3835:. Many computational finance problems have a high degree of computational complexity and are slow to converge to a solution on classical computers. In particular, when it comes to option pricing, there is additional complexity resulting from the need to respond to quickly changing markets. For example, in order to take advantage of inaccurately priced stock options, the computation must complete before the next change in the almost continuously changing stock market. As a result, the finance community is always looking for ways to overcome the resulting performance issues that arise when pricing options. This has led to research that applies alternative computing techniques to finance. Most commonly used quantum financial models are quantum continuous model, quantum binomial model, multi-step quantum binomial model etc.
2329:
2091:
1899:
1223:
1750:
1201:
1249:
4004:: "The theory of finance is concerned with how individuals and firms allocate resources through time. In particular, it seeks to explain how solutions to the problems faced in allocating resources through time are facilitated by the existence of capital markets (which provide a means for individual economic agents to exchange resources to be available of different points In time) and of firms (which, by their production-investment decisions, provide a means for individuals to transform current resources physically into resources to be available in the future)."
1506:
1773:
69:
3443:
1212:
2102:
4010:: "Finance is concerned with the raising and administering of funds and with the relationships between private profit-seeking enterprise on the one hand and the groups which supply the funds on the other. These groups, which include investors and speculators — that is, capitalists or property owners — as well as those who advance short-term capital, place their money in the field of commerce and industry and in return expect a stream of income."
941:
3752:
3687:
Researchers in experimental finance can study to what extent existing financial economics theory makes valid predictions and therefore prove them, as well as attempt to discover new principles on which such theory can be extended and be applied to future financial decisions. Research may proceed by conducting trading simulations or by establishing and studying the behavior of people in artificial, competitive, market-like settings.
929:
2805:
2916:
1235:
1925:
1291:). "Finance" thus studies the process of channeling money from savers and investors to entities that need it. Savers and investors have money available which could earn interest or dividends if put to productive use. Individuals, companies and governments must obtain money from some external source, such as loans or credit, when they lack sufficient funds to run their operations.
1557:. Personal finance may also involve paying for a loan or other debt obligations. The main areas of personal finance are considered to be income, spending, saving, investing, and protection. The following steps, as outlined by the Financial Planning Standards Board, suggest that an individual will understand a potentially secure personal finance plan after:
3887:. The earliest historical evidence of finance is dated to around 3000 BCE. Banking originated in West Asia, where temples and palaces were used as safe places for the storage of valuables. Initially, the only valuable that could be deposited was grain, but cattle and precious materials were eventually included. During the same period, the Sumerian city of
4040:: "Finance is a profession that requires interdisciplinary training and can help the managers of companies make sound decisions about financing, investment, continuity and other issues that affect the inflows and outflows of money, and the risk of the company. It also helps people and institutions invest and plan money-related issues wisely."
2932:
3420:
3710:
of investors or managers affects financial decisions and markets and is relevant when making a decision that can impact either negatively or positively on one of their areas. With more in-depth research into behavioral finance, it is possible to bridge what actually happens in financial markets with
1786:
Public finance describes finance as related to sovereign states, sub-national entities, and related public entities or agencies. It generally encompasses a long-term strategic perspective regarding investment decisions that affect public entities. These long-term strategic periods typically encompass
3686:
aims to establish different market settings and environments to experimentally observe and provide a lens through which science can analyze agents' behavior and the resulting characteristics of trading flows, information diffusion, and aggregation, price setting mechanisms, and returns processes.
1374:
pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary earns the difference for arranging the loan. A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to
1956:
As above, investors may be institutions, such as insurance companies, pension funds, corporations, charities, educational establishments, or private investors, either directly via investment contracts or, more commonly, via collective investment schemes like mutual funds,
4034:: "Finance may be defined as that administrative area or set of administrative functions in an organisation which relates with the arrangement of each debt and credit so that the organisation may have the means to carry out the objectives as satisfactorily as possible".
1298:
can lend or invest the excess, intending to earn a fair return. Correspondingly, an entity where income is less than expenditure can raise capital usually in one of two ways: (i) by borrowing in the form of a loan (private individuals), or by selling
3119:
1540:
Personal finance refers to the practice of budgeting to ensure enough funds are available to meet basic needs, while ensuring there is only a reasonable level of risk to lose said capital. Personal finance may involve paying for education, financing
4079:
Finance thus allows production and consumption in society to operate independently from each other. Without the use of financial allocation, production would have to happen at the same time and space as consumption. Through finance, distances in
2691:
2054:
will, in general, largely be a function of the asset mix selected, while the individual securities are less impactful. The specific approach or philosophy will also be significant, depending on the extent to which it is complementary with the
5353:
The 'Nieuwe Beurs' was built in 1531 because the 'Old Beurs' in
Hofstraat had become too small. It was the first stock exchange ever built specifically for that purpose and later became the example for all stock exchange buildings in the
3652:
The subject has a close relationship with financial economics, which, as outlined, is concerned with much of the underlying theory that is involved in financial mathematics: generally, financial mathematics will derive and extend the
1928:
A modern price-ticker. This infrastructure underpins contemporary exchanges, evidencing prices and related ticker symbols. The ticker symbol is represented by a unique set of characters used to identify the subject of the financial
3830:
pricing. Many of the problems facing the finance community have no known analytical solution. As a result, numerical methods and computer simulations for solving these problems have proliferated. This research area is known as
2927:, it remains "a mainstay of investing and finance". An "efficient" portfolio, i.e. combination of assets, has the best possible expected return for its level of risk (represented by the standard deviation of return).
2176:
in two ways. Firstly, firm exposure to market risk is a direct result of previous capital investments and funding decisions; while credit risk arises from the business's credit policy and is often addressed through
1179:
In the middle of the 20th century, finance emerged as a distinct academic discipline, separate from economics. The earliest doctoral programs in finance were established in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, finance is also
4211:
4542:
4800:
2784:, in turn, a major focus of finance-theory. As financial theory has roots in many disciplines, including mathematics, statistics, economics, physics, and psychology, it can be considered a mix of an
1489:
As outlined, finance comprises, broadly, the three areas of personal finance, corporate finance, and public finance. These, in turn, overlap and employ various activities and sub-disciplines—chiefly
2129:, in general, is the study of how to control risks and balance the possibility of gains; it is the process of measuring risk and then developing and implementing strategies to manage that risk.
3961:
The first exchange happened in
Belgium in 1531. Since then, popular exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange (founded in 1773) and the New York Stock Exchange (founded in 1793) were created.
3124:
3645:
probability), denoted by "Q"; while risk and portfolio management generally use physical (or actual or actuarial) probability, denoted by "P". These are interrelated through the above "
1729:
objectives; i.e. that it: (1) can service both maturing short-term debt repayments, and scheduled long-term debt payments, and (2) has sufficient cash flow for ongoing and upcoming
4001:
2876:
and performance; the latter, as above, are about optimizing the overall financial structure, including its impact on working capital. Key aspects of managerial finance thus include:
3415:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}C(S,t)&=N(d_{1})S-N(d_{2})Ke^{-r(T-t)}\\d_{1}&={\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {T-t}}}}\left\\d_{2}&=d_{1}-\sigma {\sqrt {T-t}}\\\end{aligned}}}
1910:
1616:
of all firms rather than corporations alone, the concepts are applicable to the financial problems of all firms, and this area is then often referred to as "business finance".
2698:
4321:
4208:
4028:: "The term finance can be defined as the management of the flows of money through an organisation, whether it will be a corporation, school, or bank or government agency".
2455:
1172:. Ancient and medieval civilizations incorporated basic functions of finance, such as banking, trading and accounting, into their economies. In the late 19th century, the
2145:
exposure to these using financial instruments. The focus is particularly on credit and market risk, and in banks, through regulatory capital, includes operational risk.
1949:
Investment management is the professional asset management of various securities—typically shares and bonds, but also other assets, such as real estate, commodities and
4526:
4037:
4828:
4350:
4797:
4911:
5090:
3911:(1792–1750 BCE) included laws governing banking operations. The Babylonians were accustomed to charging interest at the rate of 20 percent per year. By 1200 BCE,
4292:
3907:
respectively, meant "to give birth". In these cultures, interest indicated a valuable increase, and seemed to consider it from the lender's point of view. The
3564:, in terms of practice, the field is referred to as quantitative finance and / or mathematical finance, and comprises primarily the three areas discussed. The
1406:, which allow their trade thereafter, as well as the various service providers which manage the performance or risk of these investments. These latter include
5097:. In Baker, H. Kent, and Nofsinger, John R., eds. Behavioral finance: investors, corporations, and markets. Vol. 6. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. pp. 113-131.
5018:
5174:
4509:
4013:
3090:). Here, theory and methods are developed for the decisioning about funding, dividends, and capital structure discussed above. A recent development is
5038:
4486:
859:
3926:
around 687 BCE and, by 640 BCE, the
Lydians had started to use coin money more widely and opened permanent retail shops. Shortly after, cities in
3007:
and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e. investors, and the second of users of capital; respectively:
1604:
Corporate finance deals with the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, the sources of funding and the
3872:
4996:
4824:
4016:: "Finance is the application of economic principles to decision-making that involves the allocation of money under conditions of uncertainty."
3011:
Asset pricing theory develops the models used in determining the risk-appropriate discount rate, and in pricing derivatives; and includes the
5761:
888:
5374:
5315:
3922:
The use of coins as a means of representing money began in the years between 700 and 500 BCE. Herodotus mentions the use of crude coins in
3458:
1608:
of corporations, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. While corporate finance is in principle different from
5752:
5286:
4261:
849:
814:
4865:
4447:
4950:
3711:
analysis based on financial theory. Behavioral finance has grown over the last few decades to become an integral aspect of finance.
3435:, it has underpinned the development of derivatives-theory, and financial mathematics more generally, since its introduction in 1973.
2360:
As a specialized practice area, quantitative finance comprises primarily three sub-disciplines; the underlying theory and techniques
971:
4973:
4656:
2317:
627:
5404:
5117:
4313:
2224:
3612:
4631:
4113:
3620:
6275:
5942:
5674:
5638:
5602:
5574:
5480:
5133:
4927:
4754:
4727:
4625:
4382:
4007:
3064:
4817:
4342:
4187:
3646:
3028:
2793:
2274:
1859:
1207:
issued by The
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Bonds are a form of borrowing used by corporations to finance their operations.
3864:
640:
4908:
3462:
3454:
2206:
1121:
assesses the viability, stability, and profitability of an action or entity. Some fields are multidisciplinary, such as
5208:
5102:
5087:
5075:
5054:
4782:
4598:
4573:
3424:
1762:
1279:
As outlined, the financial system consists of the flows of capital that take place between individuals and households (
799:
3735:, which uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in conjunction with valuation.
2812:
2385:
1874:
projects: a private sector corporate provides the financing up-front, and then draws profits from taxpayers or users.
1647:
5806:
5546:
5520:
5451:
4536:
4415:
3799:
1252:
5015:
4288:
3781:
3521:, defended in 1900, is considered to be the first scholarly work in this area. The field is largely focused on the
3000:
is the branch of financial economics that uses econometric techniques to parameterize the relationships suggested.)
2903:
more broadly, emphasizing alignment with the company's overall strategic objectives; and similarly incorporates the
1386:, for example. Stocks are usually sold by corporations to investors so as to raise required capital in the form of "
4140:
3432:
2951:
2761:
2714:
521:
5146:
3091:
2251:
as below. Credit risk is inherent in the business of banking, but additionally, these institutions are exposed to
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5257:
4774:
3732:
3500:
2842:
2377:
2348:
3071:
1722:
6215:
5862:
3970:
3777:
3634:
3627:
3577:
3538:
3083:
2702:
2210:
2173:
2114:
1867:
1663:
1599:
281:
191:
17:
4506:
2415:
6245:
3581:
3087:
2981:
2935:
2410:"Quants" are also responsible for building and deploying the investment strategies at the quantitative funds
2220:
1402:
and facilitate the listing of the securities, typically shares and bonds. Additionally, they facilitate the
1336:
964:
933:
177:
5533:
The Little Book of Common Sense
Investing: The Only Way to Guarantee Your Fair Share of Stock Market Returns
3504:
2389:
2354:
3522:
2403:, both as regards this hedging, and as regards economic capital as well as compliance with regulations and
1758:
5035:
4651:
Board of
Governors of Federal Reserve System of the United States. Mission of the Federal Reserve System.
4483:
3589:
3565:
2938:, a foundational element of finance theory, introduced in 1958; it forms the basis for modern thinking on
1564:
Understanding the effects of tax policies, subsidies, or penalties on the management of personal finances;
1458:
3878:
3044:
3036:
2872:: the former allow management to better understand, and hence act on, financial information relating to
2373:
1675:
1399:
3012:
2353:
Quantitative finance—also referred to as "mathematical finance"—includes those finance activities where
2067:
6150:
5927:
3466:
3095:
2819:
curricula); various scenarios are considered, and their discounted cash flows are probability weighted.
2282:
2259:
2190:
2090:
1883:
1710:
743:
457:
147:
2833:
of a company, and the financial dimension of managerial decision-making more broadly. It provides the
1423:
5912:
4993:
3542:
3518:
3079:
2686:{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{n}{\frac {FCFF_{t}}{(1+WACC_{t})^{t}}}+{\frac {\left}{(1+WACC_{n})^{n}}}}
2396:
2298:
2270:
2130:
2121:
2095:
1973:
1918:
1887:
1470:
1450:
1106:
804:
689:
467:
241:
3060:
1898:
3818:
Quantum finance is an interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods developed by
3773:
3762:
3526:
3486:
2252:
2075:
1656:: the use of "excess" funds—these are to be reinvested in the business or returned to shareholders.
1636:
1016:
957:
493:
32:
5758:
3604:
2772:
today, based on the risk and uncertainty of future outcomes while appropriately incorporating the
2328:
3766:
3600:
3446:
3048:
3040:
2781:
2722:
2310:
1792:
1274:
1181:
1173:
1020:
136:
126:
5366:
5307:
4019:
2332:
1375:
borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity.
1222:
6125:
5827:
4066:
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3450:
2997:
2969:
2427:
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2162:
relates to losses arising from movements in market variables such as prices and exchange rates;
2051:
1992:
1950:
1829:
1766:
1347:
1317:
1238:
1012:
295:
206:
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6120:
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5472:
5397:"Research Guides: Wall Street and the Stock Exchanges: Historical Resources: Stock Exchanges"
4862:
4219:
3883:
The origin of finance can be traced to the beginning of state formation and trade during the
3860:
3852:
3832:
3658:
3616:
3546:
3494:
3474:
3099:
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1995:
is the process of selecting the best portfolio given the client's objectives and constraints.
1958:
1934:
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1845:
1749:
1730:
1478:
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1110:
635:
246:
5708:
4025:
2185:. Secondly, both disciplines share the goal of enhancing or at least preserving, the firm's
6185:
6140:
6060:
6054:
6027:
6007:
5952:
5947:
5867:
5656:
5147:"Do investors exhibit behavioral biases in investment decision making? A systematic review"
4439:
3868:
3856:
3696:
3683:
3678:
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2947:
2248:
2194:
1998:
1855:
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1613:
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1200:
1158:
1138:
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1114:
1047:
831:
748:
452:
377:
311:
263:
106:
4947:
3067:
to incorporate phenomena where their assumptions do not hold, or to more general settings.
2829:
Managerial finance is the branch of finance that deals with the financial aspects of the
1248:
8:
6250:
6220:
6200:
6110:
6070:
5997:
5987:
5982:
5630:
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that deals with problems of practical interest in finance, and especially emphasizes the
3510:
2959:
2904:
2834:
2773:
2765:
2749:
2738:
2431:
2278:
2214:
2182:
2079:
2056:
2044:
2002:
1980:, and among individual securities within each asset class—as appropriate to the client's
1851:
1535:
1517:
1474:
1446:
1403:
1150:
1130:
988:
908:
898:
618:
575:
527:
472:
286:
3098:—and thus various elements of asset pricing—into these decisions, employing for example
6235:
6230:
6115:
6090:
6037:
5962:
5877:
5437:
5396:
5199:
Beyond greed and fear: Understanding behavioral finance and the psychology of investing
5114:
4690:
4421:
4253:
4167:
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3895:
supported trade by lending as well as the use of interest. In
Sumerian, "interest" was
3848:
3701:
3654:
3478:
2985:
2943:
2920:
2858:
2846:
2824:
2706:
2306:
2240:
2227:
managing, and as necessary hedging, the various positions held by the institution—both
2198:
2024:
2008:
1944:
1863:
1799:
1683:
1679:
1609:
1434:
1266:
1118:
1024:
921:
903:
753:
708:
657:
498:
387:
121:
2168:
relates to failures in internal processes, people, and systems, or to external events.
6165:
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5842:
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5204:
5197:
5166:
5129:
5098:
5071:
5050:
4981:
4778:
4750:
4723:
4698:
4694:
4621:
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4569:
4532:
4425:
4411:
4378:
4257:
4171:
4159:
3908:
3666:
3554:
3534:
3530:
3016:
2939:
2900:
2869:
2423:
2381:
2302:
2290:
2153:
2063:
2036:
2020:
1984:, in turn, a function of risk profile, investment goals, and investment horizon (see
1981:
1940:
1806:
1659:
1643:
1605:
1589:
1531:
1513:
1509:
1415:
1327:
1288:
1215:
1189:
1154:
1036:
809:
685:
580:
447:
442:
437:
411:
372:
196:
96:
3727:
Studies of experimental asset markets and the use of models to forecast experiments.
2247:. The calculations here are mathematically sophisticated, and within the domain of
6301:
6160:
6130:
6100:
6095:
6075:
6047:
6012:
5937:
5847:
5792:
5732:
5698:
5501:: What the Rich Teach Their Kids About Money That the Poor and Middle Class Do Not!
5158:
4882:
4682:
4615:
4502:
4403:
4245:
4149:
4105:
3927:
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3662:
3642:
3514:
3470:
3056:
3032:
2989:
2769:
2419:
2336:
2236:
2165:
2134:
2071:
2032:
2016:
1985:
1969:
1691:
1632:
1624:
1570:
Developing a savings plan or financing for large purchases (auto, education, home);
1525:
1438:
1387:
1379:
1304:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1227:
1165:
1102:
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881:
674:
648:
566:
559:
542:
488:
462:
349:
331:
316:
236:
227:
131:
116:
78:
52:
3718:
Empirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations from classical theories;
2811:, a more sophisticated valuation-approach, sometimes applied to corporate finance
6265:
6260:
6180:
6085:
6065:
5977:
5972:
5902:
5887:
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5738:
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1230:
floor c 1960, before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens
1063:
864:
789:
780:
738:
703:
695:
503:
392:
306:
87:
4184:
3899:, which translates to "calf". In Greece and Egypt, the words used for interest,
3573:
1772:
1705:
Financial managers—i.e. as distinct from corporate financiers—focus more on the
1211:
68:
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6017:
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3626:
in both of these areas, and particularly for portfolio problems, quants employ
2710:
2313:
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2138:
2110:
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as well as strong influences on monetary and credit conditions in the economy.
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301:
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Global financial system § History of international financial architecture
6295:
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5922:
5907:
5872:
5771:
5594:
5526:
5443:
5170:
4932:
4479:
4163:
4154:
4135:
4022:: "Finance may be defined as the position of money at the time it is wanted".
3951:
3596:
3585:
3004:
2977:
2873:
2808:
2777:
2256:
2106:
1977:
1833:
1573:
Planning a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability;
1561:
Purchasing insurance to ensure protection against unforeseen personal events;
1419:
1411:
1322:
1126:
838:
794:
570:
532:
512:
397:
358:
111:
39:
4249:
1686:, as above, in that the capital raised will generically comprise debt, i.e.
6155:
6080:
5784:
5702:
5620:
4674:
3827:
3823:
2988:. It thus centers on pricing, decision making, and risk management in the
2392:
in support of the initial trade, and its subsequent hedging and management.
2263:
2232:
2228:
1953:—in order to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of investors.
1821:
1542:
1407:
1312:
945:
763:
733:
593:
291:
168:
141:
4031:
3826:. Finance theory is heavily based on financial instrument pricing such as
3442:
6270:
6210:
6195:
6145:
6135:
5837:
5433:
4686:
3892:
3428:
2745:
2159:
2149:
1914:
1902:
1546:
1383:
1367:
1097:
Due to its wide scope, a broad range of subfields exists within finance.
1004:
353:
218:
163:
158:
101:
5728:
3950:
reforms in 342 BCE, though the provision went largely unenforced. Under
3822:
and economists in order to solve problems in finance. It is a branch of
3449:
are widely applied in mathematical finance; here used in calculating an
2388:
the various structured products and solutions mentioned—and encompasses
1662:: deciding on the mix of funding to be used—here attempting to find the
5917:
5462:
3884:
3706:
3024:
2854:
2830:
2804:
1554:
1490:
1241:
1169:
1146:
1083:
588:
427:
363:
5748:
5249:
3942:, started minting their own coins between 595 and 570 BCE. During the
2101:
1862:
on a non-commercial basis; these projects would otherwise not be able
4081:
3955:
3075:
2965:
2915:
2741:
2404:
2286:
2244:
2040:
1714:
1567:
Understanding the effects of credit on individual financial standing;
1550:
1087:
1008:
893:
854:
537:
326:
321:
4398:
Snowdon, Michael, ed. (2019), "Financial
Planning Standards Board",
3751:
2733:
Financial theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of
1650:
is crucial, as judgements about asset values can be "make or break".
5852:
3954:, a ceiling on interest rates of 12% was set, and much later under
3019:
applied in asset management. The analysis essentially explores how
2277:
various hedging techniques as appropriate, these may relate to the
1142:
1051:
996:
341:
201:
2301:
to measure and then offset sensitivities. In parallel, managers —
2266:
risk teams provide risk "services" (or "solutions") to customers.
1046:
In these financial systems, assets are bought, sold, or traded as
5066:
See for example III.A.3, in Carol
Alexander, ed. (January 2005).
3939:
2789:
2202:
2156:
that may arise from a borrower failing to make required payments;
1738:
1295:
5684:
5648:
5612:
5562:
The Essays of Warren
Buffett: Lessons for Investors and Managers
5490:
4593:(1st ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 53–54.
3721:
Models of how psychology affects and impacts trading and prices;
2923:", a prototypical concept in portfolio optimization. Introduced
1787:
five or more years. Public finance is primarily concerned with:
4673:
Han, Yufeng; Liu, Yang; Zhou, Guofu; Zhu, Yingzi (2021-05-21).
3935:
3931:
3912:
2094:
Crowds gathering outside the New York Stock Exchange after the
1909:
1718:
1371:
1343:
1185:
928:
213:
5768:(Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, gsdrc.org)
4849:
See the discussion re finance theory by Fama and Miller under
4234:"Monetized time-space: derivatives – money's 'new imaginary'?"
3607:(applying the "greeks"); the underlying mathematics comprises
1234:
6225:
3923:
3916:
2973:
2757:
2340:
2297:, while for derivative portfolios and positions, traders use
1628:
1307:, also called stock or shares (which may take various forms:
1067:
1000:
992:
432:
382:
5113:
Glaser, Markus and Weber, Martin and Noeth, Markus. (2004).
4746:
Financial Risk Management: Models, History, and Institutions
4568:(1st ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 23.
1913:"The excitement before the bubble burst"—viewing prices via
1433:, is referred to as "wholesale finance". Institutions here
1007:. As a subject of study, it is related to but distinct from
38:"Financial" redirects here. For the Georgian newspaper, see
4195:
3888:
1962:
1924:
1394:
described above. The financial intermediaries here are the
1351:
1079:
1055:
758:
725:
336:
276:
4207:
Anthony P. Carnevale, Ban Cheah, Andrew R. Hanson (2015).
2701:
widely applied in business and finance, since articulated
3482:
2785:
2316:, thereby minimizing and preempting any underperformance
1646:: selecting which projects to invest in—here, accurately
1461:, and these institutions are then the major employers of
1094:
are always present in any financial action and entities.
669:
4314:"Introducing the Financial System | Boundless Economics"
2864:
The tools addressed and developed relate in the main to
2849:. Academics working in this area are typically based in
2011:
is about forecasting future asset prices with past data.
4715:
2059:. Risk management here is discussed immediately below.
27:
Academic discipline studying businesses and investments
5626:
The Alchemy of Finance: Reading the Mind of the Market
2931:
2792:, and there are ongoing related efforts to organize a
2780:
of these future values, "discounting", must be at the
5662:
Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits and Other Writings
5655:
3122:
2764:
over "space and time"; i.e., it is about performing
2458:
2357:
is required, and thus overlaps several of the above.
1579:
Preparing for retirement or other long term expenses.
1321:—financial institutions such as investment banks and
5442:. Warren E. Buffett (collaborator) (2003 ed.).
5016:
Research Area: Financial Mathematics and Engineering
4591:
Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations
4566:
Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations
4084:
between production and consumption are then posible.
2197:. Here, businesses devote much time and effort to
1844:, are strong players in public finance. They act as
4589:Doss, Daniel; Sumrall, William; Jones, Don (2012).
4564:Doss, Daniel; Sumrall, William; Jones, Don (2012).
3055:. At more advanced levels—and often in response to
2756:is concerned with the investment and deployment of
5530:
5196:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4709:
4675:"Technical Analysis in the Stock Market: A Review"
3958:it was lowered even further to between 4% and 8%.
3414:
2685:
2223:and other wholesale institutions, risk management
1090:to maximize value and minimize loss. In practice,
987:refers to monetary resources and to the study and
5555:
5428:
5203:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. ix.
3584:; see aside boxed discussion re the prototypical
2395:Quantitative finance also significantly overlaps
2235:—and on calculating and monitoring the resultant
1164:The early history of finance parallels the early
1027:. Based on the scope of financial activities in
6293:
5145:Zahera, Syed Aliya; Bansal, Rohit (2018-05-08).
5047:Financial Derivative and Energy Market Valuation
5025:, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
4588:
4563:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4402:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 709–735,
2074:) instead of human judgment. The actual trading
4838:
4655:Accessed: 2010-01-16. (Archived by WebCite at
3731:A strand of behavioral finance has been dubbed
1294:In general, an entity whose income exceeds its
4856:
4825:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
3865:Quantitative analysis (finance) § History
3505:Financial modeling § Quantitative finance
3023:would apply risk and return to the problem of
2368:Quantitative finance is often synonymous with
1882:, address the financial strategies, resources
1619:Typically, "corporate finance" relates to the
1429:Inter-institutional trade and investment, and
1315:). The owners of both bonds and stock may be
5800:
5619:
4771:The AMA Handbook of Financial Risk Management
4742:
4672:
4461:
2992:, and produces many of the commonly employed
965:
5814:
5583:
5144:
4798:Quantitative Risk Management: VaR and Others
4716:Peter F. Christoffersen (22 November 2011).
4613:
3714:Behavioral finance includes such topics as:
3003:The discipline has two main areas of focus:
2968:that studies the interrelation of financial
1698:. Re risk management within corporates, see
1378:Investing typically entails the purchase of
1218:dated 1913 issued by the Radium Hill Company
5753:Financial Literacy and Education Commission
5468:Security Analysis: The Classic 1934 Edition
5308:"History of Usury Prohibition - IslamiCity"
4283:
3780:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3074:, by contrast, considers investment under "
1854:, which is related, concerns investment in
1709:elements of profitability, cash flow, and "
1437:, with related trading, to include bespoke
850:International Financial Reporting Standards
815:Separation of investment and retail banking
5807:
5793:
5460:
4994:"The History of the Black-Scholes Formula"
4370:
4231:
2411:
2405:the Basel capital / liquidity requirements
2361:
2050:In a well-diversified portfolio, achieved
1466:
972:
958:
5151:Qualitative Research in Financial Markets
5086:Bloomfield, Robert and Anderson, Alyssa.
4965:
4963:
4153:
3800:Learn how and when to remove this message
3561:
2907:of planning, directing, and controlling.
2372:. This area generally underpins a bank's
2005:and evaluating the individual securities.
1968:At the heart of investment management is
1623:objective of maximizing the value of the
1576:Pursuing a checking or a savings account;
5567:John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Limited
5126:Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making
5068:The Professional Risk Managers' Handbook
5011:
5009:
4792:
4790:
4736:
3441:
3106:
2930:
2914:
2803:
2713:are discounted to the present using the
2327:
2100:
2089:
1923:
1908:
1897:
1893:
1771:
1748:
1504:
1382:, either individual securities or via a
1247:
1233:
1221:
1210:
1199:
5194:
4614:Kioko, Sharon; Marlowe, Justin (2016).
4397:
3915:shells were used as a form of money in
3672:
3545:to pricing and hedging a wide range of
2323:
1776:CBO: 2023 US Federal Budget Infographic
1195:
14:
6294:
5028:
4960:
4617:Financial Strategy for Public Managers
4400:Financial Planning Competency Handbook
4209:"The Economic Value of College Majors"
4133:
3541:. Relatedly, the techniques developed
3509:Financial mathematics is the field of
3027:under uncertainty, producing the key "
2910:
2838:
2273:, the fundamental risk mitigant here,
2068:computer-based mathematical techniques
1516:counsels the client on an appropriate
6276:Valuation using discounted cash flows
5788:
5525:
5377:from the original on 2 September 2022
5233:
5006:
4787:
4719:Elements of Financial Risk Management
4545:from the original on 11 November 2021
4528:The Fundamental Principles of Finance
4524:
4518:
3998:as crafted by the authors indicated:
3838:
3690:
3628:sophisticated optimization techniques
3568:and techniques are, correspondingly:
3533:—while other important areas include
3461:. These are used for settings beyond
2964:Financial economics is the branch of
2799:
2113:to withdraw their savings during the
2001:is the approach typically applied in
1639:. This entails three primary areas:
1370:. The lender receives interest, the
1141:. These fields are the foundation of
1031:, the discipline can be divided into
5080:
4809:
4232:Allen, Michael; Price, John (2000).
3778:adding citations to reliable sources
3745:
3647:Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
3633:Mathematically, these separate into
3469:, even in those settings, banks use
3029:Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
2899:The discussion, however, extends to
2794:list of unsolved problems in finance
2400:
2374:customer-driven derivatives business
2189:, and in this context overlaps also
2015:Overlaid is the portfolio manager's
1699:
1583:
4796:See generally, Roy E. DeMeo (N.D.)
4743:Allan M. Malz (13 September 2011).
4507:Corporate Finance: First Principles
3724:Forecasting based on these methods;
3453:. Other common pricing-methods are
2442:
1500:
1484:
1113:aim to maximize value and minimize
24:
5422:
5407:from the original on 4 August 2022
4437:
4264:from the original on 20 March 2022
3741:
2880:Financial planning and forecasting
2355:a sophisticated mathematical model
2085:
1354:, or via the purchase of notes or
889:Private equity and venture capital
800:Bank for International Settlements
25:
6313:
5692:
4872:Farlex Financial Dictionary. 2012
4371:Publishing, Speedy (2015-05-25).
4134:Gippel, Jennifer K (2012-11-07).
4103:
3994:The following are definitions of
3539:quantitative portfolio management
3519:Louis Bachelier's doctoral thesis
3031:". Here, the twin assumptions of
2895:Financial analysis and reporting.
2418:more generally, in areas such as
1744:
1303:; (ii) by a corporation selling
934:Business and Economics portal
5537:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
4984:(Stanford University manuscript)
4834:from the original on 2019-03-05.
4818:"Careers in Applied Mathematics"
4141:Australian Journal of Management
3861:Corporate finance § History
3750:
2715:weighted average cost of capital
2289:are often (instead) managed via
1860:(quasi) governmental institution
1637:balancing risk and profitability
1325:—or private individuals, called
939:
927:
522:Base erosion and profit shifting
67:
6176:Quantitative behavioral finance
5389:
5359:
5329:
5318:from the original on 2023-04-09
5300:
5289:from the original on 2021-05-13
5271:
5260:from the original on 2021-06-15
5242:
5238:. United States: Penguin Books.
5227:
5188:
5177:from the original on 2022-04-08
5138:
5107:
5060:
4987:
4940:
4920:
4909:Using Decision Trees in Finance
4901:
4875:
4775:American Management Association
4763:
4666:
4645:
4634:from the original on 2022-06-15
4607:
4582:
4557:
4495:
4450:from the original on 2000-08-18
4431:
4391:
4364:
4353:from the original on 2020-07-31
4343:"What is the financial system?"
4335:
4324:from the original on 2020-07-28
4306:
4295:from the original on 2020-06-02
4276:
4116:from the original on 2020-12-19
3946:, interest was outlawed by the
3869:Financial crisis § History
3857:Financial centre § History
3733:quantitative behavioral finance
3501:Quantitative analysis (finance)
2349:Quantitative analysis (finance)
1739:Financial planning and analysis
6216:Strategic financial management
5863:Bull (stock market speculator)
5739:Financial management resources
5045:, from Michael Mastro (2013).
4225:
4201:
4178:
4127:
4097:
4073:
4058:
4045:
3988:
3590:the various numeric techniques
3582:partial differential equations
3350:
3338:
3222:
3210:
3193:
3180:
3168:
3155:
3142:
3130:
2782:risk-appropriate discount rate
2671:
2642:
2631:
2584:
2533:
2504:
2275:investment managers will apply
2133:is the practice of protecting
1721:), ensuring that the firm can
1600:Strategic financial management
282:Collateralised debt obligation
192:Bull (stock market speculator)
13:
1:
6246:Sustainable Development Goals
5709:Hypertextual Finance Glossary
5665:. Wiley Investment Classics.
5222:growth of behavioral finance.
4374:Finance (Speedy Study Guides)
4091:
3431:. Although lately its use is
2841:, concerning itself with the
2717:for the discount factor. For
2172:Financial risk management is
1431:fund-management at this scale
1346:is often indirect, through a
1337:Financial market participants
1301:government or corporate bonds
628:Final consumption expenditure
4070:, began publication in 1946.
4064:The first academic journal,
3110:
3084:"theory of investment value"
2446:
2414:; they are also involved in
2174:related to corporate finance
2105:Customers queuing outside a
1905:listed in a Korean newspaper
1553:, investing, and saving for
1011:, which is the study of the
7:
5729:Corporate finance resources
5559:; Cunningham, L.A. (2009).
4531:. Google Books: Routledge.
4525:Irons, Robert (July 2019).
3964:
3879:Category:History of finance
3661:is the branch of (applied)
3637:: derivatives pricing uses
3489:and capital considerations.
1828:Central banks, such as the
1763:requesting additional funds
1469:). In these institutions,
1435:extend the products offered
1188:-focused undergraduate and
10:
6318:
5928:Enterprise risk management
5749:Personal finance resources
5283:World History Encyclopedia
4850:
4408:10.1002/9781119642497.ch80
4136:"A revolution in finance?"
3971:2007–2008 financial crisis
3876:
3842:
3811:
3694:
3676:
3498:
3492:
3477:models to incorporate the
3092:to incorporate uncertainty
2980:and shares, as opposed to
2957:
2889:Working capital management
2822:
2721:investors use the related
2346:
2193:, typically the domain of
2191:enterprise risk management
2119:
2115:2007–2008 financial crisis
1938:
1932:
1868:public–private partnership
1795:of a public sector entity;
1779:
1711:working capital management
1597:
1587:
1529:
1523:
1400:find the initial investors
1366:, or mutual bonds) in the
1264:
1258:
1078:, etc. Assets can also be
860:Professional certification
458:Enterprise risk management
242:Offshore financial centres
29:
5913:Diversification (finance)
5823:
5772:Risk management resources
5590:The Millionaire Next Door
5163:10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028
5049:, John Wiley & Sons.
4749:. John Wiley & Sons.
4377:. Speedy Publishing LLC.
4318:courses.lumenlearning.com
3574:ItĂ´'s stochastic calculus
3425:The Black–Scholes formula
3088:Modigliani–Miller theorem
3080:Fisher separation theorem
2984:economic variables, i.e.
2936:Modigliani–Miller theorem
2397:financial risk management
2255:. Banks typically employ
2131:Financial risk management
2122:Financial risk management
2096:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1974:diversifying the exposure
1919:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1888:climate change mitigation
805:Financial Stability Board
5759:Public finance resources
5439:The Intelligent Investor
4907:A. Pinkasovitch (2021).
4155:10.1177/0312896212461034
3981:
3639:risk-neutral probability
3605:"sensitivities" analysis
3485:adjustments accommodate
3072:corporate finance theory
2853:finance departments, in
2390:modeling and programming
2253:counterparty credit risk
2080:sophisticated algorithms
1725:carry out its financial
1390:", as distinct from the
1153:can be tested using the
494:Mergers and acquisitions
33:Finance (disambiguation)
5195:Shefrin, Hersh (2002).
5128:, Blackwell Publishers
4250:10.1080/030851400360497
4055:bridges the two fields.
3566:main mathematical tools
3525:—with much emphasis on
3523:modeling of derivatives
3041:modern portfolio theory
2905:managerial perspectives
2723:dividend discount model
1951:alternative investments
1858:projects provided by a
1666:re debt-commitments vs
1512:consultation—here, the
1493:, risk management, and
1459:inherently mathematical
1426:(private individuals).
1398:. The investment banks
1318:institutional investors
1275:Circular flow of income
1174:global financial system
6126:Investment performance
5828:Alternative investment
5587:; Danko, W.D. (1998).
5339:[Trade fair].
5088:"Experimental finance"
5070:. PRMIA Publications.
4067:The Journal of Finance
3490:
3416:
2998:Financial econometrics
2955:
2928:
2843:managerial application
2820:
2687:
2479:
2428:high-frequency trading
2416:quantitative investing
2344:
2207:performance monitoring
2117:
2098:
2076:is typically automated
2052:investment performance
1993:Portfolio optimization
1930:
1921:
1906:
1870:is primarily used for
1846:lenders of last resort
1830:Federal Reserve System
1777:
1769:
1633:return to shareholders
1521:
1422:, typically servicing
1348:financial intermediary
1256:
1245:
1239:Chicago Board of Trade
1231:
1226:NYSE's stock exchange
1219:
1208:
296:certificate of deposit
6121:Investment management
6106:International finance
5933:Environmental finance
5893:Computational finance
5776:Global Risk Institute
5657:Fisher, Philip Arthur
5629:. A Touchstone book.
5513:Warner Business Books
5473:McGraw-Hill Education
5371:London Stock Exchange
4971:"Financial Economics"
4969:For an overview, see
4815:See discussion here:
4769:John Hampton (2011).
4220:Georgetown University
3853:History of investment
3843:Further information:
3833:computational finance
3659:Computational finance
3635:two analytic branches
3617:volatility clustering
3595:for risk management,
3535:insurance mathematics
3495:Financial mathematics
3475:stochastic volatility
3445:
3417:
3107:Financial mathematics
3100:real options analysis
3065:"neoclassical" models
2934:
2918:
2866:managerial accounting
2807:
2699:DCF valuation formula
2688:
2459:
2370:financial engineering
2364:in the next section:
2331:
2104:
2093:
1959:exchange-traded funds
1935:Investment management
1927:
1917:, shortly before the
1912:
1901:
1894:Investment management
1880:Environmental finance
1793:required expenditures
1775:
1752:
1723:safely and profitably
1598:Further information:
1530:Further information:
1508:
1455:financial engineering
1451:specialized financing
1251:
1237:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1135:financial engineering
1111:investment management
1048:financial instruments
247:Conduit and sink OFCs
6186:Risk-return spectrum
6141:Mathematical finance
6061:Fundamental analysis
6055:Financial technology
5953:Experimental finance
5948:Exchange traded fund
5631:Simon & Schuster
5279:"Herodotus on Lydia"
5115:"Behavioral Finance"
4928:"Managerial Finance"
4687:10.2139/ssrn.3850494
4620:. Rebus Foundation.
4008:Guthmann and Dougall
3774:improve this section
3697:Behavioral economics
3684:Experimental finance
3679:Experimental finance
3673:Experimental finance
3531:credit risk modeling
3120:
2954:(k0) stays constant.
2835:theoretical underpin
2813:"project" valuations
2456:
2422:formulation, and in
2376:—delivering bespoke
2335:, the world's first
2333:DĹŤjima Rice Exchange
2324:Quantitative finance
2318:vs their "benchmark"
2283:to individual stocks
2279:portfolio as a whole
2249:quantitative finance
2195:strategic management
1999:Fundamental analysis
1856:economic development
1735:Financial management
1731:operational expenses
1614:financial management
1612:, which studies the
1594:Financial management
1495:quantitative finance
1404:securities exchanges
1196:The financial system
1159:experimental finance
1139:financial technology
1123:mathematical finance
473:Financial statements
453:Credit rating agency
378:Repurchase agreement
31:For other uses, see
6251:Sustainable finance
6221:Statistical finance
6201:Statistical finance
6111:Investment advisory
6071:Greater fool theory
5463:Dodd, David LeFevre
5401:Library of Congress
5250:"babylon-coins.com"
5236:The Ascent of Money
4238:Economy and Society
4053:financial economics
3655:mathematical models
3511:applied mathematics
3465:by Black-Scholes.
3427:for the value of a
2960:Financial economics
2911:Financial economics
2815:(and a standard in
2776:. Determining the
2774:time value of money
2750:applied mathematics
2705:. Here, to get the
2432:algorithmic trading
2233:long term exposures
2215:treasury management
2045:investment strategy
1852:Development finance
1664:optimal capital mix
1536:Investment advisory
1518:investment strategy
1447:structured products
1287:), and businesses (
1151:theories in finance
1131:financial economics
909:Accounting scandals
899:Stock market bubble
619:Government spending
576:Employment contract
528:Corporate tax haven
287:Credit default swap
6236:Structured product
6231:Structured finance
6116:Investment banking
6091:History of banking
5878:Capital management
5764:2023-06-02 at the
5699:Finance Definition
5585:Stanley, Thomas J.
5461:Graham, Benjamin;
5312:www.islamicity.org
5120:2023-02-09 at the
5093:2016-03-04 at the
5041:2021-11-13 at the
5036:"Financial Models"
5034:For a survey, see
5021:2022-05-16 at the
5003:, priceonomics.com
4999:2021-11-26 at the
4976:2004-06-04 at the
4957:, investopedia.com
4953:2021-11-26 at the
4946:W. Kenton (2021).
4914:2021-12-10 at the
4868:2019-12-22 at the
4803:2021-11-12 at the
4722:. Academic Press.
4659:2010-01-14 at the
4653:Federalreserve.gov
4512:2016-10-17 at the
4489:2023-02-23 at the
4440:"Personal Finance"
4289:"Financial system"
4214:2022-11-08 at the
4190:2023-01-31 at the
4051:The discipline of
3976:Outline of finance
3849:History of banking
3839:History of finance
3820:quantum physicists
3702:Behavioral finance
3691:Behavioral finance
3491:
3479:volatility surface
3412:
3410:
3021:rational investors
2986:goods and services
2956:
2929:
2921:efficient frontier
2859:management science
2847:finance techniques
2825:Managerial finance
2821:
2800:Managerial finance
2683:
2345:
2291:cash flow matching
2241:regulatory capital
2118:
2099:
2009:Technical analysis
1945:Passive management
1931:
1922:
1907:
1878:, and the related
1798:Source(s) of that
1791:Identification of
1778:
1770:
1757:, speaking on the
1684:securities trading
1680:investment banking
1610:managerial finance
1522:
1481:play major roles.
1475:regulatory capital
1267:Financial services
1257:
1246:
1232:
1220:
1209:
1119:Financial analysis
1025:goods and services
904:Stock market crash
754:Investment banking
744:Fractional-reserve
709:Warrant of payment
658:Government revenue
581:Financial planning
499:Structured finance
6289:
6288:
6166:Position of trust
5898:Corporate finance
5883:Capital structure
5843:Asset (economics)
5815:General areas of
5676:978-0-471-11927-2
5640:978-0-671-66238-7
5604:978-0-671-01520-6
5576:978-0-470-82441-2
5527:Bogle, John Bogle
5499:Rich Dad Poor Dad
5482:978-0-070-24496-2
5254:babylon-coins.com
5234:Fergusson, Nial.
5134:978-1-405-10746-4
5124:, pp. 527–546 in
4982:William F. Sharpe
4948:"Harry Markowitz"
4756:978-1-118-02291-7
4729:978-0-12-374448-7
4681:. Rochester, NY.
4627:978-1-927472-59-0
4478:Pamela Drake and
4384:978-1-68185-667-4
4014:Drake and Fabozzi
3909:Code of Hammurabi
3810:
3809:
3802:
3667:numerical methods
3643:arbitrage-pricing
3572:for derivatives,
3515:financial markets
3440:
3439:
3406:
3331:
3296:
3271:
3268:
3037:market efficiency
3017:investment theory
2990:financial markets
2950:) increases, the
2940:capital structure
2901:business strategy
2886:Capital structure
2883:Capital budgeting
2870:corporate finance
2837:for the practice
2731:
2730:
2709:, its forecasted
2707:value of the firm
2681:
2635:
2543:
2424:automated trading
2339:, established in
2229:trading positions
2154:default on a debt
2066:is managed using
2064:quantitative fund
1982:investment policy
1941:Active management
1807:budgeting process
1660:Capital structure
1648:determining value
1644:Capital budgeting
1606:capital structure
1590:Corporate finance
1584:Corporate finance
1549:and cars, buying
1532:Financial planner
1514:financial advisor
1510:Wealth management
1333:retail investors.
1328:private investors
1289:corporate finance
1216:Share certificate
1155:scientific method
1149:. In some cases,
1029:financial systems
982:
981:
872:
871:
822:
821:
810:Deposit insurance
716:
715:
550:
549:
448:Corporate finance
443:Capital structure
438:Capital budgeting
373:Performance bonds
254:
253:
237:Financial centres
197:Financial planner
97:Asset (economics)
16:(Redirected from
6309:
6161:Personal finance
6151:Over-the-counter
6131:Investor profile
6101:Impact investing
6096:History of money
6076:Growth investing
5938:Equity (finance)
5848:Asset allocation
5809:
5802:
5795:
5786:
5785:
5733:Aswath Damodaran
5719:Finance Glossary
5688:
5652:
5616:
5580:
5552:
5536:
5494:
5457:
5430:Graham, Benjamin
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5350:
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5326:
5324:
5323:
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5297:
5295:
5294:
5275:
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5268:
5266:
5265:
5246:
5240:
5239:
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5185:
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4670:
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4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4522:
4516:
4503:Aswath Damodaran
4499:
4493:
4484:What Is Finance?
4476:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4435:
4429:
4428:
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4389:
4388:
4368:
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4359:
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4124:
4122:
4121:
4101:
4085:
4077:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4032:Howard and Upton
3992:
3928:Classical Greece
3845:History of money
3805:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3754:
3746:
3704:studies how the
3663:computer science
3433:considered naive
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3371:
3370:
3357:
3353:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
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3249:
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3239:
3226:
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3166:
3111:
3057:financial crises
3053:option valuation
2994:financial models
2770:asset allocation
2726:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2668:
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2542:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2447:
2443:Financial theory
2420:trading strategy
2337:futures exchange
2237:economic capital
2179:credit insurance
2166:Operational risk
2072:machine learning
2017:investment style
1986:Investor profile
1970:asset allocation
1864:to get financing
1800:entity's revenue
1676:creates the link
1526:Personal finance
1501:Personal finance
1485:Areas of finance
1424:retail investors
1396:investment banks
1388:equity financing
1364:government bonds
1283:), governments (
1281:personal finance
1271:financial market
1261:Financial system
1166:history of money
974:
967:
960:
946:Money portal
944:
943:
942:
932:
931:
882:Economic history
844:
843:
777:
776:
675:Deficit spending
649:Transfer payment
615:
614:
543:Transfer pricing
489:Leveraged buyout
463:Enterprise value
417:
416:
332:Letter of credit
317:Futures contract
150:
148:Over-the-counter
137:Foreign exchange
84:
83:
71:
48:
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6317:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6266:Too big to fail
6261:Systematic risk
6181:Quantum finance
6086:Hedge (finance)
6066:Government bond
5903:Cost of capital
5888:Climate finance
5819:
5813:
5782:
5766:Wayback Machine
5743:James Van Horne
5713:Campbell Harvey
5695:
5677:
5641:
5605:
5577:
5549:
5505:Robert Kiyosaki
5483:
5454:
5446:. front cover.
5436:(2003-07-08) .
5425:
5423:Further reading
5420:
5410:
5408:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5346:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5321:
5319:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5292:
5290:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5263:
5261:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5232:
5228:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5193:
5189:
5180:
5178:
5143:
5139:
5122:Wayback Machine
5112:
5108:
5095:Wayback Machine
5085:
5081:
5065:
5061:
5043:Wayback Machine
5033:
5029:
5023:Wayback Machine
5014:
5007:
5001:Wayback Machine
4992:
4988:
4978:Wayback Machine
4968:
4961:
4955:Wayback Machine
4945:
4941:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4916:Wayback Machine
4906:
4902:
4892:
4890:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4870:Wayback Machine
4861:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4831:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4805:Wayback Machine
4795:
4788:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4714:
4710:
4671:
4667:
4661:Wayback Machine
4650:
4646:
4637:
4635:
4628:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4539:
4523:
4519:
4514:Wayback Machine
4500:
4496:
4491:Wayback Machine
4477:
4462:
4453:
4451:
4436:
4432:
4418:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4298:
4296:
4285:Bank of Finland
4281:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4230:
4226:
4216:Wayback Machine
4206:
4202:
4192:Wayback Machine
4183:
4179:
4132:
4128:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4074:
4063:
4059:
4050:
4046:
4038:Pablo Fernandez
4026:John J. Hampton
4002:Fama and Miller
3993:
3989:
3984:
3967:
3881:
3875:
3841:
3816:
3814:Quantum finance
3806:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3771:
3755:
3744:
3742:Quantum finance
3738:
3699:
3693:
3681:
3675:
3513:concerned with
3507:
3497:
3463:those envisaged
3436:
3409:
3408:
3395:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3203:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3162:
3158:
3145:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3109:
2962:
2913:
2892:Risk management
2851:business school
2845:of the various
2839:described above
2827:
2817:business school
2802:
2719:share valuation
2711:free cash flows
2697:
2695:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2641:
2619:
2615:
2600:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2536:
2532:
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2496:
2492:
2482:
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2474:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2436:program trading
2399:in banking, as
2351:
2326:
2287:Bond portfolios
2271:diversification
2152:is the risk of
2139:financial risks
2135:corporate value
2127:Risk management
2124:
2088:
2086:Risk management
2070:(increasingly,
1947:
1937:
1896:
1884:and instruments
1876:Climate finance
1838:Bank of England
1818:municipal bonds
1784:
1747:
1727:and operational
1688:corporate bonds
1668:cost of capital
1654:Dividend policy
1625:entity's assets
1602:
1596:
1588:Main articles:
1586:
1538:
1528:
1503:
1487:
1471:risk management
1416:wealth managers
1360:corporate bonds
1309:preferred stock
1277:
1263:
1255:, Houston, 2009
1198:
978:
940:
938:
926:
914:
913:
884:
874:
873:
865:Fund governance
841:
824:
823:
790:Banking license
781:Bank regulation
768:
739:Deposit account
728:
718:
717:
704:Non-tax revenue
700:
679:
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612:
602:
601:
598:
562:
552:
551:
504:Venture capital
468:Risk management
414:
404:
403:
402:
393:Syndicated loan
369:
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256:
255:
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30:
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6305:
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6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
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6268:
6263:
6258:
6256:Swap (finance)
6253:
6248:
6243:
6241:Sustainability
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6206:Stock exchange
6203:
6198:
6193:
6191:Social finance
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6171:Public finance
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
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6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
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6058:
6052:
6051:
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6035:
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6025:
6020:
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6010:
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6000:
5995:
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5975:
5970:
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5940:
5935:
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5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5858:Bond (finance)
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5833:Angel investor
5830:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5812:
5811:
5804:
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5789:
5780:
5779:
5769:
5756:
5755:, mymoney.gov)
5746:
5736:
5726:
5716:
5706:
5694:
5693:External links
5691:
5690:
5689:
5675:
5653:
5639:
5617:
5603:
5581:
5575:
5553:
5547:
5523:
5509:Sharon Lechter
5495:
5481:
5458:
5452:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5388:
5358:
5337:"Handelsbeurs"
5328:
5299:
5270:
5241:
5226:
5210:978-0195304213
5209:
5187:
5157:(2): 210–251.
5137:
5106:
5103:978-0470499115
5079:
5076:978-0976609704
5059:
5055:978-1118487716
5027:
5005:
4986:
4959:
4939:
4919:
4900:
4889:. May 23, 2023
4874:
4855:
4837:
4808:
4786:
4783:978-0814417447
4762:
4755:
4735:
4728:
4708:
4665:
4644:
4626:
4606:
4600:978-1439892237
4599:
4581:
4575:978-1439892237
4574:
4556:
4537:
4517:
4494:
4460:
4438:Kenton, Will.
4430:
4416:
4390:
4383:
4363:
4334:
4305:
4275:
4244:(2): 264–284.
4224:
4200:
4198:Subject Guide.
4177:
4148:(1): 125–146.
4126:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4072:
4057:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4035:
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4011:
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3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3944:Roman Republic
3840:
3837:
3812:Main article:
3808:
3807:
3758:
3756:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3695:Main article:
3692:
3689:
3677:Main article:
3674:
3671:
3669:applied here.
3631:
3630:
3624:
3609:mixture models
3601:stress testing
3593:
3527:interest rate-
3493:Main article:
3438:
3437:
3423:
3422:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
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3129:
3126:
3125:
3114:
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3105:
3104:
3103:
3068:
3047:), and to the
2978:interest rates
2958:Main article:
2912:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2823:Main article:
2809:Decision trees
2801:
2798:
2752:. Abstractly,
2729:
2728:
2694:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
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2592:
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2579:
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2491:
2488:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2408:
2393:
2347:Main article:
2325:
2322:
2314:tracking error
2269:Additional to
2187:economic value
2170:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2120:Main article:
2111:United Kingdom
2109:branch in the
2087:
2084:
2013:
2012:
2006:
1996:
1933:Main article:
1895:
1892:
1872:infrastructure
1842:United Kingdom
1826:
1825:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1782:Public finance
1780:Main article:
1759:Federal Budget
1755:George W. Bush
1746:
1745:Public finance
1743:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1524:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1483:
1392:debt financing
1285:public finance
1259:Main article:
1197:
1194:
1190:master's level
1182:widely studied
1041:public finance
980:
979:
977:
976:
969:
962:
954:
951:
950:
949:
948:
936:
924:
916:
915:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
885:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
869:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
842:
830:
829:
826:
825:
820:
819:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
784:
783:
775:
774:
772:Lists of banks
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
729:
724:
723:
720:
719:
714:
713:
712:
711:
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698:
693:
682:
680:
678:
677:
672:
666:
661:
660:
654:
653:
652:
651:
646:
644:
643:
641:Redistribution
638:
632:
630:
622:
621:
613:
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
597:
596:
591:
585:
583:
578:
573:
563:
558:
557:
554:
553:
548:
547:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
516:
515:
509:
508:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
483:
482:
478:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
422:
421:
415:
410:
409:
406:
405:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
368:
367:
361:
356:
346:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
289:
284:
279:
274:
268:
267:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
231:
230:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
210:
209:
199:
194:
189:
187:Angel investor
181:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
154:Private equity
151:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
90:
82:
77:
76:
73:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
26:
18:Finance theory
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6314:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6282:
6281:Watered stock
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
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6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6056:
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6049:
6046:
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6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5923:Eco-investing
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5908:Disinvestment
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5873:Capital asset
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5810:
5805:
5803:
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5791:
5790:
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5773:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5757:
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5710:
5707:
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5700:
5697:
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5686:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5621:Soros, George
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5595:Gallery Books
5592:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5548:9780470102107
5544:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:0-446-67745-0
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5453:0-06-055566-1
5449:
5445:
5444:HarperCollins
5441:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5367:"Our History"
5362:
5355:
5342:
5341:Visit Antwerp
5338:
5332:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5259:
5255:
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5223:
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5200:
5191:
5176:
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5168:
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5148:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5110:
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5100:
5096:
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5024:
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5017:
5012:
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5002:
4998:
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4990:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4933:ScienceDirect
4929:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4904:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4859:
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4704:
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4633:
4629:
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4618:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4544:
4540:
4538:9781000024357
4534:
4530:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4480:Frank Fabozzi
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4417:9781119642497
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4352:
4348:
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4319:
4315:
4309:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
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4228:
4221:
4217:
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4204:
4197:
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4186:
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4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4104:Hayes, Adam.
4100:
4096:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3952:Julius Caesar
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3914:
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3906:
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3825:
3821:
3815:
3804:
3801:
3793:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3759:This section
3757:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
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3703:
3698:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3597:value at risk
3594:
3591:
3587:
3586:Black-Scholes
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3557:-securities.
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3232:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:Black–Scholes
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:asset pricing
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:profitability
2871:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:present value
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2675:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2637:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2537:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2467:
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2460:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2433:
2429:
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2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:OTC-contracts
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:are discussed
2358:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:"Risk Groups"
2258:
2257:Middle office
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:Northern Rock
2103:
2097:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:asset classes
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:United States
1832:banks in the
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:debt issuance
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:, credit and
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:listed shares
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:, while also
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:durable goods
1537:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:, as well as
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:stock brokers
1417:
1413:
1412:pension funds
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1323:pension funds
1320:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1157:, covered by
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:financial law
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
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1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
975:
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968:
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935:
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919:
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900:
897:
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886:
883:
878:
877:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
840:
839:Financial law
837:
833:
828:
827:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:Basel Accords
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
785:
782:
779:
778:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
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398:Synthetic CDO
396:
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6156:Pension fund
6081:Growth stock
6003:institutions
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5868:Asset growth
5816:
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5703:Investopedia
5661:
5625:
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5561:
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5497:
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5438:
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5400:
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4887:Investopedia
4886:
4877:
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4851:§ Notes
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4770:
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4444:Investopedia
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4118:. Retrieved
4110:Investopedia
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4060:
4047:
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3824:econophysics
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3787:
3772:Please help
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2183:provisioning
2171:
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2061:
2057:market cycle
2049:
2014:
1976:among these
1967:
1955:
1948:
1929:transaction.
1903:Share prices
1850:
1827:
1822:public works
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1242:Corn Futures
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1176:was formed.
1163:
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1017:distribution
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835:
764:Money supply
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734:Central bank
594:Student loan
569: /
481:Transactions
292:Time deposit
178:Participants
107:Asset growth
60:
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6271:Toxic asset
6211:Stockbroker
6196:Speculation
6146:Mutual fund
6136:Market risk
6043:social work
5993:engineering
5838:Super angel
5721:(Vernimmen
5557:Buffett, W.
5434:Jason Zweig
5411:2 September
5381:2 September
5347:2 September
4679:SSRN Papers
3948:Lex Genucia
3893:Mesopotamia
3592:now applied
3543:are applied
3467:Post crisis
3429:call option
3096:contingency
3059:—the study
3051:theory for
3033:rationality
2762:liabilities
2746:accountancy
2739:(financial)
2199:forecasting
2160:Market risk
2150:Credit risk
2141:, often by
1915:ticker tape
1674:The latter
1547:real estate
1491:investments
1384:mutual fund
1368:bond market
1296:expenditure
1253:Oil traders
1170:prehistoric
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1021:consumption
1005:liabilities
302:Credit line
264:Instruments
159:Real estate
122:Derivatives
6028:regulation
6008:management
5918:Divestment
5343:(in Dutch)
5322:2023-04-09
5293:2021-05-13
5264:2021-05-13
5181:2022-04-08
4638:2022-07-05
4454:2020-01-20
4357:2020-05-18
4328:2020-05-18
4299:2020-05-18
4282:See e.g.,
4120:2022-08-03
4092:References
4020:F.W. Paish
3930:, such as
3885:Bronze Age
3877:See also:
3707:psychology
3578:simulation
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3455:simulation
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2972:, such as
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1350:such as a
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1192:programs.
1147:accounting
1115:volatility
1052:currencies
1050:, such as
1013:production
989:discipline
832:Regulation
636:Operations
589:Retirement
428:Accounting
312:Derivative
219:Speculator
51:Part of a
6057:(Fintech)
5998:inclusion
5988:economics
5983:deepening
5958:Financial
5171:1755-4179
4883:"Finance"
4863:"Finance"
4695:235195430
4426:242623141
4258:145739812
4185:"Finance"
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4164:0312-8962
4106:"Finance"
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3790:June 2023
3761:does not
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3076:certainty
2970:variables
2966:economics
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2742:economics
2613:−
2461:∑
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1761:in 2007,
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1621:long term
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1037:corporate
1009:economics
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538:Tax haven
412:Corporate
327:Insurance
322:Indemnity
228:Locations
117:Commodity
6296:Category
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5963:analysis
5853:Bad debt
5762:Archived
5685:95051449
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4448:Archived
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