269:, finding that "courts must be cautious before adopting changes that disrupt the settled expectations of the inventing community", overturned the complete bar issued by the Federal Circuit. It also acknowledged that while any narrowing amendment made for a reason related to patentability could give rise to prosecution history estoppel, inventors who amended their claims under the previous case law had no reason to believe that they were conceding all equivalents of amended elements when responding to a rejection. Had they known, the Court stated, they might have appealed the rejection.
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between the patentee and the Patent Office cannot be used in order to establish a particular equivalent. Similarly, a patentee is barred from using any previous negotiations with the Patent Office in order to determine the scope of the claims of the patent (i.e. the negotiations cannot be used by the patentee or against the patentee in determining the scope of the claims within the patent).
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has effectively come to the opposite conclusion to most other countries in Europe. The Dutch
Supreme Court has stated that where "a third party invokes the examination file in the course of confirming the interpretation defended by him of a patent, it cannot be seen that that requirement would force
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ruled in 2002 that "issues derived from prosecution history cannot be taken into account in the assessment of the scope of protection of a patent, even with regard to the requirement of legal certainty". More than a decade later, the
Federal Court of Justice ruled on 14 June 2016 that statements made
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is not permitted. Therefore, the
Canadian courts emphatically reject what they refer to as "file wrapper estoppel". No distinction is drawn between cases involving allegations of literal infringement and those involving substantive infringement, which means that the negotiations that have taken place
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With this policy in mind, the Court stated that it preferred a presumptive bar approach to the doctrine of equivalents. This presumptive bar approach holds that where claims are amended, "the inventor is deemed to concede that the patent does not extend as far as the original claim" and the patentee
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to broaden the scope of their claims to cover subject matter ceded by the amendments. Although primarily a U.S. term, questions of whether, or the extent to which the prosecution history should be relevant for determining the extent of protection of a patent also arise outside the U.S.
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This is one of the significant differences that exist between
Canadian and US patent jurisprudence, which leads some legal commentators to state that Canada is more friendly for rights holders in pursuing patent claims.
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a "voluntary" claim amendment that narrows the scope of the claim for a reason related to the statutory requirements for a patent will give rise to prosecution history estoppel as to the amended claim element;
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The UK courts have ruled that use of the examination file in aiding construction of a patent should be discouraged except where that file includes "objective information about and commentary on experiments".
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an amendment that narrows the scope of a claim for any reason related to the statutory requirements for a patent will give rise to a complete bar with respect to the amended claim element;
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construes a patent. At the same time, the
Federal Court of Justice set forth that such indications must not readily be relied on as the sole basis of claim construction.
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On
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has the burden of showing that the amendment does not surrender the particular equivalent. To succeed, then, the patentee must establish that:
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any restriction on involving public data from the examination file with the interpretation of the patent".
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set a complete bar rule. This complete bar rule completely prohibited a patent owner from asserting the
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an amendment and fails to explain the reasons for the amendment during prosecution of her patent.
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430:"BGH, Urteil vom 12. März 2002 - X ZR 43/01, [27] - Kunststoffrohrteil; OLG Düsseldorf"
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for certain elements of her claim in instances where, during her patent prosecution she files:
476:, No. C05/200HR, Appellant in cassation versus Saier Verpackungstechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg"
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there was some reason why the patentee could not have recited the equivalent in the claim.
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the equivalent was unforeseeable at the time the claim was drafted;
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391:"Patent Litigation: Choosing Between The United States and Canada"
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The defining case on prosecution estoppel in the United States is
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Kirin-Amgen Inc & Ors v
Hoechst Marion Roussel Ltd & Ors
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444:"BGH, Urteil vom 14. Juni 2016 - X ZR 29/15, - Permetrexed"
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Warner-Jenkinson
Company, Inc. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
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Richard Ebbink (June 2007). ""For the record" analysis".
481:. Supreme Court of the Netherlands. 22 December 2006.
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Rohm and Haas Co & Anor v Collag Ltd & Anor
389:Andrew M. Shaughnessy; Andrew E. Bernstein (2005).
379: at par. 64, 2 SCR 1024 (15 December 2000)
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Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
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Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
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Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
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Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
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263:, 535 U. S. 722 (2002), citing the instruction in
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340:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Patent Act"
257:The United States Supreme Court in their opinion
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225:Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Holding
516: at para. 42, FSR 28 (29 October 2001)
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363:Lovell Manufacturing Co. v. Beatty Bros. Ltd.
338:Branch, Legislative Services (2018-12-13).
172:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
365:(1962) 23 Fox Pat. C. 112 (Ex. Ct.), and
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192:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
92:during prosecution may indicate how the
461:, IESC 81, 1 IR 193 (2 December 2005)
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372:Free World Trust v. Électro Santé Inc.
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59:Free World Trust v. Électro Santé Inc.
500:, 1 All ER 667 (21 October 2004)
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66:Patents in Canada are subject to a
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253:Supreme Court reversal
229:In November 2000, the
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18:File-wrapper estoppel
166:improve this section
404:(2). Archived from
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474:Dijkstra vs. Saier
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