602:"Water spray" systems are operationally identical to a deluge system, but the piping and discharge nozzle spray patterns are designed to protect a uniquely configured hazard, usually being three-dimensional components or equipment (i.e. as opposed to a deluge system, which is designed to cover the horizontal floor area of a room). The nozzles used may not be listed fire sprinklers, and are usually selected for a specific spray pattern to conform to the three-dimensional nature of the hazard (e.g. typical spray patterns being oval, fan, full circle, narrow jet). Examples of hazards protected by water spray systems are electrical transformers containing oil for cooling or turbo-generator bearings. Water spray systems can also be used externally on the surfaces of tanks containing flammable liquids or gases (such as hydrogen). Here the water spray is intended to cool the tank and its contents to prevent tank rupture/explosion (
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sprinklers that would operate in the design area. This includes pressure losses due to friction inside the piping and losses or gains due to elevational differences between the source and the discharging sprinklers. Sometimes momentum pressure from water velocity inside the piping is also calculated. Typically these calculations are performed using computer software, but before the advent of computer systems these sometimes complicated calculations were performed by hand. This skill of calculating sprinkler systems by hand is still required training for a sprinkler system design
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pre-action valve which is a mechanically latched valve (i.e. similar to a deluge valve). In this way, the system is essentially converted from a dry system into a wet system. The intent is to reduce the undesirable time delay of water delivery to sprinklers that is inherent in dry systems. Prior to fire detection, if the sprinkler operates, or the piping system develops a leak, loss of air pressure in the piping will activate a trouble alarm. In this case, the pre-action valve will not open due to loss of supervisory pressure, and water will not enter the piping.
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commercial sprinkler system is designed to protect the structure and the occupants from a fire. Most residential sprinkler systems are primarily designed to control a fire for a sufficient time to allow for the safe escape of the building occupants. While these systems will often also protect the structure from major fire damage, this is a secondary consideration. In residential structures, sprinklers are often omitted from closets, bathrooms, balconies, garages and attics because a fire in these areas would not usually impact the occupant's escape route.
366:. The glass bulb or link hold in place a "pip cap" which acts as a plug to prevent water from flowing, unless the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the individual sprinkler head. In a standard wet-pipe sprinkler system, each sprinkler activates independently when the predetermined heat level is reached. Thus, only sprinklers near the heat of the fire will operate, normally just one or two. This maximizes water pressure over the point of fire origin, and minimizes water damage to the building.
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342:, a design guide for fire safety in schools, that most new schools, except for a few low risk schools, should be constructed with sprinkler protection. In 2011, Wales became the first country in the world where sprinklers are compulsory in all new homes. The law applies to newly built houses and blocks of flats, as well as care homes and university halls of residence. In Scotland, all new schools are sprinklered, as are new care homes, sheltered housing and high rise flats.
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over the 1,500-square-foot (140 m) design area. Another example would be a manufacturing facility classified as ordinary hazard group 2 where a typical design area would be 1,500 square feet (140 m) and the design density would be 0.2 US gallons per minute (0.76 L/min) per 1 square foot (0.093 m) or a minimum of 300 US gallons per minute (1,100 L/min) applied over the 1,500-square-foot (140 m) design area.
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864:(NFPA), fires in hotels with sprinklers averaged 78% less damage than fires in hotels without them (1983–1987). The NFPA says the average loss per fire in buildings with sprinklers was $ 2,300, compared to an average loss of $ 10,300 in unsprinklered buildings. However, in a purely economic comparison, this is not a complete picture; the total costs of fitting, and the costs arising from non-fire triggered release must be factored.
301:. This law requires that any hotel, meeting hall, or similar institution that receives federal funds (i.e. for overnight stay, or a conference, etc.), must meet fire and other safety requirements. The most visible of these conditions is the implementation of sprinklers. As more and more hotels and other public accommodations upgraded their facilities to enable business with government visitors, this type of construction became the
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228:, including, but not limited to newly constructed "hospitals, schools, hotels and other public buildings", subject to the local building codes and enforcement. However, outside of the US and Canada, sprinklers have rarely been mandated by building codes for normal hazard occupancies which do not have large numbers of occupants (e.g. factories, process lines, retail outlets, petrol stations, etc.)
531:"Deluge" systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water piping system are open, in that the heat sensing operating element is removed. These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous application of water over the entire hazard.
224:"Until the 1940s, sprinklers were installed almost exclusively for the protection of commercial buildings, whose owners were generally able to recoup their expenses with savings in insurance costs. Over the years, fire sprinklers have become mandatory safety equipment" in some parts of North America, in certain
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the time that sprinkler is activated is limited to a maximum of 60 seconds. In industry practice, this is known as the "Maximum Time of Water
Delivery". The maximum time of water delivery may be required to be reduced, depending on the hazard classification of the area protected by the sprinkler system.
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of the "Outside Screw and Yoke" (OS&Y) type, sometimes called "rising stem" valves; or butterfly valves. The position (open or closed) of these valves can be determined visually. Alarm sensors may be attached to monitor the settings of these valves, which are critical to overall building safety.
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Double interlock systems require that both activation of a heat or smoke detector, and an automatic sprinkler operation take place prior to the "action" of water introduction into the system's piping. Activation of either the fire detectors alone, or sprinklers alone, without the concurrent operation
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Increased fire response time: Because the piping is empty at the time the sprinkler operates, there is an inherent time delay in delivering water to the sprinklers which have operated while the water travels from the riser to the sprinkler, partially filling the piping in the process. A maximum of 60
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Dry pipe systems are the second most common sprinkler system type. Dry pipe systems are installed in spaces in which the ambient temperature may be cold enough to freeze the water in a wet pipe system, which would make the system inoperable. Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings,
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A sprinkler activation will usually do less water damage than a fire department hose stream (which provide approximately 900 litres/min (250 US gallons/min). A typical sprinkler used for industrial manufacturing occupancies discharges about 75–150 litres/min (20–40 US gallons/min). However, a typical
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If building codes do not explicitly mandate the use of fire sprinklers, the code often makes it highly advantageous to install them as an optional system. Most US building codes allow for less-expensive construction materials, larger floor area limitations, longer egress paths, and fewer requirements
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Sprinkler systems in residential structures are becoming more common, as the cost of such systems becomes more practical and the benefits become more obvious. Residential sprinkler systems usually fall under a residential classification separate from the commercial classifications mentioned above. A
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For example, in an office building classified as light hazard, a typical design area would be 1,500 square feet (140 m) and the design density would be 0.1 US gallons per minute (0.38 L/min) per 1 square foot (0.093 m) or a minimum of 150 US gallons per minute (570 L/min) applied
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Control mode sprinkler systems are designed using an area and density approach. The building use and contents are analyzed to determine the level of fire hazard. The hazard is classified as light hazard, ordinary hazard group 1, ordinary hazard group 2, extra hazard group 1, or extra hazard group 2.
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Water mist systems are used for special hazards applications. This type of system is typically used where water damage may be a concern, or where water supplies are limited. NFPA 750 defines water mist as a water spray with a droplet size of "less than 1000 microns at the minimum operation pressure
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Because the heat sensing elements normally present in automatic sprinklers have been removed (resulting in open sprinkler heads), the deluge valve is opened via a signal from the fire alarm system which utilizes fire detectors. The type of fire alarm initiating device is selected mainly based on the
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Lower design flexibility: Regulatory requirements limit the maximum permitted size (i.e. 750 gallons) of individual dry-pipe systems, unless additional components and design efforts are provided to limit the time from sprinkler activation to water discharge to under 60 seconds. These limitations may
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across the dry pipe valve changes, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flow from sprinklers, needed to control the fire, is delayed until the air is vented from the sprinklers. In regions using NFPA 13 regulations, the time it takes water to reach the hydraulically remote sprinkler from
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While such systems were once common in cold areas, after several fires which were not controlled because of sprinkler systems filled with too high a percentage of antifreeze, the regulatory authority in the United States effectively banned new antifreeze installations. A sunset date of 2022 applies
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In addition, a sprinkler will usually activate within one to four minutes of the fire's start, whereas it typically takes at least five minutes for a fire department to register an alarm and drive to the fire site, and an additional ten minutes to set up equipment and apply hose streams to the fire.
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Fire sprinkler systems are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each year. Fire sprinkler systems are generally designed as a life saving system, but are not necessarily designed to protect the building. Of buildings completely protected by fire sprinkler systems,
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In operation, water mist systems can operate with the same functionality as deluge, wet pipe, dry pipe, or pre-action systems. The difference is that a water mist system uses a compressed gas as an atomizing medium, which is pumped through the sprinkler pipe. Instead of compressed gas, some systems
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can be used as a permanent source of nitrogen gas, which is beneficial because dry pipe sprinkler systems require an uninterrupted supply of supervisory gas. These additional precautions can increase the up-front cost of the system, but will help prevent system failure, increased maintenance costs,
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available in the compressed air in the piping, increases internal pipe corrosion, eventually leading to pin-hole leaks or other piping failures. The internal corrosion rate in wet pipe systems (in which the piping is constantly full of water) is much lower, as the amount of oxygen available for the
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Water is not present in the piping until the system operates; instead, the piping is filled with dry air at a pressure below the water supply pressure. To prevent the larger water supply pressure from prematurely forcing water into the piping, the design of the dry pipe valve (a specialized type of
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Sprinklers have been in use in the United States since 1874, and were installed into factory applications where fires at the turn of the century had often catastrophic in terms of both human and property losses. In the US, sprinklers are today required in all new high rise and underground buildings
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designed a sprinkler system in the 15th century. Leonardo automated his patron's kitchen with a super-oven and a system of conveyor belts. In a comedy of errors, everything went wrong during a huge banquet, and a fire broke out. "The sprinkler system worked all too well, causing a flood that washed
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By a wide margin, wet pipe sprinkler systems are installed more often than all other types of fire sprinkler systems. They also are the most reliable, because they are simple, with the only operating components being the automatic sprinklers and (commonly, but not always) the automatic alarm check
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In the UK, since the 1990s sprinklers have gained recognition within the
Building Regulations (England and Wales) and Scottish Building Standards and under certain circumstances, the presence of sprinkler systems is deemed to provide a form of alternative compliance to some parts of the codes. For
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water supplies ("fire flows") are not available. Nationwide in the United States, one and two-family homes generally do not require fire sprinkler systems, although the overwhelming loss of life due to fires occurs in these spaces. Residential sprinkler systems are inexpensive (about the same per
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In Norway as of July 2010, all new housing of more than two storeys, all new hotels, care homes, and hospitals must be sprinklered. Other Nordic countries require or soon will require sprinklers in new care homes, and in
Finland as of 2010 a third of care homes were retrofitted with sprinklers. A
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In 2011, Pennsylvania and
California became the first US states to require sprinkler systems in all new residential construction. However, Pennsylvania repealed the law later that same year. Many municipalities now require residential sprinklers, even if they are not required at the state level.
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After the design area and density have been determined, calculations are performed to prove that the system can deliver the required amount of water over the required design area. These calculations account for all of the pressure that is lost or gained between the water supply source and the
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The operation of single interlock systems are similar to wet systems except that these systems require that a "preceding" fire detection event, typically the activation of a heat or smoke detector takes place prior to the "action" of water introduction into the system's piping by opening the
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Increased complexity: Dry pipe systems require additional control equipment and air pressure supply components, which increases system complexity. This puts a premium on proper maintenance, as this increase in system complexity results in an inherently less-reliable overall system (i.e. more
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Water is not present in the piping until the system operates. Because the sprinkler orifices are open, the piping is at atmospheric pressure. To prevent the water supply pressure from forcing water into the piping, a "deluge valve" (a mechanically latched valve) is used in the water supply
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for fire-rated construction in structures which are protected by fire sprinklers. Consequently, the total building cost is often decreased by installing a sprinkler system and saving money in the other aspects of the project, as compared to building a non-sprinklered structure.
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In 2008, the installed costs of sprinkler systems ranged from US$ 0.31 – $ 3.66 per square foot, depending on type and location. Residential systems, installed at the time of initial home construction and utilizing municipal water supplies, average about US$ 0.35/square foot.
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of the discharge nozzle". The droplet size can be controlled by adjusting the discharge pressure through a nozzle of a fixed orifice size. The fire suppression mechanisms provided by water mist systems include cooling, local flame oxygen reduction, and radiation blocking.
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When one or more of the automatic sprinkler heads is triggered, it opens, allowing the air in the piping to vent from that sprinkler. Each sprinkler operates independently, as its temperature rises above its triggering threshold. As the air pressure in the piping drops, the
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of the other will not allow water to enter the piping. Because water does not enter the piping until a sprinkler operates, double interlock systems are considered as dry systems in terms of water delivery times, and similarly require a larger design area.
551:). The initiation device signals the fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open. Activation can also be via an electric or pneumatic fire alarm pull station which signals the fire alarm panel to signal the deluge valve to open.
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standard. The design area is a theoretical area of the building representing the worst case area where a fire could burn. The design density is a measurement of how much water per square foot of floor area should be applied to the design area.
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potential: Following operation or testing, dry-pipe sprinkler system piping should be drained, but residual water collects in piping low spots, and moisture is also retained in the atmosphere within the piping. This moisture, coupled with the
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or NFPA. NFPA sets the standards for technical aspects of sprinklers installed in the USA. Building codes, which specify which buildings require sprinklers are generally left to local jurisdictions. However, there are some exceptions:
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Sprinklers are now commonly installed in non-industrial buildings, including schools and residential premises. This is largely as a result of lobbying by the
National Fire Sprinkler Network, the European Fire Sprinkler Network, and the
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or where industrial fire brigade members or employees were killed during fire suppression operations." Elsewhere it has stated, "NFPA has no record of a multiple fatality in a fully sprinklered building where the system operated."
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of the fire to prevent building structure collapse, and pre-wet the surrounding combustibles to prevent fire spread. The fire is not extinguished until the burning combustibles are exhausted or manual extinguishment is effected by
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use a high-pressure pump to pressurize the water so it atomizes as it exits the sprinkler nozzle. Systems can be applied using local application method or total flooding method, similar to Clean Agent Fire
Protection Systems.
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example, the presence of a sprinkler system will usually permit doubling of compartment sizes and increases in travel distances (to fire exits) as well as allowing a reduction in the fire rating of internal compartment walls.
276:, usually require sprinklers either under local building codes, as a condition of receiving State and Federal funding, or as a requirement to obtain certification (essential for institutions who wish to train medical staff).
436:) results in a greater force on top of the check valve clapper by the use of a larger valve clapper area exposed to the piping air pressure, as compared to the higher water pressure but smaller clapper surface area.
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Renewed interest in and support for sprinkler systems in the UK has resulted in sprinkler systems being more widely installed. In schools, for example, the government has issued recommendations through
221:'s design and in 1881 patented the automatic sprinkler that bears his name. He continued to improve the device and in 1890 invented the glass disc sprinkler, essentially the same as that in use today.
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and other water-sensitive areas. This perceived benefit is due to a fear that wet system piping may slowly leak water without attracting notice, while dry pipe systems should not fail in this manner.
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If the sprinklers share the same standpipe system as the standpipe system which supplies fire hoses, then the water supply to the fire hoses would be severely reduced or even curtailed altogether.
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Higher installation and maintenance costs: The added complexity impacts the overall dry-pipe installation cost, and increases maintenance expenditure primarily due to added service labor costs.
201:(c. 95,000 litres) fed by a 10-inch (250 mm) water main which branched to all parts of the theatre. A series of smaller pipes fed from the distribution pipe were pierced with a series of
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to reduce potential property losses or business interruption. US building codes for places of assembly (generally over 100 persons) and places with overnight sleeping accommodation such as
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increase the number of individual sprinkler zones (i.e. served from a single riser) that must be provided in the building, and impact the ability of an owner to make system additions.
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The NFPA states that it "has no record of a fire killing more than two people in a completely sprinklered building where a sprinkler system was properly operating, except in an
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Early
Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) sprinkler at a pressure of 50 psi (340 kPa) will discharge approximately 380 litres per minute (100 US gal/min).
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are connected. Although initially used only in factories and large commercial buildings, systems for homes and small buildings are now available at a cost-effective price.
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Systems can be installed during initial construction, or retrofitted. Some communities have laws requiring residential sprinkler systems, especially where large municipal
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concentrate, resulting in a foam spray from the sprinkler. These systems are usually used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires, such as
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square foot as carpeting or floor tiling), but require larger water supply piping than is normally installed in homes, so retrofitting is usually cost prohibitive.
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in the
Netherlands on 27 October 2005 killed 11 detainees, and led to the retrofitting of sprinklers in all similarly-designed prisons in the Netherlands. A
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to older antifreeze systems in the US. This regulatory action has greatly increased costs and reduced options for cold weather tolerant sprinkler systems.
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428:. In regions using NFPA regulations, wet pipe systems cannot be installed unless the range of ambient temperatures remains above 40 °F (4 °C).
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seconds is normally allowed by regulatory requirements from the time a single sprinkler opens until water is discharged onto the fire. This delay in
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will spray water into the room if sufficient heat reaches the bulb and causes it to shatter. Sprinkler heads operate individually. Note the
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811:) sprinklers, are intended to result in a severe sudden reduction of the heat release rate of the fire, prior to manual intervention.
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method, consisting of a water supply system providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, to which
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with rare art works, manuscripts, or books; and data centers, for protection of computer equipment from accidental water discharge.
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Pre-action sprinkler systems are specialized for use in locations where accidental activation is especially undesirable, such as in
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in parking garages, in outside canopies attached to heated buildings (within which a wet pipe system would also be provided), or in
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197:, and was covered by patent No. 3606 dated the same year. The apparatus consisted of a cylindrical airtight reservoir of 400
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created the first successful automated sprinkler system in 1723. He used gunpowder to release a tank of extinguishing fluid.
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Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb or a two-part metal link held together with
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1008:"The+sprinkler+system+worked+all+too+well,+causing+a+flood+that+washed+away+all+the+food+and+a+good+part+of+the+kitchen."
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After determining the hazard classification, a design area and density can be determined by referencing tables in the 13
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A foam water fire sprinkler system is a special application system, discharging a mixture of water and low expansion
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This article is about the complete fire protection system. For the device that actually discharges water, see
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Some property owners and building occupants may view dry pipe sprinklers as advantageous for protection of
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1373:"Home Fire Sprinkler Cost Assessment", published 2008 by the Fire Protection Research Foundation
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This additional time can result in a much larger fire, requiring much more water to extinguish.
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if a fire did initiate, it was controlled by the fire sprinklers alone in 96% of these cases.
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who seeks senior level certification from engineering certification organizations such as the
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Major control and isolation valves in traditional fire sprinkler systems are typically large
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The world's largest fire sprinkler manufacturer is the Fire
Protection Products division of
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There are two main sub-types of pre-action systems: single interlock, and double interlock.
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generally 75 feet (23 m) above or below fire department access, where the ability of
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on 11 April 1996 which killed 17 people led to sprinklers being retrofitted in all major
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valve. An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to the system piping.
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chemical, for use where pipes cannot reliably be kept above 40 °F (4 °C).
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industry norm – even when not directly mandated by any local building codes.
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The world's first modern recognizable sprinkler system was installed in the
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1385:"A Brief Introduction to Sprinkler Systems for Life Safety Code Users"
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connection. It is a non-resetting valve, and stays open once tripped.
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corrosion process is more limited. Corrosion can be combated by using
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results in a larger fire prior to control, increasing property damage.
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National
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Disadvantages of using dry pipe fire sprinkler systems include:
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A sign warns hotel guests not to hang items from fire sprinklers
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National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
1036:"History of Sprinkler Systems". Associated Fire Protection.
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Sprinkler glass bulbs with different operating temperatures
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pipe which are less susceptible to corrosion, or by using
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The primary fire code writing organization is the private
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and premature need for system replacement in the future.
1242:"Fire sprinklers compulsory for all new homes in Wales"
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1349:"Guide to OS&Y Valves for Fire Protection Systems"
1177:"Pennsylvania repeals automatic sprinkler requirement"
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In 1990 the US passed PL-101-391, better known as the
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to provide adequate hose streams to fires is limited.
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1013:. New York, New York: Dell Publishing. p. 79.
180:away all the food and a good part of the kitchen."
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1413:"NFPA Journal – The Case for Home Fire Sprinklers"
1969:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
1272:"The End of Antifreeze in Fire Sprinkler Systems"
399:Wet systems have optionally been charged with an
322:fire in an illegal immigrant detention center at
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1355:. Quick Response Fire Supply, LLC. 16 March 2022
193:in the United Kingdom in 1812 by its architect,
1227:Department for Children, Schools and Families,
1155:"Builders Smokin' Mad Over New Sprinkler Rules"
517:gas to pressurize the system, rather than air.
252:Sprinklers may be required to be installed by
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234:British Automatic Fire Sprinkler Association
1143:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
1777:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
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1274:. Fire Safety Advice Centre. 16 March 2018
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760:and the respective operating temperature.
2162:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
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778:Sprinkler systems are intended to either
756:This chart from the fire safety standards
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1495:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
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419:Garage sprinkler system in New York City
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2141:Listing and approval use and compliance
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914:Listing and approval use and compliance
790:sprinklers are intended to control the
299:Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990
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1292:NFPA 13 2007 ed. Sections 7-2 and A7-2
1165:from the original on 2 September 2017.
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2186:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
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386:Fire sprinkler control valve assembly
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2180:National Fire Protection Association
1440:National Fire Protection Association
1392:National Fire Protection Association
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1317:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
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1133:from the original on 22 January 2015
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960:from the original on 16 January 2013
862:National Fire Protection Association
817:National Fire Protection Association
291:National Fire Protection Association
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1474:
1010:How to Think Like Leonardo da Vinci
972:
467:) as compared to a wet pipe system.
13:
1682:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
1252:from the original on 5 August 2011
1153:Wotapka, Dawn (22 December 2010).
987:from the original on 12 March 2016
14:
2406:
2057:Fire alarm notification appliance
1433:
1209:from the original on 10 July 2015
1203:"Sprinkler requirements by state"
1183:from the original on 11 July 2015
2336:
2325:
2324:
1655:
1301:NFPA 13 2010 ed. Table 7.2.3.6.1
758:indicates the color of the bulb
284:
23:
1818:Vehicle fire suppression system
1506:Combustibility and flammability
1405:
1376:
1367:
1332:
1323:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1264:
1234:
1221:
1195:
1169:
981:"US Experience with Sprinklers"
979:Hall, John R. Jr. (June 2013).
805:Early Suppression Fast Response
747:
730:
717:
704:
693:
680:
667:
539:hazard (e.g. pilot sprinklers,
34:needs additional citations for
1119:
1065:
1052:
1039:
999:
946:
597:
279:
1:
2168:Institution of Fire Engineers
2125:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1797:Personal protective equipment
956:. Fire Safety Advice Centre.
940:
609:
577:
554:
2239:GHS precautionary statements
2077:Manual fire alarm activation
1353:QRFS - Thoughts on Fire Blog
954:"Industrial Fire sprinklers"
349:
140:red liquid in the glass bulb
7:
2110:Fire protection engineering
2042:Explosive gas leak detector
1859:Electromagnetic door holder
1692:External water spray system
1071:Casey Cavanaugh Grant, PE "
909:Fire protection engineering
886:
410:
390:
256:, or may be recommended by
139:
10:
2411:
2286:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1677:Automatic fire suppression
1617:K-factor (fire protection)
803:sprinklers, also known as
328:fire at Düsseldorf Airport
169:
165:
120:
2320:
2294:
2273:
2201:
2192:Underwriters Laboratories
2154:
2090:
2027:Aspirating smoke detector
2017:
1826:
1687:Detonation flame arrester
1664:
1653:
1482:
1383:Dubay, Christian (2006).
1311:Kirn, Lucas (June 2016).
1099:Merit Sprinkler Company.
1006:Gelb, Michael J. (2000).
899:Architectural engineering
754:
645:
642:
635:
622:
526:
316:
191:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
2136:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2052:Fire alarm control panel
2032:Carbon monoxide detector
2009:Standpipe (firefighting)
1772:Gaseous fire suppression
1537:Enthalpy of vaporization
1079:28 December 2007 at the
377:
239:
1979:Pressurisation ductwork
1944:Firewall (construction)
1792:Passive fire protection
1742:Fire suppression system
1159:The Wall Street Journal
919:Passive fire protection
844:Costs and effectiveness
58:"Fire sprinkler system"
2370:Active fire protection
2365:Firefighting equipment
2155:Industry organizations
2120:Fire-resistance rating
1999:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1974:Penetration (firestop)
1964:Packing (firestopping)
1672:Active fire protection
1632:Spontaneous combustion
1231:, accessed 1 June 2021
894:Active fire protection
775:
590:, such as in aircraft
491:
420:
387:
359:
152:active fire protection
143:
16:Fire protection method
2307:Template:Firefighting
2281:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2234:GHS hazard statements
1737:Fire sprinkler system
1717:Fire-retardant fabric
1229:Building Bulletin 100
773:
489:
465:single failure points
442:pressure differential
418:
385:
357:
340:Building Bulletin 100
148:fire sprinkler system
133:
2091:Professions, trades,
2004:Smokeproof enclosure
1864:Electromagnetic lock
1572:Flammability diagram
1483:Fundamental concepts
1248:. 16 February 2011.
450:valuable collections
426:refrigerated coolers
43:improve this article
2047:Fire alarm call box
1954:Heat and smoke vent
1127:"Hotels and motels"
1101:"Sprinkler History"
1060:U.S. patent 431,971
1047:U.S. patent 248,828
606:) and fire spread.
519:Nitrogen generators
258:insurance companies
2019:Fire alarm systems
1834:Annulus (firestop)
1762:Flashback arrestor
1727:Fire-safe polymers
1722:Fire retardant gel
1577:Flammability limit
881:Tyco International
776:
492:
421:
388:
360:
215:Frederick Grinnell
144:
134:A glass bulb type
2352:
2351:
2260:Safety data sheet
2255:List of S-phrases
2250:List of R-phrases
2146:Sprinkler fitting
2037:Circuit integrity
1909:Fire extinguisher
1747:Firefighting foam
1642:Thermal radiation
1107:on 11 August 2006
1073:The Birth of NFPA
929:Sprinkler fitting
860:According to the
792:heat release rate
765:
764:
588:flammable liquids
219:Henry S. Parmalee
177:Leonardo da Vinci
119:
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2375:Safety equipment
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1582:Flammable liquid
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1103:. Archived from
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801:Suppression mode
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480:fire suppression
324:Schiphol Airport
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2013:
1939:Firestop pillow
1874:Emergency light
1827:Building design
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1813:Tank blanketing
1782:Inerting system
1757:Flame retardant
1707:Fire protection
1702:Fire prevention
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2067:Flame detector
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54:Find sources:
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38:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2342:
2330:
2229:Flame spread
2115:Fireproofing
2093:and services
1994:Smoke damper
1984:Safety glass
1919:Fire hydrant
1884:Fire curtain
1844:Booster pump
1803:Relief valve
1767:Fusible link
1736:
1557:Fire loading
1552:Fire control
1522:Deflagration
1420:. Retrieved
1417:www.nfpa.org
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924:Pipe support
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830:technologist
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797:firefighters
788:Control mode
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648:inside bulb
647:
643:Temperature
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515:dry nitrogen
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1949:Grease duct
1904:Fire escape
1894:Fire damper
1787:Intumescent
1732:Fire safety
1697:Fire bucket
1592:Flash point
1422:15 November
1397:15 November
1278:29 November
629:gate valves
598:Water spray
434:check valve
280:Regulations
270:dormitories
226:occupancies
2380:Hydraulics
2359:Categories
2246:(NFPA 101)
2209:CE marking
2062:Fire drill
1665:Technology
1562:Fire point
1547:Fire class
1527:Detonation
1137:22 January
964:6 February
941:References
873:flash fire
786:the fire.
610:Water mist
578:Foam water
555:Pre-action
495:Increased
401:antifreeze
170:See also:
99:March 2023
69:newspapers
2202:Standards
2131:Fire test
1959:Occupancy
1924:Fire pump
1914:Fire hose
1899:Fire door
1879:Exit sign
1854:Crash bar
1627:Pyrolysis
1622:Pool fire
1587:Flashover
1542:Explosive
1490:Backdraft
1111:11 August
934:Victaulic
869:explosion
836:(NICET).
497:corrosion
350:Operation
274:hospitals
217:improved
199:hogsheads
2385:Plumbing
2331:Category
2295:See also
2224:EN 16034
1934:Firestop
1889:Fire cut
1612:Jet fire
1602:Gas leak
1518:(HAZMAT)
1501:Boilover
1329:NFPA 750
1256:4 August
1250:Archived
1246:BBC News
1207:Archived
1181:Archived
1163:Archived
1131:Archived
1077:Archived
991:15 March
985:Archived
983:. NFPA.
958:Archived
887:See also
784:suppress
411:Dry pipe
391:Wet pipe
303:de facto
2343:Commons
2176:(NCEES)
1497:(BLEVE)
854:hydrant
780:control
732:Purple
694:Yellow
669:Orange
592:hangars
561:museums
206:⁄
166:History
83:scholar
2390:Piping
2274:Awards
2188:(SFPE)
2182:(NFPA)
2164:(FEMA)
2127:(FSES)
1359:20 May
1213:8 July
1187:8 July
1086:, 1996
1017:
749:Black
706:Green
636:Design
623:Valves
527:Deluge
507:copper
502:oxygen
317:Europe
272:, and
262:hotels
150:is an
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71:
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56:
2265:UL 94
2219:EN 54
2170:(IFE)
1799:(PPE)
1388:(PDF)
719:Blue
604:BLEVE
378:Types
240:Usage
90:JSTOR
76:books
2214:EN 3
2194:(UL)
1424:2019
1399:2019
1361:2023
1280:2018
1258:2011
1215:2015
1189:2015
1139:2015
1113:2006
1084:NFPA
1015:ISBN
993:2016
966:2013
809:ESFR
682:Red
584:foam
62:news
871:or
745:500
743:440
740:260
738:227
728:360
725:182
715:286
712:141
702:200
691:174
678:155
665:135
657:°F
509:or
45:by
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