34:
305:
507:
810:
841:
from possessing firearms may transport them from state to state, provided the firearms are legal in both the state of departure and state of arrival. For transportation, the firearms and ammunition must not be readily accessible; the firearms must be unloaded and, in the case of a vehicle without a compartment separate from the driver's compartment, the firearms must be located in a locked container other than the glove compartment or console.
913:, Federal Firearms Licensees (FFLs) are required to report the sale of multiple handguns to the same person within 24 hours or within five consecutive business days, a program overseen by the ATF and reported through ATF Form 3310.4, which requires disclosure of the firearms sold and new owner and address. The program is used by the ATF to detect, investigate and prevent firearms trafficking. Reported as 4.2 million records in 2010.
940:. Data is manually collected from paper out of business records (or input from computer records) and entered into the trace system by ATF. These are registration records which include name and address, make, model, serial and caliber of the firearm(s), as well as data from the 4473 form - in digital or image format. In March, 2010, ATF reported receiving several hundred million records since 1968.
922:. All guns suspected of being used for criminal purposes and that "may or may not be in the possession of an LEA (law enforcement agency)." This database includes (ATF's own examples), individuals purchasing large quantities of firearms, and dealers with improper record keeping. May include guns observed by law enforcement in an estate, or at a gun show, or elsewhere. Reported as 34,807 in 2010.
893:
by the United States or any State or any political subdivision thereof, nor that any system of registration of firearms, firearms owners, or firearms transactions or disposition be established. Nothing in this section expands or restricts the
Secretary's authority to inquire into the disposition of any firearm in the course of a criminal investigation.
1067:, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8)(C)(ii) (which extended the original FOPA restrictions on firearm ownership to persons under a court order in connection with domestic violence) did not violate the Second Amendment, and did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment as applied to the defendant, in
1051:
A person who is under indictment or information for a crime (misdemeanor) punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding two years cannot lawfully receive a firearm. Such person may continue to lawfully possess firearms obtained prior to the indictment or information, and if cleared or acquitted can
892:
No such rule or regulation prescribed after the date of the enactment of the
Firearms Owners Protection Act may require that records required to be maintained under this chapter or any portion of the contents of such records, be recorded at or transferred to a facility owned, managed, or controlled
840:
One of the law's provisions (codified in section 926A of Title 18, U.S. Code) federally codifies regulations around the transportation of firearms directly from one state to another, and pre-empts existing state regulations. Barring short stops for food and gasoline, persons not otherwise prohibited
641:
owned by private citizens in the U.S., political scientist Earl
Kruschke said "approximately 175,000 automatic firearms have been licensed by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (the federal agency responsible for administration of the law) and evidence suggests that none of these weapons
596:(NRA) and some FFL licensees. In particular, advocates claimed that ATF was repeatedly inspecting FFL holders for the apparent purpose of harassment intended to drive the FFL holders out of business (as the FFL holders would constantly be having to tend to ATF inspections instead of to customers).
636:
manufactured after the date of enactment, restricting sales of these weapons to the military and law enforcement. Thus, in the ensuing years, the limited supply of these arms available to civilians has caused an enormous increase in their price, with most costing in excess of $ 10,000. Regarding
616:
The report also said that 75 percent of ATF prosecutions "were aimed at ordinary citizens who had neither criminal intent nor knowledge, but were enticed by agents into unknowing technical violations." It suggested that reform of federal firearms law such as proposed in S. 1030 "would be largely
611:
The conclusion is thus inescapable that the history, concept, and wording of the second amendment to the
Constitution of the United States, as well as its interpretation by every major commentator and court in the first half-century after its ratification, indicates that what is protected is an
990:
Anyone who has been convicted in any court of a felony punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, excluding those crimes punishable by imprisonment related to the regulation of business practices, whose full civil rights have not been restored by the State in which the firearms
1011:
Any alien illegally or unlawfully in the United States or an alien admitted to the United States under a nonimmigrant visa. The exception is if the nonimmigrant is in possession of a valid hunting license issued by a US state and/or has been granted a waiver from the
Attorney
901:(NTC) contained hundreds of millions of firearm tracing and registration records, and consisted of several databases; but as of May 2016, many of these databases have been deleted to fall inline with record deletion requirements, per the Government Accountability Office (GAO).
620:
The
Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 (FOPA) addressed the abuses noted in the 1982 Senate Judiciary Subcommittee report. Among the reforms were the reopening of interstate sales of long guns on a limited basis, legalization of ammunition shipments through the
721:(2) This subsection does not apply with respect to— (A) a transfer to or by, or possession by or under the authority of, the United States or any department or agency thereof or a State, or a department, agency, or political subdivision thereof; or
747:, can authorize the transfer of a machine gun to an unlicensed civilian. An unlicensed individual may acquire machine guns, with ATF approval. The transferor must file an ATF application, which must be completed by both parties to the transfer:
645:
The Act mandated that ATF compliance inspections can be done no more than once per year. An exception exists if multiple record-keeping violations are recorded in an inspection, in which case the ATF may do a follow-up inspection.
772:
an appropriate (local) law enforcement official must certify whether he or she has any information indicating that the firearm will be used for other than lawful purposes or that possession would violate state or federal
931:. Over 4 million detail records from all traces since inception. This is a registration record which includes the personal information of the first retail purchaser, along with the identity of the selling dealer.
780:
If ATF denies an application, it must refund the tax. Gun owners must keep approved applications as evidence of registration of the firearms and make them available for inspection by ATF officers.
949:. Firearms reported as stolen to ATF. Contained 330,000 records in 2010. Contains only thefts from licensed dealers and interstate carriers (optional). Does not have an interface to the
617:
self-enforcing" and "would enhance vital protection of constitutional and civil liberties of those
Americans who choose to exercise their Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms."
366:
706:(D-N.J.) proposed several amendments including House Amendment 777 to H.R. 4332, which modified the act to ban the civilian ownership of new machine guns, specifically to amend
600:
1694:"Right to Keep and Bear Arms: Report of the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, Second Session"
1117:
Right to Keep and Bear Arms: Report of the
Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, Second Session
789:
1454:
679:
986:
versions of the bill, and led to confusion. The list was later augmented, modified, and clarified in the
Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986. The 1986 list is:
870:. There are no clear court decisions or interpretations available but this term is widely regarded as meaning not capable of being reached quickly for operation.
1585:
1556:
1527:
577:
1753:
1748:
344:
864:, the courts upheld a conviction based on the interpretation that the accused had a loaded firearm despite not having a round in the chambered position.
794:
604:
315:
446:
769:
the transferee must submit with the application (3) a copy of any state or local permit or license required to buy, possess, or acquire machine guns
1354:
1037:
that restrains the person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner or child of such intimate partner. (Added in 1996, with the
468:
329:
1640:
239:
776:
the transferee must, as part of the registration process, pass an extensive
Federal Bureau of Investigation criminal background investigation.
663:
493:
687:
655:
1337:
1321:
1300:
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683:
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the transferee must certify on the application that he or she is not disqualified from possessing firearms on grounds specified in law
724:(B) any lawful transfer or lawful possession of a machinegun that was lawfully possessed before the date this subsection takes effect.
629:, and federal protection of transportation of firearms through states where possession of those firearms would otherwise be illegal.
592:, or the interstate and intrastate sale of firearms). Allegations of abuse by ATF inspectors after passage of the act arose from the
1188:
1063:
In 2001, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (consisting of Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi) ruled that the
535:
979:
436:
421:
1668:
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396:
351:
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707:
584:(FFL) (which enable an individual or a company to engage in a business pertaining to the manufacture or importation of
376:
176:
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145:
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1163:
1092:
954:
718:(o)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), it shall be unlawful for any person to transfer or possess a machinegun.
691:
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441:
411:
356:
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the transferee must submit with the application (1) two photographs taken within the past year; and (2) fingerprints
334:
225:
671:
463:
113:
105:
1611:
1564:
1535:
190:
1738:
1469:"ATF Did Not Always Comply with the Appropriations Act Restriction and Should Better Adhere to Its Policies"
1087:
416:
386:
1024:
793:, threw out charges against a Kansas man for illegal machine gun possession as unconstitutional under the
44:
An Act to amend chapter 44 (relating to firearms) of title 18, United States Code, and for other purposes.
528:
381:
66:
1020:
593:
473:
431:
89:
1437:"Ass'n of NJ Rifle & Pistol Clubs, Inc. v.Port Auth. of NY & NJ , No. 12-3621 (3d Cir. 2013)"
667:
626:
557:
1069:
736:, the bill as a whole passed the House and the Senate, and was signed on May 19, 1986 by President
581:
426:
391:
876:. A hard-sided container that is locked such as to prevent unauthorized users from gaining access.
1248:
967:
910:
898:
561:
406:
132:
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the application must include detailed information on the firearm and the parties to the transfer
1004:
Anyone who has been adjudicated as a mental defective or has been involuntarily committed to a
521:
180:
170:
262:
1030:
Anyone who, having been a citizen of the United States, has renounced his or her citizenship.
957:(NCIC) theft data base, where the majority of stolen, lost and missing firearms are reported.
881:
880:
The Act also forbade the U.S. Government agency from keeping a registry directly linking non-
744:
702:
As debate for FOPA was in its final stages in the House before moving on to the Senate, Rep.
453:
217:
186:
150:
1626:
304:
202:
33:
998:
983:
511:
371:
1455:"McDaniel v. Arnold, 898 F. Supp. 2d 809 - Dist. Court, D. Maryland 2012 - Google Scholar"
854:. Not staying for any determined length of time. Passing through on the way to some place.
8:
1412:
622:
580:(ATF) was given wide latitude on the enforcement of regulations pertaining to holders of
1693:
654:
The bill was endorsed by the NRA. It was opposed by police organizations, including the
1340:
1324:
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1005:
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ownership in the U.S. by certain categories of individuals thought to pose a threat to
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individual right of a private citizen to own and carry firearms in a peaceful manner.
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732:. Despite some controversy over whether the amendment should have been given a
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975:
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1468:
1355:"US judge tosses machine gun possession case, calls ban unconstitutional"
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The Act also contained a provision that banned the sale to civilians of
117:
729:
589:
339:
743:
The ATF, as a representative of the U.S. and with authority from the
1713:
A more accessible facsimile of the 1982 Senate subcommittee report.
585:
740:
to become Public Law 99-308, the Firearms Owners' Protection Act.
971:
49:
625:, removal of the requirement for record keeping on sales of non-
1723:
1268:
Rose, Veronica: SUMMARY OF STATE AND FEDERAL MACHINE GUN LAWS
820: with: examples and additional citations. You can help by
1380:"18 U.S. Code § 926A - Interstate transportation of firearms"
1133:"18 U.S. Code § 926A - Interstate transportation of firearms"
884:
firearms to their owners, the specific language of this law (
844:
Whether or not this section protects air travel is disputed.
229:
19:"FOPA" redirects here. For First-order Peano arithmetic, see
790:
New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen
754:
both parties must reside in the same state as the individual
1586:"ATF Fact Sheet - National Tracing Center (NTC) | ATF"
728:
On April 10, 1986, House Amendment 777 passed the House by
950:
680:
National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives
1641:"The Lautenberg Amendment: Gun Control in the U.S. Army"
1624:
United States v. Cassidy, 899 F.2d 543 (6th Cir. 1990);
1056:
These provisions are stated in the form of questions on
1044:
Anyone who has been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of
1399:"Interstate Travel: Understanding Article 926A of FOPA"
1189:"MEASURE TO RELAX GUN RULES DENOUNCED BY POLICE GROUPS"
961:
997:
Anyone who is an unlawful user of or addicted to any
800:
1534:. The IACP. 2010-06-03. p. 38. Archived from
1218:Under fire: the NRA and the battle for gun control
1151:
605:Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
90:
1563:. The IACP. 2010-06-03. p. 6. Archived from
847:Definitions of certain terms in the law include:
1730:
1048:. (Added in 1996, with the Lautenberg Amendment)
697:
860:. No ammunition in the firearm. In the case of
642:has ever been used to commit a violent crime."
1270:http://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/rpt/2009-R-0020.htm
567:
1186:
664:International Association of Chiefs of Police
529:
1316:
1314:
1312:
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688:National Association of Police Organizations
656:Federal Law Enforcement Officers Association
1279:
1277:
1143:
1754:United States federal firearms legislation
1749:United States federal criminal legislation
1549:
1139:. Legal Information Institute (LII). 1986.
1110:
1108:
978:. However, this list differed between the
684:International Union of Police Associations
536:
522:
16:1986 United States federal gun control law
1522:
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1330:
1309:
1264:
1262:
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1274:
1244:FOPA Hughes Amendment VOTE APRIL 10 1986
1221:. University of Iowa Press. p. 77.
1214:
1180:
1149:
1120:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982.
146:18 U.S.C.: Crimes and Criminal Procedure
1396:
1352:
1105:
578:Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
469:Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S.
442:International treaties for arms control
271:on May 6, 1986 (agreed voice vote)
27:Firearms Owners' Protection Act of 1986
1731:
1511:
1494:"Fact Sheet - Multiple Firearms Sales"
1255:
994:Anyone who is a fugitive from justice.
437:History of concealed carry in the U.S.
1052:receive firearms without restriction.
897:Nevertheless, at one point the ATF's
352:Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
804:
560:that revised many provisions of the
962:Clarification of prohibited persons
783:On August 21, 2024, District Judge
751:executed under penalties of perjury
13:
1686:
1158:. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.
377:Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban
95:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
1765:
1717:
1384:LII / Legal Information Institute
1353:Raymond, Nate (August 23, 2024).
1187:David Burnham (31 January 1986).
1154:Gun Control: A Reference Handbook
1093:Gun politics in the United States
955:National Crime Information Center
692:New York City Police Commissioner
412:Gun-Free School Zones Act (GFSZA)
367:Connecticut Children's Safety Act
1669:"FindLaw | Cases and Codes"
1629:. 14 November 1989. p. 543.
1251:from the original on 2021-12-21.
808:
505:
335:Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
303:
269:Senate agreed to House amendment
151:26 U.S.C.: Internal Revenue Code
32:
1656:
1633:
1618:
1603:
1578:
1486:
1461:
1447:
1429:
1405:
1397:Paulsen, Jacob (May 31, 2018).
1390:
1372:
1346:
757:pay a $ 200 transfer tax to ATF
672:Police Executive Research Forum
670:, National Troopers Coalition,
1662:270 F.3d 203 (5th Cir. 2001),
1235:
1125:
676:National Sheriffs' Association
599:A February 1982 report by the
550:Firearm Owners' Protection Act
449:Background Check System (NICS)
1:
1122:Digitized September 30, 2008.
1098:
991:disability was first imposed.
698:Ban on new automatic firearms
422:Gun laws in the U.S. by state
402:Firearm Owners Protection Act
347:Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
1215:Davidson, Osha Gray (1998).
1088:Gun law in the United States
1033:Anyone that is subject to a
649:
387:Federal Firearms Act of 1938
7:
1744:99th United States Congress
1612:"USAM Chapter 9 - CRM 2452"
1609:USAM Chapter 9 - CRM 2452;
1076:
568:Federal firearms law reform
454:National Firearms Act (NFA)
382:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
362:Concealed carry in the U.S.
345:Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
330:Assault weapons legislation
293:Firearm legal topics of the
67:99th United States Congress
10:
1770:
1627:"United States v. Cassidy"
1150:Kruschke, Earl R. (1995).
594:National Rifle Association
474:Second Amendment sanctuary
432:High-capacity magazine ban
18:
909:. In accordance with the
886:Federal Law 18 U.S.C. 926
668:Fraternal Order of Police
627:armor-piercing ammunition
582:Federal Firearms Licenses
558:United States federal law
447:National Instant Criminal
209:
200:
159:
138:
128:
123:
104:
85:
80:
72:
61:
48:
40:
31:
1671:. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com
1070:United States v. Emerson
801:"Safe passage" provision
639:fully-automatic firearms
512:United States portal
427:Gun politics in the U.S.
392:Federal Firearms License
357:Campus carry in the U.S.
257:on April 10, 1986 (
1666:, 536 U.S. 907 (2002);
968:Gun Control Act of 1968
938:Out of Business Records
911:Gun Control Act of 1968
899:National Tracing Center
714:to add subsection (o):
562:Gun Control Act of 1968
496:and Law Enforcement Act
479:Sullivan Act (New York)
407:Gun Control Act of 1968
236:Committee consideration
160:U.S.C. sections amended
133:Gun Control Act of 1968
1724:ATF Firearms main page
1703:. Constitution Society
1557:"IACP/LEIM eTRACE-FTS"
1528:"IACP/LEIM eTRACE-FTS"
895:
868:Not readily accessible
726:
614:
464:Open carry in the U.S.
247:on July 9, 1985 (
999:controlled substances
907:Multiple Sale Reports
890:
882:National Firearms Act
745:National Firearms Act
716:
609:
494:Violent Crime Control
1739:1986 in American law
1065:Lautenberg Amendment
1039:Lautenberg Amendment
1015:Anyone who has been
372:Constitutional carry
232:) on January 3, 1985
191:ch. 53, subch. A
1614:. 19 February 2015.
1418:. www.handgunlaw.us
623:U.S. Postal Service
601:Senate subcommittee
417:Gun law in the U.S.
203:Legislative history
28:
1413:"Don Young Letter"
1247:. April 10, 1986.
1194:The New York Times
1006:mental institution
862:McDaniel v. Arnold
26:
1228:978-0-87745-646-9
1058:Federal Form 4473
1046:domestic violence
838:
837:
704:William J. Hughes
660:Police Foundation
603:that studied the
546:
545:
288:
287:
245:Passed the Senate
216:in the Senate as
107:Statutes at Large
21:First-order logic
1761:
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1708:
1701:constitution.org
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874:Locked container
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795:Second Amendment
538:
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489:Tiahrt Amendment
397:Firearm case law
307:
290:
289:
265:) with amendment
255:Passed the House
222:James A. McClure
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818:needs expansion
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785:John W. Broomes
700:
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574:Gun Control Act
570:
556:) of 1986 is a
542:
506:
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448:
346:
321:
284:
281:on May 19, 1986
275:Signed into law
240:House Judiciary
201:
196:
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62:Enacted by
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1718:External links
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734:recorded vote
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173:§ 921 et seq.
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1700:
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1664:cert. denied
1663:
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1635:
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1590:the original
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1565:the original
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1536:the original
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1192:
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1127:
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1055:
1025:dishonorable
1021:Armed Forces
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920:Suspect Guns
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896:
891:
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852:Transporting
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846:
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634:machine guns
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401:
316:Amendment II
314:
274:
268:
254:
244:
235:
213:
129:Acts amended
124:Codification
76:May 19, 1986
53:(colloquial)
1338:27 CFR
1322:27 CFR
1301:27 CFR
1285:27 CFR
1035:court order
1027:conditions.
929:Traced Guns
607:concluded:
459:NY SAFE Act
340:Bump stocks
1733:Categories
1675:2008-09-06
1649:2008-09-06
1596:2016-02-13
1571:2019-08-26
1542:2019-08-26
1441:Justia Law
1422:2019-12-27
1364:August 23,
1099:References
1017:discharged
970:prohibits
966:The older
947:Theft Guns
730:voice vote
712:§ 922
590:ammunition
572:Under the
484:Suppressor
218:S. 49
214:Introduced
86:Public law
41:Long title
1503:27 August
1478:27 August
1174:260209689
1019:from the
888:) being:
787:, citing
650:Reactions
177:18 U.S.C.
167:18 U.S.C.
112:100
81:Citations
73:Effective
1249:Archived
1077:See also
1012:General.
982:and the
972:firearms
858:Unloaded
829:May 2011
690:and the
586:firearms
50:Acronyms
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1359:Reuters
1200:26 June
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187:I.R.C.
181:ch. 40
171:ch. 44
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249:79-15
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183:§ 845
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114:Stat.
1709:2014
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1366:2024
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1170:OCLC
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