858:
299:
152:
4613:
4578:
1281:) inside the fig. Fig wasps are not known to transmit any diseases harmful to humans.
6344:
6209:
6126:
5630:
5579:
5555:
5524:
5496:
5449:
5424:
5399:
5377:
5352:
5327:
5302:
5222:
5200:
5183:
5173:
5123:
5092:
5052:
4828:
4706:
4641:
4618:
4554:
4495:
4446:
4348:
4344:
4302:
4257:
4197:
4071:
4020:
3932:
3585:
3354:
3298:
3256:
3218:
3101:
3084:
3069:
3049:
3019:
3008:
2977:
2945:
2927:
2862:
2830:
2779:
2768:
2537:
2512:
2454:
2398:
2203:
2049:
2001:
1860:
1818:
1686:
1248:
1173:
972:
35:
5624:
5567:
5436:
5389:
5339:
4734:
4577:
Molbo, D.; Machado, C.A.; Sevenster, J.G.; Keller, L.; Herre, E.A. (24 April 2003).
3441:
6424:
5787:
5547:
5486:
5478:
5416:
5369:
5319:
5272:
5143:
4840:
4820:
4788:
4688:
4608:
4598:
4544:
4534:
4485:
4477:
4436:
4428:
4340:
4286:
4187:
3989:
3904:
3834:
3567:
3551:
3395:
3187:
3157:
3147:
3079:
3039:
2987:
2912:
2892:
2840:
2819:
2625:
2605:
2595:
2575:
2522:
2449:
2438:
2193:
2131:
1966:
1778:
1756:
1604:
1529:
1395:
The existence of cryptic species suggests that neither the number of symbionts nor
1381:
1337:
1323:
1232:
900:
884:
877:
730:
629:
574:
545:
6131:
6092:
4101:
1072:
6398:
6105:
6081:
5878:
5508:
Rønsted, N; Weiblen, G.D.; Clement, W.L.; Zerega, N.J.C.; Savolainen, V. (2008).
5076:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4730:
4636:
Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F.; Donoghue, M.J. (2008).
4375:
3994:
3892:
3843:
3732:
3673:
3519:
3491:
3459:
3409:
3177:
3111:
2966:
2934:
2922:
2872:
2809:
2799:
2726:
2544:
2481:
2388:
2347:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2180:
2121:
2081:
2015:
1977:
1913:
1902:
1892:
1746:
1726:
1624:
1561:
1421:
1242:
1181:
1025:
951:
919:
904:
866:
800:
710:
195:
144:
31:
6313:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
6460:
5948:
4408:
4253:
Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional, and global dimensions
3876:
3707:
3611:
3527:
3487:
3361:
3312:
3305:
3208:
3029:
2696:
2564:
2554:
2532:
2297:
2170:
2059:
1881:
1828:
1798:
1706:
1696:
1318:
1290:
1189:
1138:
1087:
1006:
182:
5647:
5551:
5509:
5226:
4847:
6454:
5906:
5885:
5528:
5239:
5214:
5187:
5147:
4201:
4115:
4050:
3918:
3912:
3695:
3683:
3350:
3283:
3167:
3121:
2998:
2902:
2882:
2851:
2645:
2635:
2615:
2471:
2461:
2368:
2316:
2213:
2070:
2025:
1870:
1839:
1736:
1654:
1614:
1440:
1373:
1277:
and dies within the fruit. When the wasp dies, it is broken down by enzymes (
1237:
1149:
1142:
862:
843:
765:
738:
660:
274:
92:
5420:
5373:
5323:
4603:
4539:
4388:
4229:
6388:
6066:
5983:
5941:
5822:
5773:
5759:
5559:
5500:
5482:
5428:
5381:
5331:
5170:
Flora malesiana. Series I, Seed plants. Volume 17. Part 2, Moraceae (Ficus)
4993:
4832:
4710:
4622:
4558:
4513:
Machado, C. A.; Robbins, N.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Herre, E. A. (3 May 2005).
4506:
4499:
4450:
4432:
4306:
3691:
3678:
3615:
3559:
3535:
3511:
3228:
3198:
2956:
2789:
2746:
2686:
2666:
2142:
1808:
1788:
1716:
1572:
1540:
1454:
1377:
1253:
1227:
1222:
1205:
958:, which may almost entirely subsist on figs when these are in plenty. Many
939:
847:
835:
808:
696:
625:
3642:, the consumption of any fruit belonging to this genus is prohibited. The
6256:
6075:
6011:
5997:
5969:
5913:
5892:
5724:
5703:
5072:
4669:
3699:
3676:
sprang forth; it is usually held to be a sacred fig but more probably is
3377:
3372:
2736:
2706:
2308:
2186:
1923:
1643:
1583:
1353:
1157:
1117:
1086:
is cultivated to any extent for this purpose. A fig "fruit" is a type of
1002:
962:
959:
839:
827:
823:
776:
757:
726:
683:
67:
5609:
3694:
cover their nakedness with fig leaves. The fig fruit is also one of the
1453:
This traditional classification has been called into question by recent
6235:
5955:
5850:
5752:
5745:
5731:
4994:
Joseph Lai; Angie Ng; Chuah Ai Lin; Marilyn Cheng (12 September 2002).
4702:
4368:
4298:
3806:
3793:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3591:
3450:
2035:
1429:
1389:
1357:
1197:
1111:
1102:
1082:
1065:
1055:
1037:
943:
911:
815:
652:
112:
77:
5648:
How the fig tree strangles other plants for survival in the rainforest
4481:
6261:
6178:
6165:
5927:
5836:
5801:
5696:
5652:
5024:(in Spanish). La Paz: Ministerio de Educación. p. 9, 16, 19, 23.
3788:
3715:
3658:
3475:
3464:
3428:
3427:) and the Indian rubber plant, as well as other species, have use in
3400:
1446:
1434:
1417:
1126:
1121:
923:
907:
746:
734:
648:
117:
46:
6037:
5172:. Leiden: National herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch.
4693:
4290:
690:
6383:
6060:
6025:
6004:
5990:
5871:
5857:
5829:
5794:
5780:
5766:
5717:
5684:
5028:
4824:
3936:
3797:
3635:
3631:
3581:
3479:
1345:
1293:
1273:
1106:
1091:
947:
931:
927:
819:
793:
780:
769:
679:
668:
632:
621:
241:
208:
107:
102:
87:
82:
72:
6274:
6170:
3431:. The inner bark of an unknown type of wild fig, locally known as
1097:
The fruit typically has a bulbous shape with a small opening (the
6157:
6018:
5976:
5962:
5934:
5920:
5899:
5864:
5843:
5738:
5710:
5396:
5049:
The Royal
Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
3824:
3639:
3382:
1420:
species into four subgenera based on floral characters. In 1965,
1134:
1098:
967:
915:
784:
715:
644:
605:
282:
256:
231:
122:
97:
4640:(3rd ed.). Sunderland (Massachusetts): Sinauer Associates.
4414:
134:
5808:
5221:. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences.
3922:
3853:
3773:
3711:
3643:
3627:
3599:
3495:
3346:
2227:
1333:
1278:
955:
221:
4156:
3857:– another supernatural fig in Hinduism; usually identified as
729:
genus of trees, shrubs, and vines occupying a wide variety of
583:
5465:"60 million years of co-divergence in the fig-wasp symbiosis"
3925:'s Sacred Fig Tree", a village in India named after a famous
3883:, planted in 288 BCE, the oldest human-planted tree on record
3819:
3687:
3648:
3619:
3415:
3343:
3339:
2112:
1286:
789:
664:
613:
601:
169:
5124:"Flora Malesiana Precursor for the Treatment of Moraceae 4:
4942:
5619:
World checklist of Ficus species from the
Catalogue of Life
5278:
10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[1053:FATDOT]2.0.CO;2
4770:
4674:(Moraceae) based on ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology"
4576:
4067:
Handbook of
Flowering Volume 6 of CRC Handbook of Flowering
3748:
Fig tree roots overgrowing a sandstone Buddha statue, near
3623:
1307:
1265:
1021:
1009:
935:
880:
declines with an increase in latitude in both hemispheres.
838:
with thin, tough leaves on pendulous stalks adapted to its
617:
609:
589:
560:
554:
4635:
4512:
4193:
Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah)
2111:
The following species are typically spreading or climbing
857:
Moreover, figs with different plant habits have undergone
659:) is a temperate species native to southwest Asia and the
4810:
3672:
was said to be a fig tree between the roots of which the
3446:
of Bolivia to produce a fibrous cloth used for clothing.
3342:
precludes its use for many purposes. It was used to make
1080:
Many fig species are grown for their fruits, though only
27:
Genus of flowering plants in the mulberry family Moraceae
5535:
779:
system, involving tiny, highly specific wasps, known as
30:
For the species commonly known as the "ficus tree", see
5470:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5299:
5034:
4930:
4421:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4168:
4670:"Phylogenetic relationships of functionally dioecious
4313:
3606:. The oldest living plant of known planting date is a
3575:
1060:
4813:
Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
4220:
Armstrong, Wayne P; Disparti, Steven (4 April 1998).
3652:(enlightenment) while meditating for 49 days under a
3571:, Port Jackson fig – hardy to 10 °C (50 °F)
592:
586:
580:
563:
557:
551:
5621:, 845 species supplied by M. Hassler's World Plants.
4739:
in Asia and Australasia with keys to identification"
4572:
4570:
4568:
3539:, fiddle-leaf fig – hardy to 10 °C (50 °F)
1047:
883:
A description of fig tree cultivation is set out in
792:, some in copious quantities; the twig shows paired
5577:
5051:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 448.
4918:
4906:
4894:
4882:
4463:
4256:. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 472.
4162:
4144:
1348:) benefit each other, in this case reproductively.
577:
548:
4063:
3702:8). Jesus cursed a fig tree for bearing no fruit (
3555:, Indian laurel – hardy to 10 °C (50 °F)
745:, which uses wasp species belonging to the family
45:"Fig tree" redirects here. For the 2009 film, see
5258:"Figs and the diversity of tropical rain forests"
5155:Berg, C.C.; Hijmann, M.E.E. (1989). "Chapter 11:
4565:
4219:
4186:
3419:, decorative elements in Cambodian architecture.
1036:) is frequently found as a pest on figs grown as
6452:
4963:
4870:
3563:, creeping fig – hardy to 1 °C (34 °F)
647:with a few species extending into the semi-warm
5578:van Noort, Simon; van Harten, Antonius (2006).
5443:
5081:. Prasaranga: Karnatak University. p. 206.
4583:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4519:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1024:, including that of fig trees; it can become a
5507:
5462:
4860:
4276:
4134:
3498:in the Middle East by many hundreds of years.
686:that may eventually provide structural support
5668:
5446:Ancient trees: Trees that live for 1000 years
3413:) leaves' shape inspired one of the standard
1300:) in the absence of caprifigs and fig wasps.
4806:
4804:
4802:
4367:California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. (1996):
4249:
3338:The wood of fig trees is often soft and the
756:are relatively easy to recognize. Many have
5194:
5154:
4948:
4723:
4337:Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition
4174:
3781:
3630:(سوره تین). In Asia, figs are important in
1101:) at the outward end that allows access to
768:enclosed in an urn-like structure called a
5675:
5661:
5233:
5167:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4638:Plant Systematics: A phylogenetic approach
4319:
1432:figs were classified within the subgenera
910:. Their fruit are a key resource for some
887:'s 12th-century agricultural work titled,
133:
5490:
5276:
4959:
4957:
4799:
4692:
4612:
4602:
4548:
4538:
4489:
4440:
4057:
1665:
1507:As of April 2024, there are 880 accepted
1042:List of foliage plant diseases (Moraceae)
5625:Video: Interaction of figs and fig wasps
5444:Lewington, Anna; Parker, Edward (1999).
5255:
5046:
4996:"Significant Trees and Shrubs in Changi"
4766:
4764:
4330:
4328:
4150:
4019:. Sunset Books. 1995. pp. 606–607.
1344:, in which each organism (fig plant and
1317:
1308:Mutualism with the pollinating fig wasps
1071:
1059:
1020:), for example, has larvae that feed on
965:feed on fig leaves, for example several
865:regions, leading to very high levels of
703:
689:
678:
5035:Kislev, Hartmann & Bar-Yosef (2006)
5014:
4974:Figweb: figs and fig wasps of the world
4667:
4654:
3939:(limbs laying in the ground take root).
3486:, 13 km, or 8.1 mi, north of
1216:) is a gynodioecious plant, as well as
14:
6453:
5682:
5213:
4954:
4729:
3955:
3953:
3706:). The fig tree was sacred in ancient
718:contains a new leaf and a new stipule.
6042:
6041:
5656:
5636:BBC: Fig fossil clue to early farming
5195:Carauta, Pedro; Diaz, Ernani (2002).
5114:
5071:
5040:
4964:van Noort, S.; Rasplus, J.Y. (2020).
4761:
4334:
4325:
4098:"Ficus: The Remarkable Genus Of Figs"
2224:
1955:
291:
6412:08665469-3a56-45a3-84c7-4eed99e91a02
6337:dcf59ae9-f05a-4c99-8f3e-763bc208055a
5612:—Major reference site for the genus
5121:
5093:"The Bodhi Tree: Uniting all Worlds"
4936:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4888:
4876:
4757:– via biodiversitylibrary.org.
4629:
3868:Santa Barbara's Moreton Bay Fig Tree
3646:is traditionally held to have found
2103:
1767:
5168:Berg, C.C.; Corner, E.J.H. (2005).
5047:Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008).
4250:Friis, Ib; Balslev, Henrik (2005).
3950:
3915:and once the largest organism known
3576:Cultural and spiritual significance
3268:
1492:
1028:in fig plantations. Similarly, the
934:. They are even more important for
24:
4793:10.1111/j.1365-2699.1996.tb00014.x
25:
6482:
5603:
4163:van Noort & van Harten (2006)
3547:– hardy to 5 °C (41 °F)
1518:
1360:phylogenies of these two clades.
1314:Reproductive coevolution in Ficus
1048:Fig fruit and reproduction system
643:, they are native throughout the
6376:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327905-2
5627:—Multi-award-winning documentary
5199:. Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ.
5015:Castedo, Luis D. Leigue (1957).
3761:
3741:
3723:
1397:their evolutionary relationships
1105:. The flowers are pollinated by
1076:Cut through of a ripe common fig
971:species (crow butterflies), the
573:
544:
156:
65:
5448:. London: Collins & Brown.
5122:Berg, C.C. (28 November 2003).
5085:
5065:
5008:
4987:
4743:The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore
4457:
4389:"The Weird Sex Life of the Fig"
4381:
4361:
4270:
4243:
4213:
4180:
3929:that until recently stood there
3594:tree (Pipal, bodhi, bo, or po,
1380:indicating limited fitness for
4345:10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00463-6
4090:
4033:
4009:
3995:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3982:
3501:
3353:. Certain fig species (mainly
1994:– lowland form of breadfruit,
1485:, and the species of subgenus
1403:
1264:they were considered food for
674:
320:de Vriese & Teijsm. (1861)
13:
1:
5161:Flora of Tropical East Africa
4378:. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
1477:. The other includes section
5631:Fruits of Warm Climates: Fig
4335:Sinha, K.K. (2003). "FIGS".
3970:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
3943:
3800:, held to be a supernatural
3626:in Quran named "The Fig" or
3371:) are traditionally used in
7:
6471:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4525:(Supplement 1): 6558–6565.
4064:Halevy, Abraham H. (1989).
3714:, where it was a symbol of
3696:traditional crops of Israel
2794:Berg, Emygdio & Carauta
2600:(King) T.B.Worth. ex Corner
512:Gasp. (1844), nom. superfl.
10:
6487:
5345:Supporting Online Material
5256:Harrison, Rhett D (2005).
5241:Chinese–English Dictionary
5159:". In R.M. Polhill (ed.).
4681:American Journal of Botany
4070:. CRC Press. p. 331.
4017:Sunset Western Garden Book
3968:Plants of the World Online
3730:Leaves of the sacred fig (
3579:
1513:Plants of the World Online
1496:
1311:
1053:
918:, and primates including:
894:
842:habitat; the rough-leaved
44:
29:
6050:
5691:
5552:10.1017/S1464793101005760
5234:Denisowski, Paul (2007).
5219:Ficus: the exotic species
4949:Carauta & Diaz (2002)
4175:Berg & Hijmann (1989)
3614:planted in the temple at
2488:– round-leaved banana fig
1014:citrus long-horned beetle
822:is well known in art and
496:Gasp. (1844), nom. illeg.
440:Zucc. (1846), nom. illeg.
360:Booth (Booth): 113 (1847)
305:
298:
288:
281:
153:Scientific classification
151:
141:
132:
56:
5148:10.3767/000651903X489546
4320:Berg & Corner (2005)
3782:List of famous fig trees
3690:, where in Genesis 3:7,
3474:were found in the early
1340:. This is an example of
1116:fruit, and has led to a
846:from Australia; and the
803:estimates indicate that
635:. Collectively known as
424:Raf. (1838), nom. illeg.
38:. For Monroe Ficus, see
5421:10.1126/science.1132636
5374:10.1126/science.1133748
5324:10.1126/science.1125910
4773:Journal of Biogeography
4604:10.1073/pnas.0930903100
4540:10.1073/pnas.0501840102
3897:put a curse on the tree
3891:– Matthew 21:19 of the
3768:Ficus tree in front of
3656:. The same species was
3435:, was once used by the
3333:
2373:Hutch. & Burtt-Davy
2088:– sycamore fig (Africa)
2008:– highland breadfruit,
1897:K.Schum. & Lauterb.
1408:With over 800 species,
5483:10.1098/rspb.2005.3249
4668:Weiblen, G.D. (2000).
4433:10.1098/rspb.2000.1418
4339:. pp. 2394–2399.
1552:Ficus daimingshanensis
1386:reproductive isolation
1328:
1077:
1069:
719:
701:
687:
34:. For sea snails, see
5573:Electronic appendices
5078:Compendium of Jainism
4046:CollinsDictionary.com
3580:Further information:
3399:) is used to produce
1888:– sweet sandpaper fig
1846:– shiny sandpaper fig
1835:– creek sandpaper fig
1594:Ficus grossularioides
1511:species according to
1321:
1312:Further information:
1075:
1063:
1030:sweet potato whitefly
1018:Anoplophora chinensis
998:Chrysodeixis eriosoma
993:Badamia exclamationis
707:
693:
682:
63:Maastrichtian–Present
40:Too Close for Comfort
4188:Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá
3909:F. benghalensis
3470:figs dated to about
3457:) and sycamore fig (
3425:F. benghalensis
3292:Ficus cristobalensis
2497:Mildbr. & Burret
2379:Ficus blepharophylla
2248:Ficus albert-smithii
1262:Mediterranean region
1154:F. benghalensis
743:pollination syndrome
464:(Endl.) Drury (1869)
5477:(1581): 2593–2599.
5413:2006Sci...314.1683L
5366:2006Sci...314.1683K
5316:2006Sci...312.1372K
5310:(5778): 1372–1374.
5197:Figueiras no Brasil
4939:, pp. 553–554.
4785:1996JBiog..23..521H
4595:2003PNAS..100.5867M
4531:2005PNAS..102.6558M
3888:The Barren Fig Tree
3872:F. macrophylla
3682:. According to the
3666:" of Hinduism. The
3356:F. cotinifolia
3323:Ficus nymphaeifolia
3015:– willow-leaved fig
2753:– fiddle-leaved fig
2677:Ficus luschnathiana
2503:Ficus cyathistipula
2409:Ficus calyptroceras
1659:Buch.-Ham. ex Voigt
1635:Ficus simplicissima
1473:except for section
1304:breeding purposes.
1249:F. pseudopalma
1212:). The common fig (
1186:F. macrophylla
1166:Indian rubber plant
985:Papilio cresphontes
889:Book on Agriculture
869:. In the tropics,
5539:Biological Reviews
5115:General references
4374:2020-10-31 at the
4210:–281 (Article XXV)
3816:Charybdis Fig Tree
3770:Sarkaradevi Temple
3754:Ayutthaya province
3669:Plaksa Pra-sravana
3610:tree known as the
3604:Ficus benghalensis
3396:F. natalensis
3092:Ficus subpisocarpa
3060:Ficus sphenophylla
2994:– Port Jackson fig
2858:– small-leaved fig
2758:Ficus maclellandii
2717:Ficus lapathifolia
2586:Ficus faulkneriana
2493:Ficus craterostoma
2445:– short-leaved fig
2433:Kunth & Bouché
2429:Ficus catappifolia
2419:Ficus castellviana
2359:Ficus binnendijkii
2337:Ficus benghalensis
2288:Ficus aripuanensis
2238:Ficus abutilifolia
1851:Ficus heterophylla
1677:Ficus crassiuscula
1600:– white-leaved fig
1329:
1233:F. auriculata
1194:F. microcarpa
1133:Fig plants can be
1078:
1070:
859:adaptive radiation
720:
702:
688:
6448:
6447:
6345:Open Tree of Life
6044:Taxon identifiers
6035:
6034:
5455:978-18-5585-704-9
5271:(12): 1053–1064.
5206:978-85-7108-250-2
5179:978-9-07123-661-7
5163:. pp. 43–86.
5018:El Itenez Selvaje
4951:, pp. 38–39.
4647:978-0-87893-407-2
4589:(10): 5867–5872.
4482:10.1111/evo.12584
4427:(1468): 685–694.
4354:978-0-12-227055-0
4263:978-87-7304-304-2
4077:978-0-8493-3916-5
4026:978-0-37603-851-7
3998:. Merriam-Webster
3927:F. religiosa
3881:F. religiosa
3859:F. religiosa
3811:F. religiosa
3802:F. religiosa
3622:, and there is a
3586:Figs in the Bible
3410:F. religiosa
3368:F. padifolia
3328:
3318:
3299:Ficus hebetifolia
3277:Ficus bibracteata
3262:
3257:Ficus watkinsiana
3249:
3234:
3224:
3219:Ficus verruculosa
3214:
3204:
3194:– red-stipule fig
3193:
3183:
3173:
3163:
3153:
3141:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3102:Ficus subpuberula
3097:
3087:
3075:
3070:Ficus stuhlmannii
3065:
3055:
3050:Ficus schumacheri
3045:
3035:
3025:
3020:Ficus sansibarica
3014:
3009:Ficus salicifolia
3004:
2993:
2983:
2978:Ficus roraimensis
2972:
2962:
2951:
2946:Ficus pleurocarpa
2940:
2930:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2868:
2863:Ficus obtusifolia
2857:
2846:
2836:
2831:Ficus muelleriana
2825:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2780:Ficus malacocarpa
2775:– Moreton Bay fig
2774:
2769:Ficus macrophylla
2763:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2661:
2656:Ficus kerkhovenii
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2528:
2518:
2513:Ficus cyclophylla
2508:
2498:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2399:Ficus burtt-davyi
2394:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2353:
2342:
2328:
2314:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2219:
2209:
2204:Ficus trichocarpa
2199:
2198:Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
2189:
2176:
2163:
2148:
2137:
2127:
2098:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2055:
2050:Ficus pseudopalma
2041:
2031:
2021:
2007:
2002:Ficus dammaropsis
1993:
1983:
1972:
1929:
1919:
1908:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1866:
1861:Ficus lateriflora
1856:
1845:
1834:
1824:
1819:Ficus capreifolia
1814:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1687:Ficus gigantosyce
1682:
1660:
1649:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1599:
1589:
1578:
1567:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1243:F. deltoidea
1210:F. sycomorus
1202:F. religiosa
1174:fiddle-leaved fig
1162:F. benjamina
981:giant swallowtail
977:Danaus chrysippus
832:F. benjamina
818:, whose fingered
749:for pollination.
731:ecological niches
535:
534:
277:
259:
36:Ficus (gastropod)
16:(Redirected from
6478:
6441:
6440:
6428:
6427:
6415:
6414:
6402:
6401:
6392:
6391:
6379:
6378:
6366:
6365:
6353:
6352:
6340:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6317:
6316:
6314:NHMSYS0000458826
6304:
6303:
6291:
6290:
6278:
6277:
6265:
6264:
6252:
6251:
6239:
6238:
6226:
6225:
6213:
6212:
6200:
6199:
6187:
6186:
6174:
6173:
6161:
6160:
6148:
6147:
6135:
6134:
6122:
6121:
6109:
6108:
6096:
6095:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6039:
6038:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5654:
5653:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5571:
5532:
5514:
5504:
5494:
5459:
5440:
5393:
5343:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5281:. Archived from
5280:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5230:
5210:
5191:
5164:
5151:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4961:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4858:
4845:
4844:
4819:(6): 1255–1269.
4808:
4797:
4796:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4696:
4687:(9): 1342–1357.
4678:
4665:
4652:
4651:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4606:
4574:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4542:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4332:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4228:. Archived from
4217:
4211:
4205:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4132:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4100:. Archived from
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3957:
3905:The Great Banyan
3861:but is probably
3835:Curtain Fig Tree
3765:
3745:
3727:
3490:). These were a
3445:
3362:F. insipida
3326:
3316:
3269:Unknown subgenus
3260:
3247:
3232:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3191:
3188:Ficus triradiata
3181:
3171:
3161:
3158:Ficus trichopoda
3151:
3148:Ficus thonningii
3139:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3083:
3080:Ficus subcordata
3073:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3040:Ficus schultesii
3033:
3023:
3012:
3002:
2991:
2988:Ficus rubiginosa
2981:
2970:
2960:
2949:
2938:
2926:
2916:
2913:Ficus petiolaris
2906:
2896:
2893:Ficus panurensis
2886:
2876:
2866:
2855:
2844:
2841:Ficus natalensis
2834:
2826:– Chinese banyan
2823:
2820:Ficus microcarpa
2813:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2772:
2761:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2670:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2626:Ficus greiffiana
2619:
2609:
2606:Ficus glaberrima
2599:
2596:Ficus fergusonii
2589:
2579:
2576:Ficus exasperata
2568:
2558:
2548:
2536:
2526:
2523:Ficus dendrocida
2516:
2506:
2496:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2453:
2450:Ficus consociata
2442:
2439:Ficus citrifolia
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2362:
2351:
2340:
2326:
2312:
2302:Carauta and Diaz
2301:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2241:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2194:Ficus sarmentosa
2184:
2174:
2161:
2146:
2135:
2132:Ficus pantoniana
2125:
2096:
2085:
2074:
2063:
2053:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2005:
1991:
1981:
1970:
1967:Ficus auriculata
1934:Ficus parietalis
1927:
1917:
1906:
1896:
1885:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1843:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1779:Ficus andamanica
1760:
1757:Ficus yoponensis
1750:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1658:
1647:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1605:Ficus neriifolia
1597:
1587:
1576:
1565:
1555:
1544:
1533:
1530:Ficus amplissima
1493:Selected species
1338:invasive species
1324:Ficus exasperata
1170:F. elastica
1107:very small wasps
920:capuchin monkeys
901:keystone species
878:species richness
741:and distinctive
599:
598:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
273:
255:
161:
160:
137:
127:
64:
60:Temporal range:
54:
53:
21:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6466:Moraceae genera
6451:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6436:
6431:
6423:
6418:
6410:
6405:
6397:
6395:
6387:
6382:
6374:
6369:
6361:
6356:
6348:
6343:
6335:
6333:
6325:
6320:
6312:
6307:
6299:
6294:
6286:
6281:
6273:
6268:
6260:
6255:
6247:
6242:
6234:
6229:
6221:
6216:
6208:
6203:
6195:
6190:
6182:
6177:
6169:
6164:
6156:
6151:
6143:
6138:
6130:
6125:
6117:
6112:
6104:
6099:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6046:
6036:
6031:
5687:
5681:
5606:
5601:
5593:
5591:
5584:Fauna of Arabia
5512:
5456:
5407:(5806): 1683a.
5360:(5806): 1683b.
5349:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5260:
5246:
5244:
5207:
5180:
5117:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5045:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5000:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4927:, pp. 565.
4923:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4859:
4848:
4809:
4800:
4769:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4735:"Check-list of
4728:
4724:
4715:
4713:
4694:10.2307/2656726
4676:
4666:
4655:
4648:
4634:
4630:
4575:
4566:
4511:
4507:
4462:
4458:
4413:
4409:
4400:
4398:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4376:Wayback Machine
4366:
4362:
4355:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4291:10.2307/2407790
4275:
4271:
4264:
4248:
4244:
4235:
4233:
4218:
4214:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4151:Harrison (2005)
4149:
4145:
4133:
4116:
4107:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4062:
4058:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4001:
3999:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3893:Christian Bible
3844:Ficus Ruminalis
3828:, presumably a
3784:
3777:
3766:
3757:
3746:
3737:
3733:Ficus religiosa
3728:
3674:Sarasvati River
3608:Ficus religiosa
3596:Ficus religiosa
3588:
3578:
3544:F. maclellandii
3504:
3492:parthenogenetic
3460:Ficus sycomorus
3439:
3336:
3331:
3271:
3266:
3178:Ficus trigonata
3112:Ficus sumatrana
2967:Ficus religiosa
2935:Ficus platypoda
2923:Ficus pisocarpa
2873:Ficus pakkensis
2810:Ficus matiziana
2800:Ficus mathewsii
2727:Ficus lauretana
2545:Ficus destruens
2482:Ficus crassipes
2389:Ficus broadwayi
2348:Ficus benjamina
2343:– Indian banyan
2292:Berg & Kooy
2278:Ficus americana
2268:Ficus amazonica
2258:Ficus altissima
2232:
2222:
2181:Ficus sagittata
2162:(Makino) Corner
2149:– creeping fig
2122:Ficus hederacea
2109:
2101:
2093:Ficus variegata
2082:Ficus sycomorus
2016:Ficus fistulosa
1978:Ficus bernaysii
1961:
1953:
1914:Ficus ulmifolia
1903:Ficus tinctoria
1893:Ficus phaeosyce
1773:
1765:
1747:Ficus pulchella
1727:Ficus mutabilis
1671:
1663:
1625:Ficus pandurata
1588:Reinw. ex Blume
1568:– mistletoe fig
1562:Ficus deltoidea
1524:
1505:
1495:
1479:Urostigma s. s.
1475:Urostigma s. s.
1422:E. J. H. Corner
1406:
1316:
1310:
1182:Moreton Bay fig
1058:
1050:
905:tropical forest
897:
867:alpha diversity
801:molecular clock
783:that enter via
775:The unique fig
711:Ficus religiosa
708:The stipule of
677:
576:
572:
547:
543:
527:
519:
511:
503:
495:
487:
479:
471:
463:
455:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
312:Carruth. (1872)
311:
290:About 800, see
272:
254:
155:
145:Ficus sycomorus
128:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
62:
61:
58:
50:
43:
32:Ficus benjamina
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6484:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6429:
6425:wfo-4000014727
6416:
6403:
6393:
6380:
6367:
6354:
6341:
6331:
6318:
6305:
6292:
6279:
6266:
6253:
6240:
6227:
6214:
6201:
6188:
6175:
6162:
6149:
6136:
6123:
6110:
6097:
6087:
6072:
6056:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5949:Pseudostreblus
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5680:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5605:
5604:External links
5602:
5600:
5599:
5575:
5546:(4): 529–572.
5533:
5505:
5460:
5454:
5441:
5394:
5347:
5297:
5253:
5231:
5211:
5205:
5192:
5178:
5165:
5152:
5142:(3): 551–571.
5118:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5084:
5064:
5057:
5039:
5027:
5007:
4986:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4915:, p. 553.
4905:
4903:, p. 554.
4893:
4891:, p. 552.
4881:
4869:
4846:
4825:10.1554/02-445
4798:
4779:(4): 521–530.
4760:
4731:Corner, E.J.H.
4722:
4653:
4646:
4628:
4564:
4505:
4476:(2): 294–304.
4456:
4407:
4380:
4360:
4353:
4324:
4312:
4285:(2): 673–685.
4269:
4262:
4242:
4212:
4179:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4114:
4089:
4076:
4056:
4032:
4025:
4008:
3981:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3916:
3902:
3884:
3877:Sri Maha Bodhi
3874:
3865:
3863:F. virens
3850:
3848:F. carica
3841:
3839:F. virens
3832:
3830:F. carica
3813:
3804:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3767:
3760:
3758:
3747:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3722:
3612:Sri Maha Bodhi
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3503:
3500:
3468:F. carica
3455:F. carica
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3313:Ficus tsjahela
3309:
3306:Ficus punctata
3302:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3263:– Watkins' fig
3253:
3252:
3251:
3225:
3215:
3209:Ficus velutina
3205:
3195:
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3076:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3036:
3030:Ficus schippii
3026:
3016:
3005:
2995:
2984:
2974:
2963:
2953:
2942:
2931:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2848:
2837:
2827:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2773:Desf. ex Pers.
2765:
2754:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2697:Ficus krukovii
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2571:– rubber plant
2565:Ficus elastica
2561:
2555:Ficus drupacea
2551:
2541:
2533:Ficus depressa
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2478:
2468:
2458:
2446:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2344:
2333:
2323:Ficus beddomei
2319:
2305:
2298:Ficus arpazusa
2294:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2177:
2171:Ficus punctata
2167:
2166:
2165:
2139:
2138:– climbing fig
2128:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2078:
2067:
2060:Ficus racemosa
2056:
2046:
2032:
2022:
2012:
1998:
1984:
1974:
1973:– Roxburgh fig
1962:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1948:Ficus hampelas
1944:
1937:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1899:
1889:
1882:Ficus opposita
1878:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1836:
1829:Ficus coronata
1825:
1815:
1805:
1799:Ficus assamica
1795:
1785:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1707:Ficus lacunata
1703:
1697:Ficus insipida
1693:
1683:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1590:
1580:
1579:– Japanese fig
1569:
1558:
1548:
1537:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1497:Main article:
1494:
1491:
1405:
1402:
1400:cospeciation.
1384:and effective
1366:microsatellite
1309:
1306:
1291:parthenocarpic
1270:Capra aegagrus
1258:F. pumila
1223:F. aspera
1220:or clown fig (
1190:Chinese banyan
1178:F. lyrata
1118:coevolutionary
1088:multiple fruit
1049:
1046:
1034:Bemisia tabaci
1007:Copromorphidae
896:
893:
852:F. pumila
844:sandpaper figs
676:
673:
657:F. carica
533:
532:
531:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
461:Stilpnophyllum
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
303:
302:
296:
295:
286:
285:
279:
278:
265:
261:
260:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
212:
211:
206:
199:
198:
193:
186:
185:
180:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
149:
148:
142:Sycamore fig,
139:
138:
130:
129:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
59:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6483:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6439:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6083:
6077:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5907:Parartocarpus
5904:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5824:
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5818:
5817:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5673:
5671:
5666:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5298:
5288:on 2021-02-24
5284:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5254:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5215:Condit, Ira J
5212:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5119:
5098:
5097:Buddhists.org
5094:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5060:
5058:9781405332965
5054:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5020:
5019:
5011:
4997:
4990:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4960:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4909:
4902:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4864:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4765:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4673:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4649:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4397:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4246:
4232:on 2012-02-02
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4140:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4104:on 2009-12-11
4103:
4099:
4093:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4051:HarperCollins
4048:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4012:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3969:
3966:
3965:Tourn. ex L."
3964:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3919:Vidurashwatha
3917:
3914:
3913:clonal colony
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:Wat Maha That
3744:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:Mark 11:12–14
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:Kikuyu people
3681:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3602:figs such as
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3568:F. rubiginosa
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:F. microcarpa
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:Jordan Valley
3481:
3477:
3473:
3472:9400–9200 BCE
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3421:Indian banyan
3418:
3417:
3416:kbach rachana
3412:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3351:Ancient Egypt
3348:
3345:
3341:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:Ficus callosa
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3248:(Miq.) Corner
3246:
3245:
3244:sublanceolata
3241:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:Ficus trigona
3165:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3140:(Miq.) Corner
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:Ficus superba
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3122:Ficus superba
3119:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:Ficus rumphii
2996:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:Ficus pertusa
2900:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:Ficus pallida
2880:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2852:Ficus obliqua
2849:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2731:Vázquez Avila
2729:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:Ficus ilicina
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:Ficus hirsuta
2633:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:Ficus glumosa
2613:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:Ficus costata
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:Ficus cordata
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2383:Vázquez Avila
2381:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:Ficus bizanae
2366:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:– weeping fig
2350:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:strangler fig
2311:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2214:Ficus villosa
2211:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2071:Ficus septica
2068:
2066:– cluster fig
2062:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:Ficus hispida
2023:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:Ficus sinuata
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:– oakleaf fig
1873:
1872:
1871:Ficus montana
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1840:Ficus fraseri
1837:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:Heyne ex Roth
1739:
1738:
1737:Ficus nervosa
1734:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:Pharmacosycea
1657:
1656:
1655:Ficus triloba
1652:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1615:Ficus palmata
1612:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:Pharmacosycea
1464:
1463:Pharmacosycea
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:Pharmacosycea
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:introgression
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:mistletoe fig
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:Indian banyan
1146:
1144:
1143:gynodioecious
1140:
1139:hermaphrodite
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:potted plants
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Asian barbets
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:
902:
892:
890:
886:
885:Ibn al-'Awwam
881:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:biogeographic
861:in different
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
766:inflorescence
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
739:inflorescence
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
713:
712:
706:
699:
698:
692:
685:
681:
672:
670:
666:
662:
661:Mediterranean
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
626:hemiepiphytes
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:of about 850
603:
597:
568:
541:
540:
526:
523:
518:
515:
510:
507:
502:
499:
494:
491:
486:
483:
478:
475:
470:
467:
462:
459:
454:
451:
446:
443:
438:
435:
430:
429:Pharmacosycea
427:
422:
419:
414:
411:
406:
403:
398:
395:
390:
389:Macrophthalma
387:
382:
379:
374:
371:
366:
363:
358:
355:
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
331:
326:
323:
318:
315:
310:
307:
306:
304:
301:
297:
294:
293:
287:
284:
280:
276:
271:
270:
266:
263:
262:
258:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:Tracheophytes
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
159:
154:
150:
147:
146:
140:
136:
131:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6051:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5984:Sparattosyce
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5942:Pseudolmedia
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5823:Helicostylis
5821:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5774:Broussonetia
5772:
5765:
5760:Bosqueiopsis
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5641:
5640:
5613:
5592:. Retrieved
5587:
5583:
5543:
5537:
5520:
5516:
5474:
5468:
5445:
5404:
5398:
5357:
5351:
5307:
5301:
5290:. Retrieved
5283:the original
5268:
5264:
5245:. Retrieved
5240:
5218:
5196:
5169:
5160:
5156:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5100:. Retrieved
5096:
5087:
5077:
5067:
5048:
5042:
5030:
5017:
5010:
4999:. Retrieved
4989:
4977:. Retrieved
4973:
4967:
4966:"Subsection
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4862:
4816:
4812:
4776:
4772:
4751:. Retrieved
4746:
4742:
4736:
4725:
4714:. Retrieved
4684:
4680:
4671:
4637:
4631:
4586:
4582:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4399:. Retrieved
4395:
4383:
4363:
4336:
4315:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4252:
4245:
4234:. Retrieved
4230:the original
4226:Wayne's Word
4225:
4215:
4192:
4182:
4170:
4158:
4146:
4136:
4106:. Retrieved
4102:the original
4092:
4081:. Retrieved
4066:
4059:
4044:
4035:
4016:
4011:
4000:. Retrieved
3993:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3967:
3962:
3926:
3908:
3900:
3886:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3810:
3801:
3787:
3731:
3692:Adam and Eve
3679:Ficus virens
3677:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3616:Anuradhapura
3607:
3603:
3598:) and other
3595:
3589:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3520:F. benjamina
3518:
3510:
3505:
3467:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3432:
3424:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3366:
3360:
3355:
3337:
3321:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3275:
3255:
3243:
3240:Ficus virens
3239:
3235:– white fig
3229:Ficus virens
3227:
3217:
3207:
3199:Ficus ursina
3197:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3135:
3131:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3090:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3038:
3028:
3018:
3007:
2997:
2986:
2976:
2973:– sacred fig
2965:
2957:Ficus polita
2955:
2952:– banana fig
2944:
2941:– desert fig
2933:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2850:
2839:
2829:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2790:Ficus mariae
2788:
2778:
2767:
2756:
2747:Ficus lyrata
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2687:Ficus ingens
2685:
2675:
2667:Ficus kurzii
2665:
2662:– Johore fig
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2448:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2346:
2335:
2330:
2321:
2307:
2296:
2286:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2185:J. König ex
2179:
2169:
2157:
2154:Ficus pumila
2153:
2143:Ficus pumila
2141:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2091:
2080:
2077:– hauli tree
2069:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2034:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2000:
1995:
1988:Ficus brusii
1986:
1976:
1965:
1957:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1901:
1891:
1880:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1838:
1827:
1817:
1809:Ficus bojeri
1807:
1797:
1789:Ficus aspera
1787:
1777:
1769:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1717:Ficus maxima
1715:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1667:
1653:
1642:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1592:
1582:
1573:Ficus erecta
1571:
1560:
1550:
1547:– common fig
1541:Ficus carica
1539:
1528:
1520:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:phylogenetic
1452:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1394:
1362:
1350:
1330:
1322:
1302:
1283:
1269:
1257:
1254:creeping fig
1247:
1241:
1231:
1228:Roxburgh fig
1221:
1214:Ficus carica
1213:
1209:
1206:sycamore fig
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1132:
1125:
1110:
1096:
1083:Ficus carica
1081:
1079:
1051:
1033:
1017:
996:
992:
984:
976:
966:
963:caterpillars
898:
888:
882:
874:
870:
856:
851:
848:creeping fig
836:hemiepiphyte
831:
813:
804:
798:
774:
761:
758:aerial roots
753:
751:
722:
721:
714:. The white
709:
700:(common fig)
697:Ficus carica
695:
684:Aerial roots
656:
640:
636:
538:
537:
536:
528:Gasp. (1844)
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
480:Gasp. (1845)
476:
468:
460:
452:
445:Pogonotrophe
444:
437:Plagiostigma
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
392:Gasp. (1845)
388:
380:
376:Gasp. (1844)
372:
364:
356:
352:Warb. (1891)
348:
344:Gasp. (1845)
340:
336:Gasp. (1844)
332:
328:Gasp. (1844)
324:
316:
308:
289:
268:
267:
251:
215:
202:
189:
176:
143:
51:
6257:iNaturalist
6076:Wikispecies
6012:Trilepisium
5998:Taxotrophis
5970:Sloetiopsis
5914:Paratrophis
5893:Naucleopsis
5725:Antiaropsis
5704:Allaeanthus
5683:Genera of
5247:November 1,
5073:Tukol, T.K.
4937:Berg (2003)
4925:Berg (2003)
4913:Berg (2003)
4901:Berg (2003)
4889:Berg (2003)
4877:Berg (2003)
3528:F. elastica
3502:Cultivation
3440: [
3437:Moré people
3403:in Uganda.
3378:papel amate
3375:to produce
3373:Mesoamerica
2847:– Natal fig
2737:Ficus lutea
2707:Ficus lacor
2517:(Miq.) Miq.
2309:Ficus aurea
2164:– jelly fig
1924:Ficus wassa
1644:Ficus hirta
1584:Ficus fulva
1481:, subgenus
1404:Systematics
1378:backcrosses
1354:coevolution
1158:weeping fig
1103:pollinators
1090:known as a
1003:Choreutidae
973:plain tiger
960:Lepidoptera
952:fig-parrots
840:rain forest
828:weeping fig
824:iconography
777:pollination
733:; most are
727:pantropical
675:Description
520:Raf. (1838)
504:Raf. (1838)
488:Miq. (1848)
472:Miq. (1844)
456:Raf. (1838)
448:Miq. (1847)
432:Miq. (1848)
416:Raf. (1838)
408:Raf. (1838)
400:Raf. (1838)
384:Raf. (1838)
373:Galoglychia
368:Vis. (1845)
365:Erythrogyne
349:Dammaropsis
196:Angiosperms
6455:Categories
5956:Scyphosyce
5851:Maillardia
5753:Bleekrodea
5746:Batocarpus
5732:Artocarpus
5594:2013-01-01
5292:2008-11-01
5265:BioScience
5227:1086743649
5102:17 January
5001:2012-01-05
4749:(1): 1–186
4716:2018-04-22
4401:2012-01-05
4396:Ray's Figs
4236:2012-01-05
4108:2021-05-16
4083:2009-08-25
4002:2023-06-18
3933:Wonderboom
3879:– another
3807:Bodhi tree
3794:world tree
3756:, Thailand
3664:world tree
3654:sacred fig
3592:sacred fig
3451:common fig
3261:F.M.Bailey
3250:– sour fig
2764:– Alii fig
2711:Buch.-Ham.
2486:F.M.Bailey
2315:– Florida
2158:awkeotsang
2036:Ficus nota
1430:Monoecious
1390:speciation
1358:speciation
1198:sacred fig
1135:monoecious
1112:Pegoscapus
1066:common fig
1056:Common fig
1054:See also:
916:fruit bats
914:including
912:frugivores
908:ecosystems
816:common fig
653:common fig
651:zone. The
469:Sycomorphe
405:Necalistis
325:Caprificus
317:Bosscheria
6179:FloraBase
5928:Poulsenia
5837:Hullettia
5802:Dorstenia
5697:Afromorus
5590:: 449–472
5529:0334-5114
5517:Symbiosis
5188:492578589
5128:subgenus
4979:11 August
4968:Conosycea
4470:Evolution
4279:Evolution
4202:780050566
3944:Citations
3789:Ashvattha
3716:fertility
3659:Ashvattha
3560:F. pumila
3536:F. lyrata
3512:F. carica
3476:Neolithic
3465:subfossil
3429:herbalism
3401:barkcloth
2228:Urostigma
2225:Subgenus
2104:Subgenus
1958:Sycomorus
1956:Subgenus
1909:– dye fig
1768:Subgenus
1666:Subgenus
1641:(synonym
1598:Burman f.
1536:– bat fig
1519:Subgenus
1483:Sycomorus
1471:Urostigma
1459:Sycomorus
1447:Sycomorus
1435:Urostigma
1418:dioecious
1342:mutualism
1294:cultivars
1274:Fig wasps
1218:lofty fig
1127:Dorstenia
989:brown awl
948:hornbills
932:mangabeys
899:Figs are
781:fig wasps
747:Agaonidae
735:evergreen
649:temperate
637:fig trees
622:epiphytes
608:of woody
509:Urostigma
477:Sycomorus
397:Mastosuke
341:Cystogyne
309:Boscheria
166:Kingdom:
57:Fig trees
47:Fig Trees
18:Fig trees
6407:VicFlora
6396:VASCAN:
6389:40009268
6384:Tropicos
6275:327905-2
6158:47119105
6140:eFloraSA
6061:Wikidata
6026:Utsetela
6005:Treculia
5991:Streblus
5872:Mesogyne
5858:Malaisia
5830:Hijmania
5795:Clarisia
5788:Castilla
5781:Calaunia
5767:Brosimum
5718:Antiaris
5685:Moraceae
5568:27827864
5560:11762492
5501:16321781
5437:45767896
5429:17170278
5390:84471716
5382:17170278
5340:42150441
5332:16741119
5217:(1969).
5130:Synoecia
5075:(1980).
4861:Rønsted
4833:12894934
4733:(1965).
4711:10991904
4623:12714682
4559:15851680
4500:25495152
4451:11321056
4372:Archived
4307:28563939
4190:(1864).
4135:Rønsted
3974:22 April
3937:layering
3895:, Jesus
3798:Hinduism
3636:Hinduism
3632:Buddhism
3582:Fig leaf
3482:(in the
3480:Gilgal I
3478:village
3136:henneana
2856:G.Forst.
2331:thavital
2304:– Brazil
2106:Synoecia
2086:L., 1753
1907:G.Forst.
1793:G.Forst.
1770:Sycidium
1499:List of
1346:fig wasp
1327:, fruits
1122:gynoecia
1109:such as
1092:syconium
938:such as
903:in many
820:fig leaf
799:Current
794:stipules
770:syconium
669:bushfood
633:Moraceae
525:Visiania
501:Tremotis
485:Synoecia
453:Rephesis
381:Gonosuke
333:Covellia
300:Synonyms
242:Moraceae
238:Family:
209:Eudicots
6288:1040209
6236:2984588
6019:Trophis
5977:Sorocea
5963:Sloetia
5935:Prainea
5921:Perebea
5900:Olmedia
5879:Milicia
5865:Maquira
5844:Maclura
5739:Bagassa
5711:Ampalis
5492:1559977
5409:Bibcode
5400:Science
5362:Bibcode
5353:Science
5312:Bibcode
5303:Science
4841:1962136
4781:Bibcode
4703:2656726
4591:Bibcode
4550:1131861
4527:Bibcode
4491:4328460
4442:1088657
4299:2407790
4041:"ficus"
3990:"ficus"
3825:Odyssey
3776:, India
3662:, the "
3640:Jainism
3488:Jericho
3383:Nahuatl
3347:caskets
3317:Burm.f.
3203:Standl.
3096:Gagnep.
3064:Standl.
3054:Griseb.
3034:Standl.
2897:Standl.
2877:Standl.
2845:Hochst.
2784:Standl.
2701:Standl.
2660:Valeton
2569:Hornem.
2549:F.White
2252:Standl.
2075:Burm.f.
1992:Weiblen
1875:Burm.f.
1711:Kvitvik
1681:Standl.
1619:Forssk.
1503:species
1382:hybrids
1370:cryptic
1298:sterile
1099:ostiole
995:), and
987:), the
979:), the
968:Euploea
956:bulbuls
944:pigeons
928:gibbons
924:langurs
895:Ecology
785:ostiole
716:stipule
645:tropics
628:in the
606:species
600:) is a
517:Varinga
493:Tenorea
413:Oluntos
283:Species
264:Genus:
257:Dumort.
248:Tribe:
232:Rosales
228:Order:
170:Plantae
6438:447837
6358:PLANTS
6350:658513
6334:NZOR:
6223:112770
6197:112770
6119:148648
6093:190774
6090:APDB:
6067:Q59798
5809:Fatoua
5610:Figweb
5566:
5558:
5527:
5499:
5489:
5452:
5435:
5427:
5388:
5380:
5338:
5330:
5225:
5203:
5186:
5176:
5136:Blumea
5055:
4865:(2008)
4863:et al.
4839:
4831:
4709:
4701:
4644:
4621:
4614:156293
4611:
4557:
4547:
4498:
4488:
4449:
4439:
4351:
4305:
4297:
4260:
4200:
4139:(2005)
4137:et al.
4074:
4023:
3923:Vidura
3854:Plaksa
3792:– the
3774:Kerala
3712:Cyprus
3708:Greece
3644:Buddha
3628:At-Tin
3600:banyan
3391:Mutuba
3287:Willd.
3213:Willd.
3192:Corner
3106:Corner
3044:Dugand
2814:Dugand
2640:Schott
2630:Dugand
2620:Delile
2559:Thunb.
2466:Thunb.
2423:Dugand
2403:Hutch.
2175:Thunb.
2113:lianas
2054:Blanco
2010:kapiak
1996:kapiak
1823:Delile
1783:Corner
1751:Schott
1731:Bureau
1701:Willd.
1691:Dugand
1577:Thunb.
1334:Hawaii
1279:Ficain
1204:) and
1012:. The
826:: the
809:extant
764:is an
630:family
614:shrubs
421:Perula
357:Erosma
252:Ficeae
222:Rosids
6461:Ficus
6433:WoRMS
6399:28708
6363:FICUS
6301:19081
6283:IRMNG
6262:50999
6210:Ficus
6205:FoAO2
6184:21307
6171:1FIUG
6145:Ficus
6106:73030
6082:Ficus
6052:Ficus
5886:Morus
5816:Ficus
5642:Video
5614:Ficus
5564:S2CID
5513:(PDF)
5433:S2CID
5386:S2CID
5336:S2CID
5286:(PDF)
5261:(PDF)
5236:"Fig"
5157:Ficus
5126:Ficus
5022:(PDF)
4837:S2CID
4753:5 Feb
4737:Ficus
4699:JSTOR
4677:(PDF)
4672:Ficus
4392:(PDF)
4295:JSTOR
4206:(pp.
3963:Ficus
3820:Homer
3700:Deut.
3688:Bible
3649:bodhi
3638:. In
3620:Islam
3496:grain
3444:]
3387:āmatl
3344:mummy
3340:latex
3327:Mill.
3242:var.
3233:Aiton
3223:Warb.
3162:Baker
3152:Blume
3134:var.
3074:Warb.
3024:Warb.
3003:Blume
2992:Desf.
2939:Cunn.
2917:Kunth
2867:Kunth
2751:Warb.
2610:Blume
2580:Vahl.
2527:Kunth
2507:Warb.
2443:Mill.
2313:Nutt.
2282:Aubl.
2262:Blume
2218:Blume
2208:Blume
2156:var.
2126:Roxb.
2097:Blume
2044:tibig
2040:Merr.
2020:Blume
2006:Diels
1971:Lour.
1928:Roxb.
1813:Baker
1761:Desv.
1721:Mill.
1639:Lour.
1629:Hance
1556:Chang
1521:Ficus
1509:Ficus
1501:Ficus
1487:Ficus
1426:Ficus
1414:Ficus
1410:Ficus
1287:breba
1266:goats
1141:) or
1068:fruit
1010:moths
936:birds
875:Ficus
871:Ficus
834:), a
805:Ficus
790:latex
762:Ficus
754:Ficus
725:is a
723:Ficus
665:fruit
618:vines
610:trees
602:genus
539:Ficus
269:Ficus
216:Clade
203:Clade
190:Clade
177:Clade
6371:POWO
6327:3493
6322:NCBI
6296:ITIS
6270:IPNI
6249:4665
6244:GRIN
6231:GBIF
6166:EPPO
6132:4JYX
6114:BOLD
6101:APNI
5556:PMID
5525:ISSN
5497:PMID
5450:ISBN
5425:PMID
5378:PMID
5328:PMID
5249:2008
5223:OCLC
5201:ISBN
5184:OCLC
5174:ISBN
5104:2020
5053:ISBN
4981:2019
4829:PMID
4755:2014
4707:PMID
4642:ISBN
4619:PMID
4555:PMID
4496:PMID
4447:PMID
4349:ISBN
4303:PMID
4258:ISBN
4198:OCLC
4072:ISBN
4021:ISBN
3976:2024
3911:, a
3907:– a
3870:– a
3846:– a
3837:– a
3809:– a
3710:and
3634:and
3624:sura
3584:and
3365:and
3334:Uses
3172:L.f.
3126:Miq.
3116:Miq.
3013:Vahl
2982:Berg
2961:Vahl
2907:L.f.
2887:Vahl
2835:Berg
2804:Miq.
2762:King
2741:Vahl
2721:Miq.
2691:Miq.
2681:Miq.
2671:King
2650:Miq.
2590:Berg
2476:Ait.
2413:Miq.
2393:Urb.
2363:Miq.
2327:King
2272:Miq.
2242:Miq.
2187:Vahl
2136:King
1982:King
1918:Lam.
1886:Miq.
1865:Vahl
1855:L.f.
1844:Miq.
1833:Spin
1803:Miq.
1648:Vahl
1566:Jack
1444:and
1388:and
1026:pest
1022:wood
1005:and
954:and
930:and
641:figs
624:and
292:text
68:PreꞒ
6420:WFO
6309:NBN
6218:FoC
6192:FNA
6153:EoL
6127:CoL
5548:doi
5487:PMC
5479:doi
5475:272
5417:doi
5405:314
5370:doi
5358:314
5320:doi
5308:312
5273:doi
5144:doi
4821:doi
4789:doi
4689:doi
4609:PMC
4599:doi
4587:100
4545:PMC
4535:doi
4523:102
4486:PMC
4478:doi
4437:PMC
4429:doi
4425:268
4369:Fig
4341:doi
4287:doi
4208:277
3921:– "
3822:'s
3818:of
3796:of
3752:in
3433:urú
3405:Pou
3389:).
3349:in
3085:Bl.
2950:DC.
2928:Bl.
2538:Bl.
2455:Bl.
1609:Sm.
1534:Sm.
1376:or
1246:),
1236:),
1226:),
1196:),
1188:),
1180:),
1172:),
1164:),
1156:),
639:or
571:or
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