145:, he relieved the low-fusing soldered joint of the strain of water pressure. By this means, the valve seat was forced against the valve by the water pressure, producing a self-closing action. The greater the water pressure, the tighter the valve. The flexible diaphragm had a further and more important function. It caused the valve and its seat to move outwards simultaneously until the solder joint was completely severed. Grinnell got a patent for his version of the sprinkler system. He also took his invention to Europe, where it was a much bigger success than the Parmelee version. Eventually, the Parmelee system was withdrawn, opening the path for Grinnell and his invention.
318:
176:
push a plug out of the sprinkler orifice, resulting in water spraying from the orifice. The water stream strikes a deflector that forms the water into a spray pattern designed in support of the goals of the sprinkler type (i.e., control or suppression). Modern sprinkler heads are designed to direct spray downwards. Spray nozzles are available to provide spray in various directions and patterns. The majority of automatic fire sprinklers operate individually in a fire. Contrary to motion picture representation, the entire sprinkler system does not activate at the same time, unless the system is a special deluge type.
27:
1618:
113:
358:
expressed as a response time index (RTI), which typically has values between 35 and 250 ms, where a low value indicates a fast response. Under standard testing procedures (135 °C air at a velocity of 2.5 m/s), a 68 °C sprinkler bulb will break within 7 to 33 seconds, depending on the RTI. The RTI can also be specified in imperial units, where 1 fts is equivalent to 0.55 ms. The sensitivity of a sprinkler can be negatively affected if the thermal element has been painted.
346:
338:
2287:
187:. Activation temperatures correspond to the type of hazard against which the sprinkler system protects. Residential occupancies are provided with a special type of fast response sprinkler with the unique goal of life safety (a residential sprinkler has a higher discharge pattern than that of a standard spray sprinkler and they also have been specifically developed for discharging water higher on the walls in order to keep ceiling gas temperatures lower).
547:
2299:
100:
Parmelee's invention did not get as much attention as he had planned, as most people could not afford to install a sprinkler system. Once he realized this, he turned his efforts to educating insurance companies about his system. He explained that the sprinkler system would reduce the loss ratio, and
96:
that melted in a fire to unplug holes in the otherwise sealed water pipes. He was the president of
Mathusek Piano Works, and invented his sprinkler system in response to exorbitantly high insurance rates. Parmelee patented his idea and had great success with it in the U.S., calling his invention the
523:
ESFR (early suppression fast response) refers to both a concept and a type of sprinkler. "The concept is that fast response of sprinklers can produce an advantage in a fire if the response is accompanied by an effective discharge density — that is, a sprinkler spray capable of fighting its way down
133:
as a protest against high insurance rates. They had a policy of encouraging risk management and more particularly the use of the most up-to-date and scientific apparatus for extinguishing fires. Even though he put tremendous effort and time into educating the masses on his sprinkler system, by 1883
50:
when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been exceeded. Fire sprinklers are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each year. In buildings protected by properly designed and maintained fire sprinklers, over 99% of
333:
and other alloys with similar compositions. The glass bulb or link applies pressure to a pipe cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from flowing until the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the individual sprinkler. Because each sprinkler
175:
Fire sprinklers can be automatic or open orifice. Automatic fire sprinklers use a fusible element that activates at a predetermined temperature. The fusible element either melts or has a frangible liquid-containing glass bulb that breaks, causing the water pressure in the fire sprinkler piping to
357:
of the liquid inside the bulb. The time it takes before a bulb breaks is dependent on the temperature. Below the design temperature, it does not break, and above the design temperature, it breaks, taking less time to break as temperature increases above the design threshold. The response time is
108:
who was also chairman of the Bolton Cotton Trades Mutual
Insurance Company. The directors of this company and its secretary, Peter Kevan, took an interest in Parmelee's early experiments. Hesketh got Parmelee his first order for sprinkler installations in the cotton spinning mills of John Stones
63:
patented a manual sprinkler system using perforated pipes along the ceiling. When someone noticed a fire, a valve outside the building could be opened to send water through the pipes. It was not until a short time later that, as a result of a large furniture factory that repeatedly burned down,
199:
The term quick response refers to the listing of the entire sprinkler (including spacing, density and location) not just the fast responding releasing element. Many standard response sprinklers, such as extended coverage ordinary hazard (ECOH) sprinklers, have fast responding (low thermal mass
195:
The 2002 edition of the NFPA #13 standard, section 3.6.1 defines quick response sprinklers as having a response time index (RTI) of 50 (meter-seconds) or less. RTI is a measure of how thermally responsive the heat-responsive element of the sprinkler is, measured as the time needed to raise the
120:
Although
Parmelee got two sales through its efforts, the Bolton Cotton Trades Mutual Insurance Company was not a very big company outside of its local area. Parmelee needed a wider influence. He found this influence in James North Lane, the manager of the Mutual Fire Insurance Corporation of
68:
was consulted on how to prevent a recurrence and invented the first automatic fire sprinkler. It would douse the areas that were on fire and report the fire to the fire station. Maxim was unable to sell the idea elsewhere, though when the patent expired, the idea was used.
770:
141:, who was manufacturing the Parmelee sprinkler, designed the more effective Grinnell sprinkler. He increased sensitivity by removing the fusible joint from all contact with the water, and, by seating a valve in the center of a flexible
101:
thus save money for the insurance companies. He knew that he could never succeed in obtaining contracts from the business owners to install his system unless he could ensure for them a reasonable return in the form of reduced premiums.
789:
334:
activates independently when the predetermined heat level is reached, the number of sprinklers that operate is limited to only those near the fire, thereby maximizing the available water pressure over the point of fire origin.
179:
Open orifice sprinklers are only used in water spray systems or deluge sprinklers systems. They are identical to the automatic sprinkler on which they are based, with the heat-sensitive operating element removed.
104:
In this connection, he was able to enlist the interest of two men, who both had connections in the insurance industry. The first of was Major
Hesketh, a cotton spinner in a large business in
1112:
200:
elements) in order to pass their fire tests. Quick response sprinklers are available with standard spray deflectors, but they are also available with extended coverage deflectors.
524:
through the fire plume in sufficient quantities to suppress the burning fuel package." The sprinkler that was developed for this concept was created for use in high rack storage.
888:
527:
ESFR sprinkler heads were developed in the 1980s to take advantage of the latest fast-response fire sprinkler technology to provide fire suppression of specific high-challenge
2134:
833:
490:
13 2007 Edition indicates the maximum ceiling temperature, nominal operating temperature of the sprinkler, color of the bulb or link and the temperature classification.
1382:
1145:
1328:
804:
1357:
1048:
109:& Company, at Astley Bridge, Bolton. This was followed soon afterwards by an order from the Alexandra Mills, owned by John Butler of the same town.
1929:
1089:
80:
which involved the use of pipes to carry water upwards and valves in the ceiling acting as sprinklers to extinguish fires in buildings. In 1874,
1258:
1119:
2122:
196:
temperature of the sprinkler bulb to 63% of the temperature of the hot air stream times the square root of the velocity of the air stream.
325:
Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb (see below) or a two-part metal link held together with a
1737:
1275:
1220:
97:"automatic fire extinguisher". He then traveled to Europe to demonstrate his method to stop a building fire before total destruction.
1427:
1455:
2101:
1023:
647:
153:
Fire sprinkler application and installation guidelines, and overall fire sprinkler system design guidelines are provided by the
1305:
1177:
968:
841:
1055:
531:. Prior to the introduction of these sprinklers, protection systems were designed to control fires until the arrival of the
2146:
2140:
621:
487:
154:
1152:
1642:
1239:
2017:
1006:
871:
60:
2302:
183:
Automatic fire sprinklers utilizing frangible bulbs follow a standardized color-coding convention indicating their
2335:
2325:
1778:
1466:
812:
2128:
2085:
1757:
1420:
576:
142:
2246:
2340:
2199:
2037:
317:
2070:
2002:
1819:
1652:
1637:
1577:
586:
566:
2330:
2152:
1987:
1647:
784:
765:
1255:
695:
2290:
2096:
2012:
1992:
1969:
1732:
1497:
1413:
834:"Alumna Publishes First Coloring Book About African-American Inventors | Alabama State University"
1939:
1904:
1752:
1702:
973:
1113:"Automatic Sprinkler Thermal Sensitivity: Clarifying the Terms Fast Response and Quick Response"
2080:
1959:
1934:
1924:
1632:
1592:
561:
85:
996:
2267:
2241:
2194:
1809:
1697:
1677:
721:
581:
184:
112:
89:
43:
17:
1078:
864:
Black
Inventors, From Africa to America : Two Million Years of Invention and Innovation
1964:
1824:
1532:
1283:
1217:
787:, Martin, Thomas J., "Improvement in fire-extinguishers", published 1872-03-26
8:
2007:
1914:
673:
65:
1794:
1722:
1687:
1682:
1537:
596:
138:
26:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2106:
1997:
1979:
1869:
1707:
1617:
1602:
1002:
867:
651:
552:
354:
81:
77:
16:
This article is about the device discharging the water. For the complete system, see
321:
Standard spray sprinkler head with a blue bulb indicating a high release temperature
2204:
1542:
1185:
73:
1899:
1834:
1773:
1742:
1717:
1667:
1662:
1476:
1436:
1262:
1243:
1224:
951:
532:
330:
125:. This company was founded in 1870 by the Textile Manufacturers' Associations of
625:
2065:
2042:
2027:
1829:
1799:
1768:
1712:
1672:
1607:
1597:
1492:
1205:
345:
2319:
2272:
2262:
2060:
2032:
1949:
1567:
1557:
1527:
1471:
937:
912:
571:
326:
1236:
723:
Short
History of Fire Fighting: The Story of the Fire Fighter and Fire House
341:
The liquid in the glass bulb is color coded to show its temperature rating.
2189:
2075:
1954:
1944:
1879:
1844:
1804:
1763:
1727:
1517:
1512:
1482:
165:
157:(NFPA) 13, (NFPA) 13D, and (NFPA) 13R and enforced by local jurisdictions.
337:
1909:
1864:
1854:
1747:
1692:
1657:
1552:
805:"Thomas J. Martin Patents Improved Fire Extinguisher On This Day In 1872"
768:, Maxim, Hiram S., "Fire-Extinguishers", issued July 22, 1873
528:
2169:
2022:
1522:
1507:
1487:
1383:"A Historical Perspective on the Evolution of Storage Sprinkler Design"
1208:
definition at
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved May 17, 2008
161:
126:
122:
1390:
1365:
1024:"History of modern fire sprinkler systems, and how they prevent fire?"
410:
Yellow (175 °F / 79 °C) or Green (200 °F / 93 °C)
2091:
1919:
1884:
1874:
1859:
1839:
1814:
1587:
1582:
1547:
1502:
1450:
601:
130:
393:
Orange (135 °F / 57 °C) or Red (155 °F / 68 °C)
172:, require sprinklers in at least some new residential construction.
2184:
1894:
1849:
1572:
1562:
1461:
169:
1405:
546:
134:
only about 10 factories were protected by the
Parmelee sprinkler.
1256:
SFPE (NZ) Technical Paper 95 – 3: Sprinkler response time indices
591:
105:
93:
2225:
2179:
47:
1265:. Society of Fire Protection Engineers, New Zealand Chapter.
2174:
2135:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
1306:"Sprinkler Protection of Storage Facilities Goes Green"
622:"Domestic and Residential Fire Sprinkler Information"
542:
23:
Component that discharges water to protect buildings
1358:"The Whys Behind FM Global Data Sheets 2-0 and 8-9"
1146:"The Evolution of Modern Automatic Fire Sprinklers"
116:An 1897 Grinnell automatic sprinkler advertisement
1930:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
1090:International Association for Fire Safety Science
2317:
1086:Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium
51:fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone.
1329:"Back to basics: Sprinkler types & systems"
969:"Builders Smokin' Mad Over New Sprinkler Rules"
956:(second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1421:
802:
1001:(3d ed.). PennWell Books. p. 111.
209:Quick Response per NFPA 13 RTI < 50 (ms)
190:
88:, created and installed the first automatic
76:was awarded a patent for improvement to the
1079:"Overview of Sprinkler Technology Research"
1738:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1428:
1414:
889:"Black Inventors Help to Change the World"
650:. Fire Sprinklers Scotland. Archived from
2123:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
1355:
1456:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1326:
701:. Greater Manchester Fire Service Museum
508:CMSA (control mode specific application)
344:
336:
316:
111:
25:
2102:Listing and approval use and compliance
1227:. Alchemy Castings product information.
1143:
966:
886:
719:
498:There are several types of sprinklers:
2318:
1304:Multer, Thomas L. (1 September 2009).
1303:
1218:Low Melting Point Bismuth Based Alloys
994:
866:. Three Dimensional Pub. p. 230.
783:
514:ESFR (early suppression fast response)
2147:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1409:
1110:
1056:Minnesota Department of Public Safety
1021:
861:
764:
748:
30:A fire sprinkler mounted on a ceiling
2298:
2141:National Fire Protection Association
1380:
1327:O’Connor, Brian (November 1, 2018).
949:
924:
736:
155:National Fire Protection Association
1435:
1076:
967:Wotapka, Dawn (December 22, 2010).
376:Liquid Alcohol in Glass Bulb Color
353:The bulb breaks as a result of the
13:
1643:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
1356:Baker Jr., Weston (May 10, 2012).
1144:Asplund, David L. (July 9, 2007).
998:Fire Officer's Handbook of Tactics
753:, vol. I, Bureau of Ordinance
466:500-575 °F / 260-302 °C
449:400-475 °F / 204-246 °C
432:325-375 °F / 163-191 °C
418:250-300 °F / 121-149 °C
14:
2352:
2018:Fire alarm notification appliance
1349:
1022:Smith, Michael (March 20, 2019).
401:175-225 °F / 79-107 °C
148:
2297:
2286:
2285:
1616:
1276:"JOB Thermo Bulbs Product Range"
545:
384:135-170 °F / 57-77 °C
1779:Vehicle fire suppression system
1467:Combustibility and flammability
1320:
1297:
1268:
1249:
1230:
1211:
1199:
1170:
1137:
1104:
1070:
1041:
1015:
988:
960:
943:
930:
918:
905:
880:
855:
826:
796:
726:. Mossy Feet Books. p. 64.
373:Color Code (with Fusible Link)
221:Response Time Index (RTI) (ms)
204:QUICK RESPONSE FIRE SPRINKLERS
1118:. Viking Group. Archived from
953:Automatic Sprinkler Protection
777:
758:
742:
730:
713:
688:
666:
640:
614:
1:
2129:Institution of Fire Engineers
2086:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1758:Personal protective equipment
1237:Sprinkler bulb specifications
608:
577:Fire Safety Evaluation System
2200:GHS precautionary statements
2038:Manual fire alarm activation
1381:Kung, HC (January 1, 2011).
803:ionedchandler (2013-03-26).
674:"Industrial Fire sprinklers"
364:Maximum Ceiling Temperature
312:
7:
2071:Fire protection engineering
2003:Explosive gas leak detector
1820:Electromagnetic door holder
1653:External water spray system
1387:Fire Protection Engineering
1362:Fire Protection Engineering
676:. Fire Safety Advice Centre
538:
370:Temperature Classification
349:Fusible link sprinkler head
10:
2357:
2247:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1638:Automatic fire suppression
1578:K-factor (fire protection)
587:K-factor (fire protection)
567:Automatic fire suppression
480:650 °F / 343 °C
477:625 °F / 329 °C
463:475 °F / 246 °C
446:375 °F / 191 °C
429:300 °F / 149 °C
415:225 °F / 107 °C
218:Operating Time in Seconds
160:Certain states, including
59:In 1812, British inventor
54:
15:
2281:
2255:
2234:
2162:
2153:Underwriters Laboratories
2115:
2051:
1988:Aspirating smoke detector
1978:
1787:
1648:Detonation flame arrester
1625:
1614:
1443:
1223:October 12, 2012, at the
749:Chinn, George M. (1951),
720:Wonning, Paul R. (2019).
471:
468:
457:
423:
398:150 °F / 66 °C
381:100 °F / 38 °C
191:Quick response sprinklers
2097:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2013:Fire alarm control panel
1993:Carbon monoxide detector
1970:Standpipe (firefighting)
1733:Gaseous fire suppression
1498:Enthalpy of vaporization
493:
1940:Pressurisation ductwork
1905:Firewall (construction)
1753:Passive fire protection
1703:Fire suppression system
974:The Wall Street Journal
518:
212:Nominal Diameter in mm
2336:Active fire protection
2326:Firefighting equipment
2116:Industry organizations
2081:Fire-resistance rating
1960:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1935:Penetration (firestop)
1925:Packing (firestopping)
1633:Active fire protection
1593:Spontaneous combustion
887:Sims, Ph.D., Doris J.
562:Active fire protection
350:
342:
322:
117:
86:New Haven, Connecticut
42:is the component of a
31:
2268:Template:Firefighting
2242:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2195:GHS hazard statements
1698:Fire sprinkler system
1678:Fire-retardant fabric
995:Norman, John (2005).
950:Dana, Gorham (1919),
862:Gibbs, C. R. (1995).
582:Hydraulic calculation
348:
340:
320:
185:operating temperature
115:
90:fire sprinkler system
44:fire sprinkler system
29:
18:fire sprinkler system
2052:Professions, trades,
1965:Smokeproof enclosure
1825:Electromagnetic lock
1533:Flammability diagram
1444:Fundamental concepts
61:Sir William Congreve
2341:American inventions
2008:Fire alarm call box
1915:Heat and smoke vent
1389:(1). Archived from
1364:(2). Archived from
1077:Yao, Cheng (1997).
938:U.S. patent 248,828
913:U.S. patent 154,076
486:From Table 6.2.5.1
390:Uncolored or Black
367:Temperature Rating
205:
66:Hiram Stevens Maxim
1980:Fire alarm systems
1795:Annulus (firestop)
1723:Flashback arrestor
1688:Fire-safe polymers
1683:Fire retardant gel
1538:Flammability limit
1261:2008-09-29 at the
1242:2010-08-28 at the
1206:metal Wood's metal
1111:Martorano, Scott.
597:Tyco International
351:
343:
323:
203:
139:Frederick Grinnell
137:Back in the U.S.,
118:
32:
2313:
2312:
2221:Safety data sheet
2216:List of S-phrases
2211:List of R-phrases
2107:Sprinkler fitting
1998:Circuit integrity
1870:Fire extinguisher
1708:Firefighting foam
1603:Thermal radiation
648:"Fire Sprinklers"
553:Technology portal
505:Standard response
484:
483:
355:thermal expansion
310:
309:
82:Henry S. Parmalee
78:fire extinguisher
2348:
2331:Fire suppression
2301:
2300:
2289:
2288:
2205:Life Safety Code
1810:Compartmentation
1620:
1543:Flammable liquid
1430:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1393:on June 12, 2014
1377:
1375:
1373:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1282:. Archived from
1272:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1246:, Day Impex Ltd.
1234:
1228:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1184:. Archived from
1178:"Glass Bulb RTI"
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1151:. Archived from
1150:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1125:on July 10, 2016
1124:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1049:"Quick response"
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1019:
1013:
1012:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
964:
958:
957:
947:
941:
940:
934:
928:
927:, pp. 16–21
922:
916:
915:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
893:
884:
878:
877:
859:
853:
852:
850:
849:
840:. Archived from
830:
824:
823:
821:
820:
811:. Archived from
800:
794:
793:
792:
788:
781:
775:
774:
773:
769:
762:
756:
754:
746:
740:
734:
728:
727:
717:
711:
710:
708:
706:
700:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
670:
664:
663:
661:
659:
644:
638:
637:
635:
633:
628:on 25 March 2014
624:. Archived from
618:
555:
550:
549:
452:Very Extra High
361:
360:
206:
202:
74:Thomas J. Martin
46:that discharges
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2277:
2251:
2230:
2158:
2111:
2053:
2047:
1974:
1900:Firestop pillow
1835:Emergency light
1788:Building design
1783:
1774:Tank blanketing
1743:Inerting system
1718:Flame retardant
1668:Fire protection
1663:Fire prevention
1621:
1612:
1477:Dangerous goods
1439:
1437:Fire protection
1434:
1396:
1394:
1371:
1369:
1368:on June 5, 2014
1352:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1263:Wayback Machine
1254:
1250:
1244:Wayback Machine
1235:
1231:
1225:Wayback Machine
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1016:
1009:
993:
989:
979:
977:
965:
961:
948:
944:
936:
935:
931:
923:
919:
911:
910:
906:
896:
894:
891:
885:
881:
874:
860:
856:
847:
845:
832:
831:
827:
818:
816:
801:
797:
790:
782:
778:
771:
763:
759:
751:The Machine Gun
747:
743:
735:
731:
718:
714:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
689:
679:
677:
672:
671:
667:
657:
655:
654:on 15 July 2018
646:
645:
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40:sprinkler head
36:fire sprinkler
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1286:on 2011-09-11
1285:
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1280:job-bulbs.com
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1188:on 2016-03-04
1187:
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1158:on 2016-03-05
1154:
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873:9781877835872
869:
865:
858:
844:on 2023-10-02
843:
839:
838:www.alasu.edu
835:
829:
815:on 2023-10-02
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572:Building code
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327:fusible alloy
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45:
41:
37:
28:
19:
2303:
2291:
2190:Flame spread
2076:Fireproofing
2054:and services
1955:Smoke damper
1945:Safety glass
1889:
1880:Fire hydrant
1845:Fire curtain
1805:Booster pump
1764:Relief valve
1728:Fusible link
1518:Fire loading
1513:Fire control
1483:Deflagration
1397:December 21,
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1386:
1372:December 21,
1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1361:
1338:December 21,
1336:. Retrieved
1333:NFPA Journal
1332:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:the original
1279:
1270:
1251:
1232:
1213:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:the original
1181:
1172:
1162:November 24,
1160:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1120:the original
1106:
1096:December 21,
1094:. Retrieved
1085:
1072:
1062:December 21,
1060:. Retrieved
1043:
1033:December 21,
1031:. Retrieved
1027:
1017:
997:
990:
980:December 21,
978:. Retrieved
972:
962:
952:
945:
932:
920:
907:
895:. Retrieved
882:
863:
857:
846:. Retrieved
842:the original
837:
828:
817:. Retrieved
813:the original
808:
798:
779:
760:
750:
744:
739:, p. 12
732:
722:
715:
705:December 21,
703:. Retrieved
696:"Sprinklers"
690:
678:. Retrieved
668:
656:. Retrieved
652:the original
642:
630:. Retrieved
626:the original
616:
529:fire hazards
526:
522:
497:
485:
352:
331:Wood's metal
324:
198:
194:
182:
178:
174:
166:Pennsylvania
159:
152:
136:
119:
103:
99:
71:
58:
39:
35:
33:
1910:Grease duct
1865:Fire escape
1855:Fire damper
1748:Intumescent
1693:Fire safety
1658:Fire bucket
1553:Flash point
1308:. BNP Media
1058:. June 2006
897:October 15,
755:, page 127.
511:Residential
469:Ultra High
435:Extra High
2320:Categories
2207:(NFPA 101)
2170:CE marking
2023:Fire drill
1626:Technology
1523:Fire point
1508:Fire class
1488:Detonation
1312:6 February
1290:2010-06-09
1192:2015-11-24
1182:norbulb.de
848:2023-10-01
819:2023-10-01
680:6 February
658:6 February
609:References
162:California
127:Lancashire
123:Manchester
2163:Standards
2092:Fire test
1920:Occupancy
1885:Fire pump
1875:Fire hose
1860:Fire door
1840:Exit sign
1815:Crash bar
1588:Pyrolysis
1583:Pool fire
1548:Flashover
1503:Explosive
1451:Backdraft
925:Dana 1919
785:US 125063
766:US 141062
737:Dana 1919
602:Victaulic
387:Ordinary
313:Operation
143:diaphragm
131:Yorkshire
72:In 1872,
2292:Category
2256:See also
2185:EN 16034
1895:Firestop
1850:Fire cut
1573:Jet fire
1563:Gas leak
1479:(HAZMAT)
1462:Boilover
1259:Archived
1240:Archived
1221:Archived
632:25 March
539:See also
329:such as
170:Illinois
92:, using
2304:Commons
2137:(NCEES)
1458:(BLEVE)
1129:5 March
809:NewsOne
472:Orange
441:Purple
55:History
2235:Awards
2149:(SFPE)
2143:(NFPA)
2125:(FEMA)
2088:(FSES)
1005:
870:
791:
772:
592:Piping
458:Black
455:Green
407:White
106:Bolton
94:solder
2226:UL 94
2180:EN 54
2131:(IFE)
1760:(PPE)
1156:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
1116:(PDF)
1092:: 107
1082:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
892:(PDF)
699:(PDF)
494:Types
424:Blue
421:High
269:13.5
266:N3.3
252:11.5
232:N2.5
48:water
2175:EN 3
2155:(UL)
1399:2019
1374:2019
1340:2019
1314:2013
1164:2015
1131:2019
1098:2019
1064:2019
1035:2019
1003:ISBN
982:2019
899:2023
868:ISBN
707:2019
682:2013
660:2013
634:2014
519:ESFR
488:NFPA
438:Red
283:NF5
263:3.3
260:Yes
243:Yes
229:2.5
226:Yes
168:and
129:and
306:90
303:32
300:N5
294:No
289:65
286:23
277:No
272:38
255:33
249:N3
238:25
84:of
38:or
2322::
1385:.
1360:.
1331:.
1278:.
1180:.
1088:.
1084:.
1054:.
1026:.
971:.
836:.
807:.
535:.
297:5
280:5
246:3
235:9
164:,
34:A
1429:e
1422:t
1415:v
1401:.
1376:.
1342:.
1316:.
1293:.
1195:.
1166:.
1133:.
1100:.
1066:.
1037:.
1011:.
984:.
901:.
876:.
851:.
822:.
709:.
684:.
662:.
636:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
