156:, he relieved the low-fusing soldered joint of the strain of water pressure. By this means, the valve seat was forced against the valve by the water pressure, producing a self-closing action. The greater the water pressure, the tighter the valve. The flexible diaphragm had a further and more important function. It caused the valve and its seat to move outwards simultaneously until the solder joint was completely severed. Grinnell got a patent for his version of the sprinkler system. He also took his invention to Europe, where it was a much bigger success than the Parmelee version. Eventually, the Parmelee system was withdrawn, opening the path for Grinnell and his invention.
329:
187:
push a plug out of the sprinkler orifice, resulting in water spraying from the orifice. The water stream strikes a deflector that forms the water into a spray pattern designed in support of the goals of the sprinkler type (i.e., control or suppression). Modern sprinkler heads are designed to direct spray downwards. Spray nozzles are available to provide spray in various directions and patterns. The majority of automatic fire sprinklers operate individually in a fire. Contrary to motion picture representation, the entire sprinkler system does not activate at the same time, unless the system is a special deluge type.
38:
1629:
124:
369:
expressed as a response time index (RTI), which typically has values between 35 and 250 ms, where a low value indicates a fast response. Under standard testing procedures (135 °C air at a velocity of 2.5 m/s), a 68 °C sprinkler bulb will break within 7 to 33 seconds, depending on the RTI. The RTI can also be specified in imperial units, where 1 fts is equivalent to 0.55 ms. The sensitivity of a sprinkler can be negatively affected if the thermal element has been painted.
357:
349:
2298:
198:. Activation temperatures correspond to the type of hazard against which the sprinkler system protects. Residential occupancies are provided with a special type of fast response sprinkler with the unique goal of life safety (a residential sprinkler has a higher discharge pattern than that of a standard spray sprinkler and they also have been specifically developed for discharging water higher on the walls in order to keep ceiling gas temperatures lower).
558:
2310:
111:
Parmelee's invention did not get as much attention as he had planned, as most people could not afford to install a sprinkler system. Once he realized this, he turned his efforts to educating insurance companies about his system. He explained that the sprinkler system would reduce the loss ratio, and
107:
that melted in a fire to unplug holes in the otherwise sealed water pipes. He was the president of
Mathusek Piano Works, and invented his sprinkler system in response to exorbitantly high insurance rates. Parmelee patented his idea and had great success with it in the U.S., calling his invention the
534:
ESFR (early suppression fast response) refers to both a concept and a type of sprinkler. "The concept is that fast response of sprinklers can produce an advantage in a fire if the response is accompanied by an effective discharge density — that is, a sprinkler spray capable of fighting its way down
144:
as a protest against high insurance rates. They had a policy of encouraging risk management and more particularly the use of the most up-to-date and scientific apparatus for extinguishing fires. Even though he put tremendous effort and time into educating the masses on his sprinkler system, by 1883
61:
when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been exceeded. Fire sprinklers are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each year. In buildings protected by properly designed and maintained fire sprinklers, over 99% of
344:
and other alloys with similar compositions. The glass bulb or link applies pressure to a pipe cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from flowing until the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the individual sprinkler. Because each sprinkler
186:
Fire sprinklers can be automatic or open orifice. Automatic fire sprinklers use a fusible element that activates at a predetermined temperature. The fusible element either melts or has a frangible liquid-containing glass bulb that breaks, causing the water pressure in the fire sprinkler piping to
368:
of the liquid inside the bulb. The time it takes before a bulb breaks is dependent on the temperature. Below the design temperature, it does not break, and above the design temperature, it breaks, taking less time to break as temperature increases above the design threshold. The response time is
119:
who was also chairman of the Bolton Cotton Trades Mutual
Insurance Company. The directors of this company and its secretary, Peter Kevan, took an interest in Parmelee's early experiments. Hesketh got Parmelee his first order for sprinkler installations in the cotton spinning mills of John Stones
74:
patented a manual sprinkler system using perforated pipes along the ceiling. When someone noticed a fire, a valve outside the building could be opened to send water through the pipes. It was not until a short time later that, as a result of a large furniture factory that repeatedly burned down,
210:
The term quick response refers to the listing of the entire sprinkler (including spacing, density and location) not just the fast responding releasing element. Many standard response sprinklers, such as extended coverage ordinary hazard (ECOH) sprinklers, have fast responding (low thermal mass
206:
The 2002 edition of the NFPA #13 standard, section 3.6.1 defines quick response sprinklers as having a response time index (RTI) of 50 (meter-seconds) or less. RTI is a measure of how thermally responsive the heat-responsive element of the sprinkler is, measured as the time needed to raise the
131:
Although
Parmelee got two sales through its efforts, the Bolton Cotton Trades Mutual Insurance Company was not a very big company outside of its local area. Parmelee needed a wider influence. He found this influence in James North Lane, the manager of the Mutual Fire Insurance Corporation of
79:
was consulted on how to prevent a recurrence and invented the first automatic fire sprinkler. It would douse the areas that were on fire and report the fire to the fire station. Maxim was unable to sell the idea elsewhere, though when the patent expired, the idea was used.
781:
152:, who was manufacturing the Parmelee sprinkler, designed the more effective Grinnell sprinkler. He increased sensitivity by removing the fusible joint from all contact with the water, and, by seating a valve in the center of a flexible
112:
thus save money for the insurance companies. He knew that he could never succeed in obtaining contracts from the business owners to install his system unless he could ensure for them a reasonable return in the form of reduced premiums.
800:
345:
activates independently when the predetermined heat level is reached, the number of sprinklers that operate is limited to only those near the fire, thereby maximizing the available water pressure over the point of fire origin.
190:
Open orifice sprinklers are only used in water spray systems or deluge sprinklers systems. They are identical to the automatic sprinkler on which they are based, with the heat-sensitive operating element removed.
115:
In this connection, he was able to enlist the interest of two men, who both had connections in the insurance industry. The first of was Major
Hesketh, a cotton spinner in a large business in
1123:
211:
elements) in order to pass their fire tests. Quick response sprinklers are available with standard spray deflectors, but they are also available with extended coverage deflectors.
535:
through the fire plume in sufficient quantities to suppress the burning fuel package." The sprinkler that was developed for this concept was created for use in high rack storage.
899:
538:
ESFR sprinkler heads were developed in the 1980s to take advantage of the latest fast-response fire sprinkler technology to provide fire suppression of specific high-challenge
2145:
844:
501:
13 2007 Edition indicates the maximum ceiling temperature, nominal operating temperature of the sprinkler, color of the bulb or link and the temperature classification.
1393:
1156:
1339:
815:
1368:
1059:
120:& Company, at Astley Bridge, Bolton. This was followed soon afterwards by an order from the Alexandra Mills, owned by John Butler of the same town.
1940:
1100:
91:
which involved the use of pipes to carry water upwards and valves in the ceiling acting as sprinklers to extinguish fires in buildings. In 1874,
1269:
1130:
2133:
207:
temperature of the sprinkler bulb to 63% of the temperature of the hot air stream times the square root of the velocity of the air stream.
336:
Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb (see below) or a two-part metal link held together with a
1748:
1286:
1231:
108:"automatic fire extinguisher". He then traveled to Europe to demonstrate his method to stop a building fire before total destruction.
1438:
1466:
2112:
1034:
658:
164:
Fire sprinkler application and installation guidelines, and overall fire sprinkler system design guidelines are provided by the
1316:
1188:
979:
852:
1066:
542:. Prior to the introduction of these sprinklers, protection systems were designed to control fires until the arrival of the
2157:
2151:
632:
498:
165:
1163:
1653:
1250:
2028:
1017:
882:
71:
2313:
194:
Automatic fire sprinklers utilizing frangible bulbs follow a standardized color-coding convention indicating their
2346:
2336:
1789:
1477:
823:
17:
2139:
2096:
1768:
1431:
587:
153:
2257:
2351:
2210:
2048:
328:
2081:
2013:
1830:
1663:
1648:
1588:
597:
577:
2341:
2163:
1998:
1658:
795:
776:
1266:
706:
2301:
2107:
2023:
2003:
1980:
1743:
1508:
1424:
845:"Alumna Publishes First Coloring Book About African-American Inventors | Alabama State University"
1950:
1915:
1763:
1713:
984:
1124:"Automatic Sprinkler Thermal Sensitivity: Clarifying the Terms Fast Response and Quick Response"
2091:
1970:
1945:
1935:
1643:
1603:
572:
96:
1007:
2278:
2252:
2205:
1820:
1708:
1688:
732:
592:
195:
123:
100:
54:
28:
1089:
875:
Black
Inventors, From Africa to America : Two Million Years of Invention and Innovation
1975:
1835:
1543:
1294:
1228:
798:, Martin, Thomas J., "Improvement in fire-extinguishers", published 1872-03-26
8:
2018:
1925:
684:
76:
1805:
1733:
1698:
1693:
1548:
607:
149:
37:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2117:
2008:
1990:
1880:
1718:
1628:
1613:
1013:
878:
662:
563:
365:
92:
88:
27:
This article is about the device discharging the water. For the complete system, see
332:
Standard spray sprinkler head with a blue bulb indicating a high release temperature
2215:
1553:
1196:
84:
1910:
1845:
1784:
1753:
1728:
1678:
1673:
1487:
1447:
1273:
1254:
1235:
962:
543:
341:
136:. This company was founded in 1870 by the Textile Manufacturers' Associations of
636:
2076:
2053:
2038:
1840:
1810:
1779:
1723:
1683:
1618:
1608:
1503:
1216:
356:
2330:
2283:
2273:
2071:
2043:
1960:
1578:
1568:
1538:
1482:
948:
923:
582:
337:
1247:
734:
Short
History of Fire Fighting: The Story of the Fire Fighter and Fire House
352:
The liquid in the glass bulb is color coded to show its temperature rating.
2200:
2086:
1965:
1955:
1890:
1855:
1815:
1774:
1738:
1528:
1523:
1493:
176:
168:(NFPA) 13, (NFPA) 13D, and (NFPA) 13R and enforced by local jurisdictions.
348:
1920:
1875:
1865:
1758:
1703:
1668:
1563:
816:"Thomas J. Martin Patents Improved Fire Extinguisher On This Day In 1872"
779:, Maxim, Hiram S., "Fire-Extinguishers", issued July 22, 1873
539:
2180:
2033:
1533:
1518:
1498:
1394:"A Historical Perspective on the Evolution of Storage Sprinkler Design"
1219:
definition at
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved May 17, 2008
172:
137:
133:
1401:
1376:
1035:"History of modern fire sprinkler systems, and how they prevent fire?"
421:
Yellow (175 °F / 79 °C) or Green (200 °F / 93 °C)
2102:
1930:
1895:
1885:
1870:
1850:
1825:
1598:
1593:
1558:
1513:
1461:
612:
141:
404:
Orange (135 °F / 57 °C) or Red (155 °F / 68 °C)
183:, require sprinklers in at least some new residential construction.
2195:
1905:
1860:
1583:
1573:
1472:
180:
1416:
557:
145:
only about 10 factories were protected by the
Parmelee sprinkler.
1267:
SFPE (NZ) Technical Paper 95 – 3: Sprinkler response time indices
602:
116:
104:
2236:
2190:
58:
1276:. Society of Fire Protection Engineers, New Zealand Chapter.
2185:
2146:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
1317:"Sprinkler Protection of Storage Facilities Goes Green"
633:"Domestic and Residential Fire Sprinkler Information"
553:
34:
Component that discharges water to protect buildings
1369:"The Whys Behind FM Global Data Sheets 2-0 and 8-9"
1157:"The Evolution of Modern Automatic Fire Sprinklers"
127:An 1897 Grinnell automatic sprinkler advertisement
1941:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
1101:International Association for Fire Safety Science
2328:
1097:Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium
62:fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone.
1340:"Back to basics: Sprinkler types & systems"
980:"Builders Smokin' Mad Over New Sprinkler Rules"
967:(second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1432:
813:
1012:(3d ed.). PennWell Books. p. 111.
220:Quick Response per NFPA 13 RTI < 50 (ms)
201:
99:, created and installed the first automatic
87:was awarded a patent for improvement to the
1090:"Overview of Sprinkler Technology Research"
1749:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1439:
1425:
900:"Black Inventors Help to Change the World"
661:. Fire Sprinklers Scotland. Archived from
2134:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
1366:
1467:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1337:
712:. Greater Manchester Fire Service Museum
519:CMSA (control mode specific application)
355:
347:
327:
122:
36:
2113:Listing and approval use and compliance
1238:. Alchemy Castings product information.
1154:
977:
897:
730:
509:There are several types of sprinklers:
14:
2329:
1315:Multer, Thomas L. (1 September 2009).
1314:
1229:Low Melting Point Bismuth Based Alloys
1005:
877:. Three Dimensional Pub. p. 230.
794:
525:ESFR (early suppression fast response)
2158:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1420:
1121:
1067:Minnesota Department of Public Safety
1032:
872:
775:
759:
41:A fire sprinkler mounted on a ceiling
2309:
2152:National Fire Protection Association
1391:
1338:O’Connor, Brian (November 1, 2018).
960:
935:
747:
166:National Fire Protection Association
1446:
1087:
978:Wotapka, Dawn (December 22, 2010).
387:Liquid Alcohol in Glass Bulb Color
364:The bulb breaks as a result of the
24:
1654:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
1367:Baker Jr., Weston (May 10, 2012).
1155:Asplund, David L. (July 9, 2007).
1009:Fire Officer's Handbook of Tactics
764:, vol. I, Bureau of Ordinance
477:500-575 °F / 260-302 °C
460:400-475 °F / 204-246 °C
443:325-375 °F / 163-191 °C
429:250-300 °F / 121-149 °C
25:
2363:
2029:Fire alarm notification appliance
1360:
1033:Smith, Michael (March 20, 2019).
412:175-225 °F / 79-107 °C
159:
2308:
2297:
2296:
1627:
1287:"JOB Thermo Bulbs Product Range"
556:
395:135-170 °F / 57-77 °C
1790:Vehicle fire suppression system
1478:Combustibility and flammability
1331:
1308:
1279:
1260:
1241:
1222:
1210:
1181:
1148:
1115:
1081:
1052:
1026:
999:
971:
954:
941:
929:
916:
891:
866:
837:
807:
737:. Mossy Feet Books. p. 64.
384:Color Code (with Fusible Link)
232:Response Time Index (RTI) (ms)
215:QUICK RESPONSE FIRE SPRINKLERS
1129:. Viking Group. Archived from
964:Automatic Sprinkler Protection
788:
769:
753:
741:
724:
699:
677:
651:
625:
13:
1:
2140:Institution of Fire Engineers
2097:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1769:Personal protective equipment
1248:Sprinkler bulb specifications
619:
588:Fire Safety Evaluation System
2211:GHS precautionary statements
2049:Manual fire alarm activation
1392:Kung, HC (January 1, 2011).
814:ionedchandler (2013-03-26).
685:"Industrial Fire sprinklers"
375:Maximum Ceiling Temperature
323:
7:
2082:Fire protection engineering
2014:Explosive gas leak detector
1831:Electromagnetic door holder
1664:External water spray system
1398:Fire Protection Engineering
1373:Fire Protection Engineering
687:. Fire Safety Advice Centre
549:
381:Temperature Classification
360:Fusible link sprinkler head
10:
2368:
2258:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1649:Automatic fire suppression
1589:K-factor (fire protection)
598:K-factor (fire protection)
578:Automatic fire suppression
491:650 °F / 343 °C
488:625 °F / 329 °C
474:475 °F / 246 °C
457:375 °F / 191 °C
440:300 °F / 149 °C
426:225 °F / 107 °C
229:Operating Time in Seconds
171:Certain states, including
70:In 1812, British inventor
65:
26:
2292:
2266:
2245:
2173:
2164:Underwriters Laboratories
2126:
2062:
1999:Aspirating smoke detector
1989:
1798:
1659:Detonation flame arrester
1636:
1625:
1454:
1234:October 12, 2012, at the
760:Chinn, George M. (1951),
731:Wonning, Paul R. (2019).
482:
479:
468:
434:
409:150 °F / 66 °C
392:100 °F / 38 °C
202:Quick response sprinklers
2108:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2024:Fire alarm control panel
2004:Carbon monoxide detector
1981:Standpipe (firefighting)
1744:Gaseous fire suppression
1509:Enthalpy of vaporization
504:
1951:Pressurisation ductwork
1916:Firewall (construction)
1764:Passive fire protection
1714:Fire suppression system
985:The Wall Street Journal
529:
223:Nominal Diameter in mm
2347:Active fire protection
2337:Firefighting equipment
2127:Industry organizations
2092:Fire-resistance rating
1971:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1946:Penetration (firestop)
1936:Packing (firestopping)
1644:Active fire protection
1604:Spontaneous combustion
898:Sims, Ph.D., Doris J.
573:Active fire protection
361:
353:
333:
128:
97:New Haven, Connecticut
53:is the component of a
42:
2279:Template:Firefighting
2253:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2206:GHS hazard statements
1709:Fire sprinkler system
1689:Fire-retardant fabric
1006:Norman, John (2005).
961:Dana, Gorham (1919),
873:Gibbs, C. R. (1995).
593:Hydraulic calculation
359:
351:
331:
196:operating temperature
126:
101:fire sprinkler system
55:fire sprinkler system
40:
29:fire sprinkler system
2063:Professions, trades,
1976:Smokeproof enclosure
1836:Electromagnetic lock
1544:Flammability diagram
1455:Fundamental concepts
72:Sir William Congreve
2352:American inventions
2019:Fire alarm call box
1926:Heat and smoke vent
1400:(1). Archived from
1375:(2). Archived from
1088:Yao, Cheng (1997).
949:U.S. patent 248,828
924:U.S. patent 154,076
497:From Table 6.2.5.1
401:Uncolored or Black
378:Temperature Rating
216:
77:Hiram Stevens Maxim
1991:Fire alarm systems
1806:Annulus (firestop)
1734:Flashback arrestor
1699:Fire-safe polymers
1694:Fire retardant gel
1549:Flammability limit
1272:2008-09-29 at the
1253:2010-08-28 at the
1217:metal Wood's metal
1122:Martorano, Scott.
608:Tyco International
362:
354:
334:
214:
150:Frederick Grinnell
148:Back in the U.S.,
129:
43:
2324:
2323:
2232:Safety data sheet
2227:List of S-phrases
2222:List of R-phrases
2118:Sprinkler fitting
2009:Circuit integrity
1881:Fire extinguisher
1719:Firefighting foam
1614:Thermal radiation
659:"Fire Sprinklers"
564:Technology portal
516:Standard response
495:
494:
366:thermal expansion
321:
320:
93:Henry S. Parmalee
89:fire extinguisher
16:(Redirected from
2359:
2342:Fire suppression
2312:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2216:Life Safety Code
1821:Compartmentation
1631:
1554:Flammable liquid
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1404:on June 12, 2014
1388:
1386:
1384:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1293:. Archived from
1283:
1277:
1264:
1258:
1257:, Day Impex Ltd.
1245:
1239:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1195:. Archived from
1189:"Glass Bulb RTI"
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1162:. Archived from
1161:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1136:on July 10, 2016
1135:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1060:"Quick response"
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
975:
969:
968:
958:
952:
951:
945:
939:
938:, pp. 16–21
933:
927:
926:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
904:
895:
889:
888:
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
851:. Archived from
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
822:. Archived from
811:
805:
804:
803:
799:
792:
786:
785:
784:
780:
773:
767:
765:
757:
751:
745:
739:
738:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
711:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
681:
675:
674:
672:
670:
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
639:on 25 March 2014
635:. Archived from
629:
566:
561:
560:
463:Very Extra High
372:
371:
217:
213:
85:Thomas J. Martin
57:that discharges
21:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2288:
2262:
2241:
2169:
2122:
2064:
2058:
1985:
1911:Firestop pillow
1846:Emergency light
1799:Building design
1794:
1785:Tank blanketing
1754:Inerting system
1729:Flame retardant
1679:Fire protection
1674:Fire prevention
1632:
1623:
1488:Dangerous goods
1450:
1448:Fire protection
1445:
1407:
1405:
1382:
1380:
1379:on June 5, 2014
1363:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1274:Wayback Machine
1265:
1261:
1255:Wayback Machine
1246:
1242:
1236:Wayback Machine
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
976:
972:
959:
955:
947:
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
921:
917:
907:
905:
902:
896:
892:
885:
871:
867:
858:
856:
843:
842:
838:
829:
827:
812:
808:
801:
793:
789:
782:
774:
770:
762:The Machine Gun
758:
754:
746:
742:
729:
725:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:
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51:sprinkler head
47:fire sprinkler
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18:Sprinkler head
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1569:Friction loss
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1297:on 2011-09-11
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1291:job-bulbs.com
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1199:on 2016-03-04
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1169:on 2016-03-05
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1019:1-59370-061-X
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884:9781877835872
880:
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869:
855:on 2023-10-02
854:
850:
849:www.alasu.edu
846:
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826:on 2023-10-02
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338:fusible alloy
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39:
30:
19:
2314:
2302:
2201:Flame spread
2087:Fireproofing
2065:and services
1966:Smoke damper
1956:Safety glass
1900:
1891:Fire hydrant
1856:Fire curtain
1816:Booster pump
1775:Relief valve
1739:Fusible link
1529:Fire loading
1524:Fire control
1494:Deflagration
1408:December 21,
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1397:
1383:December 21,
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1372:
1349:December 21,
1347:. Retrieved
1344:NFPA Journal
1343:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:the original
1290:
1281:
1262:
1243:
1224:
1212:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1192:
1183:
1173:November 24,
1171:. Retrieved
1164:the original
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1117:
1107:December 21,
1105:. Retrieved
1096:
1083:
1073:December 21,
1071:. Retrieved
1054:
1044:December 21,
1042:. Retrieved
1038:
1028:
1008:
1001:
991:December 21,
989:. Retrieved
983:
973:
963:
956:
943:
931:
918:
906:. Retrieved
893:
874:
868:
857:. Retrieved
853:the original
848:
839:
828:. Retrieved
824:the original
819:
809:
790:
771:
761:
755:
750:, p. 12
743:
733:
726:
716:December 21,
714:. Retrieved
707:"Sprinklers"
701:
689:. Retrieved
679:
667:. Retrieved
663:the original
653:
641:. Retrieved
637:the original
627:
540:fire hazards
537:
533:
508:
496:
363:
342:Wood's metal
335:
209:
205:
193:
189:
185:
177:Pennsylvania
170:
163:
147:
130:
114:
110:
82:
69:
50:
46:
44:
1921:Grease duct
1876:Fire escape
1866:Fire damper
1759:Intumescent
1704:Fire safety
1669:Fire bucket
1564:Flash point
1319:. BNP Media
1069:. June 2006
908:October 15,
766:, page 127.
522:Residential
480:Ultra High
446:Extra High
2331:Categories
2218:(NFPA 101)
2181:CE marking
2034:Fire drill
1637:Technology
1534:Fire point
1519:Fire class
1499:Detonation
1323:6 February
1301:2010-06-09
1203:2015-11-24
1193:norbulb.de
859:2023-10-01
830:2023-10-01
691:6 February
669:6 February
620:References
173:California
138:Lancashire
134:Manchester
2174:Standards
2103:Fire test
1931:Occupancy
1896:Fire pump
1886:Fire hose
1871:Fire door
1851:Exit sign
1826:Crash bar
1599:Pyrolysis
1594:Pool fire
1559:Flashover
1514:Explosive
1462:Backdraft
936:Dana 1919
796:US 125063
777:US 141062
748:Dana 1919
613:Victaulic
398:Ordinary
324:Operation
154:diaphragm
142:Yorkshire
83:In 1872,
2303:Category
2267:See also
2196:EN 16034
1906:Firestop
1861:Fire cut
1584:Jet fire
1574:Gas leak
1490:(HAZMAT)
1473:Boilover
1270:Archived
1251:Archived
1232:Archived
643:25 March
550:See also
340:such as
181:Illinois
103:, using
2315:Commons
2148:(NCEES)
1469:(BLEVE)
1140:5 March
820:NewsOne
483:Orange
452:Purple
66:History
2246:Awards
2160:(SFPE)
2154:(NFPA)
2136:(FEMA)
2099:(FSES)
1016:
881:
802:
783:
603:Piping
469:Black
466:Green
418:White
117:Bolton
105:solder
2237:UL 94
2191:EN 54
2142:(IFE)
1771:(PPE)
1167:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
1134:(PDF)
1127:(PDF)
1103:: 107
1093:(PDF)
1063:(PDF)
903:(PDF)
710:(PDF)
505:Types
435:Blue
432:High
280:13.5
277:N3.3
263:11.5
243:N2.5
59:water
2186:EN 3
2166:(UL)
1410:2019
1385:2019
1351:2019
1325:2013
1175:2015
1142:2019
1109:2019
1075:2019
1046:2019
1014:ISBN
993:2019
910:2023
879:ISBN
718:2019
693:2013
671:2013
645:2014
530:ESFR
499:NFPA
449:Red
294:NF5
274:3.3
271:Yes
254:Yes
240:2.5
237:Yes
179:and
140:and
317:90
314:32
311:N5
305:No
300:65
297:23
288:No
283:38
266:33
260:N3
249:25
95:of
49:or
2333::
1396:.
1371:.
1342:.
1289:.
1191:.
1099:.
1095:.
1065:.
1037:.
982:.
847:.
818:.
546:.
308:5
291:5
257:3
246:9
175:,
45:A
1440:e
1433:t
1426:v
1412:.
1387:.
1353:.
1327:.
1304:.
1206:.
1177:.
1144:.
1111:.
1077:.
1048:.
1022:.
995:.
912:.
887:.
862:.
833:.
720:.
695:.
673:.
647:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
