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286:
is also notable that different locations appear to take different amounts of time to reach typical
Holocene conditions following the last glacial termination. Scientists generally agree that warming concluded in the far Southern Hemisphere earlier than in most other regions. In part, the prolonged climate change may be related to prolonged changes in
1173:"}},"text\/plain":{"en":{"":"depicts"}}},"{\"value\":{\"entity-type\":\"item\",\"numeric-id\":25445,\"id\":\"Q25445\"},\"type\":\"wikibase-entityid\"}":{"text\/html":{"en":{"P180":"
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temperature proxies and were scaled as described in Notes below. Each curve was smoothed by a
Gaussian weighted filter to produce a history of the Holocene temperature variations at that site with approximately 300 year resolution (one exception, see notes). These smooth curves were adjusted to have the same mean over the interval 100-6000 years
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247:. During the Holocene itself, there is general scientific agreement that temperatures on the average have been quite stable compared to fluctuations during the preceding glacial period. The above average curve supports this belief. However, there is a slightly warmer period in the middle which might be identified with the proposed
1405:
521:
Petit J. R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N. I., Barnola J. M., Basile I., Bender M., Chappellaz J., Davis J., Delaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotlyakov V. M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V., Lorius C., Pépin L., Ritz C., Saltzman E., Stievenard M.. "Climate and
Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 years from
271:
on how to reconstruct global temperature variations during the
Holocene, the average shown here should be understood as only a rough, quasi-global approximation to the temperature history of the Holocene. In particular, higher resolution data and better spatial coverage could significantly alter the
1125:
KA Hughen, MGL Baillie, E Bard, A Bayliss, JW Beck, C Bertrand, PG Blackwell, CE Buck, G Burr, KB Cutler, PE Damon, RL Edwards, RG Fairbanks, M Friedrich, TP Guilderson, B Kromer, FG McCormac, S Manning, C Bronk Ramsey, PJ Reimer, RW Reimer, S Remmele, JR Southon, M Stuiver, S Talamo, FW Taylor, J
1050:
Different regions have different sensitivity to global temperature variations, so one can reasonably argue that a true global average reconstruction requires scaling the different records to match local sensitivity. Since no scientific consensus exists for how to do this, no attempt was made to do
285:
lasting for centuries appears to be a common feature of many regions. Assuming the timing information from these records is reasonably accurate, it appears that in many cases large changes at any particular site may occur without correlating to similarly large changes at other sites. Secondly, it
254:
Because of the limitations of data sampling, each curve in the main plot was smoothed (see methods below) and consequently, this figure can not resolve temperature fluctuations faster than approximately 300 years. Further, while 2004 appears warmer than any other time in the long-term average, and
456:
To construct this plot, eight data sources (listed below) were selected on the basis of good temporal resolution (preferably ~100 years or less per data point) and coverage of the last 12 kyr. Six of the eight specifically reported temperature and were used as is. The other two reported unscaled
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A typical modern temperature construction involves tens or hundreds of records to ensure reasonable global coverage. Because the average shown here involves only 8 records, it is entirely plausible that significant contributions to temperature variation are being overlooked because certain large
263:
for comparison). It is impossible to know whether similarly large short-term temperature fluctuations may have occurred at other times but are unresolved by the available resolution. The next 150 years will determine whether the long-term average centered on the present appears anomalous with
1061:
A small number of records, not used in this study, have been interpreted as indicating much larger temperature variation during the
Holocene (5+ °C) than the records represented here. In many cases, critics have interpreted these changes to reflect seasonal, rather than annual variations in
1057:
Because the Davis et al. pollen reconstruction is based on measurements across many sites in Europe, it is more reasonably described as a regional rather than a local temperature measurement. Similarly, it shows considerably less short-term variability than most other
235:, and an average of these (thick dark line). The data are for the period from 10000 BC to 2000 AD, which is from 12000 BP to the present time. The records are plotted with respect to the mid 20 century average temperature, and the global average temperature in
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Thompson, L. G., E. Mosley-Thompson, M. E. Davis, K. A. Henderson, H. H. Brecher, V. S. Zagorodnov, T. A. Mashiotta, P.-N. Lin, V. N. Mikhalenko, D. R. Hardy, and J. Beer. "Kilimanjaro Ice Core
Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa".
43:
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During the earliest parts of this record, the timing uncertainty on some records may become substantial, potentially exceeding a couple hundred years. This could have the result of causing correlated features to fall out of
281:, one can comment on a number of well established inferences from the individual curves contributing to the average. First, at many locations, there exist large temperature fluctuations on multi-centennial scales. Hence,
990:– You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
1072:: Though all of this data is published, and the methodology is similar to previously published methodology, and resulting average is similar to previously published interpretations of the Holocene, even so, no
1102:δO temperature proxy from the Kilimanjaro ice core was converted to °C by scaling its variance from the interval 100-6000 years BP to match that reported in the Vostok ice core during the same period.
706:
L. D. Stott, K. G. Cannariato, R. Thunell, G. H. Haug, A. Koutavas, and S. Lund (2004). "Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical
Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch".
239:
is indicated. An inset plot compares the most recent two millennia of the average to other recent reconstructions. At the far left of the main plot, it is possible to observe the emergence of
490:
M. Zhao, N. A. S. Beveridge, N. J. Shackleton, M. Sarnthein, and G. Eglinton. "Molecular stratigraphy of cores off northwest Africa: Sea surface temperature history over the last 80 ka".
805:
A. Moberg, D. M. Sonechkin, K. Holmgren, N. M. Datsenko and W. Karlén (2005). "Highly variable
Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data".
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Given the limited spatial sampling, it is unclear whether the slightly warmer period during the
Holocene climatic optimum corresponds to a statistically significant difference.
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1099:δDeuterium record of the EPICA ice core was converted to temperature variation by using the δDeuterium to temperature proportionality determined for the Vostok ice core.
1326:
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613:
Lea, D. W., D. K. Pak, L. C. Peterson, and K. A. Hughen (2003). "Synchroneity of tropical and high-latitude
Atlantic temperatures over the last glacial termination".
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1977:
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scientific publication has ever combined precisely these data in precisely this way. Hence, any interpretation of that average must be regarded with skepticism.
461:. The average of these curves was then constructed, and the alignment relative to modern day determined by comparing the average over the interval 250-1900
901:
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for more information. If an SVG form of this image is available, please upload it and afterwards replace this template with
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J. Schwander, J. Jouzel, C.U. Hammer, J.-R. Petit, R. Udisti, and E.W. Wolff (2001). "A tentative chronology for the EPICA Dome Concordia ice core".
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temperature, or very unusual local changes. However, the possibility exists that the current reconstruction underestimates long-term variability.
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from publicly available data and is incorporated into the Global Warming Art project. Most, but not all, of the original data is available from
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P. D. Jones and A. Moberg (2003). "Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001".
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The time scale for the EPICA ice core was adjusted to the EDC1 (Schwander et al. 2001), which is the preferred time scale for the last 80 kyr.
1272:"}},"text\/plain":{"en":{"P275":"GNU Free Documentation License, version 1.2 or later"}}}}": -->
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290:, which took till roughly 6000 years ago to reach near modern levels. Some of the differences may also reflect timescale uncertainties.
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899:; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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apparent long-term behavior (see below for further caveats). For another estimate of Holocene temperature fluctuations, see:
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S. Huang (2004). "Merging Information from Different Resources for New Insights into Climate Change in the Past and Future".
251:. The magnitude and nature of this warm event is disputed, and it may have been largely limited to high northern latitudes.
1988:
This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it.
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Reconstructions of the last 2000 years. Three longest curves are also shown in inset plot above, with time axis reversed.
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259:, it should also be noted that the 2004 measurement is from a single year (actually the fourth highest on record, see
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Additional data used in inset plot and for matching temperature scale to modern values. Colors match those used in
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Because of poorer data resolution, the sediment core PL07-39PC was smoothed to an approximately 500 year average.
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If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file.
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van der Plicht, and CE Weyhenmeyer (2004). "Marine04 Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr BP".
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While any conclusions to be drawn from the long-term average must be considered crude and potentially
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time scale to calendar years by using the marine INTCAL04 calibration curve (Hughen et al. 2004).
91:
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It is recommended to name the SVG file “Holocene Temperature Variations.svg”—then the template
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
469:). Note that the short-term proxies are not at all used in constructing the average itself.
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relative to the three short-term proxies shown in inset (for details on those plots, see:
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Composite sediment cores, interpreted sea surface temperature, Western Tropical Pacific:
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Sediment core ODP 658, interpreted sea surface temperature, Eastern Tropical Atlantic:
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EPICA community members (2004). "Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core".
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Sediment core PL07-39PC, interpreted sea surface temperature, North Atlantic:
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Anexo:Científicos escépticos sobre las aseveraciones del calentamiento global
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The following data sources were used in constructing the main plot:
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variability on multi-centennial scales throughout the course of the
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Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
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Vostok ice core, interpreted paleotemperature, Central Antarctica:
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P. D. Jones and M. E. Mann (2004). "Climate Over Past Millennia".
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This licensing tag was added to this file as part of the GFDL
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B. A. S. Davis, S. Brewer, A. C. Stevenson, J. Guiot (2003).
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Knowledge:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2007 September 26
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GISP2 ice core, interpreted paleotemperature, Greenland:
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Discusión:Calentamiento global/Archivo 2008 y anteriores
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Local temperature variability during the Holocene period
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Pollen distributions, interpreted temperature, Europe:
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GNU Free Documentation License, version 1.2 or later
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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
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GNU Free Documentation License, version 1.2 or later
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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
895:, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
307:
This figure is part of a series of plots created by
90:
Commons is a freely licensed media file repository.
1799:
Anexo:Línea de tiempo de la historia medioambiental
579:Kilimanjaro ice core, δO, Eastern Central Africa:
673:EPICA ice core, δDeuterium, Central Antarctica:
56:(600 × 400 pixels, file size: 52 KB, MIME type:
261:Image:Short Instrumental Temperature Record.png
1017:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
71:
930:
830:Instrumental global annual data set TaveGL2v
227:The main figure shows eight records of local
1023:Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
243:from the last glacial period of the current
14:
1709:Knowledge:Fotowerkstatt/Archiv/2006/Oktober
973:– to copy, distribute and transmit the work
867:This image is an original work created for
1794:Usuario:Ángel Luis Alfaro/artículos/Tiempo
1719:Knowledge:Grafikwerkstatt/Archiv/2008/Juni
1047:regions (e.g. Asia) are not being sampled.
731:Image:2000 Year Temperature Comparison.png
467:Image:2000 Year Temperature Comparison.png
301:Dragons flight's Temperature Record Series
177:
1626:The following other wikis use this file:
1754:Discusión:Calentamiento global/Archivo 1
1664:Хронология на промените в околната среда
1145:Variacions de temperatura a l'Holocè.png
1106:
412:. This has several advantages; see
372:For articles related to this topic see:
211:
203:
111:
1714:Diskussion:Globale Erwärmung/Archiv/002
1521:The following 19 pages use this file:
1899:Optimum climatique de l'Holocène
1143:Derivative works of this file:
187:
102:
952:Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
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907:http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html
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1969:Optimum climatico dell'Olocene
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1784:Ciclos climáticos de 1500 años
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1576:Talk:Climate change/Archive 71
1571:Talk:Climate change/Archive 60
1566:Talk:Climate change/Archive 26
1536:Climate variability and change
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902:GNU Free Documentation License
892:GNU Free Documentation License
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1611:Template:Holocene sidebar/doc
1070:And the most important caveat
864:Image from Global Warming Art
661:10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00173-2
567:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00062-1
295:
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1834:Holozenoko Optimo Klimatikoa
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1183:Items portrayed in this file
1115:Geophysical Research Letters
852:This figure was prepared by
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1955:Usage on it.wikipedia.org
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1920:Usage on gl.wikipedia.org
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1735:Usage on eo.wikipedia.org
1725:Usage on el.wikipedia.org
1705:Usage on de.wikipedia.org
1695:Usage on cs.wikipedia.org
1680:Usage on ca.wikipedia.org
1670:Usage on bn.wikipedia.org
1660:Usage on bg.wikipedia.org
1650:Usage on az.wikipedia.org
1630:Usage on ar.wikipedia.org
1591:User:Dragons flight/Images
1541:Global surface temperature
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998:same or compatible license
646:Quaternary Science Reviews
555:Quaternary Science Reviews
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400:image could be re-created
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2013:File change date and time
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249:Holocene climatic optimum
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1774:Registro de temperaturas
1551:Holocene glacial retreat
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897:Free Software Foundation
434:Vector version available
420:vector version available
77:This is a file from the
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1889:Registre de température
1879:Atlantique (palynozone)
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1490:22:51, 17 December 2005
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630:10.1126/science.1088470
599:10.1126/science.1073198
81:. Information from its
1914:Oscillation climatique
1854:Atlanttinen lämpökausi
873:image description page
871:. Please refer to the
264:respect to this plot.
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1997:Horizontal resolution
1934:Globális felmelegedés
1107:Additional References
875:for more information.
747:Reviews of Geophysics
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1964:Subboreale (periodo)
1949:Puncak Cuaca Holosen
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762:10.1029/2003RG000143
440:) does not need the
269:scientific consensus
2005:Vertical resolution
1809:Subboreal (período)
1804:Atlántico (periodo)
1779:Máximo del Holoceno
1764:Oscilación de Piora
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979:– to adapt the work
822:10.1038/nature03265
723:10.1038/nature02903
692:10.1038/nature02599
1644:مناخ هولوسيني أمثل
1460:22:39, 4 July 2009
1452:time axis reversed
869:Global Warming Art
837:Journal of Climate
777:Geophys. Res Lett.
620:(5638): 1361-1364.
374:Temperature record
267:Since there is no
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1978:more global usage
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1874:Paléoclimatologie
1739:Paleoklimatologio
1622:Global file usage
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1975:
1904:Greenlandien
1625:
1586:User:Debnigo
1520:
1371:
1368:File history
1142:
1133:: 1059-1086.
1130:
1127:
1117:
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1069:
1036:
1020:CC BY-SA 3.0
993:
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651:: 1701-1716.
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494:
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473:Data Sources
455:
441:
429:
423:
401:
397:
381:
349:
331:Time Period:
330:
300:
292:
276:
266:
253:
226:
142:Data Sources
92:You can help
82:
50:
22:File history
1248:copyrighted
1222:copyrighted
1128:Radiocarbon
994:share alike
988:attribution
772:1500–1980):
319:temperature
313:changes in
229:temperature
220:during the
2008:118.11 dpc
2000:118.11 dpc
1639:دورات بوند
1531:Bond event
1517:File usage
1499:600 × 400
1469:600 × 400
1439:600 × 400
1409:600 × 400
1385:Dimensions
1337:media type
1327:media type
1066:alignment.
842:: 206-223.
812:: 613-617.
770:red-orange
742:200-1995):
547:light blue
529:: 429-436.
444:parameter.
218:Antarctica
27:File usage
1884:Subboréal
1859:Holoseeni
1749:Mammuthus
1684:Subboreal
1561:Subboreal
1477:Falcorian
1447:SeL media
1382:Thumbnail
1379:Date/Time
1352:image/png
1091:Carbon-14
954:license.
848:Copyright
782:: L13205.
484:dark blue
288:sea level
152:Copyright
58:image/png
1984:Metadata
1924:Holoceno
1869:Holocène
1829:Holozeno
1759:Holoceno
1204:Holocene
1175:Holocene
1156:Captions
977:to remix
971:to share
802:1-1979):
713:: 56-59.
700:dark red
233:Holocene
222:ice ages
108:Contents
37:Metadata
1959:Olocene
1944:Holosen
1654:Holosen
1501:(43 KB)
1471:(35 KB)
1441:(38 KB)
1411:(52 KB)
1396:current
1391:Comment
1188:depicts
1171:depicts
1160:English
1041:Caveats
615:Science
584:Science
452:Methods
366:500 Myr
354:450 kyr
338:150 yrs
323:climate
245:ice age
241:climate
200:Summary
162:Caveats
132:Methods
122:Summary
54:
1058:sites.
807:Nature
740:orange
708:Nature
677:Nature
638:orange
607:yellow
524:Nature
406:as an
402:using
362:65 Myr
350:12 kyr
334:25 yrs
1976:View
1417:Tobus
1081:Notes
1051:this.
398:graph
396:This
358:5 Myr
346:2 kyr
342:1 kyr
315:Earth
172:Notes
1388:User
1029:true
1026:true
919:true
916:true
910:GFDL
575:cyan
515:blue
436:(or
410:file
321:and
237:2016
17:File
817:doi
810:443
800:red
787:doi
757:doi
718:doi
711:431
687:doi
680:429
669:red
656:doi
625:doi
618:301
594:doi
587:298
562:doi
534:doi
527:399
502:doi
438:Vva
408:SVG
317:'s
1131:46
1118:28
859:.
840:16
833::
780:31
750:42
733:.
649:22
495:10
463:AD
459:BP
426:}}
418:{{
364:|
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482:(
428:.
422:|
189:8
179:7
169:6
159:5
149:4
139:3
129:2
119:1
94:.
60:)
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