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1208:(Pulmonary heart disease), and altered pulmonary immune defense mechanisms. While adverse effects on adults are notable, children appear to be at greatest risk. Many studies that focused specifically on RWC have concluded that young children living in homes heated by a wood-burning stove had a greater occurrence of moderate and severe chronic respiratory symptoms than children of the same age and sex who did not live in homes heated with a wood burning stove. Exposure of preschool children living in homes heated with wood burning stoves or in houses with open fireplaces yielded these effects: decreased pulmonary
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These modified fireplaces are often equipped with a large fire window, enabling an efficient heating process in two phases. During the first phase the initial heat is provided through a large glass window while the fire is burning. During this time the structure, built of refractory bricks, absorbs the heat. This heat is then evenly radiated for many hours during the second phase. Masonry fireplaces without a glass fire window only provide heat radiated from its surface. Depending on the outside
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Ventless fireplaces (duct free/room-venting fireplaces) are fueled by either gel, liquid propane, bottled gas or natural gas. In the United States, some states and local counties have laws restricting these types of fireplaces. They must be properly sized to the area to be heated. There are also air
1156:
though have an efficiency rating of at least 80% (legal minimum requirement, for example, in
Salzburg, Austria). To improve efficiency, fireplaces can also be modified by inserting special heavy fireboxes designed to burn much cleaner and can reach efficiencies as high as 80% in heating the air.
498:
Chimneys were invented in northern Europe in the 11th or 12th century and largely fixed the problem of smoke, more reliably venting it outside. They made it possible to give the fireplace a draft, and also made it possible to put fireplaces in multiple rooms in buildings conveniently. They did not
2174:
Burning of natural gas not only produces a variety of gases such as sulfur oxides, mercury compounds, and particulate matter but also leads to the production of nitrogen oxides, primarily nitrogen dioxide...The burning of biomass fuel or any other fossil fuel increases the concentration of black
126:
On the exterior, there is often a corbelled brick crown, in which the projecting courses of brick act as a drip course to keep rainwater from running down the exterior walls. A cap, hood, or shroud serves to keep rainwater out of the exterior of the chimney; rain in the chimney is a much greater
475:
Ancient fire pits were sometimes built in the ground, within caves, or in the center of a hut or dwelling. Evidence of prehistoric, man-made fires exists on all five inhabited continents. The disadvantage of early indoor fire pits was that they produced toxic and/or irritating smoke inside the
767:
791:
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2056:
Kraemer, Robert; Knobloch, Karsten; Lorenzen, Johan; Breuing, Karl H.; Koennecker, Soeren; Rennekampff, Hans-Oliver; Vogt, Peter M. (March–April 2001). "Severe Burn
Injuries Caused by Bioethanol-Design Fireplaces—An Overview on Recreational Fire Threats".
2011:
Novosel, I; Kovačić, Z; Gusić, S; Batelja, L; Nestić, M; Seiwerth, S; Skavić, J (April 2011). "Immunohistochemical detection of early myocardial damage in two sudden deaths due to intentional butane inhalation. Two case reports with review of literature".
554:
Over time, the purpose of fireplaces has changed from one of necessity to one of visual interest. Early ones were more fire pits than modern fireplaces. They were used for warmth on cold days and nights, as well as for cooking. They also served as a
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of the 1870s and 1880s took on a more traditional spectra based on stone and deflected unnecessary ornamentation. Rather it relied on simple designs with little unnecessary ornamentation. In the 1890s, the
Aesthetic movement gave way to the
494:
were invented to prevent smoke from spreading through a room and vent it out through a wall or roof. These could be placed against stone walls, instead of taking up the middle of the room, and this allowed smaller rooms to be heated.
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685:
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1954:
818:
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Observations on the
Forgotten Art of Building a Good Fireplace: The Story of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, an American Genius & His Principles of Fireplace Design which Have Remained Unchanged for 174
740:
705:
578:. They perfected a style of fireplace design that was used for generations. It was smaller, more brightly lit, with an emphasis on the quality of the materials used in their construction, instead of their size.
896:
1304:
Propane, butane, and methane are all flammable gases used in fireplaces (natural gas is mostly methane, liquefied petroleum gas mostly propane). If they are allowed to accumulate unburned, gases can cause
642:
942:
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1008:
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A wide range of accessories are used with fireplaces, which range between countries, regions, and historical periods. For the interior, common in recent
Western cultures include grates,
621:
923:
427:
are sometimes used to capture and re-radiate heat, to protect the back of the fireplace, and as decoration. Fenders are low metal frames set in front of the fireplace to contain
1976:
Fukunaga, T; Yamamoto, H; Tanegashima, A; Yamamoto, Y; Nishi, K (25 October 1996). "Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) poisoning: report of two cases and review of the literature".
1944:
1148:
Enclosed wood-fueled fireplace equipped with a blower fan which takes in air through the bottom vent, blows it around the firebox to heat it, and releases it via the top vent
801:
546:, where the emphasis was still placed on providing quality stone. Stone fireplaces at this time were a symbol of prosperity, which to some degree is still the notion today.
351:
are fueled by either liquid propane or natural gas. They are completely sealed from the area that is heated, and vent all exhaust gasses to the exterior of the structure.
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designed a fireplace with a tall, shallow firebox that was better at drawing the smoke up and out of the building. The shallow design also improved greatly the amount of
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1922:
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can also be increased with the use of a fireback, a piece of metal that sits behind the fire and reflects heat back into the room. Firebacks are traditionally made from
692:
983:
1898:
566:, came large-scale housing developments, necessitating a standardization of fireplaces. The most renowned fireplace designers of this time were the Adam Brothers:
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633:
510:, raised the grate of the fireplace, improving the airflow and venting system. The 18th century saw two important developments in the history of fireplaces.
3821:
1868:
364:
chimneys. Fundamental design flaws bankrupted the US manufacturers and made the design obsolete. These chimneys often show vertical cracks on the exterior.
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1046:
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can continue to cause changes and structural damage within the respiratory system. Young children, seniors, pregnant women, smokers and individuals with
180:
A few types are wall mounted electric fireplaces, electric fireplace stoves, electric mantel fireplaces, and fixed or free standing electric fireplaces.
64:. Fireplaces are used for the relaxing ambiance they create and for heating a room. Modern fireplaces vary in heat efficiency, depending on the design.
1643:
629:
1268:. Some of these pollutants are known to cause cancer but their effects on human health via exposure to wood smoke have not been extensively studied.
2423:
864:
754:
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1272:
The
Washington State Department of Ecology also published a booklet explaining why wood smoke can be dangerous. It explains that human lung and
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1603:
139:
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Newly constructed flues may feature a chase cover, a cap, and a spark arrestor at the top to keep small animals out and to prevent
5008:
2191:"Effectiveness of Hyperbaric Oxygenation Versus Normobaric Oxygenation Therapy in Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Systematic Review"
479:
Fire pits developed into raised hearths in buildings, but venting smoke depended on open windows or holes in roofs. The medieval
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1638:
143:
1919:
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1843:
995:
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and tool stands. Other wider accessories can include log baskets, companion sets, coal buckets, cabinet accessories and more.
2330:
1732:
375:
from being broadcast into the atmosphere. All gas fireplaces require trained gas service members to carry out installations.
297:
3796:
3758:
1387:
1890:
1860:
3619:
2059:
367:
Metal-lined flue: Double- or triple-walled metal pipe running up inside a new or existing wood-framed or masonry chase.
1460:
Smoke shelf—A shelf below the smoke chamber and behind the damper. It collects debris and water falling down the flue.
270:
3661:
3374:
2910:
2639:
2517:
2466:
2316:
2189:
Casillas, Sebastian; Galindo, Antonio; Camarillo-Reyes, Luis A.; Varon, Joseph; Surani, Salim R. (October 15, 2019).
1718:
1289:
1265:
2730:
1696:
1253:
605:, some elementary classrooms would contain decorated fireplaces to ease children's transition from home to school.
483:
typically had a centrally located hearth, where an open fire burned with the smoke rising to the vent in the roof.
282:
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3005:
1201:
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within the home. These fire pits were usually centered within a room, allowing more people to gather around it.
3964:
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2458:
1666:
1403:
Andiron—Either one of two horizontal metal bars resting on short legs intended to support firewood in a hearth.
960:
860:
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were developed during the Middle Ages to allow the roof vents to be covered so rain and snow would not enter.
3773:
3717:
3712:
3289:
2817:
1038:
1416:
Back (fireback)—The inside, rear wall of the fireplace of masonry or metal that reflects heat into the room.
1288:
are most vulnerable. Wood smoke can cause disease and even death in children, because it is associated with
4875:
3334:
2885:
2806:
2765:
1633:
948:
1451:
Insert—The fireplace insert is a device inserted into an existing masonry or prefabricated wood fireplace.
321:
4705:
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3479:
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concludes that there are a wide variety of health risks posed by residential wood combustion. It states:
902:
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2415:
3826:
3707:
3414:
3179:
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1527:
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Some fireplace units incorporate a blower, which transfers more of the fireplace's heat to the air via
503:
593:. The insert was where the fire burned, and was constructed of cast iron often backed with decorative
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1949:
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by pulling air from a basement and venting out a longer area at the top. In the later 18th century,
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1891:"RIS - Heizungsanlagen-Verordnung 2010 - Landesrecht konsolidiert Salzburg, Fassung vom 14.05.2021"
1437:
Hearth—The floor of a fireplace. The part of a hearth which projects into a room may be called the
778:
668:
543:
342:
2304:
RSMeans
Illustrated Construction Dictionary: The Complete Source of Construction Terms and Concept
4271:
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250:
309:
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Mantel—Either the shelf above a fireplace or the structure to support masonry above a fireplace
1341:
1229:
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575:
127:
problem in chimneys lined with impervious flue tiles or metal liners than with the traditional
80:
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Most older fireplaces have a relatively low efficiency rating. Standard, modern, wood-burning
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4173:
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1069:
567:
563:
348:
1809:
1419:
Brick trimmer—A brick arch supporting a hearth or shielding a joist in front of a fireplace.
1121:, with a high surface area in its heat exchanger and a lift out ash tray to simplify cleanup
868:
4897:
4673:
4403:
4256:
3733:
3723:
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3499:
3079:
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805:
719:
507:
146:
warn that, according to various studies, fireplaces can pose health risks. The EPA writes "
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come into general use immediately, however, as they were expensive to build and maintain.
8:
5003:
4870:
4678:
3599:
3589:
3563:
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3011:
2920:
2890:
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can produce carbon monoxide, which is highly poisonous and can cause death and long-term
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519:
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170:
1989:
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2096:
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2029:
1993:
1839:
1724:
1714:
1710:
1522:
1517:
1463:
Throat (waist)—The narrow area above a fireplace usually where the damper is located.
1042:
511:
382:
A fender (colorized) is set in front of the fireplace to contain embers, soot and ash
256:
32:
2383:
1945:"Derek Kehler and Helena Curic identified as young couple killed in Kurrajong cabin"
99:
to escape. A fireplace may have the following: a foundation, a hearth, a firebox, a
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4188:
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2137:
2072:
2021:
1985:
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projected into the room. Rumford's design is the foundation for modern fireplaces.
100:
2142:
1352:
581:
By the 1800s, most new fireplaces were made up of two parts, the surround and the
378:
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4398:
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4298:
4198:
4079:
3896:
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3129:
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2255:
2076:
1926:
1700:
1245:
1241:
1138:
727:
556:
462:
440:
358:
Masonry (brick or stone fireplaces and chimneys) with or without tile-lined flue.
1755:"History of Antique Fireplaces | Victorian, Georgian & Edwardian Fireplaces"
585:. The surround consisted of the mantelpiece and side supports, usually in wood,
4982:
4840:
4700:
4521:
4389:
4337:
4303:
4291:
4286:
4157:
4152:
3646:
3543:
3319:
3299:
3264:
3199:
3119:
2960:
2950:
2859:
2709:
2679:
2634:
2629:
2025:
1425:—The part of the chimney which projects into a room to accommodate a fireplace.
1422:
1368:
1337:
1325:
1280:
emitted by wood combustion, which penetrate deeply into the lungs. For months,
1153:
952:
914:
906:
883:
829:
515:
408:
223:
185:
132:
53:
3942:
1129:, resulting in a more evenly heated space and a lower heating load. Fireplace
750:
4997:
4710:
4627:
4567:
4479:
4450:
4122:
4084:
4038:
3950:
3728:
3579:
3474:
3439:
3209:
3204:
3159:
3154:
3000:
2975:
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2945:
2915:
2785:
2684:
2664:
2644:
2555:
2476:
2326:
2218:
2151:
2128:
2092:
2084:
1728:
1532:
1477:
1329:
887:
598:
531:
527:
338:
116:
104:
1428:
Crane—Metal arms mounted on pintles, which swing and hold pots above a fire.
131:
chimney, which soaks up all but the most violent rain. Some chimneys have a
4860:
4730:
4617:
4612:
4582:
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4455:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4394:
4346:
4341:
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2704:
2689:
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2100:
2033:
1502:
1395:
Several of these terms may be compounded with chimney or fireplace such as
1376:
1321:
1277:
1261:
1249:
1197:
1118:
538:
491:
372:
19:
1997:
1409:
Ash dump—An opening in a hearth to sweep ashes for later removal from the
4953:
4938:
4750:
4587:
4503:
4494:
4474:
4445:
4379:
4050:
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4028:
4013:
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3998:
3985:
3916:
3558:
3515:
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3404:
3279:
3239:
3224:
3169:
3094:
3064:
3059:
2875:
2740:
2659:
1482:
1448:
Hearthstone—A large stone or other materials used as the hearth material.
1372:
1233:
1158:
979:
571:
246:
217:
160:
96:
2209:
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4208:
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4003:
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3494:
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3219:
3189:
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3149:
3054:
2854:
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1217:
1213:
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723:
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120:
112:
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3254:
3084:
2880:
2454:
1492:
1333:
1134:
1015:
991:
602:
400:
192:
1228:; and increased incidence, duration, and possibly severity of acute
27:
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4845:
4835:
4745:
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4117:
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3614:
3548:
3049:
2849:
2649:
2624:
2599:
2188:
1975:
1431:
Damper—A metal door to close a flue when a fireplace is not in use.
1306:
1225:
1221:
1061:
999:
956:
696:
671:
fireplace, unknown architect or sculptor, 16th century, limestone,
653:
334:
205:
196:
84:
68:
1834:
Mariana Celac, Octavian
Carabela and Marius Marcu-Lapadat (2017).
4784:
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4526:
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4322:
4246:
4178:
4147:
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4033:
3124:
2796:
1313:(a liquid, also sold in gels) fires can also cause severe burns.
1310:
1257:
1188:
With regard to adults, studies show that prolonged inhalation of
1019:
910:
711:
625:
601:
were thought to add a cosy ambiance to homes. In the US state of
590:
562:
Many flaws were found in early fireplace designs. Along with the
523:
444:
404:
289:
242:
234:
200:
128:
88:
76:
72:
1786:"Tile Town: Century-Old Illustrated Fireplace Delights Students"
1695:
1667:"Best Ventless Fireplace Logs Review | Expert Guide | Updated |"
1466:
Wing—The sides of a fireplace above the opening near the throat.
1144:
4907:
4779:
4464:
4440:
4413:
4374:
4308:
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833:
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238:
108:
44:
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2055:
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4788:
4663:
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4276:
4060:
3977:
3816:
3249:
2451:
Home Fires: How
Americans Kept Warm in the Nineteenth Century
1101:
964:
456:
448:
428:
164:
147:
57:
49:
4958:
4943:
4902:
4855:
4823:
4798:
4793:
4740:
4261:
4241:
3973:
3324:
3244:
1209:
1161:, 1 to 2 daily firings are sufficient to ensure a constant
773:
Rococo fireplace in the Oval Salon of the
Princesse in the
594:
432:
420:
416:
211:
174:
92:
61:
2010:
1096:
Video of an antique fireplace in a historical building in
824:
Neoclassical marble fireplace in the green dining room of
177:
or gas or retrofit with log inserts or electric fireboxes.
1320:. Emissions include airborne particulate matter (such as
436:
230:
518:
that greatly improved the efficiency of fireplaces and
2354:"Wood Burning Fireplace Insert (2021 Reviews Updated)"
1931:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B
699:, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 16th century
656:, France, unknown architect or sculptor, 15th century
107:(used in kitchen and laundry fireplaces), a grate, a
890:, Paris, unknown architect or sculptor, 19th century
2124:"Household air pollution and its effects on health"
1348:. Some forms of fuel are more harmful than others.
597:. As well as providing heat, the fireplaces of the
119:, a smoke chamber, a throat, a flue, and a chimney
1942:
1634:"Smoke health effects & burning alternatives"
415:. A grate (or fire grate) is a frame, usually of
4995:
1943:Partridge, Emma; Aubusson, Kate (June 9, 2015).
1838:. Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 80.
1014:Rococo Revival fireplace in Strada Bocșa no. 4,
549:
3972:
1375:. Other emissions, such as nitrogen oxides and
1181:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
3958:
2563:
2046:Suffocations may be caused by propane, butane
1604:United States Environmental Protection Agency
140:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1406:Arch—An arched top of the fireplace opening.
333:quality control issues due to the amount of
150:may smell good, but it's not good for you."
79:and domestic uses. A fire is contained in a
1861:"Three Steps to a More Efficient Fireplace"
1836:Bucharest Architecture - an annotated guide
67:Historically, they were used for heating a
3965:
3951:
3330:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2579:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2570:
2556:
1041:fireplace in the Gheorghe Petrașcu House (
411:, all of which cradle fuel and accelerate
16:Device for firing solid fuels in buildings
2226:
2208:
2159:
2141:
2122:Apte, Komalkirti; Salvi, Sundeep (2016).
2121:
1699:(March 21, 2016). Hall, Dennis J. (ed.).
1628:
1626:
3764:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
2351:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
1386:
1362:
1143:
1112:
905:fireplace in the banqueting hall of the
461:
385:
377:
26:
18:
2300:
1309:by displacing air, and gas explosions.
932:"sitting room" with a fireplace in the
439:. For fireplace tending, tools include
337:they release into the room air, and an
4996:
2483:
2014:Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
1957:from the original on February 21, 2021
1639:Washington State Department of Ecology
1623:
1576:from the original on February 16, 2021
1367:Burning any hydrocarbon fuel releases
159:Manufactured fireplaces are made with
153:
144:Washington State Department of Ecology
3946:
3637:Programmable communicating thermostat
2551:
2502:
2448:
2416:"Chimney and Fireplace Configuration"
2352:Perryman, Oliver (January 19, 2021).
2275:
1871:from the original on January 15, 2013
1765:from the original on October 27, 2020
1664:
1646:from the original on January 17, 2021
1593:
1591:
1557:
1454:Jamb—The side of a fireplace opening.
1379:, can be harmful to the environment.
1328:. These harm health: they weaken the
1178:A literature review published in the
1108:
3759:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
2449:Adams, Sean Patrick (May 15, 2014).
1299:
1292:. Home fireplaces have caused fatal
804:, Palace of Versailles, designed by
516:convection chamber for the fireplace
135:incorporated into the crown or cap.
2060:Journal of Burn Care & Research
1920:The Toxicology of Inhaled Woodsmoke
1858:
1783:
1705:. Illustrated by The Magnum Group.
1677:from the original on April 28, 2021
1560:"Chimney filters can save billions"
1434:Flue—The passageway in the chimney.
808:and decorated with bronzes made by
13:
3620:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2442:
2263:from the original on April 9, 2021
1588:
1316:Burning hydrocarbons can decrease
1290:lower respiratory tract infections
1064:fireplace in the boudoir from the
14:
5020:
3662:Standard temperature and pressure
3375:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2911:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2640:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
2527:
2426:from the original on May 14, 2021
2364:from the original on May 14, 2021
2333:from the original on May 14, 2021
1735:from the original on May 14, 2021
1611:from the original on May 14, 2021
1168:
886:fireplace in the room 538 of the
173:can be built-in replacements for
4977:
4976:
2731:Absorption-compression heat pump
2396:from the original on May 9, 2021
1697:American Institute of Architects
1665:Logan, Matt (November 6, 2015).
1558:Skøtt, Torben (September 2007).
1254:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1080:
1054:
1031:
1007:
972:
941:
922:
895:
876:
845:
817:
790:
766:
739:
704:
684:
661:
641:
610:
320:
308:
296:
281:
269:
3626:Normal temperature and pressure
3006:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2487:The Open Fire-place in All Ages
2484:Putnam, John Pickering (1882).
2408:
2376:
2345:
2243:
2182:
2115:
2049:
2040:
2004:
1969:
1936:
1912:
1901:from the original on 2018-02-15
1883:
1852:
1702:Architectural Graphic Standards
1216:; increased incidence of acute
1202:pulmonary arterial hypertension
5009:Residential heating appliances
2540:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2459:Johns Hopkins University Press
2301:RSMeans (September 15, 2009).
1978:Forensic Science International
1827:
1802:
1777:
1747:
1689:
1658:
1551:
1232:. Residential wood combustion
961:Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille
394:
1:
3774:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3718:Building information modeling
3713:Building services engineering
3290:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2818:Demand controlled ventilation
2766:Building insulation materials
2503:Orton, Vrest (January 1969).
2143:10.12688/f1000research.7552.1
1990:10.1016/s0379-0738(96)01995-0
1544:
1023:
996:Musée départemental de l'Oise
987:
731:
695:(Rue de la Madeleine no. 3),
691:Renaissance fireplace in the
550:Evolution of fireplace design
490:Also during the Middle Ages,
276:Traditional Himalayan Tandoor
188:fireplaces can be fueled by:
3335:High-pressure cut-off switch
2886:Ice storage air conditioning
2807:Dedicated outdoor air system
2077:10.1097/BCR.0b013e31820aade7
1599:"Wood Smoke and Your Health"
863:no. 25), Paris, designed by
327:Traditional Serbian Ognjište
288:Wood-burning fireplace with
7:
3678:Thermostatic radiator valve
3480:Thermostatic radiator valve
2991:Underfloor air distribution
2926:Radiant heating and cooling
2844:Energy recovery ventilation
2756:Automobile air conditioning
2620:Domestic energy consumption
1470:
1382:
622:Hôtel de préfecture du Cher
10:
5025:
3827:Institute of Refrigeration
3708:Architectural technologist
3180:Electrostatic precipitator
2510:Alan C. Hood & Company
2026:10.1016/j.jflm.2010.12.003
1528:Staffordshire dog figurine
1351:Burning hydrocarbon fuels
1220:and severity/frequency of
470:
4972:
4916:
4729:
4646:
4493:
4336:
4166:
4110:
3984:
3889:
3880:Volatile organic compound
3855:
3782:
3739:Environmental engineering
3703:Architectural engineering
3686:
3534:
3505:Ultra-low particulate air
3090:Automatic balancing valve
3037:
3018:Variable refrigerant flow
2870:Heat recovery ventilation
2813:Deep water source cooling
2723:
2585:
2069:American Burn Association
1950:The Sydney Morning Herald
1671:Ventless Fireplace Review
1294:carbon monoxide poisoning
1137:, but are also made from
861:Avenue des Champs-Élysées
802:Bibliothèque de Louis XVI
4686:Multi-family residential
3927:Template:Home automation
3749:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3445:Solar-assisted heat pump
3045:Air conditioner inverter
2824:Displacement ventilation
2715:Vapour pressure of water
2700:Thermal destratification
1859:Tom (January 16, 2012).
779:Rue des Francs-Bourgeois
648:Gothic fireplace in the
544:Arts and Crafts movement
466:Cooking over a fireplace
423:for a fire. Heavy metal
354:Chimney and flue types:
343:carbon monoxide detector
75:, and heating water for
3922:World Refrigeration Day
3769:Refrigerant reclamation
3698:Architectural acoustics
3642:Programmable thermostat
3574:Clean air delivery rate
3470:Thermal expansion valve
3385:Pressurisation ductwork
3295:Ground source heat pump
2736:Absorption refrigerator
2420:Rockford Chimney Supply
2251:"Definition of Andiron"
1918:Zelikoff, J.T., 2002. "
1498:List of home appliances
1342:cardiovascular diseases
1196:, chronic interstitial
1173:
1117:Fireplace with tubular
1066:Hôtel du Collectionneur
673:Château des ducs de Bar
522:. He also improved the
345:are safety essentials.
303:A gas-powered fireplace
251:liquefied petroleum gas
138:Organizations like the
48:is a structure made of
3912:Glossary of HVAC terms
3874:Sick building syndrome
3754:Mechanical engineering
3465:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2896:Mixed-mode ventilation
2384:"Definition of mantel"
1392:
1357:neurological disorders
1270:
1230:respiratory infections
1149:
1122:
1074:Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann
1045:no. 5), Bucharest, by
984:Émile Muller & Cie
934:Sherlock Holmes Museum
726:, France, probably by
467:
391:
383:
349:Direct vent fireplaces
60:designed to contain a
35:
24:
3932:Template:Solar energy
3610:Intelligent buildings
3569:Carbon dioxide sensor
2956:Room air distribution
2776:Central solar heating
1390:
1363:Environmental effects
1276:are unable to filter
1186:
1147:
1116:
1070:1925 Paris Exhibition
1022:, unknown architect,
564:Industrial Revolution
465:
389:
381:
30:
23:Modern open fireplace
22:
3734:Duct leakage testing
3724:Deep energy retrofit
3668:Thermographic camera
3605:Infrared thermometer
3080:Air source heat pump
3029:Water heat recycling
2595:Air changes per hour
2175:carbon in the air...
1391:Hand forged andirons
1286:respiratory diseases
1252:compounds including
806:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
720:Palace of Versailles
693:Hôtel Tornié-Barassy
263:, also sold in gels)
208:(carbonized biomass)
4132: / Guest room
3600:HVAC control system
3590:Home energy monitor
3564:Building automation
3350:Inverter compressor
3012:Variable air volume
2921:Passive ventilation
2891:Kitchen ventilation
2791:Constant air volume
2761:Autonomous building
2358:Dehumidifier Critic
2210:10.7759/cureus.5916
1814:pop.culture.gouv.fr
1707:Hoboken, New Jersey
1274:respiratory systems
781:no. 60), Paris, by
757:no. 77), Paris, by
634:Drouet de Dammartin
520:wood-burning stoves
362:Reinforced concrete
249:is mostly methane,
171:Electric fireplaces
154:Types of fireplaces
111:, a lintel bar, an
4608:Servants' quarters
3863:Indoor air quality
3807:ASTM International
3744:Hydronic balancing
3521:Wood-burning stove
3400:Radiator reflector
3185:Evaporative cooler
2996:Underfloor heating
2981:Thermal insulation
2543:. Merriam-Webster.
1925:2020-08-01 at the
1759:Fireplace Antiques
1569:. pp. 10–11.
1538:Wood-burning stove
1508:Micathermic heater
1393:
1346:insulin resistance
1318:indoor air quality
1212:function in young
1194:chronic bronchitis
1154:masonry fireplaces
1150:
1123:
1109:Heating efficiency
869:Eugène Delaplanche
650:Palace of Poitiers
539:Aesthetic movement
468:
392:
384:
315:Electric fireplace
36:
25:
4991:
4990:
4409:Janitorial closet
4143:Bedsit / Miniflat
3940:
3939:
3856:Health and safety
3435:Scroll compressor
3390:Process duct work
3145:Convection heater
3140:Condensing boiler
3070:Air-mixing plenum
2966:Solar combisystem
2802:Cross ventilation
2605:Building envelope
1895:www.ris.bka.gv.at
1845:978-973-0-23884-6
1523:Rumford fireplace
1518:Outdoor fireplace
1324:) and gases like
1300:Gases and ethanol
1091:
857:Hôtel de la Païva
855:fireplace in the
800:fireplace in the
749:fireplace in the
714:fireplace in the
620:fireplace in the
512:Benjamin Franklin
220:(carbonized coal)
214:of various grades
33:outdoor fireplace
5016:
4980:
4979:
4949:Home improvement
4721:Studio apartment
4513:Kitchen-related
4189:Conversation pit
3976:and spaces of a
3967:
3960:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3902:Building science
3657:Smart thermostat
3652:Room temperature
3235:Fireplace insert
2941:Radon mitigation
2839:Electric heating
2834:District heating
2829:District cooling
2746:Air conditioning
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2523:
2508:(2nd ed.).
2499:
2490:(2nd ed.).
2480:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2307:(4th ed.).
2298:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2212:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2163:
2145:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1940:
1934:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1607:. May 28, 2013.
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1564:
1555:
1488:Fireplace insert
1248:and potentially
1163:room temperature
1093:
1092:
1058:
1039:Romanian Revival
1035:
1025:
1011:
989:
976:
945:
926:
899:
880:
867:and sculpted by
849:
826:Catherine Palace
821:
810:Pierre Gouthière
794:
783:Germain Boffrand
775:Hôtel de Soubise
770:
743:
733:
708:
688:
665:
645:
630:Guy de Dammartin
614:
419:bars, to retain
390:Fireplace shovel
324:
312:
300:
285:
273:
226:of several types
123:or afterburner.
5024:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5013:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4983:Category: Rooms
4968:
4912:
4733:
4725:
4691:Secondary suite
4642:
4517:butler's pantry
4489:
4432:Mechanical room
4385:Electrical room
4344:
4332:
4162:
4106:
4080:Recreation room
3980:
3971:
3941:
3936:
3897:ASHRAE Handbook
3885:
3869:Passive smoking
3851:
3784:
3778:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3536:
3530:
3511:Whole-house fan
3425:Run-around coil
3420:Reversing valve
3365:Mechanical room
3355:Kerosene heater
3345:Infrared heater
3275:Gasoline heater
3215:Fan filter unit
3130:Condensate pump
3115:Centrifugal fan
3033:
2936:Radiant heating
2931:Radiant cooling
2906:Passive cooling
2901:Microgeneration
2771:Central heating
2719:
2695:Thermal comfort
2587:
2581:
2576:
2533:
2530:
2520:
2496:James R. Osgood
2469:
2445:
2443:Further reading
2440:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2389:Merriam-Webster
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2299:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2256:Merriam-Webster
2249:
2248:
2244:
2187:
2183:
2120:
2116:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2009:
2005:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1941:
1937:
1927:Wayback Machine
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1790:Urban Milwaukee
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1473:
1385:
1365:
1332:, and increase
1302:
1246:carbon monoxide
1242:nitrogen oxides
1192:contributed to
1176:
1171:
1139:stainless steel
1111:
1104:
1094:
1081:
1076:
1059:
1050:
1047:Spiru Cegăneanu
1036:
1027:
1012:
1003:
977:
968:
949:Russian Revival
946:
937:
930:Victorian style
927:
918:
900:
891:
881:
872:
850:
841:
838:Charles Cameron
822:
813:
795:
786:
771:
762:
744:
735:
728:Robert de Cotte
716:Salon d'Hercule
709:
700:
689:
680:
666:
657:
646:
637:
615:
557:gathering place
552:
473:
397:
328:
325:
316:
313:
304:
301:
292:
286:
277:
274:
253:mostly propane)
156:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5022:
5012:
5011:
5006:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4782:
4777:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4603:Servants' hall
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4429:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4392:
4390:Equipment room
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4306:
4304:Secret passage
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3647:Psychrometrics
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3544:Air flow meter
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Heating system
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3300:Heat exchanger
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3265:Gas compressor
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Expansion tank
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Ceramic heater
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Solar air heat
2958:
2953:
2951:Renewable heat
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2860:Forced-air gas
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2710:Thermodynamics
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Psychrometrics
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Gas compressor
2632:
2630:Fluid dynamics
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2529:
2528:External links
2526:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2500:
2481:
2467:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2407:
2375:
2344:
2317:
2274:
2242:
2181:
2114:
2048:
2039:
2003:
1984:(3): 193–200.
1968:
1935:
1911:
1882:
1851:
1844:
1826:
1801:
1784:Tyjeski, Ben.
1776:
1746:
1719:
1688:
1657:
1622:
1587:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:Chimney breast
1420:
1417:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1384:
1381:
1369:carbon dioxide
1364:
1361:
1338:blood pressure
1326:nitrogen oxide
1301:
1298:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Health effects
1167:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1079:
1077:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1006:
1004:
982:fireplace, by
978:
971:
969:
953:Mikhail Vrubel
951:fireplace, by
947:
940:
938:
928:
921:
919:
915:William Burges
907:Cardiff Castle
903:Gothic Revival
901:
894:
892:
884:Rococo Revival
882:
875:
873:
865:Pierre Manguin
851:
844:
842:
830:Tsarskoye Selo
823:
816:
814:
796:
789:
787:
772:
765:
763:
755:Rue de Varenne
745:
738:
736:
710:
703:
701:
690:
683:
681:
667:
660:
658:
647:
640:
638:
636:, 15th century
616:
609:
551:
548:
492:smoke canopies
472:
469:
409:pellet baskets
396:
393:
369:
368:
365:
359:
330:
329:
326:
319:
317:
314:
307:
305:
302:
295:
293:
287:
280:
278:
275:
268:
265:
264:
254:
227:
224:Smokeless fuel
221:
215:
209:
203:
182:
181:
178:
168:
155:
152:
142:(EPA) and the
133:spark arrestor
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5021:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:Architectural
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:Semi-detached
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Swimming pool
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:Great chamber
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Wiring closet
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Semi-basement
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:Private rooms
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4085:billiard room
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:dirty kitchen
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:organizations
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Duct cleaning
3727:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Control valve
3578:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Turning vanes
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Thermal wheel
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:Solar chimney
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Fan coil unit
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Cooling tower
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Vapor barrier
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Solar heating
2974:
2972:
2971:Solar cooling
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Refrigeration
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Passive house
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Chilled water
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Sensible heat
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Noise control
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Heat transfer
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2519:9780911469172
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2468:9781421413570
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2318:9780876290927
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2203:(10): e5916.
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2129:F1000Research
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:(3): 125–31.
2019:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1865:FireplaceMall
1862:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1720:9781118909508
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Stone carving
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Chimney liner
1476:
1475:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1377:sulfur oxides
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:immune system
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:sulfur oxides
1236:also contain
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1103:
1099:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
981:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:, 1899–1900,
954:
950:
944:
939:
935:
931:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
898:
893:
889:
888:Louvre Palace
885:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
742:
737:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
702:
698:
694:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
659:
655:
651:
644:
639:
635:
631:
628:, France, by
627:
623:
619:
613:
608:
607:
606:
604:
600:
599:Victorian era
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
547:
545:
540:
535:
533:
532:heat transfer
529:
528:Count Rumford
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Prince Rupert
500:
496:
493:
488:
486:
482:
477:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:, log boxes,
402:
388:
380:
376:
374:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
350:
346:
344:
340:
339:oxygen sensor
336:
323:
318:
311:
306:
299:
294:
291:
284:
279:
272:
267:
266:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
202:
198:
194:
191:
190:
189:
187:
186:prefabricated
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
158:
157:
151:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:chimney crane
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
34:
29:
21:
4861:Roof lantern
4613:Smoking room
4583:Long gallery
4563:Drawing room
4549:Conservatory
4456:Storm cellar
4427:Storage room
4423:Utility room
4419:Laundry room
4395:Furnace room
4224:
3986:Shared rooms
3907:Fireproofing
3691:and services
3687:Professions,
3585:Gas detector
3485:Trickle vent
3460:Smoke damper
3455:Smoke canopy
3450:Space heater
3380:Plenum space
3315:Heating film
3229:
3195:Exhaust hood
3165:Dehumidifier
3105:Blast damper
3100:Barrier pipe
3075:Air purifier
2986:Thermosiphon
2865:Free cooling
2781:Chilled beam
2705:Thermal mass
2690:Stack effect
2675:Particulates
2655:Infiltration
2586:Fundamental
2538:
2504:
2486:
2450:
2428:. Retrieved
2419:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2357:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2303:
2265:. Retrieved
2254:
2245:
2200:
2194:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2133:
2127:
2117:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1948:
1938:
1930:
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1864:
1854:
1835:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1701:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1670:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1637:
1613:. Retrieved
1602:
1578:. Retrieved
1566:
1553:
1503:Mantel clock
1443:outer hearth
1442:
1438:
1410:
1397:chimney-back
1396:
1394:
1366:
1353:incompletely
1350:
1322:black carbon
1315:
1303:
1278:particulates
1271:
1262:formaldehyde
1250:carcinogenic
1206:corpulmonale
1198:lung disease
1187:
1179:
1177:
1151:
1124:
1119:grate heater
1043:Piața Romană
994:and enamel,
798:Neoclassical
761:, 1727–1732
580:
561:
553:
536:
514:developed a
506:, nephew of
501:
497:
489:
478:
474:
398:
370:
353:
347:
331:
184:Masonry and
183:
137:
125:
66:
43:
39:
37:
4954:Home repair
4751:Belt course
4659:Hidden room
4588:Lumber room
4504:Antechamber
4495:Great house
4475:Wine cellar
4446:Root cellar
4399:Boiler room
4380:Crawl space
4051:Living room
4044:kitchenette
4029:Home cinema
4014:Family room
4009:Dining room
3999:Common room
3917:Warm Spaces
3559:Blower door
3537:and control
3535:Measurement
3516:Windcatcher
3490:Trombe wall
3430:Sail switch
3410:Refrigerant
3405:Recuperator
3280:Grease duct
3240:Freeze stat
3225:Fire damper
3095:Back boiler
3065:Air ionizer
3060:Air handler
3024:Ventilation
2876:Hybrid heat
2741:Air barrier
2660:Latent heat
2535:"Fireplace"
2071:: 173–177.
1933:, 5:269-282
1483:Fire screen
1373:water vapor
1282:carcinogens
1159:temperature
980:Art Nouveau
871:, 1856–1866
759:Jean Aubert
751:Hôtel Biron
669:Renaissance
572:Robert Adam
395:Accessories
247:natural gas
167:fire boxes.
161:sheet metal
97:exhaust gas
5004:Fireplaces
4998:Categories
4964:Tree house
4934:Front yard
4866:Sill plate
4814:Foundation
4756:Bressummer
4669:house plan
4638:Undercroft
4623:State room
4573:Great hall
4542:still room
4209:dumbwaiter
4194:Cubby-hole
4024:Great room
3994:Bonus room
3673:Thermostat
3595:Humidistat
3526:Zone valve
3495:TurboSwing
3370:Oil heater
3340:Humidifier
3270:Gas heater
3220:Fan heater
3190:Evaporator
3175:Economizer
3150:Compressor
3055:Air filter
3038:Components
2855:Forced-air
2751:Antifreeze
2724:Technology
2670:Outgassing
2610:Convection
1905:2021-05-13
1795:2023-03-21
1545:References
1513:Oil heater
1334:infections
1218:bronchitis
1214:asthmatics
1190:wood smoke
1131:efficiency
1127:convection
853:Beaux-Arts
724:Versailles
677:Bar-le-Duc
576:James Adam
481:great hall
476:dwelling.
413:combustion
401:fireguards
259:(a liquid
229:Flammable
199:and other
113:overmantel
4888:Threshold
4771:Colonnade
4716:Townhouse
4654:Furniture
4558:Courtyard
4460:Safe room
4370:Cloakroom
4338:Technical
4328:Vestibule
4313:Staircase
4252:Inglenook
4225:Fireplace
4184:Breezeway
4056:Gynaeceum
3783:Industry
3632:OpenTherm
3310:Heat pump
3305:Heat pipe
3255:Fume hood
3230:Fireplace
3135:Condenser
3085:Attic fan
2881:Hydronics
2477:917156248
2455:Baltimore
2327:793656918
2219:2168-8184
2152:2046-1402
2109:205483058
2093:1559-047X
2085:1559-0488
1729:943373654
1493:Inglenook
1234:emissions
1135:cast iron
1016:Bucharest
992:stoneware
913:, UK, by
603:Wisconsin
568:John Adam
508:Charles I
502:In 1678,
425:firebacks
290:fire dogs
193:Wood fuel
91:or other
40:fireplace
4929:Driveway
4924:Backyard
4883:Skylight
4846:Plumbing
4841:Ornament
4836:Lighting
4746:Baluster
4734:elements
4706:Detached
4701:Terraced
4553:Orangery
4532:scullery
4509:Ballroom
4485:Workshop
4470:Wardrobe
4458: /
4425: /
4421: /
4397: /
4360:Basement
4292:sleeping
4287:screened
4272:Overhang
4216:Entryway
4204:Elevator
4118:Bathroom
4073:man cave
3890:See also
3615:LonWorks
3549:Aquastat
3415:Register
3395:Radiator
3050:Air door
2850:Firestop
2650:Humidity
2625:Enthalpy
2615:Dilution
2600:Bake-out
2588:concepts
2424:Archived
2394:Archived
2362:Archived
2331:Archived
2261:Archived
2237:31788375
2170:27853506
2136:: 2593.
2101:21233730
2034:21420651
1955:Archived
1923:Archived
1899:Archived
1869:Archived
1763:Archived
1733:Archived
1675:Archived
1644:Archived
1609:Archived
1571:Archived
1567:BioPress
1471:See also
1383:Glossary
1307:asphyxia
1226:coughing
1222:wheezing
1062:Art Deco
1002:, France
1000:Beauvais
967:, France
957:majolica
936:, London
697:Toulouse
679:, France
654:Poitiers
405:andirons
335:moisture
206:Charcoal
197:firewood
85:fire pit
69:dwelling
4917:Related
4893:Transom
4785:Cornice
4775:Portico
4766:Chimney
4761:Ceiling
4593:Parlour
4578:Library
4537:spicery
4527:saucery
4522:buttery
4365:Carport
4347:storage
4342:utility
4323:Veranda
4318:Terrace
4247:Hallway
4179:Balcony
4158:Nursery
4153:Cabinet
4148:Boudoir
4130:Bedroom
4102:Sunroom
4034:Kitchen
3689:trades,
3260:Furnace
3125:Chiller
2797:Coolant
2430:May 14,
2400:May 14,
2368:May 13,
2337:May 14,
2267:May 14,
2228:6855999
2161:5089137
1998:8948127
1961:May 14,
1875:May 13,
1810:"Hôtel"
1769:May 13,
1739:July 2,
1681:May 13,
1650:May 13,
1615:May 13,
1580:May 13,
1411:ash pit
1311:Ethanol
1266:dioxins
1258:benzene
1068:at the
1020:Romania
911:Cardiff
712:Baroque
626:Bourges
591:granite
524:airflow
485:Louvers
471:History
457:brushes
453:shovels
445:bellows
261:alcohol
257:Ethanol
243:methane
235:propane
201:biomass
129:masonry
95:allows
89:chimney
81:firebox
77:laundry
73:cooking
4981:
4939:Garden
4908:Window
4851:Quoins
4829:Portal
4780:Column
4696:Duplex
4674:styles
4633:Turret
4465:Studio
4441:Pantry
4414:Larder
4404:Garage
4375:Closet
4309:Stairs
4267:Loggia
4230:hearth
4220:Genkan
4174:Atrium
4167:Spaces
4136:closet
4123:toilet
4092:Shrine
4068:Andron
4019:Garret
3842:SMACNA
3802:ASHRAE
3622:(MERV)
3576:(CADR)
3554:BACnet
3507:(ULPA)
3360:Louver
3285:Grille
3160:Damper
3110:Boiler
3008:(VCRS)
2809:(DOAS)
2516:
2492:Boston
2475:
2465:
2325:
2315:
2235:
2225:
2217:
2196:Cureus
2168:
2158:
2150:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2032:
1996:
1842:
1819:10 May
1727:
1717:
1344:, and
1049:, 1912
990:1900,
917:, 1873
840:, 1779
834:Russia
812:, 1774
785:, 1740
747:Rococo
618:Gothic
587:marble
583:insert
574:, and
441:pokers
429:embers
373:sparks
341:and a
241:, and
239:butane
121:filter
117:damper
109:lintel
101:mantel
45:hearth
4898:Vault
4871:Style
4819:Gable
4809:Floor
4789:Eaves
4679:types
4664:House
4647:Other
4618:Solar
4598:Sauna
4497:areas
4436:floor
4355:Attic
4282:Porch
4277:Patio
4257:Lanai
4237:Foyer
4097:Study
4061:harem
3978:house
3974:Rooms
3882:(VOC)
3876:(SBS)
3865:(IAQ)
3822:CIBSE
3817:BSRIA
3720:(BIM)
3664:(STP)
3628:(NTP)
3250:Freon
3020:(VRF)
3014:(VAV)
2872:(HRV)
2846:(ERV)
2820:(DCV)
2793:(CAV)
2506:Years
2309:Wiley
2105:S2CID
2081:eISSN
2067:(2).
1711:Wiley
1574:(PDF)
1563:(PDF)
1439:front
1102:Japan
1098:Akita
1072:, by
965:Lille
836:, by
595:tiles
449:tongs
231:gases
165:glass
148:Smoke
58:metal
54:stone
50:brick
4959:Shed
4944:Home
4903:Wall
4876:list
4856:Roof
4824:Gate
4799:Door
4794:Dome
4741:Arch
4345:and
4299:Ramp
4262:Loft
4242:Hall
4199:Deck
3837:LEED
3797:AMCA
3792:AHRI
3325:HEPA
3245:Flue
3170:Duct
2514:ISBN
2473:OCLC
2463:ISBN
2432:2021
2402:2021
2370:2021
2339:2021
2323:OCLC
2313:ISBN
2269:2021
2233:PMID
2215:ISSN
2166:PMID
2148:ISSN
2097:PMID
2089:ISSN
2030:PMID
1994:PMID
1963:2021
1877:2021
1840:ISBN
1821:2024
1771:2021
1741:2017
1725:OCLC
1715:ISBN
1683:2021
1652:2021
1617:2021
1582:2021
1371:and
1264:and
1224:and
1210:lung
1204:and
1174:Wood
1026:1900
734:1710
537:The
435:and
433:soot
421:fuel
417:iron
407:and
218:Coke
212:Coal
175:wood
115:, a
103:, a
93:flue
87:; a
62:fire
4804:Ell
4004:Den
3847:UMC
3832:IIR
3812:BRE
3205:Fan
2223:PMC
2205:doi
2156:PMC
2138:doi
2073:doi
2022:doi
1986:doi
1929:".
1441:or
632:or
589:or
437:ash
195:or
163:or
83:or
56:or
42:or
31:An
5000::
4787:/
4773:/
4551:/
4434:/
4340:,
2537:.
2512:.
2494::
2471:.
2461:.
2457::
2453:.
2422:.
2418:.
2392:.
2386:.
2360:.
2356:.
2329:.
2321:.
2311:.
2277:^
2259:.
2253:.
2231:.
2221:.
2213:.
2201:11
2199:.
2193:.
2172:.
2164:.
2154:.
2146:.
2132:.
2126:.
2103:.
2095:.
2087:.
2079:.
2065:32
2063:.
2028:.
2018:18
2016:.
1992:.
1982:82
1980:.
1953:.
1947:.
1897:.
1893:.
1867:.
1863:.
1812:.
1788:.
1761:.
1757:.
1731:.
1723:.
1713:.
1709::
1673:.
1669:.
1642:.
1636:.
1625:^
1601:.
1590:^
1565:.
1399:.
1359:.
1340:,
1336:,
1296:.
1260:,
1256:,
1244:,
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1200:,
1165:.
1141:.
1100:,
1024:c.
1018:,
998:,
988:c.
986:,
963:,
959:,
909:,
832:,
828:,
732:c.
730:,
722:,
718:,
675:,
652:,
624:,
570:,
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451:,
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2498:.
2479:.
2434:.
2404:.
2372:.
2341:.
2271:.
2239:.
2207::
2140::
2134:5
2111:.
2075::
2036:.
2024::
2000:.
1988::
1965:.
1908:.
1879:.
1848:.
1823:.
1798:.
1773:.
1743:.
1685:.
1654:.
1619:.
1584:.
1445:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
