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Finsler manifold

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2771: 32: 2403: 2766:{\displaystyle g_{ik}{\Big (}\gamma (t),{\dot {\gamma }}(t){\Big )}{\ddot {\gamma }}^{i}(t)+\left({\frac {\partial g_{ik}}{\partial x^{j}}}{\Big (}\gamma (t),{\dot {\gamma }}(t){\Big )}-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial g_{ij}}{\partial x^{k}}}{\Big (}\gamma (t),{\dot {\gamma }}(t){\Big )}\right){\dot {\gamma }}^{i}(t){\dot {\gamma }}^{j}(t)=0,} 1982: 3477: 3241: 2938: 3704: 799: 3849: 1737: 3256: 3051: 303: 2314: 1531: 2797: 2130: 1671: 3565: 1284: 1080: 641: 1977:{\displaystyle d_{L}(x,y):=\inf \left\{\ \left.\int _{0}^{1}F\left(\gamma (t),{\dot {\gamma }}(t)\right)\,dt\ \right|\ \gamma \in C^{1}(,M)\ ,\ \gamma (0)=x\ ,\ \gamma (1)=y\ \right\},} 3719: 3472:{\displaystyle G^{i}(x,v):={\frac {1}{4}}g^{ij}(x,v)\left(2{\frac {\partial g_{jk}}{\partial x^{\ell }}}(x,v)-{\frac {\partial g_{k\ell }}{\partial x^{j}}}(x,v)\right)v^{k}v^{\ell }.} 1121: 3236:{\displaystyle \left.H\right|_{(x,v)}:=\left.v^{i}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{i}}}\right|_{(x,v)}\!\!-\left.2G^{i}(x,v){\frac {\partial }{\partial v^{i}}}\right|_{(x,v)},} 200: 2199: 1161: 1327: 979: 1413: 2933:{\displaystyle g_{ij}(x,v):=g_{v}\left(\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{i}}}\right|_{x},\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial x^{j}}}\right|_{x}\right).} 2032: 3894:). Length minimizing curves can always be positively reparametrized to be geodesics, and any geodesic must satisfy the Euler–Lagrange equation for 1571: 3699:{\displaystyle v:T(\mathrm {T} M\setminus \{0\})\to T(\mathrm {T} M\setminus \{0\});\quad v:={\frac {1}{2}}{\big (}I+{\mathcal {L}}_{H}J{\big )}.} 5179: 3871: 4164: 4370: 5234: 5174: 4196: 3515: 3511: 1173: 5397: 5247: 4461: 4485: 4680: 1003: 5427: 5402: 96: 5289: 4550: 4253: 4103: 794:{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} _{v}(X,Y):={\frac {1}{2}}\left.{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial s\partial t}}\left\right|_{s=t=0},} 68: 4776: 4829: 4357: 75: 5113: 4063: – topological space modeled on a Fréchet space in much the same way as a manifold is modeled on a Euclidean space 5262: 5227: 4288: 4141: 115: 49: 4878: 4240:. Die Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 101. Berlin–Göttingen–Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 3844:{\displaystyle D_{\dot {\gamma }}D_{\dot {\gamma }}X(t)+R_{\dot {\gamma }}\left({\dot {\gamma }}(t),X(t)\right)=0} 82: 4861: 4470: 4313: 5505: 53: 5520: 5073: 4480: 4323: 64: 5515: 5324: 5220: 5058: 4781: 4555: 2944: 5103: 4318: 2370: 1088: 1700:
obtained in this way restricts to an asymmetric (typically non-Minkowski) norm on each tangent space of
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of finite dimension are Finsler manifolds if the norm of the vector space is smooth outside the origin.
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when the distance between two points is defined as the infimum length of the curves that join them.
298:{\displaystyle L(\gamma )=\int _{a}^{b}F\left(\gamma (t),{\dot {\gamma }}(t)\right)\,\mathrm {d} t.} 5407: 5267: 5030: 4895: 4587: 4429: 610: 2309:{\displaystyle E:={\frac {1}{2}}\int _{a}^{b}F^{2}\left(\gamma (t),{\dot {\gamma }}(t)\right)\,dt} 323: 5453: 4727: 4697: 4621: 4611: 4567: 4397: 4350: 1358: 357: 141: 42: 5484: 5417: 5412: 5350: 5309: 5068: 4687: 4582: 4495: 4402: 3883: 1366: 5479: 1130: 89: 4717: 4712: 2320: 133: 5314: 5048: 4986: 4834: 4538: 4528: 4500: 4475: 4385: 4298: 4263: 4209: 4151: 4113: 3867: 3557: 3539: 2136: 1300: 952: 486: 155: 4225: 4177: 1526:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{C}}\|\phi (y)-\phi (x)\|\leq d(x,y)\leq C\|\phi (y)-\phi (x)\|.} 8: 5371: 5340: 5328: 5299: 5282: 5243: 5186: 4868: 4746: 4731: 4660: 4419: 3990: 3886:
there always exist length minimizing curves (at least in small enough neighborhoods) on (
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is the coordinate representation of the fundamental tensor, defined as
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are length-minimizing among nearby curves until the first point
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The subadditivity axiom may then be replaced by the following
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is a geodesic if it is stationary for the energy functional
3154: 3089: 3057: 2888: 2849: 1781: 1075:{\displaystyle \|b\|_{a}:={\sqrt {a^{ij}b_{i}b_{j}}}<1,} 687: 1333:, a special case of a non-reversible Finsler manifold. 826:
implies the subadditivity with a strict inequality if
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2162:of a Finsler manifold if its short enough segments 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5242: 3843: 3698: 3471: 3235: 2932: 2765: 2308: 2124: 1976: 1665: 1525: 1321: 1278: 1155: 1115: 1074: 973: 926:Smooth submanifolds (including open subsets) of a 793: 297: 3878:Uniqueness and minimizing properties of geodesics 3148: 3147: 2688: 2645: 2588: 2545: 2465: 2422: 340:, who studied this geometry in his dissertation ( 5497: 1769: 1597: 2365:Canonical spray structure on a Finsler manifold 1553:in some punctured neighborhood of the diagonal. 312:since the tangent norms need not be induced by 181:, that enables one to define the length of any 2989:) is invertible and its inverse is denoted by 5228: 4351: 4218:Über Kurven und Flächen in allgemeinen Räumen 3688: 3658: 369:, which is a continuous nonnegative function 4197:Notices of the American Mathematical Society 4119: 3630: 3624: 3598: 3592: 1517: 1487: 1457: 1427: 1336: 1014: 1007: 917:(in the usual sense) on each tangent space. 4238:The differential geometry of Finsler spaces 4126:An introduction to Riemann–Finsler geometry 4078: – Manifold modelled on Hilbert spaces 5398:Fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry 5235: 5221: 4358: 4344: 4088: 4057: – Manifold modeled on Banach spaces 4035: 2299: 2115: 1848: 940:) are special cases of Finsler manifolds. 567:on the complement of the zero section of 283: 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 4365: 1696:(0) = v. The Finsler function 308:Finsler manifolds are more general than 4215: 4095:Handbook of Finsler geometry. Vol. 1, 2 4009: 3973:there always exist shorter curves from 3902:there exists a unique maximal geodesic 2150:is invariant under positively oriented 1557:Then one can define a Finsler function 341: 5498: 4162:(1933), "Sur les espaces de Finsler", 4158: 4098:, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 913:A reversible Finsler metric defines a 333: 16:Generalization of Riemannian manifolds 5216: 4339: 4183: 2323:vanishes among differentiable curves 4270: 4232: 1995: → [0, ∞) defines an 944: 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 3898:. Assuming the strong convexity of 3246:where the local spray coefficients 3019:) if and only if its tangent curve 1397: ≥ 1 such that for every 1116:{\displaystyle \left(a^{ij}\right)} 13: 3672: 3614: 3582: 3522:∖{0}. Hence, by definition, 3410: 3392: 3355: 3337: 3191: 3187: 3108: 3104: 2896: 2892: 2857: 2853: 2627: 2609: 2527: 2509: 709: 703: 693: 319:Every Finsler manifold becomes an 285: 169:is provided on each tangent space 14: 5537: 4306: 3621: 3589: 1987:and in fact any Finsler function 872:is strongly convex, then it is a 4229:(Reprinted by Birkhäuser (1951)) 3926:∖{0} by the uniqueness of 2377:reads in the local coordinates ( 647: 336:) named Finsler manifolds after 30: 4275:. Singapore: World Scientific. 3858:for a general spray structure ( 3639: 41:needs additional citations for 4398:Differentiable/Smooth manifold 4003: 3937:is strongly convex, geodesics 3872:nonlinear covariant derivative 3827: 3821: 3812: 3806: 3766: 3760: 3633: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3578: 3438: 3426: 3383: 3371: 3323: 3311: 3282: 3270: 3225: 3213: 3182: 3170: 3142: 3130: 3079: 3067: 3045:∖{0} locally defined by 2826: 2814: 2751: 2745: 2723: 2717: 2683: 2677: 2659: 2653: 2583: 2577: 2559: 2553: 2495: 2489: 2460: 2454: 2436: 2430: 2291: 2285: 2267: 2261: 2212: 2206: 2107: 2101: 2083: 2077: 2045: 2039: 1954: 1948: 1927: 1921: 1906: 1897: 1885: 1882: 1840: 1834: 1816: 1810: 1763: 1751: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1604: 1590: 1578: 1514: 1508: 1499: 1493: 1478: 1466: 1454: 1448: 1439: 1433: 1316: 1304: 1263: 1257: 1219: 1213: 1192: 1180: 1150: 1134: 968: 956: 751: 726: 669: 657: 481:(but not necessarily for  275: 269: 251: 245: 213: 207: 1: 4082: 1385:there exists a smooth chart ( 347: 5325:Raising and lowering indices 4331:The (New) Finsler Newsletter 4314:"Finsler space, generalized" 4273:Lectures on Finsler geometry 2017: 7: 5104:Classification of manifolds 4319:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 4220:, Dissertation, Göttingen, 4048: 3914:(0) = v for any ( 938:pseudo-Riemannian manifolds 920: 10: 5542: 5346:Pseudo-Riemannian manifold 2373:for the energy functional 2022:Due to the homogeneity of 580:strong convexity condition 18: 5475:Geometrization conjecture 5462: 5436: 5390: 5359: 5255: 5180:over commutative algebras 5137: 5096: 5029: 4926: 4822: 4769: 4760: 4596: 4519: 4458: 4378: 4246:10.1007/978-3-642-51610-8 4134:10.1007/978-1-4612-1268-3 4124:; Shen, Zhongmin (2000). 3713:case, there is a version 2169:are length-minimizing in 2154:. A constant speed curve 1337:Smooth quasimetric spaces 4896:Riemann curvature tensor 3996: 1706:induced intrinsic metric 1373:in the following sense: 1156:{\displaystyle (a_{ij})} 905:for all tangent vectors 586:For each tangent vector 4271:Shen, Zhongmin (2001). 2371:Euler–Lagrange equation 1365:is compatible with the 1359:differentiable manifold 876:on each tangent space. 550:is also required to be 430:for every two vectors 384:so that for each point 358:differentiable manifold 142:differentiable manifold 5485:Uniformization theorem 5418:Nash embedding theorem 5351:Riemannian volume form 5310:Levi-Civita connection 4688:Manifold with boundary 4403:Differential structure 4216:Finsler, Paul (1918), 4165:C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 4028:10.1103/PhysRev.59.195 3910:(0) = x and 3845: 3700: 3516:canonical vector field 3512:canonical endomorphism 3473: 3237: 2934: 2767: 2319:in the sense that its 2310: 2126: 1978: 1731:can be recovered from 1667: 1527: 1367:differential structure 1323: 1280: 1157: 1117: 1076: 975: 820:. Strong convexity of 795: 532:on each tangent space 299: 5506:Differential geometry 3846: 3701: 3490:∖{0} satisfies 3474: 3238: 2935: 2768: 2333:with fixed endpoints 2321:functional derivative 2311: 2127: 1979: 1668: 1528: 1324: 1322:{\displaystyle (M,F)} 1281: 1158: 1118: 1077: 991:differential one-form 976: 974:{\displaystyle (M,a)} 796: 544:. The Finsler metric 511:positive definiteness 300: 134:differential geometry 5521:Riemannian manifolds 5408:Gauss–Bonnet theorem 5315:Covariant derivative 4835:Covariant derivative 4386:Topological manifold 3941::  →  3720: 3709:In analogy with the 3566: 3540:nonlinear connection 3257: 3052: 2798: 2404: 2200: 2137:differentiable curve 2033: 1738: 1572: 1414: 1301: 1174: 1131: 1089: 1004: 953: 934:Riemannian manifolds 879:A Finsler metric is 642: 617:Here the Hessian of 487:positive homogeneity 310:Riemannian manifolds 201: 50:improve this article 5516:Riemannian geometry 5480:Poincaré conjecture 5341:Riemannian manifold 5329:Musical isomorphism 5244:Riemannian geometry 4869:Exterior derivative 4471:Atiyah–Singer index 4420:Riemannian manifold 4090:Antonelli, Peter L. 3868:Ehresmann curvature 3558:vertical projection 3036:smooth vector field 2242: 2065: 1798: 983:Riemannian manifold 928:normed vector space 233: 5470:General relativity 5413:Hopf–Rinow theorem 5360:Types of manifolds 5336:Parallel transport 5175:Secondary calculus 5129:Singularity theory 5084:Parallel transport 4852:De Rham cohomology 4491:Generalized Stokes 4185:Chern, Shiing-Shen 4122:Chern, Shiing-Shen 4037:10338.dmlcz/134230 3884:Hopf–Rinow theorem 3866:) in terms of the 3841: 3696: 3469: 3233: 3011:is a geodesic of ( 2959:) with respect to 2930: 2763: 2306: 2228: 2152:reparametrizations 2122: 2051: 1974: 1784: 1663: 1614: 1523: 1319: 1276: 1153: 1113: 1072: 971: 806:fundamental tensor 804:also known as the 791: 554:, more precisely: 295: 219: 149:where a (possibly 65:"Finsler manifold" 5493: 5492: 5210: 5209: 5092: 5091: 4857:Differential form 4511:Whitney embedding 4445:Differential form 4255:978-3-642-51612-2 4105:978-1-4020-1557-1 3803: 3785: 3753: 3736: 3654: 3498:and  =  3482:The vector field 3424: 3369: 3296: 3205: 3122: 2910: 2871: 2736: 2708: 2674: 2641: 2604: 2574: 2541: 2480: 2451: 2282: 2226: 2189:). Equivalently, 2098: 2014:by this formula. 1965: 1944: 1938: 1917: 1911: 1865: 1857: 1831: 1779: 1658: 1596: 1549: →  is 1425: 1377:Around any point 1242: 1165:Einstein notation 1061: 945:Randers manifolds 883:if, in addition, 716: 683: 611:positive definite 324:quasimetric space 266: 126: 125: 118: 100: 5533: 5526:Smooth manifolds 5511:Finsler geometry 5237: 5230: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5202:Stratified space 5160:Fréchet manifold 4874:Interior product 4767: 4766: 4464: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4327: 4302: 4267: 4228: 4212: 4193: 4180: 4155: 4116: 4076:Hilbert manifold 4066: 4061:Fréchet manifold 4042: 4041: 4039: 4007: 3969: >  3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3746: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3662: 3661: 3655: 3647: 3617: 3585: 3555: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3390: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3335: 3310: 3309: 3297: 3289: 3269: 3268: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3186: 3169: 3168: 3146: 3145: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3083: 3082: 3065: 3029: 3010: 2945:strong convexity 2939: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2852: 2841: 2840: 2813: 2812: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2729: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2676: 2675: 2667: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2576: 2575: 2567: 2549: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2507: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2360: 2346: 2332: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2252: 2251: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2219: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2064: 2059: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1942: 1936: 1915: 1909: 1881: 1880: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1797: 1792: 1777: 1750: 1749: 1727:of the original 1726: 1688:(0) =  1680:is any curve in 1672: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1616: 1613: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1426: 1418: 1331:Randers manifold 1328: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1256: 1255: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1231: 1230: 1212: 1211: 1199: 1162: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1050: 1049: 1040: 1039: 1027: 1022: 1021: 980: 978: 977: 972: 904: 871: 865: 864: 863: 852: 845: 844: 833: 825: 819: 813: 800: 798: 797: 792: 787: 786: 769: 765: 764: 760: 759: 758: 717: 715: 701: 700: 691: 684: 676: 656: 655: 650: 628: 622: 608: 602: 592: 573: 562: 549: 543: 527: 517:In other words, 508: 501: 484: 480: 476: 451: 445: 439: 429: 395: 389: 379: 365:together with a 364: 354:Finsler manifold 304: 302: 301: 296: 288: 282: 278: 268: 267: 259: 232: 227: 193: 180: 168: 148: 138:Finsler manifold 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5458: 5437:Generalizations 5432: 5386: 5355: 5290:Exponential map 5251: 5241: 5211: 5206: 5145:Banach manifold 5138:Generalizations 5133: 5088: 5025: 4922: 4884:Ricci curvature 4840:Cotangent space 4818: 4756: 4598: 4592: 4551:Exponential map 4515: 4460: 4454: 4374: 4364: 4312: 4309: 4291: 4256: 4191: 4144: 4106: 4085: 4070:Global analysis 4064: 4055:Banach manifold 4051: 4046: 4045: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3928:integral curves 3922:) ∈ T 3880: 3856:Jacobi equation 3795: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3687: 3686: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3613: 3581: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3546: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3212: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3129: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3066: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3020: 3002: 2980: 2968: 2916: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2739: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2711: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2687: 2686: 2666: 2665: 2644: 2643: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2566: 2565: 2544: 2543: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2483: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2443: 2442: 2421: 2420: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2367: 2348: 2334: 2324: 2274: 2273: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2232: 2218: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2168: 2090: 2089: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2055: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2020: 2009: 1876: 1872: 1823: 1822: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1716: 1708: 1617: 1615: 1600: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1393:and a constant 1339: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1270: 1266: 1251: 1247: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1017: 1013: 1005: 1002: 1001: 954: 951: 950: 947: 923: 887: 867: 854: 848: 847: 835: 829: 828: 827: 821: 815: 809: 770: 754: 750: 722: 718: 702: 696: 692: 690: 689: 686: 685: 675: 651: 646: 645: 643: 640: 639: 624: 618: 604: 598: 587: 568: 558: 545: 539: 533: 530:asymmetric norm 518: 503: 492: 482: 478: 459: 447: 441: 431: 400: 391: 385: 380:defined on the 370: 360: 350: 330:Élie Cartan 284: 258: 257: 241: 237: 228: 223: 202: 199: 198: 185: 176: 170: 159: 144: 132:, particularly 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5539: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5454:Sub-Riemannian 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5259: 5257: 5256:Basic concepts 5253: 5252: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4739: 4734: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4698:Parallelizable 4695: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4618: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4578:Lie derivative 4575: 4573:Integral curve 4570: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4534:Diffeomorphism 4531: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4382: 4380: 4379:Basic concepts 4376: 4375: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4308: 4307:External links 4305: 4304: 4303: 4289: 4268: 4254: 4230: 4213: 4181: 4156: 4142: 4117: 4104: 4092:, ed. (2003), 4084: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4058: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4022:(2): 195–199. 4001: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3879: 3876: 3852: 3851: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3707: 3706: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3480: 3479: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3244: 3243: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3032:integral curve 2976: 2964: 2941: 2940: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2788: 2774: 2773: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2476: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2366: 2363: 2317: 2316: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2167: 2133: 2132: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2019: 2016: 2005: 1985: 1984: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1712: 1674: 1673: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1555: 1554: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1338: 1335: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1291:Randers metric 1287: 1286: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1167:is used. Then 1152: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1125:inverse matrix 1111: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1083: 1082: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 946: 943: 942: 941: 931: 922: 919: 911: 910: 874:Minkowski norm 802: 801: 790: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 768: 763: 757: 753: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 721: 714: 711: 708: 705: 699: 695: 688: 682: 679: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 654: 649: 615: 614: 595:Hessian matrix 576: 575: 535: 515: 514: 490: 457: 382:tangent bundle 367:Finsler metric 349: 346: 314:inner products 306: 305: 294: 291: 287: 281: 277: 274: 271: 265: 262: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 240: 236: 231: 226: 222: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 172: 156:Minkowski norm 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5538: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5428:Schur's lemma 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5403:Gauss's lemma 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5305:Metric tensor 5303: 5301: 5300:Inner product 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5197:Supermanifold 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4918:Wedge product 4916: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4862:Vector-valued 4860: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4792:Tangent space 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4556:in Lie theory 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4459:Main results 4457: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4440:Tangent space 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4290:981-02-4531-9 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4204:(9): 959–63, 4203: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4143:0-387-98948-X 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3800: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3693: 3683: 3678: 3666: 3663: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3607: 3595: 3586: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3551:∖{0} → 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3494: =  3493: 3489: 3485: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3418: 3414: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3363: 3359: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3250:are given by 3249: 3230: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3208: 3199: 3195: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3125: 3116: 3112: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3062: 3059: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2972:, the matrix 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2943:Assuming the 2927: 2923: 2917: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2740: 2733: 2730: 2720: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2694: 2680: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2635: 2631: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2535: 2531: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2457: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1837: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1773: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1660: 1655: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1610: 1607: 1601: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1545: ×  1544: 1540: 1537:The function 1536: 1520: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1422: 1419: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1405: ∈  1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389:, φ) of 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1296: 1292: 1271: 1267: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1126: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1018: 1010: 1000: 999: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 965: 962: 959: 939: 935: 932: 929: 925: 924: 918: 916: 908: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 861: 857: 851: 842: 838: 832: 824: 818: 812: 807: 788: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 766: 761: 755: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 723: 719: 712: 706: 697: 680: 677: 672: 666: 663: 660: 652: 638: 637: 636: 635: 634:bilinear form 632: 627: 621: 612: 607: 601: 596: 590: 585: 584: 583: 581: 572: 566: 561: 557: 556: 555: 553: 548: 542: 538: 531: 525: 521: 512: 506: 499: 495: 491: 488: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 455: 454:subadditivity 450: 444: 438: 434: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398: 397: 394: 388: 383: 377: 373: 368: 363: 359: 355: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 325: 322: 317: 315: 311: 292: 289: 279: 272: 263: 260: 254: 248: 242: 238: 234: 229: 224: 220: 216: 210: 204: 197: 196: 195: 192: 188: 184: 179: 175: 166: 162: 158: 157: 152: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 120: 117: 109: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: –  66: 62: 61:Find sources: 55: 51: 45: 44: 39:This article 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 5463:Applications 5443: 5391:Main results 5124:Moving frame 5119:Morse theory 5109:Gauge theory 4901:Tensor field 4830:Closed/Exact 4809:Vector field 4777:Distribution 4718:Hypercomplex 4713:Quaternionic 4635: 4450:Vector field 4408:Smooth atlas 4317: 4281:10.1142/4619 4272: 4237: 4217: 4201: 4195: 4169: 4163: 4160:Cartan, Élie 4125: 4120:Bao, David; 4094: 4019: 4014: 4005: 3989:, as in the 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3708: 3556:through the 3552: 3548: 3544:fibre bundle 3535: 3534:. The spray 3531: 3523: 3519: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3247: 3245: 3042: 3038: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2023: 2021: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1362: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1330: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1084: 994: 986: 948: 912: 906: 900: 896: 892: 888: 880: 878: 873: 868: 859: 855: 849: 840: 836: 830: 822: 816: 810: 805: 803: 625: 619: 616: 605: 599: 588: 579: 577: 570: 559: 551: 546: 540: 536: 523: 519: 516: 504: 497: 493: 472: 468: 464: 460: 448: 442: 436: 432: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 392: 386: 375: 371: 366: 361: 353: 351: 342:Finsler 1918 338:Paul Finsler 328: 318: 307: 190: 186: 183:smooth curve 177: 173: 164: 160: 154: 145: 137: 127: 112: 103: 93: 86: 79: 72: 60: 48:Please help 43:verification 40: 21:Paul Finsler 5069:Levi-Civita 5059:Generalized 5031:Connections 4981:Lie algebra 4913:Volume form 4814:Vector flow 4787:Pushforward 4782:Lie bracket 4681:Lie algebra 4646:G-structure 4435:Pushforward 4415:Submanifold 4234:Rund, Hanno 4172:: 582–586, 4011:Randers, G. 3028:∖{0} 3006:: → 2328:: → 2026:the length 2000:quasimetric 1729:quasimetric 1565: → by 1351:quasimetric 440:tangent to 189: : → 130:mathematics 5500:Categories 5423:Ricci flow 5372:Hyperbolic 5192:Stratifold 5150:Diffeology 4946:Associated 4747:Symplectic 4732:Riemannian 4661:Hyperbolic 4588:Submersion 4496:Hopf–Rinow 4430:Submersion 4425:Smooth map 4226:46.1131.02 4178:0006.22501 4083:References 4016:Phys. Rev. 3991:Riemannian 3965:, and for 3961:(0) along 3711:Riemannian 3538:defines a 2780:= 1, ..., 1357:is also a 1289:defines a 881:reversible 348:Definition 151:asymmetric 76:newspapers 5367:Hermitian 5320:Signature 5283:Sectional 5263:Curvature 5074:Principal 5049:Ehresmann 5006:Subbundle 4996:Principal 4971:Fibration 4951:Cotangent 4823:Covectors 4676:Lie group 4656:Hermitian 4599:manifolds 4568:Immersion 4563:Foliation 4501:Noether's 4486:Frobenius 4481:De Rham's 4476:Darboux's 4367:Manifolds 4324:EMS Press 3955:conjugate 3801:˙ 3798:γ 3783:˙ 3780:γ 3751:˙ 3748:γ 3734:˙ 3731:γ 3622:∖ 3605:→ 3590:∖ 3462:ℓ 3411:∂ 3404:ℓ 3393:∂ 3387:− 3364:ℓ 3356:∂ 3338:∂ 3192:∂ 3188:∂ 3150:− 3109:∂ 3105:∂ 2963:∈ T 2897:∂ 2893:∂ 2858:∂ 2854:∂ 2734:˙ 2731:γ 2706:˙ 2703:γ 2672:˙ 2669:γ 2651:γ 2628:∂ 2610:∂ 2594:− 2572:˙ 2569:γ 2551:γ 2528:∂ 2510:∂ 2478:¨ 2475:γ 2449:˙ 2446:γ 2428:γ 2280:˙ 2277:γ 2259:γ 2230:∫ 2210:γ 2096:˙ 2093:γ 2075:γ 2053:∫ 2043:γ 2018:Geodesics 1997:intrinsic 1946:γ 1919:γ 1870:∈ 1867:γ 1829:˙ 1826:γ 1808:γ 1786:∫ 1640:γ 1625:γ 1605:→ 1518:‖ 1506:ϕ 1503:− 1491:ϕ 1488:‖ 1482:≤ 1461:≤ 1458:‖ 1446:ϕ 1443:− 1431:ϕ 1428:‖ 1015:‖ 1008:‖ 936:(but not 710:∂ 704:∂ 694:∂ 631:symmetric 483:λ < 0) 378:→ [0, +∞) 321:intrinsic 264:˙ 261:γ 243:γ 221:∫ 211:γ 5382:Kenmotsu 5295:Geodesic 5248:Glossary 5170:Orbifold 5165:K-theory 5155:Diffiety 4879:Pullback 4693:Oriented 4671:Kenmotsu 4651:Hadamard 4597:Types of 4546:Geodesic 4371:Glossary 4236:(1959). 4187:(1996), 4049:See also 3530:on  3514:and the 3510:are the 3502:, where 3001:). Then 2160:geodesic 1991:: T 1353:so that 1163:and the 921:Examples 500:) > 0 477:for all 106:May 2017 5449:Hilbert 5444:Finsler 5114:History 5097:Related 5011:Tangent 4989:)  4969:)  4936:Adjoint 4928:Bundles 4906:density 4804:Torsion 4770:Vectors 4762:Tensors 4745:)  4730:)  4726:,  4724:Pseudo− 4703:Poisson 4636:Finsler 4631:Fibered 4626:Contact 4624:)  4616:Complex 4614:)  4583:Section 4326:, 2001 4299:1845637 4264:0105726 4210:1400859 4152:1747675 4114:2067663 3985:) near 3977:(0) to 3918:,  3890:,  3854:of the 3542:on the 3034:of the 2389:, ..., 2381:, ..., 1561::  1541::  1401:,  1349:) be a 1123:is the 853:⁄ 834:⁄ 629:is the 502:unless 332: ( 90:scholar 5377:Kähler 5273:Scalar 5268:tensor 5079:Vector 5064:Koszul 5044:Cartan 5039:Affine 5021:Vector 5016:Tensor 5001:Spinor 4991:Normal 4987:Stable 4941:Affine 4845:bundle 4797:bundle 4743:Almost 4666:Kähler 4622:Almost 4612:Almost 4606:Closed 4506:Sard's 4462:(list) 4297:  4287:  4262:  4252:  4224:  4208:  4176:  4150:  4140:  4112:  4102:  3993:case. 3030:is an 3024:: → T 2776:where 2393:) of T 1964:  1943:  1937:  1916:  1910:  1864:  1856:  1778:  1704:. The 1676:where 1551:smooth 1085:where 593:, the 565:smooth 552:smooth 528:is an 92:  85:  78:  71:  63:  5278:Ricci 5187:Sheaf 4961:Fiber 4737:Rizza 4708:Prime 4539:Local 4529:Curve 4391:Atlas 4192:(PDF) 3997:Notes 3906:with 3528:spray 3526:is a 2181:) to 2173:from 2158:is a 2142:: → 2135:of a 1684:with 1341:Let ( 1329:is a 997:with 981:be a 866:. If 479:λ ≥ 0 467:) = λ 356:is a 140:is a 97:JSTOR 83:books 5054:Form 4956:Dual 4889:flow 4752:Tame 4728:Sub− 4641:Flat 4521:Maps 4285:ISBN 4250:ISBN 4138:ISBN 4100:ISBN 3870:and 3518:on T 3506:and 3486:on T 3041:on T 2784:and 2369:The 2356:) = 2347:and 2342:) = 1692:and 1361:and 1297:and 1064:< 985:and 949:Let 915:norm 895:) = 526:, −) 420:) + 412:) ≤ 334:1933 167:, −) 136:, a 69:news 4976:Jet 4277:doi 4242:doi 4222:JFM 4174:Zbl 4170:196 4130:doi 4032:hdl 4024:doi 3957:to 3933:If 3882:By 2947:of 2397:as 2146:in 2010:on 1770:inf 1598:lim 1381:on 1369:of 1293:on 1127:of 993:on 814:at 808:of 623:at 609:is 603:at 597:of 591:≠ 0 563:is 507:= 0 446:at 390:of 374:: T 344:). 194:as 128:In 52:by 5502:: 4967:Co 4322:, 4316:, 4295:MR 4293:. 4283:. 4260:MR 4258:. 4248:. 4206:MR 4202:43 4200:, 4194:, 4168:, 4148:MR 4146:. 4136:. 4110:MR 4108:, 4030:. 4020:59 3953:) 3930:. 3912:γ' 3874:. 3862:, 3644::= 3492:JH 3286::= 3085::= 3022:γ' 3015:, 2997:, 2985:, 2978:ij 2955:, 2830::= 2789:ij 2385:, 2361:. 2216::= 2049::= 1767::= 1725:→ 1721:× 1717:: 1694:γ' 1594::= 1563:TM 1345:, 1196::= 1024::= 989:a 891:(− 846:≠ 673::= 582:: 513:). 489:). 463:(λ 456:). 408:+ 396:, 352:A 316:. 153:) 5327:/ 5250:) 5246:( 5236:e 5229:t 5222:v 4985:( 4965:( 4741:( 4722:( 4620:( 4610:( 4373:) 4369:( 4359:e 4352:t 4345:v 4301:. 4279:: 4266:. 4244:: 4154:. 4132:: 4040:. 4034:: 4026:: 3987:γ 3983:t 3981:( 3979:γ 3975:γ 3971:s 3967:t 3963:γ 3959:γ 3951:s 3949:( 3947:γ 3943:M 3939:γ 3935:F 3924:M 3920:v 3916:x 3908:γ 3904:γ 3900:F 3896:E 3892:F 3888:M 3864:H 3860:M 3839:0 3836:= 3832:) 3828:) 3825:t 3822:( 3819:X 3816:, 3813:) 3810:t 3807:( 3791:( 3774:R 3770:+ 3767:) 3764:t 3761:( 3758:X 3742:D 3725:D 3694:. 3689:) 3684:J 3679:H 3673:L 3667:+ 3664:I 3659:( 3652:2 3649:1 3641:v 3637:; 3634:) 3631:} 3628:0 3625:{ 3619:M 3615:T 3611:( 3608:T 3602:) 3599:} 3596:0 3593:{ 3587:M 3583:T 3579:( 3576:T 3573:: 3570:v 3553:M 3549:M 3547:T 3536:H 3532:M 3524:H 3520:M 3508:V 3504:J 3500:H 3496:V 3488:M 3484:H 3467:. 3458:v 3452:k 3448:v 3443:) 3439:) 3436:v 3433:, 3430:x 3427:( 3419:j 3415:x 3401:k 3397:g 3384:) 3381:v 3378:, 3375:x 3372:( 3360:x 3349:k 3346:j 3342:g 3332:2 3328:( 3324:) 3321:v 3318:, 3315:x 3312:( 3307:j 3304:i 3300:g 3294:4 3291:1 3283:) 3280:v 3277:, 3274:x 3271:( 3266:i 3262:G 3248:G 3231:, 3226:) 3223:v 3220:, 3217:x 3214:( 3209:| 3200:i 3196:v 3183:) 3180:v 3177:, 3174:x 3171:( 3166:i 3162:G 3158:2 3143:) 3140:v 3137:, 3134:x 3131:( 3126:| 3117:i 3113:x 3098:i 3094:v 3080:) 3077:v 3074:, 3071:x 3068:( 3063:| 3060:H 3043:M 3039:H 3026:M 3017:F 3013:M 3008:M 3004:γ 2999:v 2995:x 2993:( 2991:g 2987:v 2983:x 2981:( 2974:g 2970:M 2966:x 2961:v 2957:v 2953:x 2951:( 2949:F 2928:. 2924:) 2918:x 2913:| 2905:j 2901:x 2884:, 2879:x 2874:| 2866:i 2862:x 2844:( 2838:v 2834:g 2827:) 2824:v 2821:, 2818:x 2815:( 2810:j 2807:i 2803:g 2786:g 2782:n 2778:k 2761:, 2758:0 2755:= 2752:) 2749:t 2746:( 2741:j 2724:) 2721:t 2718:( 2713:i 2695:) 2689:) 2684:) 2681:t 2678:( 2663:, 2660:) 2657:t 2654:( 2646:( 2636:k 2632:x 2621:j 2618:i 2614:g 2602:2 2599:1 2589:) 2584:) 2581:t 2578:( 2563:, 2560:) 2557:t 2554:( 2546:( 2536:j 2532:x 2521:k 2518:i 2514:g 2503:( 2499:+ 2496:) 2493:t 2490:( 2485:i 2466:) 2461:) 2458:t 2455:( 2440:, 2437:) 2434:t 2431:( 2423:( 2416:k 2413:i 2409:g 2395:M 2391:v 2387:v 2383:x 2379:x 2375:E 2358:y 2354:b 2352:( 2350:γ 2344:x 2340:a 2338:( 2336:γ 2330:M 2326:γ 2304:t 2301:d 2296:) 2292:) 2289:t 2286:( 2271:, 2268:) 2265:t 2262:( 2255:( 2249:2 2245:F 2239:b 2234:a 2224:2 2221:1 2213:] 2207:[ 2204:E 2191:γ 2187:d 2185:( 2183:γ 2179:c 2177:( 2175:γ 2171:M 2166:| 2164:γ 2156:γ 2148:M 2144:M 2140:γ 2120:t 2117:d 2112:) 2108:) 2105:t 2102:( 2087:, 2084:) 2081:t 2078:( 2071:( 2067:F 2062:b 2057:a 2046:] 2040:[ 2037:L 2024:F 2012:M 2007:L 2003:d 1993:M 1989:F 1972:, 1968:} 1961:y 1958:= 1955:) 1952:1 1949:( 1940:, 1934:x 1931:= 1928:) 1925:0 1922:( 1913:, 1907:) 1904:M 1901:, 1898:] 1895:1 1892:, 1889:0 1886:[ 1883:( 1878:1 1874:C 1860:| 1853:t 1850:d 1845:) 1841:) 1838:t 1835:( 1820:, 1817:) 1814:t 1811:( 1804:( 1800:F 1795:1 1790:0 1774:{ 1764:) 1761:y 1758:, 1755:x 1752:( 1747:L 1743:d 1723:M 1719:M 1714:L 1710:d 1702:M 1698:F 1690:x 1686:γ 1682:M 1678:γ 1661:, 1656:t 1652:) 1649:) 1646:t 1643:( 1637:, 1634:) 1631:0 1628:( 1622:( 1619:d 1611:+ 1608:0 1602:t 1591:) 1588:v 1585:, 1582:x 1579:( 1576:F 1559:F 1547:M 1543:M 1539:d 1521:. 1515:) 1512:x 1509:( 1500:) 1497:y 1494:( 1485:C 1479:) 1476:y 1473:, 1470:x 1467:( 1464:d 1455:) 1452:x 1449:( 1440:) 1437:y 1434:( 1423:C 1420:1 1407:U 1403:y 1399:x 1395:C 1391:M 1387:U 1383:M 1379:z 1371:M 1363:d 1355:M 1347:d 1343:M 1317:) 1314:F 1311:, 1308:M 1305:( 1295:M 1272:i 1268:v 1264:) 1261:x 1258:( 1253:i 1249:b 1245:+ 1238:j 1234:v 1228:i 1224:v 1220:) 1217:x 1214:( 1209:j 1206:i 1202:a 1193:) 1190:v 1187:, 1184:x 1181:( 1178:F 1151:) 1146:j 1143:i 1139:a 1135:( 1110:) 1105:j 1102:i 1098:a 1094:( 1070:, 1067:1 1057:j 1053:b 1047:i 1043:b 1037:j 1034:i 1030:a 1019:a 1011:b 995:M 987:b 969:) 966:a 963:, 960:M 957:( 909:. 907:v 903:) 901:v 899:( 897:F 893:v 889:F 869:F 862:) 860:v 858:( 856:F 850:v 843:) 841:u 839:( 837:F 831:u 823:F 817:v 811:F 789:, 784:0 781:= 778:t 775:= 772:s 767:| 762:] 756:2 752:) 748:Y 745:t 742:+ 739:X 736:s 733:+ 730:v 727:( 724:F 720:[ 713:t 707:s 698:2 681:2 678:1 670:) 667:Y 664:, 661:X 658:( 653:v 648:g 626:v 620:F 613:. 606:v 600:F 589:v 574:. 571:M 569:T 560:F 547:F 541:M 537:x 534:T 524:x 522:( 520:F 509:( 505:v 498:v 496:( 494:F 485:( 475:) 473:v 471:( 469:F 465:v 461:F 452:( 449:x 443:M 437:w 435:, 433:v 428:) 426:w 424:( 422:F 418:v 416:( 414:F 410:w 406:v 404:( 402:F 393:M 387:x 376:M 372:F 362:M 293:. 290:t 286:d 280:) 276:) 273:t 270:( 255:, 252:) 249:t 246:( 239:( 235:F 230:b 225:a 217:= 214:) 208:( 205:L 191:M 187:γ 178:M 174:x 171:T 165:x 163:( 161:F 146:M 119:) 113:( 108:) 104:( 94:· 87:· 80:· 73:· 46:. 23:.

Index

Paul Finsler

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mathematics
differential geometry
differentiable manifold
asymmetric
Minkowski norm
smooth curve
Riemannian manifolds
inner products
intrinsic
quasimetric space
Élie Cartan
1933
Paul Finsler
Finsler 1918
differentiable manifold
tangent bundle
subadditivity
positive homogeneity

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