708:
764:
292:
1234:
853:
423:. The precise molecular circuits that govern those morphological changes are yet to be identified, however, a so-far constant factor is that the cell shape is determined by the rigid PG sacculus which consists of glycan strands crosslinked by peptides. To grow, cells must synthesize new PG while breaking down the existent polymer to insert the newly synthesized material. How cells grow and elongate has been extensively reviewed in model organisms of both, rod-shaped and coccoid bacteria. The molecular basis for morphological plasticity and pleomorphism in more complex bacteria, however, is slowly being elucidated as well.
667:
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508:
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31:
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1202:, Camargue, France migrate to the upper layer of the mat during the day and are spread homogenously through the mat at night. An in vitro experiment using P. uncinatum also demonstrated this species' tendency to migrate in order to avoid damaging radiation. These migrations are usually the result of some sort of photomovement, although other forms of taxis can also play a role.
1137:; however, many filamentous species move on surfaces by gliding, a form of locomotion where no physical appendages are seen to aid movement. The actual mechanism behind gliding is not fully understood, although over a century has elapsed since its discovery. One theory suggests that gliding motion in cyanobacteria is mediated by the continuous secretion of
494:, that travel away from the main biomass to bud and form new colonies elsewhere. The cells in a hormogonium are often thinner than in the vegetative state, and the cells on either end of the motile chain may be tapered. To break away from the parent colony, a hormogonium often must tear apart a weaker cell in a filament, called a necridium.
1337:. After a few hours, the trichomes move away from the darker areas onto the lighter areas, forming a photographic positive on the culture. The experiment demonstrates that photomovement is effective not just for discrete light traps, but for minutely patterned, continuously differentiated light fields as well.
1198:
sp. and
Spirulina subsalsa found in the hypersaline benthic mats of Guerrero Negro, Mexico migrate downwards into the lower layers during the day in order to escape the intense sunlight and then rise to the surface at dusk. In contrast, the population of Microcoleus chthonoplastes found in hypersaline mats at
1266:
The cells appear to coordinate their gliding direction by an electrical potential that establishes polarity in the trichomes, and thus establishes a "head" and the "tail". Trichomes usually reverse their polarity randomly with an average period on the order of minutes to hours. Many species also form
1116:
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous, finding habitats in most water bodies and in extreme environments such as the polar regions, deserts, brine lakes and hot springs. They have also evolved surprisingly complex collective behaviours that lie at the boundary between single-celled and multicellular life. For
1101:
are modeled as thin flexible rods that are discretized into sequences of 50 ÎĽm edges. Each edge is loaded with a linear spring. (B) The local bending moment is a function of the radius of curvature. (C) Trichomes can glide along their long axis and reverse their direction of movement photophobically.
640:
In aquatic habitats, unicellular cyanobacteria are considered as an important group regarding abundance, diversity, and ecological character. Unicellular cyanobacteria have spherical, ovoid, or cylindrical cells that may aggregate into irregular or regular colonies bound together by the mucous matrix
1197:
Filamentous cyanobacteria that live in microbial mats often migrate vertically and horizontally within the mat in order to find an optimal niche that balances their light requirements for photosynthesis against their sensitivity to photodamage. For example, the filamentous cyanobacteria
Oscillatoria
346:
is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape. Cyanobacteria show a high degree of morphological diversity and can undergo a variety of cellular differentiation processes in order to adapt to certain environmental conditions. This helps them thrive in almost every habitat on
1129:
to produce a wide range of chemicals, including biofuels like biodiesel and ethanol. However, despite their importance to the history of life on Earth, and their commercial and environmental potentials, there remain basic questions of how filamentous cyanobacteria move, respond to their environment
1181:
patterns. Similar patterns have been observed in fossil records. For filamentous cyanobacteria, the mechanics of the filaments is known to contribute to self-organization, for example in determining how one filament will bend when in contact with other filaments or obstacles. Further, biofilms and
442:
morphologies are tasks that would require active cell wall remodelling and thus far no genes attributed to the different morphotypes have been identified in cyanobacteria. Therefore, the most likely scenario is that genes or their products are differentially regulated during these cell morphology
2783:
Shih, Patrick M.; Wu, Dongying; Latifi, Amel; Axen, Seth D.; Fewer, David P.; Talla, Emmanuel; Calteau, Alexandra; Cai, Fei; Tandeau de Marsac, Nicole; Rippka, Rosmarie; Herdman, Michael; Sivonen, Kaarina; Coursin, Therese; Laurent, Thierry; Goodwin, Lynne; Nolan, Matt; Davenport, Karen W.; Han,
354:
One factor which can drive morphological changes in cyanobacteria is light. As cyanobacteria are bacteria that use light to fuel their energy-producing photosynthetic machinery they depend on perceiving light in order to optimize their response and to avoid harmful light that could result in the
3161:
Zhu, Zaichun; Piao, Shilong; Myneni, Ranga B.; Huang, Mengtian; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Sitch, Stephen; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Arneth, Almut; Cao, Chunxiang; Cheng, Lei; Kato, Etsushi; Koven, Charles; Li, Yue; Lian, Xu; Liu, Yongwen; Liu, Ronggao; Mao, Jiafu; Pan,
2725:
Dagan, Tal; Roettger, Mayo; Stucken, Karina; Landan, Giddy; Koch, Robin; Major, Peter; Gould, Sven B.; Goremykin, Vadim V.; Rippka, Rosmarie; Tandeau de Marsac, Nicole; Gugger, Muriel; Lockhart, Peter J.; Allen, John F.; Brune, Iris; Maus, Irena; PĂĽhler, Alfred; Martin, William F. (2012-12-07).
1193:
Cyanobacteria have strict light requirements. Too little light can result in insufficient energy production, and in some species may cause the cells to resort to heterotrophic respiration. Too much light can inhibit the cells, decrease photosynthesis efficiency and cause damage by bleaching. UV
120:
Cellular functions require a well-organized and coordinated internal structure to operate effectively. Cells need to build, sustain, and sometimes modify their shape, which allows them to rapidly change their behaviour in response to external factors. During different life cycle stages, such as
1229:
and extrudes slime at an acute angle. The sets extrude slime in opposite directions and so only one set is likely to be activated during gliding. An alternative hypothesis is that the cells use contractive elements that produce undulations running over the surface inside the slime tube like an
282:
trichomes. Considering this complex morphology, it was postulated that certain subsection V-specific (cytoskeletal) proteins could be responsible for this phenotype. However, no specific gene was identified whose distribution was specifically correlated with the cell morphology among different
231:(PG) layer between the inner and outer membrane, thus containing features of both Gram phenotypes. Additionally, the degree of PG crosslinking is much higher in cyanobacteria than in other Gram-negative bacteria, although teichoic acids, typically present in Gram-positive bacteria, are absent.
105:
by which a trichome modulates its gliding according to the incident light. The latter has been found to play an important role in guiding the trichomes to optimal lighting conditions, which can either inhibit the cells if the incident light is too weak, or damage the cells if too strong.
666:
443:
transitions, as it has been hypothesized for most bacteria. In multicellular cyanobacteria, division of labor between cells within a trichome is achieved by different cell programing strategies. Thus, gene regulation occurs differentially in these specific cell types .
238:, their cellular morphologies are extremely diverse and range from unicellular species to complex cell-differentiating, multicellular species. Based on this observation, cyanobacteria have been classically divided into five subsections. Subsection I cyanobacteria (
1172:
Through collective interaction, filamentous cyanobacteria self-organize into colonies or biofilms, symbiotic communities found in a wide variety of ecological niches. Their larger-scale collective structures are characterized by diverse shapes including bundles,
1016:
4049:
Palinska, Katarzyna A.; Liesack, Werner; Rhiel, Erhard; Krumbein, W. E. (17 October 1996). "Phenotype variability of identical genotypes: the need for a combined approach in cyanobacterial taxonomy demonstrated on
Merismopedia-like isolates".
405:, or the ability of one cell to alternate between different shapes, is a common strategy of many bacteria in response to environmental changes or as part of their normal life cycle. Bacteria may alter their shape by simpler transitions from
283:
cyanobacterial subsections. Therefore, it seems more likely that differential expression of cell growth and division genes rather than the presence or absence of a single gene is responsible for the cyanobacterial morphological diversity.
212:. Constant influx of new findings finally established that numerous prokaryotic cellular functions, including cell division, cell elongation or bacterial microcompartment segregation are governed by the prokaryotic cytoskeleton.
967:
40:(A) spherical and ovoid unicellular, (B) colonial, (C) filamentous, (D) spiral, (E) unsheathed trichome, (F) sheathed trichome, (G) false branching, (H) true branching, (I) different cell types in filamentous cyanobacteria.
3162:
Yaozhong; Peng, Shushi; Peñuelas, Josep; Poulter, Benjamin; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Stocker, Benjamin D.; Viovy, Nicolas; Wang, Xuhui; Wang, Yingping; Xiao, Zhiqiang; Yang, Hui; Zaehle, Sönke; Zeng, Ning (2016-04-25).
763:
198:, a bacterial actin homolog. These discoveries started an intense search for other cytoskeletal proteins in bacteria and archaea which finally led to the identification of bacterial IF-like proteins such as
1213:. Gliding in filamentous cyanobacteria appears to be powered by a "slime jet" mechanism, in which the cells extrude a gel that expands quickly as it hydrates providing a propulsion force, although some
3667:
NĂĽrnberg, Dennis J.; Mariscal, Vicente; Parker, Jamie; Mastroianni, Giulia; Flores, Enrique; Mullineaux, Conrad W. (2014). "Branching and intercellular communication in the
Section V cyanobacterium
707:
4445:
Walter, M.R.; Bauld, J.; Brock, T.D. (1976). "Chapter 6.2 Microbiology and
Morphogenesis of Columnar Stromatolites (Conophyton, Vacerrilla) from Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park".
1209:
is a form of cell movement that differs from crawling or swimming in that it does not rely on any obvious external organ or change in cell shape and it occurs only in the presence of a
4638:
Farrokh, Parisa; Sheikhpour, Mojgan; Kasaeian, Alibakhsh; Asadi, Hassan; Bavandi, Roya (2019). "Cyanobacteria as an eco-friendly resource for biofuel production: A critical review".
4177:
Meeks JC, Elhai J, Thiel T, Potts M, Larimer F, Lamerdin J, Predki P, Atlas R (2001). "An overview of the genome of Nostoc punctiforme, a multicellular, symbiotic cyanobacterium".
1243:
appear as long thin curved filaments. (b) When rendered inactive, for example by being briefly cooled, the same filaments adopt a more random shape. (c) Under higher magnification
183:(IFs), although other cytoskeletal classes have been identified in recent years. Only the collaborative work of all three cytoskeletal systems enables proper cell mechanics.
1267:
a semi-rigid sheath that is left behind as a hollow tube as the trichome moves forward. When the trichome reverses direction, it can move back into the sheath or break out.
74:
that can take a multitude of forms. Of particular interest among the many species of cyanobacteria are those that live colonially in elongate hair-like structures, known as
419:, by more complex transitions while establishing multicellularity or by the development of specialized cells, structures or appendages where the population presents a
5495:
Sumner, Dawn Y. (1997). "Late
Archean Calcite-Microbe Interactions: Two Morphologically Distinct Microbial Communities That Affected Calcite Nucleation Differently".
1125:. These large colonies provide a rigid, stable and long-term environment for their communities of bacteria. In addition, cyanobacteria-based biofilms can be used as
1102:(D) Trichome collisions are defined between edge-vertex pairs. A vertex that penetrates an edge's volume is repulsed by equal and opposite forces between the pair.
5444:
Allwood, Abigail C.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Kamber, Balz S.; Marshall, Craig P.; Burch, Ian W. (2006). "Stromatolite reef from the Early
Archaean era of Australia".
3881:"A Putative O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Is Essential for Hormogonium Development and Motility in the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme"
4529:
Wharton, Robert A.; Parker, Bruce C.; Simmons, George M. (1983). "Distribution, species composition and morphology of algal mats in
Antarctic dry valley lakes".
3105:
186:
The long-lasting dogma that prokaryotes, based on their simple cell shapes, do not require cytoskeletal elements was finally abolished by the discovery of
487:(reproductive, motile filaments). These, together with the intercellular connections they possess, are considered the first signs of multicellularity.
3291:"Growth phase-regulated expression of bolA and morphology of stationary-phase Escherichia coli cells are controlled by the novel sigma factor sigma S"
3832:"Genetic characterization of the hmp locus, a chemotaxis-like gene cluster that regulates hormogonium development and motility in Nostoc punctiforme"
5387:"Resolving MISS conceptions and misconceptions: A geological approach to sedimentary surface textures generated by microbial and abiotic processes"
3931:
Dvořák, Petr; Casamatta, Dale A.; Hašler, Petr; Jahodářová, Eva; Norwich, Alyson R.; PoulĂÄŤková, Aloisie (2017). "Diversity of the
Cyanobacteria".
1194:
radiation is especially deadly for cyanobacteria, with normal solar levels being significantly detrimental for these microorganisms in some cases.
2210:
Kühn, Juliane; Briegel, Ariane; Mörschel, Erhard; Kahnt, Jörg; Leser, Katja; Wick, Stephanie; Jensen, Grant J; Thanbichler, Martin (2009-12-03).
3048:
Wiltbank, Lisa B.; Kehoe, David M. (2018-11-08). "Diverse light responses of cyanobacteria mediated by phytochrome superfamily photoreceptors".
1230:
earthworm. The trichomes rotate in a spiral fashion, the angle of which corresponds with the pitch angle of
Castenholz's contractile trichomes.
1690:
608:
614:
596:
4478:
Jones, B.; Renaut, R. W.; Rosen, M. R.; Ansdell, K. M. (2002). "Coniform Stromatolites from Geothermal Systems, North Island, New Zealand".
3879:
Khayatan B, Bains DK, Cheng MH, Cho YW, Huynh J, Kim R, Omoruyi OH, Pantoja AP, Park JS, Peng JK, Splitt SD, Tian MY, Risser DD (May 2017).
645:) secreted during the growth of the colony. Based on the species, the number of cells in each colony may vary from two to several thousand.
335:, it does not necessarily mean it is essential in all other cyanobacteria. N/A indicates that no mutant phenotypes have been described. WT:
1157:
would lead to motion, with some suggesting they retract, while others suggest they push, to generate forces. Other scholars have suggested
1015:
914:
2212:"Bactofilins, a ubiquitous class of cytoskeletal proteins mediating polar localization of a cell wall synthase in Caulobacter crescentus"
1277:
in its movement. Filaments in colonies slide back and forth against each other until the whole mass is reoriented to its light source.
5074:"Evidence that a modified type IV pilus-like system powers gliding motility and polysaccharide secretion in filamentous cyanobacteria"
5985:"The junctional pore complex, a prokaryotic secretion organelle, is the molecular motor underlying gliding motility in cyanobacteria"
4869:"The junctional pore complex, a prokaryotic secretion organelle, is the molecular motor underlying gliding motility in cyanobacteria"
3724:
Herrero, Antonia; Stavans, Joel; Flores, Enrique (2016). "The multicellular nature of filamentous heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria".
2369:
Videau, Patrick; Rivers, Orion S.; Ushijima, Blake; Oshiro, Reid T.; Kim, Min Joo; Philmus, Benjamin; Cozy, Loralyn M. (2016-04-15).
17:
2728:"Genomes of Stigonematalean Cyanobacteria (Subsection V) and the Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis from Prokaryotes to Plastids"
689:
278:) that are surrounded by a common sheath, subsection V can produce lateral branches and/or divide in multiple planes, establishing
5809:"Vertical migration of phototrophic bacterial populations in a hypersaline microbial mat from Salins-de-Giraud (Camargue, France)"
950:
5807:
Fourã§Ans, Aude; Solã©, Antoni; Diestra, Ella; Ranchou-Peyruse, Anthony; Esteve, Isabel; Caumette, Pierre; Duran, Robert (2006).
3460:
Egan, Alexander J. F.; Errington, Jeff; Vollmer, Waldemar (2020-05-18). "Regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis and remodelling".
6093:"The role of an alternative sigma factor in motility and pilus formation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803"
5018:"Genetic characterization of thehmplocus, a chemotaxis-like gene cluster that regulates hormogonium development and motility in
3013:
Larkum, A. W. D.; Ritchie, R. J.; Raven, J. A. (2018). "Living off the Sun: Chlorophylls, bacteriochlorophylls and rhodopsins".
1909:
de Boer, Piet; Crossley, Robin; Rothfield, Lawrence (1992). "The essential bacterial cell-division protein FtsZ is a GTPase".
833:
are capable of a waving motion; the filament oscillates back and forth. In water columns, some cyanobacteria float by forming
722:
681:. Species in this genus divide in only two directions, creating a characteristic grid-like pattern arranged in rows and flats.
262:) are multicellular, cell differentiating cyanobacteria that form specialized cell types in the absence of combined nitrogen (
4622:
4581:
4429:
3948:
3586:
1666:
1460:
391:
growth up to a wavelength of 750 nm. To sense the light across this range of wavelengths, cyanobacteria possess various
1657:
Alberts, Bruce; Heald, Rebecca; Johnson, Alexander; Morgan, David Owen; Raff, Martin C.; Roberts, K.; Walter, Peter (2022).
3769:
Aguilera, Anabella; KlemenÄŤiÄŤ, Marina; Sueldo, Daniela J.; Rzymski, Piotr; Giannuzzi, Leda; Martin, MarĂa Victoria (2021).
4412:
Wolk, C. Peter; Ernst, Annaliese; Elhai, Jeff (1994). "Heterocyst Metabolism and Development". In Donald A. Bryant (ed.).
376:
5123:"PilB localization correlates with the direction of twitching motility in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803"
438:
among cyanobacterial taxa, which can also vary within a given strain during its life cycle. Changes in cellular or even
6199:
Halfen, Lawrence N.; Castenholz, Richard W. (1971). "Gliding Motility in the Blue-Green Alga Oscillatoria Princeps 1".
5213:
Halfen, Lawrence N.; Castenholz, Richard W. (1971). "Gliding Motility in the Blue-Green Alga Oscillatoria Princeps 1".
4008:
785:
739:
402:
6242:"Enhanced Model for Photophobic Responses of the Blue-Green Alga, <italic>Phormidium uncinatum</italic>".
1117:
example, filamentous cyanobacteria live in long chains of cells that bundle together into larger structures including
6371:
5858:"Diel Vertical Movements of the Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria terebriformis in a Sulfide-Rich Hot Spring Microbial Mat"
4462:
3973:
3651:
3619:
2930:
1584:
5649:"Modeling Filamentous Cyanobacteria Reveals the Advantages of Long and Fast Trichomes for Optimizing Light Exposure"
1501:"Modeling Filamentous Cyanobacteria Reveals the Advantages of Long and Fast Trichomes for Optimizing Light Exposure"
4024:
1331:. In Häder's cyanograph experiment a photographic negative is projected onto a Petri dish containing a culture of
2029:"An ATPase domain common to prokaryotic cell cycle proteins, sugar kinases, actin, and hsp70 heat shock proteins"
1778:
Springstein, Benjamin L.; NĂĽrnberg, Dennis J.; Weiss, Gregor L.; Pilhofer, Martin; Stucken, Karina (2020-12-17).
1346:
291:
4499:
2318:
Wagstaff, James; Löwe, Jan (2018-01-22). "Prokaryotic cytoskeletons: protein filaments organizing small cells".
1233:
999:
246:) are also unicellular but can undergo multiple fission events, giving rise to many small daughter cells termed
78:. These filamentous species can contain hundreds to thousands of cells. They often dominate the upper layers of
4924:
Craig, Lisa; Pique, Michael E.; Tainer, John A. (2004). "Type IV pilus structure and bacterial pathogenicity".
2784:
Cliff S.; Rubin, Edward M.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Woyke, Tanja; Gugger, Muriel; Kerfeld, Cheryl A. (2012-12-31).
930:
852:
781:
1319:
cover the lighter areas of the projection while uncovering the darker areas producing a photographic positive.
1169:. Recent work also suggests that shape fluctuations and capillary forces could be involved in gliding motion.
3104:
Claessen, Dennis; Rozen, Daniel E.; Kuipers, Oscar P.; Søgaard-Andersen, Lotte; Van Wezel, Gilles P. (2014).
5913:
McBride, Mark J. (2001). "Bacterial Gliding Motility: Multiple Mechanisms for Cell Movement over Surfaces".
3771:"Cell Death in Cyanobacteria: Current Understanding and Recommendations for a Consensus on Its Nomenclature"
2846:
Koch, Robin; Kupczok, Anne; Stucken, Karina; Ilhan, Judith; Hammerschmidt, Katrin; Dagan, Tal (2017-08-31).
2679:
Rippka, Rosmarie; Stanier, Roger Y.; Deruelles, Josette; Herdman, Michael; Waterbury, John B. (1979-03-01).
3966:
Toxic cyanobacteria in water : a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring, and management
1282:
1107:
938:
5162:
Halfen, Lawrence N.; Castenholz, Richard W. (1970). "Gliding in a Blue–Green Alga: A Possible Mechanism".
6265:
Häder, Donat-P. (1987). "EFFECTS OF UV-B IRRADIATION ON PHOTOMOVEMENT IN THE DESMID, Cosmarium cucumis".
2094:
van den Ent, Fusinita; Amos, Linda A.; Löwe, Jan (2001). "Prokaryotic origin of the actin cytoskeleton".
420:
2371:"Mutation of the murC and murB Genes Impairs Heterocyst Differentiation in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120"
379:), but some cyanobacteria may expand on PAR by not only absorbing in the visible spectrum, but also the
5121:
Schuergers, Nils; NĂĽrnberg, Dennis J.; Wallner, Thomas; Mullineaux, Conrad W.; Wilde, Annegret (2015).
2956:"Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Photosystem II as a Response to Light and Temperature Stress"
1850:
Bi, Erfei; Lutkenhaus, Joe (1991). "FtsZ ring structure associated with division in Escherichia coli".
4681:
Rippka, Rosmarie; Stanier, Roger Y.; Deruelles, Josette; Herdman, Michael; Waterbury, John B. (1979).
3130:
2848:"Plasticity first: molecular signatures of a complex morphological trait in filamentous cyanobacteria"
802:
vegetative cells – the normal, photosynthetic cells that are formed under favorable growing conditions
5421:
620:
472:
4969:"Molecular Analysis of Genes in Nostoc punctiforme Involved in Pilus Biogenesis and Plant Infection"
3512:
2267:
Lin, Lin; Thanbichler, Martin (2013). "Nucleotide-independent cytoskeletal scaffolds in bacteria".
1968:
Löwe, Jan; Amos, Linda A. (1998). "Crystal structure of the bacterial cell-division protein FtsZ".
220:
115:
6040:
Hoiczyk, E. (2000). "Gliding motility in cyanobacteria: Observations and possible explanations".
4714:
Hoiczyk, E. (2000). "Gliding motility in cyanobacteria: Observations and possible explanations".
2485:"Escherichia coli Peptidoglycan Structure and Mechanics as Predicted by Atomic-Scale Simulations"
459:
to multicellular filamentous forms. Their cell size varies from less than 1 ÎĽm in diameter (
356:
216:
64:
1281:
is mainly blue-green or brown-green and is commonly found in watering-troughs. It reproduces by
242:) are unicellular and divide by binary fission or budding, whereas subsection II cyanobacteria (
6451:
224:
204:
90:, deserts and polar regions, as well as being widely distributed in more mundane environments.
5256:
Tchoufag, Joël; Ghosh, Pushpita; Pogue, Connor B.; Nan, Beiyan; Mandadapu, Kranthi K. (2019).
3602:
Schulz-Vogt, Heide N; Angert, Esther R; Garcia-Pichel, Ferran (2007-09-28), "Giant Bacteria",
2913:
Gaysina, Lira A.; Saraf, Aniket; Singh, Prashant (2019). "Cyanobacteria in Diverse Habitats".
2786:"Improving the coverage of the cyanobacterial phylum using diversity-driven genome sequencing"
3998:
1572:
898:
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180:
3106:"Bacterial solutions to multicellularity: A tale of biofilms, filaments and fruiting bodies"
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in the respective organism. While one gene can be essential in one cyanobacterial organism/
130:
48:
1182:
biomats show some remarkably conserved macro-mechanical properties, typically behaving as
279:
8:
6407:
4781:
Drews G. (1959) "Beitröge zur Kenntnis der phototaktischen Reaktionen der Cyanophyceen".
4398:
1351:
1210:
1045:
507:
368:
364:
227:. However, unlike other Gram-negative bacteria, cyanobacteria contain an unusually thick
6399:
6386:
Hangarter, Roger P.; Gest, Howard (2004). "Pictorial Demonstrations of Photosynthesis".
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4683:"Generic Assignments, Strain Histories and Properties of Pure Cultures of Cyanobacteria"
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2681:"Generic Assignments, Strain Histories and Properties of Pure Cultures of Cyanobacteria"
2624:
2500:
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have two sets of pores for extruding slime. Each set is organized in a ring at the cell
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and subsequently in their death. Optimal light conditions may be defined by quantity (
6419:
6411:
6367:
6181:
6132:
6127:
6092:
6065:
6014:
5965:
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5895:
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5789:
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5356:
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5326:
5307:
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4739:
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4458:
4425:
4379:
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4004:
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3853:
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3751:
3698:
3647:
3615:
3582:
3555:
3543:
3535:
3513:"How to get (a)round: mechanisms controlling growth and division of coccoid bacteria"
3497:
3485:
3477:
3442:
3424:
3403:
Typas, Athanasios; Banzhaf, Manuel; Gross, Carol A.; Vollmer, Waldemar (2011-12-28).
3385:
3367:
3328:
3310:
3306:
3271:
3253:
3201:
3135:
3085:
3073:
3065:
2995:
2977:
2940:
2926:
2895:
2877:
2825:
2807:
2765:
2747:
2702:
2656:
2638:
2589:
2584:
2571:
2551:
2532:
2514:
2465:
2447:
2408:
2390:
2343:
2335:
2292:
2284:
2249:
2231:
2184:
2176:
2127:
2119:
2076:
2071:
2058:
2028:
2001:
1993:
1942:
1934:
1883:
1875:
1827:
1809:
1733:
1725:
1705:
1672:
1662:
1639:
1621:
1580:
1540:
1456:
1415:
1397:
1153:, as the driving engines of motion. However, it is not clear how the action of these
1087:
1041:
820:
747:
697:
657:
584:
560:
460:
6286:
6228:
6167:
6026:
5881:
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5411:
5386:
5368:
5242:
5199:
5055:
4953:
4910:
4853:
4591:
3865:
3710:
3147:
2567:
2443:
2304:
2196:
1745:
648:
Each individual cell (each single cyanobacterium) typically has a thick, gelatinous
30:
6431:
6403:
6363:
6359:
6317:
6274:
6247:
6216:
6171:
6163:
6122:
6112:
6077:
6057:
6004:
5957:
5922:
5885:
5877:
5828:
5779:
5771:
5730:
5678:
5668:
5618:
5569:
5559:
5512:
5481:
5461:
5416:
5406:
5385:
Davies, Neil S.; Liu, Alexander G.; Gibling, Martin R.; Miller, Randall F. (2016).
5346:
5297:
5287:
5230:
5179:
5134:
5107:
5085:
5033:
4988:
4980:
4933:
4888:
4841:
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4731:
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4320:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4229:
4206:
4186:
4139:
4123:
4087:
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3936:
3900:
3892:
3843:
3792:
3782:
3741:
3733:
3688:
3680:
3639:
3611:
3607:
3574:
3569:
Whitton, Brian A. (1992). "Diversity, Ecology, and Taxonomy of the Cyanobacteria".
3527:
3469:
3432:
3416:
3405:"From the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis to bacterial growth and morphology"
3375:
3359:
3318:
3302:
3261:
3245:
3213:
3191:
3183:
3125:
3117:
3057:
3034:
3022:
2985:
2967:
2918:
2885:
2867:
2815:
2797:
2755:
2739:
2692:
2646:
2628:
2579:
2563:
2522:
2504:
2455:
2439:
2398:
2382:
2355:
2327:
2276:
2239:
2223:
2166:
2139:
2111:
2066:
2048:
2013:
1985:
1954:
1926:
1895:
1867:
1817:
1799:
1717:
1629:
1613:
1530:
1520:
1448:
1405:
1392:
1387:
1206:
1142:
905:
808:– climate-resistant spores that may form when environmental conditions become harsh
456:
434:. Understanding cyanobacterial morphogenesis is challenging, as there are numerous
415:
406:
98:
75:
71:
5926:
5711:"Effects of tropical solar radiation on the motility of filamentous cyanobacteria"
5622:
4832:
Walsby, A. E. (1968). "Mucilage secretion and the movements of blue-green algae".
4550:
4324:
2607:
Schirrmeister, Bettina E; Antonelli, Alexandre; Bagheri, Homayoun C (2011-02-14).
347:
Earth, ranging from freshwater to marine and terrestrial habitats, including even
250:. Subsection III comprises multicellular, non-cell differentiating cyanobacteria (
5673:
4817:
4800:
4421:
4374:
4357:
2509:
1525:
1199:
1187:
1056:
846:
570:
537:
251:
4614:
3940:
3578:
3163:
1452:
1178:
1079:, in order to provide the cells in the filament with nitrogen for biosynthesis.
552:
5752:"Diel Migrations of Microorganisms within a Benthic, Hypersaline Mat Community"
5073:
4358:"Ultrafast photochemistry of Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin: Experiment and theory"
4164:
3817:
2483:
Gumbart, James C.; Beeby, Morgan; Jensen, Grant J.; Roux, Benoît (2014-02-20).
1837:
1555:
1443:
Whitton, Brian A.; Potts, Malcolm (2012). "Introduction to the Cyanobacteria".
1430:
1138:
958:
926:
795:
372:
328:
259:
243:
161:
5540:"A Model of Filamentous Cyanobacteria Leading to Reticulate Pattern Formation"
4801:"Secretion of the slime substance in Oscillatoria in relation to its movement"
4573:
4190:
3787:
3643:
3473:
3249:
3061:
3026:
2872:
1721:
1708:(2015). "Cytoskeletal crosstalk: when three different personalities team up".
1676:
160:. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is historically divided into three classes: the
6445:
6415:
4699:
4682:
4507:
4135:
3539:
3481:
3428:
3371:
3314:
3257:
3205:
3069:
2981:
2881:
2811:
2751:
2706:
2697:
2680:
2642:
2575:
2518:
2451:
2394:
2339:
2331:
2288:
2235:
2180:
2123:
2062:
1997:
1938:
1879:
1813:
1729:
1625:
1401:
983:
791:
380:
343:
317:
311:
296:
239:
228:
142:
133:, internal structures must dynamically adapt to the current requirements. In
126:
79:
52:
5292:
3983:
3737:
2972:
2802:
2633:
2053:
1617:
6423:
6136:
6117:
6069:
5934:
5899:
5842:
5793:
5692:
5630:
5583:
5473:
5360:
5327:"Undirected motility of filamentous cyanobacteria produces reticulate mats"
5311:
5148:
5099:
5047:
5002:
4945:
4743:
4659:
4383:
4241:
4198:
4153:
4127:
3914:
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3755:
3702:
3547:
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3446:
3389:
3275:
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2899:
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2536:
2412:
2347:
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2227:
2188:
2131:
1831:
1737:
1643:
1544:
1419:
1270:
1257:
1239:
1218:
1183:
1158:
1146:
1122:
829:
771:
730:
673:
543:
465:
235:
138:
6185:
6061:
6018:
5969:
5750:
Garcia-Pichel, Ferran; Mechling, Margaret; Castenholz, Richard W. (1994).
5191:
4902:
4735:
4342:
4293:
4079:
4071:
3363:
3332:
2469:
2080:
2005:
1946:
1887:
1429:
Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1307:
Photographic negative projected onto a Petri dish containing a culture of
451:
Cyanobacteria present remarkable variability in terms of morphology: from
5139:
5122:
3187:
2743:
1804:
1327:
can position themselves quite precisely within their environment through
1308:
1274:
1251:
1214:
1076:
1023:
1006:
834:
816:
812:
575:
491:
452:
396:
384:
300:
172:
122:
87:
5564:
5465:
4984:
4220:
Golden JW, Yoon HS (December 1998). "Heterocyst formation in Anabaena".
3896:
3746:
3531:
3420:
3121:
2386:
1780:"Structural Determinants and Their Role in Cyanobacterial Morphogenesis"
5709:
Donkor, Victoria A.; Amewowor, Damina H.A.K.; Hã¤Der, Donat-P. (1993).
5524:
4937:
4845:
3693:
3196:
1333:
1328:
1286:
1126:
1037:
602:
531:
484:
476:
435:
388:
360:
332:
271:
263:
255:
215:
Cyanobacteria are today's only known prokaryotes capable of performing
209:
199:
102:
83:
5597:
Shaw, T.; Winston, M.; Rupp, C. J.; Klapper, I.; Stoodley, P. (2004).
5183:
5090:
5038:
5017:
4764:
Hansgirg A. (1883) "Bemerkungen ĂĽber die Bewegungen der Oscillarien".
4651:
4163:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3848:
3831:
3684:
3634:
Jasser, Iwona; Callieri, Cristiana (2017-02-11). "Picocyanobacteria".
2552:"Cyanobacterial Cell Walls: News from an Unusual Prokaryotic Envelope"
1836:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1285:
forming long filaments of cells which can break into fragments called
2280:
2115:
1930:
1871:
871:
842:
653:
649:
565:
523:
431:
348:
336:
306:
274:). Whereas subsections III and IV form linear cell filaments (termed
134:
5806:
5516:
3926:
3924:
3103:
208:
and even bacterial-specific cytoskeletal protein classes, including
5274:
5120:
3511:
Pinho, Mariana G.; Kjos, Morten; Veening, Jan-Willem (2013-08-16).
1324:
1316:
1247:
is seen to be composed of one-cell-wide strands of connected cells.
1222:
1134:
1098:
1063:
979:
921:
678:
642:
480:
439:
323:
275:
156:
56:
1989:
426:
Despite their morphological complexity, cyanobacteria contain all
4967:
Duggan, Paula S.; Gottardello, Priscila; Adams, David G. (2007).
4449:. Developments in Sedimentology. Vol. 20. pp. 273–310.
3921:
3816:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3666:
2153:
Ausmees, Nora; Kuhn, Jeffrey R; Jacobs-Wagner, Christine (2003).
1554:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1174:
1118:
974:
838:
805:
267:
191:
176:
168:
150:
4605:
Stal, Lucas J. (2012). "Cyanobacterial Mats and Stromatolites".
4416:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. pp. 769–823.
1777:
1141:
through pores on individual cells. Another theory suggests that
5749:
3930:
1226:
1162:
1073:
410:
303:
146:
94:
6152:"Envelope structure of four gliding filamentous cyanobacteria"
5258:"Mechanisms for bacterial gliding motility on soft substrates"
4637:
3768:
3638:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 19–27.
3601:
2428:"Envelope structure of four gliding filamentous cyanobacteria"
982:
sheaths which can form tangles or mats, intermixed with other
6302:"A one-instant mechanism of phototaxis in the cyanobacterium
5072:
Khayatan, Behzad; Meeks, John C.; Risser, Douglas D. (2015).
5016:
Risser, Douglas D.; Chew, William G.; Meeks, John C. (2014).
4680:
4159:
3812:
3636:
Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis
2678:
2606:
1550:
1425:
1374:
Mehdizadeh Allaf, Malihe; Peerhossaini, Hassan (2022-03-24).
1154:
1150:
823:
in an anaerobic environment due to its sensitivity to oxygen.
165:
6091:
Bhaya, D.; Watanabe, N.; Ogawa, T.; Grossman, A. R. (1999).
5948:
Reichenbach, H. (1981). "Taxonomy of the Gliding Bacteria".
4048:
1373:
858:
Microphotographs of bundle-forming filamentous cyanobacteria
5443:
4500:
10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017<0084:CSFGSN>2.0.CO;2
1704:
Huber, Florian; Boire, Adeline; LĂłpez, Magdalena Preciado;
1612:(11). American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB): 1615–1618.
1289:. The hormogonia can then grow into new, longer filaments.
1130:
and self-organize into collective patterns and structures.
591:
195:
187:
145:
polymers that assemble into stable or dynamic filaments or
6090:
5647:
Tamulonis, Carlos; Postma, Marten; Kaandorp, Jaap (2011).
3935:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 3–46.
3234:"The Molecular Basis of Noncanonical Bacterial Morphology"
2724:
2368:
1976:(6663). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 203–206.
1917:(6392). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 254–256.
1858:(6349). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 161–164.
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Tamulonis, Carlos; Postma, Marten; Kaandorp, Jaap (2011).
490:
Many cyanobacteria form motile filaments of cells, called
6394:(1–3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 421–425.
1703:
1656:
1273:
is a genus of filamentous cyanobacterium named after the
4260:"Oxygen relations of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria"
4000:
Text Book of Botany Diversity of Microbes And Cryptogams
3402:
2209:
2152:
2102:(6851). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 39–44.
1908:
5646:
4477:
3526:(9). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 601–614.
3468:(8). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 446–460.
3415:(2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 123–136.
3174:(8). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 791–795.
2845:
2326:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 187–201.
1498:
1237:(a) Under ideal conditions active gliding specimens of
5856:
Richardson, Laurie L.; Castenholz, Richard W. (1987).
5596:
5384:
4966:
4165:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3818:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2482:
1838:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1556:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1431:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1205:
Many species of cyanobacteria are capable of gliding.
978:
species form long, unbranching filaments inside rigid
463:) up to 100 ÎĽm (some tropical forms in the genus
5599:"Commonality of Elastic Relaxation Times in Biofilms"
5255:
3878:
3056:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 37–50.
5855:
5708:
4528:
4176:
3723:
3459:
3301:(14). American Society for Microbiology: 4474–4481.
371:). The photosynthetically usable light range of the
5071:
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4112:"Structural mechanics of filamentous cyanobacteria"
2858:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 209.
2562:(5). American Society for Microbiology: 1191–1199.
2438:(9). American Society for Microbiology: 2387–2395.
2381:(8). American Society for Microbiology: 1196–1206.
2093:
656:, but hormogonia of some species can move about by
3288:
3160:
3012:
2619:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 45.
2026:
6149:
5982:
5537:
4866:
3358:(3). American Society for Microbiology: 660–703.
2912:
2609:"The origin of multicellularity in cyanobacteria"
2495:(2). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1003475.
2425:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1602:"An expanded view of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton"
794:species can differentiate into several different
6443:
6198:
5212:
5161:
4923:
4444:
4109:
4025:"Differences between Bacteria and Cyanobacteria"
3671:laminosus, a complex multicellular prokaryote".
3510:
2782:
1494:
1492:
1376:"Cyanobacteria: Model Microorganisms and Beyond"
1369:
1367:
1292:
769:Example of filamentous cyanobacteria structure (
755:
475:exhibit functional cell differentiation such as
6097:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5262:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5015:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
3829:
3099:
3097:
3095:
2790:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2033:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
827:Many of the multicellular filamentous forms of
5983:Hoiczyk, Egbert; Baumeister, Wolfgang (1998).
4867:Hoiczyk, Egbert; Baumeister, Wolfgang (1998).
4411:
3633:
3227:
3225:
3223:
2266:
2027:Bork, P; Sander, C; Valencia, A (1992-08-15).
1752:
677:forms rectangular colonies held together by a
6385:
5704:
5702:
5642:
5640:
5324:
4396:
3963:
3933:Modern Topics in the Phototrophic Prokaryotes
3047:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2549:
1364:
4110:Faluweki, Mixon K.; Goehring, Lucas (2022).
4094:
3762:
3092:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2317:
1849:
1469:
1442:
137:, these manifold tasks are fulfilled by the
5947:
4253:
4251:
4213:
3830:Risser DD, Chew WG, Meeks JC (April 2014).
3717:
3231:
3220:
2841:
2839:
2738:(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 31–44.
1048:by some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as
635:
6349:
6258:
5699:
5637:
5538:Tamulonis, Carlos; Kaandorp, Jaap (2014).
4219:
3573:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 1–51.
3352:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
3131:11370/0db66a9c-72ef-4e11-a75d-9d1e5827573d
2667:
1689:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1566:
1564:
1165:as the mechanism behind gliding motion in
383:light spectrum. This employs a variety of
6321:
6175:
6126:
6116:
6008:
5889:
5832:
5783:
5734:
5682:
5672:
5573:
5563:
5422:1983/bd67cb45-b022-4db0-be3d-b2977d2b81ab
5420:
5410:
5350:
5301:
5291:
5273:
5138:
5089:
5037:
4992:
4892:
4816:
4698:
4373:
4332:
4283:
4143:
3904:
3847:
3796:
3786:
3745:
3692:
3436:
3379:
3322:
3265:
3195:
3129:
2989:
2971:
2889:
2871:
2819:
2801:
2759:
2713:
2696:
2650:
2632:
2583:
2526:
2508:
2459:
2402:
2243:
2170:
2070:
2052:
1821:
1803:
1633:
1534:
1524:
1409:
1391:
254:) and subsection IV and V cyanobacteria (
223:, cyanobacteria are generally considered
5380:
5378:
4355:
4248:
3348:"The Selective Value of Bacterial Shape"
3232:Caccamo, Paul D.; Brun, Yves V. (2018).
2953:
2836:
2550:Hoiczyk, Egbert; Hansel, Alfred (2000).
1967:
1296:
1250:
1232:
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851:
290:
29:
6039:
5912:
5067:
5065:
4713:
4563:
3964:Chorus, Ingrid; Bartram, Jamie (1999).
3568:
3164:"Greening of the Earth and its drivers"
1599:
1573:"Cyanobacterial Mats and Stromatolites"
1561:
270:) or to spread and initiate symbiosis (
59:defined by their unique combination of
14:
6444:
6350:Castenholz, Richard W. (2015-09-14), "
5862:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
5756:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
5494:
5325:Shepard, R. N.; Sumner, D. Y. (2010).
4831:
4414:The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria
4306:
4116:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1149:, polymeric assemblies of the protein
1068:. They fix nitrogen from atmospheric N
513:Unicellular and colonial cyanobacteria
101:along their long axis, and displaying
82:found in extreme environments such as
6299:
6264:
5375:
4798:
3345:
775:) showing a reticulate pattern
500:Diversity in cyanobacteria morphology
446:
6336:Häder, D.P. (1987) "Photomovement".
6150:Hoiczyk, E.; Baumeister, W. (1995).
5062:
4604:
1570:
5962:10.1146/annurev.mi.35.100181.002011
4257:
3289:Lange, R; Hengge-Aronis, R (1991).
1221:for gliding. Individual cells in a
377:photosynthetically active radiation
24:
6408:10.1023/b:pres.0000030426.98007.6a
6323:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00998.x
6279:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04745.x
6252:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076487
6221:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1971.tb01492.x
5736:10.1111/j.1574-6941.1993.tb00026.x
5235:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1971.tb01492.x
2923:10.1016/b978-0-12-814667-5.00001-5
2426:Hoiczyk, E; Baumeister, W (1995).
1161:generated by the contraction of a
1093:Modeling filamentous cyanobacteria
944:Helical filaments of cyanobacteria
786:Bacterial morphological plasticity
266:), during unfavorable conditions (
93:Many filamentous species are also
55:are a large and diverse phylum of
25:
6463:
3996:
2691:(1). Microbiology Society: 1–61.
1323:In 1987, Häder demonstrated that
845:as such. They are not bounded by
375:is generally referred to as PAR (
6379:
6343:
6330:
6293:
5834:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00124.x
5352:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2010.00235.x
4158:
3811:
3307:10.1128/jb.173.14.4474-4481.1991
1549:
1424:
1014:
998:
966:
949:
937:
913:
897:
762:
738:
721:
706:
688:
665:
583:
551:
529:Simple cyanobacterial filaments
522:
506:
286:
36:Different forms of cyanobacteria
6267:Photochemistry and Photobiology
6235:
6192:
6168:10.1128/jb.177.9.2387-2395.1995
6143:
6084:
6033:
5976:
5941:
5906:
5882:10.1128/aem.53.9.2142-2150.1987
5849:
5800:
5776:10.1128/aem.60.5.1500-1511.1994
5743:
5590:
5531:
5488:
5437:
5412:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.01.005
5318:
5249:
5206:
5155:
5114:
5009:
4960:
4917:
4860:
4825:
4792:
4775:
4758:
4707:
4674:
4631:
4598:
4557:
4522:
4471:
4438:
4405:
4397:Basic Biology (18 March 2016).
4390:
4349:
4300:
4222:Current Opinion in Microbiology
4170:
4042:
4017:
3990:
3957:
3872:
3823:
3660:
3627:
3595:
3562:
3504:
3453:
3396:
3339:
3282:
3154:
3041:
3006:
2947:
2906:
2776:
2600:
2568:10.1128/jb.182.5.1191-1199.2000
2543:
2476:
2444:10.1128/jb.177.9.2387-2395.1995
2419:
2362:
2311:
2260:
2203:
2146:
2087:
2020:
1961:
1902:
1710:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
1347:Bacterial cellular morphologies
6364:10.1002/9781118960608.pbm00010
4564:Whitton, Brian A, ed. (2012).
4276:10.1128/MMBR.56.2.340-373.1992
3612:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020371
2954:PospĂšil, Pavel (2016-12-26).
1843:
1697:
1650:
1593:
1575:. In Whitton, Brian A. (ed.).
1571:Stal, Lucas J. (5 July 2012).
1436:
1393:10.3390/microorganisms10040696
1261:are capable of a waving motion
1032:
1021:True branching phenotype of a
782:Segmented filamentous bacteria
590:Cyanobacteria associated with
219:. Based on the presence of an
27:Form and structure of a phylum
13:
1:
6010:10.1016/S0960-9822(07)00487-3
5950:Annual Review of Microbiology
5927:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.49
5915:Annual Review of Microbiology
5623:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.098102
4894:10.1016/S0960-9822(07)00487-3
4551:10.2216/i0031-8884-22-4-355.1
4455:10.1016/S0070-4571(08)71140-3
4325:10.1128/MMBR.58.1.94-144.1994
4234:10.1016/s1369-5274(98)80106-9
2172:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00935-8
1659:Molecular biology of the cell
1606:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1579:. Springer. pp. 65–126.
1357:
1303:Häder's cyanograph experiment
1293:Häder's cyanograph experiment
1133:All known cyanobacteria lack
756:Filamentous and multicellular
63:and their ability to perform
5674:10.1371/journal.pone.0022084
4818:10.15281/jplantres1887.64.14
4422:10.1007/978-94-011-0227-8_27
4375:10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.09.014
2966:. Frontiers Media SA: 1950.
2732:Genome Biology and Evolution
2510:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003475
2155:"The Bacterial Cytoskeleton"
1526:10.1371/journal.pone.0022084
1108:Synechocystis run-and-tumble
70:Cyanobacteria often live in
7:
4926:Nature Reviews Microbiology
4615:10.1007/978-94-007-3855-3_4
4607:Ecology of Cyanobacteria II
4566:Ecology of Cyanobacteria II
4356:Schapiro, Igor (May 2014).
3968:. London: E & FN Spon.
3941:10.1007/978-3-319-46261-5_1
3579:10.1007/978-1-4757-1332-9_1
3520:Nature Reviews Microbiology
3462:Nature Reviews Microbiology
3409:Nature Reviews Microbiology
3244:(3). Elsevier BV: 191–208.
3110:Nature Reviews Microbiology
3050:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2917:. Elsevier. pp. 1–28.
2320:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2165:(6). Elsevier BV: 705–713.
1577:Ecology of Cyanobacteria II
1453:10.1007/978-94-007-3855-3_1
1445:Ecology of Cyanobacteria II
1340:
1311:filamentous cyanobacteria (
1082:
991:
815:– which contain the enzyme
629:Drawings by Allan Pentecost
483:(resting stage cells), and
430:and so far known bacterial
109:
10:
6468:
4122:(192). The Royal Society.
3571:Photosynthetic Prokaryotes
2960:Frontiers in Plant Science
2489:PLOS Computational Biology
1600:Moseley, James B. (2013).
1105:
779:
113:
6310:FEMS Microbiology Letters
6244:Plant and Cell Physiology
5813:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
5715:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
4574:10.1007/978-94-007-3855-3
3788:10.3389/fmicb.2021.631654
3775:Frontiers in Microbiology
3726:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
3644:10.1002/9781119068761.ch3
3474:10.1038/s41579-020-0366-3
3250:10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.012
3062:10.1038/s41579-018-0110-4
3027:10.1007/s11099-018-0792-x
2873:10.1186/s12862-017-1053-5
1722:10.1016/j.ceb.2014.10.005
849:but by a protein sheath.
841:. These vesicles are not
745:Cyanobacterial colony of
479:(for nitrogen fixation),
45:Cyanobacterial morphology
18:Filamentous cyanobacteria
6042:Archives of Microbiology
4799:Hosoi, Akimitsu (1951).
4716:Archives of Microbiology
4700:10.1099/00221287-111-1-1
4307:Walsby AE (March 1994).
4052:Archives of Microbiology
4003:. Rastogi Publications.
3346:Young, Kevin D. (2006).
2852:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2698:10.1099/00221287-111-1-1
2613:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2332:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.153
863:Microcoleus steenstrupii
636:Colonial and unicellular
403:Morphological plasticity
234:While Cyanobacteria are
190:, a prokaryotic tubulin
116:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
6388:Photosynthesis Research
6358:, Wiley, pp. 1–2,
6156:Journal of Bacteriology
5603:Physical Review Letters
5293:10.1073/pnas.1914678116
4973:Journal of Bacteriology
4313:Microbiological Reviews
4264:Microbiological Reviews
4191:10.1023/A:1013840025518
4179:Photosynthesis Research
3885:Journal of Bacteriology
3295:Journal of Bacteriology
2973:10.3389/fpls.2016.01950
2803:10.1073/pnas.1217107110
2634:10.1186/1471-2148-11-45
2556:Journal of Bacteriology
2432:Journal of Bacteriology
2375:Journal of Bacteriology
2054:10.1073/pnas.89.16.7290
1618:10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0732
731:Gloeotrichia echinulata
713:Colonial cyanobacteria
413:(and vice versa) as in
357:reactive oxygen species
217:oxygenic photosynthesis
65:oxygenic photosynthesis
6118:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3188
5078:Molecular Microbiology
5026:Molecular Microbiology
4640:Biotechnology Progress
4128:10.1098/rsif.2022.0268
3836:Molecular Microbiology
3673:Molecular Microbiology
3238:Trends in Microbiology
2228:10.1038/emboj.2009.358
1716:. Elsevier BV: 39–47.
1320:
1263:
1248:
1103:
1097:Model components: (A)
956:Helical filament from
892:
867:Tolypothrix desertorum
728:Ball-shaped colony of
516:scale bars about 10 ÎĽm
340:
225:Gram-negative bacteria
205:Caulobacter crescentus
181:intermediate filaments
41:
6062:10.1007/s002030000187
5391:Earth-Science Reviews
4805:Shokubutsugaku Zasshi
4736:10.1007/s002030000187
4072:10.1007/s002030050378
3738:10.1093/femsre/fuw029
3364:10.1128/mmbr.00001-06
3168:Nature Climate Change
2275:(8). Wiley: 409–423.
2222:(2). Wiley: 327–339.
1300:
1254:
1236:
1090:
1024:Fischerella thermalis
855:
615:Microcoleus vaginatus
597:Schizothrix calcicola
421:pleomorphic lifestyle
294:
33:
6300:Gabai, V.L. (1985).
6201:Journal of Phycology
5215:Journal of Phycology
5140:10.1099/mic.0.000064
3188:10.1038/nclimate3004
1805:10.3390/life10120355
1790:(12). MDPI AG: 355.
1706:Koenderink, Gijsje H
1334:Phormidium uncinatum
1313:Phormidium uncinatum
1145:involves the use of
1044:cells formed during
131:cell differentiation
6400:2004PhoRe..80..421H
6213:1971JPcgy...7..133H
6109:1999PNAS...96.3188B
6054:2000ArMic.174...11H
6001:1998CBio....8.1161H
5874:1987ApEnM..53.2142R
5825:2006FEMME..57..367F
5768:1994ApEnM..60.1500G
5727:1993FEMME..12..143D
5665:2011PLoSO...622084T
5615:2004PhRvL..93i8102S
5565:10.3390/life4030433
5556:2014Life....4..433T
5509:1997Palai..12..302S
5466:10.1038/nature04764
5458:2006Natur.441..714A
5403:2016ESRv..154..210D
5343:2010Gbio....8..179S
5284:2019PNAS..11625087T
5268:(50): 25087–25096.
5227:1971JPcgy...7..133H
5176:1970Natur.225.1163H
5170:(5238): 1163–1165.
4985:10.1128/JB.01927-06
4885:1998CBio....8.1161H
4728:2000ArMic.174...11H
4609:. pp. 65–125.
4543:1983Phyco..22..355W
4492:2002Palai..17...84J
4258:Fay P (June 1992).
4064:1996ArMic.166..224P
3897:10.1128/JB.00075-17
3532:10.1038/nrmicro3088
3421:10.1038/nrmicro2677
3180:2016NatCC...6..791Z
3122:10.1038/nrmicro3178
2864:2017BMCEE..17..209K
2625:2011BMCEE..11...45S
2501:2014PLSCB..10E3475G
2387:10.1128/jb.01027-15
2108:2001Natur.413...39V
2045:1992PNAS...89.7290B
1982:1998Natur.391..203L
1923:1992Natur.359..254D
1864:1991Natur.354..161B
1796:2020Life...10..355S
1517:2011PLoSO...622084T
1386:(4). MDPI AG: 696.
1352:Colonial morphology
1046:nitrogen starvation
679:mucilaginous matrix
72:colonial aggregates
4938:10.1038/nrmicro885
4846:10.1007/BF01666380
4811:(751–752): 14–17.
4029:Microbiology Notes
2744:10.1093/gbe/evs117
1321:
1264:
1249:
1240:Oscillatoria lutea
1217:cyanobacteria use
1112:Bacterial motility
1104:
1051:Nostoc punctiforme
893:
772:Oscillatoria lutea
447:Diversity of forms
367:) and wavelength (
341:
179:subunits) and the
51:of cyanobacteria.
42:
6338:The Cyanobacteria
5995:(21): 1161–1168.
5452:(7094): 714–718.
5184:10.1038/2251163a0
5091:10.1111/mmi.13205
5039:10.1111/mmi.12552
4979:(12): 4547–4551.
4879:(21): 1161–1168.
4652:10.1002/btpr.2835
4624:978-94-007-3854-6
4583:978-94-007-3854-6
4431:978-0-7923-3273-2
3950:978-3-319-46259-2
3849:10.1111/mmi.12552
3685:10.1111/mmi.12506
3588:978-1-4757-1334-3
2039:(16): 7290–7294.
1668:978-0-393-88482-1
1462:978-94-007-3854-6
1447:. pp. 1–13.
1190:of about 20 min.
1186:materials with a
890:
821:nitrogen fixation
748:Lyngbya majuscula
698:Nostoc pruniforme
517:
473:Filamentous forms
461:picocyanobacteria
329:gene essentiality
327:. Stars indicate
88:hypersaline water
16:(Redirected from
6459:
6436:
6435:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6347:
6341:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6316:(1–2): 125–129.
6297:
6291:
6290:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6179:
6162:(9): 2387–2395.
6147:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6120:
6103:(6): 3188–3193.
6088:
6082:
6081:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6012:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5893:
5868:(9): 2142–2150.
5853:
5847:
5846:
5836:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5762:(5): 1500–1511.
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5706:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5676:
5644:
5635:
5634:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5567:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5414:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5354:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5305:
5295:
5277:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5093:
5084:(6): 1021–1036.
5069:
5060:
5059:
5041:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4996:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4896:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4840:(1–2): 223–238.
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4796:
4790:
4783:Arch. Protistenk
4779:
4773:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4157:
4147:
4107:
4092:
4091:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3891:(9): e00075–17.
3876:
3870:
3869:
3851:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3790:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3696:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3517:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3229:
3218:
3217:
3199:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3133:
3101:
3090:
3089:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2975:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2875:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2805:
2796:(3): 1053–1058.
2780:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2722:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2676:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2636:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2512:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2281:10.1002/cm.21126
2264:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2216:The EMBO Journal
2207:
2201:
2200:
2174:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2116:10.1038/35092500
2091:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2056:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1931:10.1038/359254a0
1906:
1900:
1899:
1872:10.1038/354161a0
1847:
1841:
1835:
1825:
1807:
1775:
1750:
1749:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1661:. New York, NY.
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1496:
1467:
1466:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1395:
1371:
1040:are specialized
1018:
1002:
970:
953:
941:
917:
906:Anabaena sperica
901:
889:Scale bar =10 ÎĽm
888:
766:
742:
725:
710:
692:
669:
660:along surfaces.
587:
555:
526:
515:
510:
416:Escherichia coli
21:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6348:
6344:
6335:
6331:
6298:
6294:
6263:
6259:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6197:
6193:
6148:
6144:
6089:
6085:
6038:
6034:
5989:Current Biology
5981:
5977:
5946:
5942:
5911:
5907:
5854:
5850:
5805:
5801:
5748:
5744:
5707:
5700:
5645:
5638:
5595:
5591:
5536:
5532:
5517:10.2307/3515333
5493:
5489:
5442:
5438:
5383:
5376:
5323:
5319:
5254:
5250:
5211:
5207:
5160:
5156:
5119:
5115:
5070:
5063:
5014:
5010:
4965:
4961:
4922:
4918:
4873:Current Biology
4865:
4861:
4830:
4826:
4797:
4793:
4780:
4776:
4763:
4759:
4712:
4708:
4679:
4675:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4603:
4599:
4584:
4562:
4558:
4527:
4523:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4410:
4406:
4395:
4391:
4354:
4350:
4305:
4301:
4256:
4249:
4218:
4214:
4175:
4171:
4108:
4095:
4047:
4043:
4034:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4011:
3995:
3991:
3976:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3929:
3922:
3877:
3873:
3828:
3824:
3767:
3763:
3722:
3718:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3567:
3563:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3458:
3454:
3401:
3397:
3344:
3340:
3287:
3283:
3230:
3221:
3159:
3155:
3102:
3093:
3046:
3042:
3015:Photosynthetica
3011:
3007:
2952:
2948:
2933:
2911:
2907:
2844:
2837:
2781:
2777:
2723:
2714:
2677:
2668:
2605:
2601:
2548:
2544:
2481:
2477:
2424:
2420:
2367:
2363:
2316:
2312:
2265:
2261:
2208:
2204:
2151:
2147:
2092:
2088:
2025:
2021:
1966:
1962:
1907:
1903:
1848:
1844:
1776:
1753:
1702:
1698:
1682:
1681:
1669:
1655:
1651:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1569:
1562:
1497:
1470:
1463:
1441:
1437:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1343:
1306:
1295:
1262:
1200:Salin-de-Giraud
1188:relaxation time
1139:polysaccharides
1114:
1096:
1085:
1071:
1057:Cylindrospermum
1042:nitrogen-fixing
1035:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1003:
994:
987:
971:
962:
954:
945:
942:
933:
918:
909:
902:
891:
887:
860:
847:lipid membranes
788:
776:
767:
758:
751:
743:
734:
726:
717:
711:
702:
693:
682:
670:
638:
633:
632:
631:
630:
626:
625:
624:
594:
588:
580:
579:
559:
556:
548:
547:
538:Oscillatoriales
527:
519:
518:
514:
511:
502:
501:
449:
365:day–night cycle
351:interactions.
295:Cyanobacterial
289:
252:Oscillatoriales
175:(consisting of
164:(consisting of
162:actin filaments
118:
112:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6465:
6455:
6454:
6438:
6437:
6378:
6372:
6342:
6329:
6292:
6257:
6234:
6207:(2): 133–145.
6191:
6142:
6083:
6048:(1–2): 11–17.
6032:
5975:
5940:
5905:
5848:
5819:(3): 367–377.
5799:
5742:
5721:(2): 143–147.
5698:
5636:
5589:
5550:(3): 433–456.
5530:
5503:(4): 302–318.
5487:
5436:
5374:
5337:(3): 179–190.
5317:
5248:
5221:(2): 133–145.
5205:
5154:
5133:(5): 960–966.
5113:
5061:
5032:(2): 222–233.
5008:
4959:
4932:(5): 363–378.
4916:
4859:
4824:
4791:
4774:
4757:
4722:(1–2): 11–17.
4706:
4673:
4630:
4623:
4597:
4582:
4556:
4537:(4): 355–365.
4521:
4470:
4463:
4437:
4430:
4404:
4389:
4368:(5): 589–597.
4348:
4309:"Gas vesicles"
4299:
4247:
4212:
4169:
4093:
4058:(4): 224–233.
4041:
4016:
4010:978-8171338894
4009:
3989:
3974:
3956:
3949:
3920:
3871:
3822:
3761:
3732:(6): 831–854.
3716:
3679:(5): 935–949.
3659:
3652:
3626:
3620:
3594:
3587:
3561:
3503:
3452:
3395:
3338:
3281:
3219:
3153:
3116:(2): 115–124.
3091:
3040:
3005:
2946:
2931:
2905:
2835:
2775:
2712:
2666:
2599:
2542:
2475:
2418:
2361:
2310:
2259:
2202:
2145:
2086:
2019:
1960:
1901:
1842:
1751:
1696:
1667:
1649:
1592:
1585:
1560:
1468:
1461:
1435:
1380:Microorganisms
1362:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1255:
1143:gliding motion
1121:, biomats and
1091:
1084:
1081:
1069:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1004:
997:
993:
990:
989:
988:
972:
965:
963:
959:Dolichospermum
955:
948:
946:
943:
936:
934:
927:model organism
919:
912:
910:
903:
896:
856:
825:
824:
809:
803:
778:
777:
768:
761:
757:
754:
753:
752:
744:
737:
735:
727:
720:
718:
712:
705:
703:
694:
687:
684:
683:
671:
664:
637:
634:
628:
627:
589:
582:
581:
558:Branched forms
557:
550:
549:
528:
521:
520:
512:
505:
504:
503:
499:
498:
497:
496:
448:
445:
393:photoreceptors
373:solar spectrum
369:color of light
288:
285:
260:Stigonematales
244:Pleurocapsales
221:outer membrane
111:
108:
80:microbial mats
47:refers to the
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6464:
6453:
6452:Cyanobacteria
6450:
6449:
6447:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6373:9781118960608
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6356:Cyanobacteria
6353:
6352:Cyanobacteria
6346:
6339:
6333:
6324:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6305:
6296:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5979:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5703:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5659:(7): e22084.
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5641:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5609:(9): 098102.
5608:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5066:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4464:9780444413765
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:Stromatolites
4441:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4319:(1): 94–144.
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:(2): 340–73.
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4185:(1): 85–106.
4184:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3975:0-419-23930-8
3971:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3842:(2): 222–33.
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3669:Mastigocladus
3663:
3655:
3653:9781119068761
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3621:9780470016176
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2932:9780128146675
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:Cyanobacteria
2909:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:10.1038/34472
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1586:9789400738553
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:(7): e22084.
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:photomovement
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:fragmentation
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:surface waves
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:stromatolites
1120:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1001:
996:
995:
985:
984:phytoplankton
981:
977:
976:
969:
964:
961:
960:
952:
947:
940:
935:
932:
931:simple vision
928:
925:is used as a
924:
923:
916:
911:
908:
907:
900:
895:
894:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
868:
864:
859:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:
822:
818:
814:
811:thick-walled
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
799:
797:
793:
787:
783:
774:
773:
765:
760:
759:
750:
749:
741:
736:
733:
732:
724:
719:
716:
709:
704:
701:"jelly balls"
700:
699:
691:
686:
685:
680:
676:
675:
668:
663:
662:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
623:
622:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
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578:
577:
572:
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567:
562:
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546:
545:
540:
539:
534:
533:
525:
509:
495:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:superfamily.
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:near-infrared
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:), duration (
362:
358:
355:formation of
352:
350:
345:
344:Morphogenesis
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
319:
318:Synechococcus
314:
313:
312:Synechocystis
308:
305:
302:
298:
297:cell division
293:
287:Morphogenesis
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Chroococcales
237:
232:
230:
229:peptidoglycan
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
158:
153:
152:
148:
144:
143:proteinaceous
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:cell division
124:
117:
107:
104:
103:photomovement
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:Cyanobacteria
50:
49:form or shape
46:
37:
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6387:
6381:
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5851:
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5320:
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5261:
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5214:
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5163:
5157:
5130:
5127:Microbiology
5126:
5116:
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5029:
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5022:punctiforme"
5019:
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4972:
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4760:
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4687:Microbiology
4686:
4676:
4646:(5): e2835.
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4639:
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4228:(6): 623–9.
4225:
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4055:
4051:
4044:
4033:. Retrieved
4031:. 2015-10-29
4028:
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3992:
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3959:
3932:
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3884:
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3747:10261/140753
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2685:Microbiology
2684:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2435:
2431:
2421:
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2374:
2364:
2323:
2319:
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2272:
2269:Cytoskeleton
2268:
2262:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2036:
2032:
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1969:
1963:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1787:
1783:
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1658:
1652:
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1576:
1508:
1504:
1444:
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1379:
1332:
1322:
1312:
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1279:Oscillatoria
1278:
1271:Oscillatoria
1269:
1265:
1258:Oscillatoria
1256:
1244:
1238:
1219:type IV pili
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:viscoelastic
1171:
1167:Oscillatoria
1166:
1163:fibril layer
1147:type IV pili
1132:
1115:
1092:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1036:
1022:
1005:
980:mucilaginous
973:
957:
920:
904:
884:
883:H: S. cf. c
880:
876:
870:
866:
862:
857:
835:gas vesicles
830:Oscillatoria
828:
826:
789:
770:
746:
729:
715:Stratonostoc
714:
696:
695:Colonies of
674:Merismopedia
672:
652:. They lack
647:
639:
619:
613:
609:Coccochloris
607:
601:
595:
574:
564:
544:Spirulinales
542:
536:
530:
489:
471:
466:Oscillatoria
464:
450:
425:
414:
401:
389:phototrophic
385:chlorophylls
353:
342:
322:
316:
310:
280:multiseriate
247:
236:monophyletic
233:
214:
203:
185:
173:microtubules
155:
149:
139:cytoskeleton
119:
92:
69:
44:
43:
35:
6273:: 121–126.
5956:: 339–364.
5397:: 210–246.
4834:Protoplasma
3694:10261/99110
3197:10871/22651
1309:photophobic
1275:oscillation
1215:unicellular
1127:bioreactors
1077:nitrogenase
1038:Heterocysts
1033:Heterocysts
1007:Fischerella
817:nitrogenase
813:heterocysts
792:filamentous
576:Fischerella
561:Tolypothrix
477:heterocysts
453:unicellular
436:morphotypes
397:phytochrome
387:and allows
301:cell growth
264:heterocysts
210:bactofilins
123:cell growth
84:hot springs
6340:: 325-345.
6306:uncinatum"
6304:Phormidium
5331:Geobiology
5275:1807.07529
4789:: 389–430.
4531:Phycologia
4399:"Bacteria"
4035:2018-01-21
3781:: 631654.
1677:1276902141
1358:References
1287:hormogonia
1179:reticulate
1106:See also:
1072:using the
879:G: S. cf.
843:organelles
819:vital for
780:See also:
603:Gloeocapsa
532:Nostocales
492:hormogonia
485:hormogonia
432:morphogens
361:irradiance
333:morphotype
307:phenotypes
272:hormogonia
256:Nostocales
200:Crescentin
135:eukaryotes
114:See also:
6416:0166-8595
5921:: 49–75.
4766:Bot. Ztg.
4668:147705730
4516:130120737
4508:0883-1351
4486:(1): 84.
4136:1742-5662
3606:, Wiley,
3556:205498610
3540:1740-1526
3498:256745837
3482:1740-1526
3429:1740-1526
3372:1092-2172
3315:0021-9193
3258:0966-842X
3206:1758-678X
3086:256744429
3070:1740-1526
3021:: 11–43.
2982:1664-462X
2941:135429562
2882:1471-2148
2812:0027-8424
2752:1759-6653
2707:1350-0872
2643:1471-2148
2576:0021-9193
2519:1553-7358
2452:0021-9193
2395:0021-9193
2340:1740-1526
2289:1949-3584
2236:0261-4189
2181:0092-8674
2124:0028-0836
2063:0027-8424
1998:0028-0836
1939:0028-0836
1880:0028-0836
1814:2075-1729
1730:0955-0674
1685:cite book
1626:1059-1524
1402:2076-2607
1325:trichomes
1317:trichomes
1211:substrate
1099:Trichomes
1066:sphaerica
929:to study
881:calcicola
877:calcicola
872:Scytonema
650:cell wall
621:Rivularia
571:Stigonema
566:Scytonema
428:conserved
349:symbiotic
337:wild type
276:trichomes
248:baeocytes
76:trichomes
6446:Category
6424:16328838
6287:97100233
6246:. 1982.
6229:86115246
6137:10077659
6070:10985737
6027:14384308
5935:11544349
5900:16347435
5843:16907751
5794:16349251
5693:21789215
5653:PLOS ONE
5631:15447143
5584:25370380
5474:16760969
5431:56345018
5369:24452272
5361:20345889
5312:31767758
5243:86115246
5200:10399610
5149:25721851
5100:26331359
5056:37479716
5048:24533832
5003:17416648
4954:10654430
4946:15100690
4911:14384308
4854:20310025
4744:10985737
4693:: 1–61.
4660:31063628
4592:46736903
4384:24099700
4242:10066546
4199:16228364
4154:35892203
3984:40395794
3915:28242721
3866:37479716
3858:24533832
3807:33746925
3756:28204529
3711:25479970
3703:24383541
3548:23949602
3490:32424210
3447:22203377
3390:16959965
3276:29056293
3148:20154495
3140:24384602
3078:30410070
3000:28082998
2900:28859625
2830:23277585
2770:23221676
2661:21320320
2594:10671437
2537:24586129
2413:26811320
2348:29355854
2305:40504066
2297:23852773
2254:19959992
2197:14459851
2189:14675535
2132:11544518
1832:33348886
1746:40360166
1738:25460780
1644:23722945
1545:21789215
1505:PLOS ONE
1420:35456747
1341:See also
1245:O. lutea
1223:trichome
1175:vortices
1135:flagella
1119:biofilms
1083:Movement
1064:Anabaena
1059:stagnale
992:Branched
922:Anabaena
885:alcicola
837:, as in
806:akinetes
654:flagella
643:mucilage
481:akinetes
457:colonial
440:trichome
324:Anabaena
268:akinetes
169:monomers
157:in vitro
110:Overview
61:pigments
57:bacteria
6432:9453250
6396:Bibcode
6209:Bibcode
6186:7730269
6105:Bibcode
6078:9927312
6050:Bibcode
6019:9799733
5997:Bibcode
5970:6794424
5870:Bibcode
5821:Bibcode
5764:Bibcode
5723:Bibcode
5684:3138769
5661:Bibcode
5611:Bibcode
5575:4206854
5552:Bibcode
5525:3515333
5505:Bibcode
5497:PALAIOS
5482:4417746
5454:Bibcode
5399:Bibcode
5339:Bibcode
5303:6911197
5280:Bibcode
5223:Bibcode
5192:4984867
5172:Bibcode
5108:8749419
4994:1913353
4903:9799733
4881:Bibcode
4752:9927312
4724:Bibcode
4539:Bibcode
4488:Bibcode
4480:PALAIOS
4343:8177173
4294:1620069
4207:8752382
4145:9326267
4088:3022844
4080:8824145
4060:Bibcode
3997:Singh.
3906:5388816
3798:7965980
3438:5433867
3381:1594593
3333:1648559
3267:5834356
3214:7980894
3176:Bibcode
3035:4907693
2991:5183610
2891:5580265
2860:Bibcode
2821:3549136
2761:3595030
2652:3271361
2621:Bibcode
2528:3930494
2497:Bibcode
2470:7730269
2404:4859589
2356:3537215
2245:2824468
2140:4427828
2104:Bibcode
2081:1323828
2041:Bibcode
2014:4330857
2006:9428770
1978:Bibcode
1955:2748757
1947:1528268
1919:Bibcode
1896:4329947
1888:1944597
1860:Bibcode
1823:7766704
1792:Bibcode
1635:3667716
1536:3138769
1513:Bibcode
1411:9025173
1315:). The
1305:
1207:Gliding
1095:
986:species
975:Lyngbya
839:archaea
798:types:
658:gliding
411:coccoid
395:of the
192:homolog
177:tubulin
171:), the
151:in vivo
147:tubules
99:gliding
38:
6430:
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5782:
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5629:
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5572:
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5480:
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5446:Nature
5429:
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5300:
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5164:Nature
5147:
5106:
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5020:Nostoc
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2242:
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2130:
2122:
2096:Nature
2079:
2069:
2061:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1970:Nature
1953:
1945:
1937:
1911:Nature
1894:
1886:
1878:
1852:Nature
1830:
1820:
1812:
1744:
1736:
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1675:
1665:
1642:
1632:
1624:
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1543:
1533:
1459:
1418:
1408:
1400:
1227:septae
1074:enzyme
1061:, and
1027:colony
321:, and
304:mutant
194:, and
95:motile
6428:S2CID
6283:S2CID
6225:S2CID
6128:15917
6074:S2CID
6023:S2CID
5521:JSTOR
5478:S2CID
5427:S2CID
5365:S2CID
5270:arXiv
5239:S2CID
5196:S2CID
5104:S2CID
5052:S2CID
4950:S2CID
4907:S2CID
4850:S2CID
4748:S2CID
4664:S2CID
4588:S2CID
4512:S2CID
4203:S2CID
4084:S2CID
3862:S2CID
3707:S2CID
3552:S2CID
3516:(PDF)
3494:S2CID
3210:S2CID
3144:S2CID
3082:S2CID
3031:S2CID
2937:S2CID
2585:94402
2352:S2CID
2301:S2CID
2193:S2CID
2136:S2CID
2072:49695
2010:S2CID
1951:S2CID
1892:S2CID
1742:S2CID
1151:pilin
865:D–E:
861:A–C:
790:Some
202:from
166:actin
6420:PMID
6412:ISSN
6368:ISBN
6182:PMID
6133:PMID
6066:PMID
6015:PMID
5966:PMID
5931:PMID
5896:PMID
5839:PMID
5790:PMID
5689:PMID
5627:PMID
5580:PMID
5544:Life
5470:PMID
5357:PMID
5308:PMID
5188:PMID
5145:PMID
5096:PMID
5044:PMID
4999:PMID
4942:PMID
4899:PMID
4740:PMID
4656:PMID
4619:ISBN
4578:ISBN
4504:ISSN
4459:ISBN
4426:ISBN
4380:PMID
4366:1837
4339:PMID
4290:PMID
4238:PMID
4195:PMID
4150:PMID
4132:ISSN
4076:PMID
4005:ISBN
3980:OCLC
3970:ISBN
3945:ISBN
3911:PMID
3854:PMID
3803:PMID
3752:PMID
3699:PMID
3648:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3583:ISBN
3544:PMID
3536:ISSN
3486:PMID
3478:ISSN
3443:PMID
3425:ISSN
3386:PMID
3368:ISSN
3329:PMID
3311:ISSN
3272:PMID
3254:ISSN
3202:ISSN
3136:PMID
3074:PMID
3066:ISSN
2996:PMID
2978:ISSN
2927:ISBN
2896:PMID
2878:ISSN
2826:PMID
2808:ISSN
2766:PMID
2748:ISSN
2703:ISSN
2657:PMID
2639:ISSN
2590:PMID
2572:ISSN
2533:PMID
2515:ISSN
2466:PMID
2448:ISSN
2409:PMID
2391:ISSN
2344:PMID
2336:ISSN
2293:PMID
2285:ISSN
2250:PMID
2232:ISSN
2185:PMID
2177:ISSN
2159:Cell
2128:PMID
2120:ISSN
2077:PMID
2059:ISSN
2002:PMID
1994:ISSN
1943:PMID
1935:ISSN
1884:PMID
1876:ISSN
1828:PMID
1810:ISSN
1784:Life
1734:PMID
1726:ISSN
1691:link
1673:OCLC
1663:ISBN
1640:PMID
1622:ISSN
1581:ISBN
1541:PMID
1457:ISBN
1416:PMID
1398:ISSN
1177:and
1155:pili
1110:and
875:cf.
796:cell
784:and
618:and
592:tufa
573:and
541:and
455:and
299:and
258:and
196:MreB
188:FtsZ
154:and
6404:doi
6360:doi
6354:",
6318:doi
6275:doi
6248:doi
6217:doi
6172:PMC
6164:doi
6160:177
6123:PMC
6113:doi
6058:doi
6046:174
6005:doi
5958:doi
5923:doi
5886:PMC
5878:doi
5829:doi
5780:PMC
5772:doi
5731:doi
5679:PMC
5669:doi
5619:doi
5570:PMC
5560:doi
5513:doi
5462:doi
5450:441
5417:hdl
5407:doi
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