1309:. Smoke is a significant component of ambient air pollution, often resulting from the burning of coal in power plants, forest fires, agricultural burning, and other sources of combustion. Ambient air pollution typically contains particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other harmful substances, but the concentration of pollutants is generally lower than in cigarette smoke. However, prolonged exposure to ambient pollutants, especially particulate matter like PM2.5, can still pose serious health risks. For example, one day of exposure to PM2.5 at a concentration of 880 μg/m³ can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems, particularly for vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Long-term exposure to elevated PM2.5 levels is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including asthma, bronchitis, and heart disease. Additionally, PM2.5 particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, exacerbating health risks. Climate change can also worsen the frequency and intensity of pollution sources like wildfires, leading to higher concentrations of PM2.5 in certain regions. Such as occurs in Beijing, China, is the equivalent of smoking one or two cigarettes in terms of particulate inhalation by weight. The analysis is complicated, however, by the fact that the organic compounds present in various ambient particulates may have a higher carcinogenicity than the compounds in cigarette smoke particulates. Secondhand tobacco smoke is the combination of both sidestream and mainstream smoke emissions from a burning tobacco product. These emissions contain more than 50 carcinogenic chemicals. According to the United States
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1313:'s 2006 report on the subject, "Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining of blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart variability, potentially increasing the risk of a heart attack". The American Cancer Society lists "heart disease, lung infections, increased asthma attacks, middle ear infections, and low birth weight" as ramifications of smoker's emission.
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567:; smoke with significant tar content is yellow to brown. Combustion of solid fuels can result in the emission of many hundreds to thousands of lower volatility organic compounds in the aerosol phase. Presence of such smoke, soot, and/or brown oily deposits during a fire indicates a possible hazardous situation, as the atmosphere may be saturated with combustible pyrolysis products with concentration above the upper
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1283:, which are corrosive to both lungs and materials. When asleep the nose does not sense smoke nor does the brain, but the body will wake up if the lungs become enveloped in smoke and the brain will be stimulated and the person will be awoken. This does not work if the person is incapacitated or under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol.
1669:' which use several different optical methods, including more than one wavelength of light, inside a single instrument and apply an algorithm to give a good estimate of smoke. It has been claimed that these devices can differentiate types of smoke and so their probable source can be inferred, though this is disputed.
1906:
Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K.; Dunmore, Rachel E.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mullinger, Neil; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh
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in Paris in 1888, it is essentially a card with squares of black, white and shades of gray which is held up and the comparative grayness of the smoke judged. Highly dependent on light conditions and the skill of the observer it allocates a grayness number from 0 (white) to 5 (black) which has only a
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When smoke comes into contact with the surface of any substance or structure, the chemicals contained in it are transferred to it. The corrosive properties of the chemicals cause the substance or structure to decompose at a rapid rate. Certain materials or structures absorb these chemicals, which is
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Corrosivity of smoke produced by materials is characterized by the corrosion index (CI), defined as material loss rate (angstrom/minute) per amount of material gasified products (grams) per volume of air (m). It is measured by exposing strips of metal to flow of combustion products in a test tunnel.
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traces, penetration of aggressive chemicals through the casings of parts, and other effects can cause an immediate or gradual deterioration of parameters or even premature (and often delayed, as the corrosion can progress over long time) failure of equipment subjected to smoke. Many smoke components
3565:
Danielsen, Pernille Høgh; Møller, Peter; Jensen, Keld
Alstrup; Sharma, Anoop Kumar; Wallin, Håkan; Bossi, Rossana; Autrup, Herman; Mølhave, Lars; Ravanat, Jean-Luc; Briedé, Jacob Jan; de Kok, Theo Martinus; Loft, Steffen (18 February 2011). "Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inflammation Induced by
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A light beam is passed through the smoke. A light detector is situated at an angle to the light source, typically at 90°, so that it receives only light reflected from passing particles. A measurement is made of the light received which will be higher as the concentration of smoke particles becomes
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The smoke is passed through an array of metal tubes which contain suspended wires. A (huge) electrical potential is applied across the tubes and wires so that the smoke particles become charged and are attracted to the sides of the tubes. This method can over-read by capturing harmless condensates,
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Smoke from oxygen-deprived fires contains a significant concentration of compounds that are flammable. A cloud of smoke, in contact with atmospheric oxygen, therefore has the potential of being ignited – either by another open flame in the area, or by its own temperature. This leads to effects like
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or wood ovens) can cause lung damage, artery damage and DNA damage leading to cancer, other respiratory and lung disease and cardiovascular disease. Air pollution, particulate matter and wood smoke may also cause brain damage because of particulates breaching the cardiovascular system and into the
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and some air pollutants are not consistent. At least one study has identified "the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or friction-derived heating, which are prolific in urban,
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Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko;
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Navarro, Kathleen M.; Kleinman, Michael T.; Mackay, Chris E.; Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Balmes, John R.; Broyles, George A.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Naher, Luke P.; Domitrovich, Joseph W. (June 2019). "Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality".
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Tsiodra, Irini; Grivas, Georgios; Tavernaraki, Kalliopi; Bougiatioti, Aikaterini; Apostolaki, Maria; Paraskevopoulou, Despina; Gogou, Alexandra; Parinos, Constantine; Oikonomou, Konstantina; Tsagkaraki, Maria; Zarmpas, Pavlos; Nenes, Athanasios; Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos (7 December 2021).
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A smoke sample is simply sucked through a filter which is weighed before and after the test and the mass of smoke found. This is the simplest and probably the most accurate method, but can only be used where the smoke concentration is slight, as the filter can quickly become blocked.
1829:, smoking is important as it is a simple, inexpensive, but very effective method of extracting particles containing active agents. More importantly, generating smoke reduces the particle size to a microscopic scale thereby increasing the absorption of its active chemical principles.
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Flammability, smoke, toxicity, and corrosive gases of electric cable materials: report of the Task Force on
Flammability, Smoke, Toxicity, and Corrosive Gases of Electric Cable Materials, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, National Research
4124:
Tsai, Tsung-Lin; Lin, Yu-Ting; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Nakayama, Shoji F.; Tsai, Chon-Haw; Sun, Xian-Liang; Ma, Chaochen; Jung, Chau-Ren (October 2019). "Fine particulate matter is a potential determinant of
Alzheimer's disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis".
1948:
Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh. K.; Rickard, Andrew R.; Lee, James D.; Hamilton, Jacqueline F. (2021).
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Liu, Qisijing; Wang, Wanzhou; Gu, Xuelin; Deng, Furong; Wang, Xueqin; Lin, Hualiang; Guo, Xinbiao; Wu, Shaowei (February 2021). "Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1552:(29%). It also found that wood-burning is responsible for nearly half (43%) of annual PAH lung cancer-risk compared to the other sources and that wintertime PAH levels were 7 times higher than in other seasons, presumably due to an increased use of
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Smoke from a typical house fire contains hundreds of different chemicals and fumes. As a result, the damage caused by the smoke can often exceed that caused by the actual heat of the fire. In addition to the physical damage caused by the smoke of a
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Flores-Pajot, Marie-Claire; Ofner, Marianna; Do, Minh T.; Lavigne, Eric; Villeneuve, Paul J. (November 2016). "Childhood autism spectrum disorders and exposure to nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter air pollution: A review and meta-analysis".
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The composition of smoke depends on the nature of the burning fuel and the conditions of combustion. Fires with high availability of oxygen burn at a high temperature and with a small amount of smoke produced; the particles are mostly composed of
58:
1540:, wood smoke may be responsible for 60% of fine particle air pollution in the winter. A year-long sampling campaign in Athens, Greece found a third (31%) of PAH urban air pollution to be caused by wood-burning, roughly as much as that of
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particles can be formed in fires with insufficient oxygen. The silica particles have about 10 nm size, clumped to 70–100 nm aggregates and further agglomerated to chains. Radioactive particles may be present due to traces of
1219:– which manifests itself in the form of stains – is the often even harder to eliminate problem of a smoky odor. Just as there are contractors that specialize in rebuilding/repairing homes that have been damaged by fire and smoke,
3447:
Sigsgaard, Torben; Forsberg, Bertil; Annesi-Maesano, Isabella; Blomberg, Anders; Bølling, Anette; Boman, Christoffer; Bønløkke, Jakob; Brauer, Michael; Bruce, Nigel; Héroux, Marie-Eve; Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta (24 September 2015).
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is technically a product of combustion detector, not a smoke detector. Ionization chamber type smoke detectors detect particles of combustion that are invisible to the naked eye. This explains why they may frequently
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A smoke sample is drawn through a tube where it is diluted with air, the resulting smoke/air mixture is then pulled through a filter and weighed. This is the internationally recognized method of measuring smoke from
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was the reason why the trapped rescue firefighters could not evacuate the building in time. Because of the striking similarity that each floor shared, the dense smoke caused the firefighters to become disoriented.
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Maher, Barbara A.; Ahmed, Imad A. M.; Karloukovski, Vassil; MacLaren, Donald A.; Foulds, Penelope G.; Allsop, David; Mann, David M. A.; Torres-Jardón, Ricardo; Calderon-Garciduenas, Lilian (27 September 2016).
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Lam, Juleen; Sutton, Patrice; Kalkbrenner, Amy; Windham, Gayle; Halladay, Alycia; Koustas, Erica; Lawler, Cindy; Davidson, Lisette; Daniels, Natalyn; Newschaffer, Craig; Woodruff, Tracey (21 September 2016).
2955:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Archived from
594:; especially thiols tend to get adsorbed on surfaces and produce a lingering odor even long after the fire. Partial oxidation of the released hydrocarbons yields in a wide palette of other compounds:
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1990:
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1070:. Aliphatic polymers tend to generate the least smoke, and are non-self-extinguishing. However presence of additives can significantly increase smoke formation. Phosphorus-based and halogen-based
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4321:
Fan, Shu-Jun; Heinrich, Joachim; Bloom, Michael S.; Zhao, Tian-Yu; Shi, Tong-Xing; Feng, Wen-Ru; Sun, Yi; Shen, Ji-Chuan; Yang, Zhi-Cong; Yang, Bo-Yi; Dong, Guang-Hui (January 2020).
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is a simple and widely used method of in-line capture where a measured volume of smoke is pulled through a filter paper and the dark spot so formed is compared with a standard.
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or under-read due to the insulating effect of the smoke. However, it is the necessary method for assessing volumes of smoke too great to be forced through a filter, i.e., from
1271:. Smoke inhalation can therefore quickly lead to incapacitation and loss of consciousness. Sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride in contact with moisture form
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with halogenated additives, etc.) have the highest CI as the corrosive acids are formed directly with water produced by the combustion, polymers containing halogen only (e.g.
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and heaters. The largest exposure events are periods during the winter with reduced atmospheric dispersion to dilute the accumulated pollution, in particular due to the low
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bread in a toaster. As the bread heats up, the products of combustion increase in size. The fumes initially produced are invisible but become visible if the toast is burnt.
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A light beam is passed through the smoke and a detector opposite measures the light. The more smoke particles are present between the two, the less light will be measured.
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1825:, which was believed to protect the king from evil and disease. More than 300 plant species in 5 continents are used in smoke form for different diseases. As a method of
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passing relationship to the actual quantity of smoke. Nonetheless, the simplicity of the
Ringelmann scale means that it has been adopted as a standard in many countries.
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brain, which can increase the risk of developmental disorders, neurodegenerative disorders mental disorders, and suicidal behavior, although studies on the link between
3665:
1687:(a cheap, simple and very accurate procedure) will provide a good indication of the levels of smoke. Indeed, several jurisdictions use CO measurement as the basis of
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speeds. Research conducted about biomass burning in 2015, estimated that 38% of
European total particulate pollution emissions are composed of domestic wood burning.
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4181:"Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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from the fumes emitted from the red-hot heating elements of a toaster, before the presence of visible smoke, yet they may fail to activate in the early, low-heat
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2819:
Pope, C. Arden; Burnett, Richard T.; Turner, Michelle C.; Cohen, Aaron; Krewski, Daniel; Jerrett, Michael; Gapstur, Susan M.; Thun, Michael J. (November 2011).
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2455:
Mullinger, Neil; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh K.; Tripathi, Nidhi; Rickard, Andrew R.; Lee, James D.; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Hamilton, Jacqueline F. (18 February 2021).
2535:
Oldfield, F.; Tolonen, K. & Thompson, R. (1981). "History of
Particulate Atmospheric Pollution from Magnetic Measurements in Dated Finnish Peat Profiles".
3190:
1982:
2304:
3122:
2949:
3797:
2821:"Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships"
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661:). Other particulates may be composed of drops of condensed tar, or solid particles of ash. The presence of metals in the fuel yields particles of metal
3425:
1951:"Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India"
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854:; this results in smoke containing droplets of water. In absence of other color sources (nitrogen oxides, particulates...), such smoke is white and
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2323:
2210:
844:, and the smoke damage in more distant areas outside of the room where the fire occurs is therefore primarily mediated by the smaller particles.
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3226:
2733:
Properties of
Polymers: Their Correlation with Chemical Structure; Their Numerical Estimation and Prediction from Additive Group Contributions
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and other conductive particles or nonconductive layers on or across the contacts. Deposited particles may adversely affect the performance of
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2708:
721:, are present in coal smoke; their increase in deposits after 1860 marks the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. (Magnetic iron oxide
2747:
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Smoke can obscure visibility, impeding occupant exiting from fire areas. In fact, the poor visibility due to the smoke that was in the
2635:
2305:
National
Research Council (U.S.). Task Force on Flammability, Smoke, Toxicity and Corrosive Gases of Electric Cable Materials (1978).
1014:). The ratio of hopanes and steranes to elemental carbon can be used to distinguish between emissions of gasoline and diesel engines.
4736:
3318:
4081:
Fu, Pengfei; Yung, Ken Kin Lam (15 September 2020). "Air
Pollution and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
2901:"Exposure and risk from ambient particle-bound pollution in an airshed dominated by residential wood combustion and mobile sources"
1472:) have lower CI as the formation of acid is limited to reactions with airborne humidity, and halogen-free materials (polyolefins,
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4449:
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2012:
1715:
1066:, enhance generation of smoke. Aromatic groups integrated in the polymer backbone produce less smoke, likely due to significant
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2741:
2676:
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2387:
2348:
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1589:(carbonized particles) and white 'smoke' which is not a smoke at all but merely a suspension of harmless water particulates.
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2209:
Reuter, M.A.; Boin, U.M.J.; Schaik, A. van; Verhoef, E.; Heiskanen, K.; Yang, Yongxiang; Georgalli, G. (2 November 2005).
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on their surfaces, or by being dissolved in liquid droplets. Hydrogen chloride is well absorbed in the soot particles.
878:
3254:"Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes"
1907:
K.; Tripathi, Nidhi; Rickard, Andrew R.; Lee, James D.; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Hamilton, Jacqueline F. (18 February 2021).
1476:) have the lowest CI. However, some halogen-free materials can also release significant amount of corrosive products.
4231:
Lu, Jackson G (April 2020). "Air pollution: A systematic review of its psychological, economic, and social effects".
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and water. Fires burning with lack of oxygen produce a significantly wider palette of compounds, many of them toxic.
304:, or with large temperature differences, of condensed aerosol of water. High temperature also leads to production of
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why clothing, unsealed surfaces, potable water, piping, wood, etc., are replaced in most cases of structural fires.
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551:) which are formed as combustion by products as well as less volatile oxygenated organic species such as phenolics,
4598:
Mohagheghzadeh, Abdolali; Faridi, Pouya; Shams-Ardakani, Mohammadreza; Ghasemi, Younes (2006). "Medicinal smokes".
3179:
2457:"Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India"
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421:
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airborne particulate matter (PM)." Air pollution has also been linked to a range of other psychosocial problems.
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in the iron oxide particles, indicates the strength of Earth's magnetic field when they were cooled beyond their
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on the surface of the solid particles. Metal oxides can be present when metal-containing fuels are burned, e.g.
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Suavet, C.; Gattacceca, J.; Rochette, P.; Perchiazzi, N.; Folco, L.; Duprat, J.; Harvey, R. P. (4 April 2009).
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Inert particulate matter can be disturbed and entrained into the smoke. Of particular concern are particles of
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4179:
Braithwaite, Isobel; Zhang, Shuo; Kirkbride, James B.; Osborn, David P. J.; Hayes, Joseph F. (December 2019).
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1683:, carbon monoxide is incompletely burned carbon, therefore it has long been assumed that measurement of CO in
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Aerosol of particles beyond visible size is an early indicator of materials in a preignition stage of a fire.
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3933:"Maternal exposure to air pollution and risk of autism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
19:
This article is about the collection of airborne particulates and gases. For the practice of smoking, see
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1909:"Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India"
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and other deteriorations of the operating parameters or even cause short circuits and total failures.
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4543:"An evaluation of some issues regarding the use of aethalometers to measure woodsmoke concentrations"
3074:"Evaluation of Fire Hazard in Electrical Installations Due to Unfavorable Ambient Thermal Conditions"
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1853:
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98:
3975:"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Airborne Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorder"
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2950:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General"
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1316:
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Smoke rising up from the smoldering remains of a recently extingished mountain fire in South Africa
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Smoke particulates, like other aerosols, are categorized into three modes based on particle size:
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3689:"Exposure to Wood Smoke and Associated Health Effects in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review"
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A Cabinet of
Philosophical Curiosities: A Collection of Puzzles, Oddities, Riddles, and Dilemmas
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World Trade Center on fire after terrorists flew planes into the buildings on September 11, 2001
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Hawkes, N. (22 May 2015). "Air pollution in UK: the public health problem that won't go away".
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Smoke damage to electronic equipment can be significantly more extensive than the fire itself.
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Smoke can contain a wide variety of chemicals, many of them aggressive in nature. Examples are
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24:
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Chun, HeeKyoung; Leung, Cheryl; Wen, Shi Wu; McDonald, Judy; Shin, Hwashin H. (January 2020).
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Many compounds of smoke from fires are highly toxic and/or irritating. The most dangerous is
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4323:"Ambient air pollution and depression: A systematic review with meta-analysis up to 2019"
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Weisskopf, Marc G.; Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna; Roberts, Andrea L. (December 2015).
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741:; this can be used to distinguish magnetic particles of terrestrial and meteoric origin.
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283:) of solid particles and liquid droplets that are close to the ideal range of sizes for
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smokes differ in the ratio of guaiacols/syringols. Markers for vehicle exhaust include
828:, ranging between 75 and 250 nm and formed by coagulation of nuclei mode particles
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are present in smoke from liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Minute metal particles produced by
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Oil fires and smoke, after Iraqi forces set fire to oil wells during the First Gulf War
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Szultka, Seweryn; Czapp, Stanislaw; Tomaszewski, Adam; Ullah, Hayat (February 2023).
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domestic combustion, especially for industrial uses, is the largest single source of
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commented at length on the difficulty of assessing smoke, and distinguished between
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3566:
Ambient Air and Wood Smoke Particulate Matter in Human A549 and THP-1 Cell Lines".
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particles are generally referred to as gas or fumes. This is best illustrated when
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Traces of vanadium in high-temperature combustion products form droplets of molten
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Smoke from heating appliances is commonly measured in one of the following ways:
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is not significant for structural materials, but delicate structures, especially
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Most of the smoke material is primarily in coarse particles. Those undergo rapid
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without adequate oxygen supply, also results in production of a large amount of
108:
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4291:
2379:
Pyrolysis of Organic Molecules: Applications to Health and Environmental Issues
1883:
1822:
1726:
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1199:
813:
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544:
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420:, and to lower degree also of other chlorine-containing materials, can produce
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3287:
3099:
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Ronald C. Lasky; Ronald Lasky; Ulf L. Österberg; Daniel P. Stigliani (1995).
2481:
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1933:
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There are various proprietary optical smoke measurement devices such as the '
1506:
1428:
1408:
1396:
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1011:
750:
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681:. Inorganic salts present on the surface of the soot particles may make them
548:
464:
389:
369:
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93:
4415:
3764:
1223:
companies specialize in restoring fabrics that have been damaged in a fire.
1039:
and bioaccumulated radioisotopes can be reintroduced into the atmosphere by
816:
radius between 2.5 and 20 nm, likely forming by condensation of carbon
4983:
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1404:
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Presence of sulfur can lead to formation of gases like hydrogen sulfide,
536:
516:
67:
3450:"Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world"
3090:
3073:
2836:
2564:"Meteoric smoke fallout revealed by superparamagnetism in Greenland ice"
4993:
4757:
4094:
3446:
3011:
2548:
1967:
1950:
1863:
1819:
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1614:
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87:
83:
3798:"Air pollution particles in young brains linked to Alzheimer's damage"
3705:
3579:
3353:
1247:
947:
Some components of smoke are characteristic of the combustion source.
705:
projectiles after impacting the target ignite, producing particles of
4998:
4988:
4978:
4919:
4891:
4787:
1553:
1545:
1437:
1420:
1419:
compounds from P and Sb based fire retardants, and many others. Such
1385:
1333:
1237:
1233:
1172:
1017:
Many compounds can be associated with particulates; whether by being
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882:
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576:
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500:
484:
409:
183:
155:
125:
5054:
4196:
4034:"Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Causal or Confounded?"
1704:
1091:
43:
4966:
4528:
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Evaluation of Sources and Effects
3250:
2216:
1691:. However it is far from clear how accurate the correspondence is.
1684:
1564:
1549:
1457:
1416:
1268:
1244:
is also a danger of smoke that can cause serious injury and death.
1157:
1067:
1040:
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995:
991:
960:
948:
921:
910:
890:
862:
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627:
623:
619:
611:
607:
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532:
527:. It also results in the emission of a range of smaller oxygenated
496:
401:
361:
345:
341:
337:
179:
32:
2602:
1152:
112:
Volatility distribution of volatile organic compound emissions in
3687:
Bede-Ojimadu, Onyinyechi; Orisakwe, Orish Ebere (20 March 2020).
3385:"Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution"
3149:
1843:
1373:
1369:
1007:
975:
964:
937:
914:
886:
779:
775:
742:
524:
508:
488:
333:
276:
219:
207:
36:
20:
3857:
2110:
Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets, Canadian Edition
1081:
120:
4813:
4178:
4031:
1811:
1807:
1444:
can be affected by corrosion of surfaces, and by deposition of
1400:
1306:
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746:
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492:
459:
433:
257:
171:
78:
4387:
3608:
4870:
4823:
1533:
1436:; deposition of a conductive layer on the circuits can cause
855:
662:
591:
552:
238:
purposes. It can also be a flavoring agent and preservative.
227:
167:
162:
or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwanted
71:
4664:
4637:
3246:
3244:
3071:
2705:"Organic Speciation International Workshop Synthesis_topic7"
4818:
4808:
4710:
3971:
3564:
1873:
1794:
Throughout recorded history, humans have used the smoke of
1680:
1557:
1473:
1445:
1216:
956:
941:
902:
861:
Smoke emissions may contain characteristic trace elements.
658:
404:
oxides and their reaction products can be formed from some
280:
261:
253:
113:
102:
48:
3886:
563:
may be also present. Heavier hydrocarbons may condense as
5003:
3241:
2453:
1947:
1905:
866:
564:
301:
198:), defensive and offensive capabilities in the military (
147:
3740:"News Feature: How air pollution threatens brain health"
1183:
particles emitted from a fire are referred to as smoke.
316:. Carbon and hydrogen are almost completely oxidized to
4679:
2870:"Is PM2.5 From Air Pollution The Same As From Smoking?"
2534:
2208:
4391:"Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain"
3662:"Don't underestimate the health dangers of wood smoke"
3150:"Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment"
2818:
408:
additives, increasing smoke toxicity and corrosivity.
256:. The smoke kills by a combination of thermal damage,
4540:
1058:
Polymers are a significant source of smoke. Aromatic
4493:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences.
4320:
4123:
3930:
3858:"Stanford study shows wood smoke can harm the brain"
3686:
3418:"Wood burning heaters and your health - Fact sheets"
3154:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
1901:
1899:
1722:
252:is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor
4525:
2899:Cupitt, L T; Glen, W G; Lewtas, J (October 1994).
340:gas can be produced instead of water. Contents of
2729:
1896:
951:and its derivatives are products of pyrolysis of
5067:
3180:"Wood smoke major source of pollution in winter"
2898:
2730:Krevelen, D.W. van; Nijenhuis, Klaas te (2009).
2499:The Common Sense Approach to Hazardous Materials
2340:Analytical Pyrolysis of Natural Organic Polymers
2300:
2298:
2296:
1637:A measure of smoke color. Invented by Professor
1078:between the polymer chains has such effect too.
328:, while nitrogen-containing materials can yield
4675:7 things you need to know about smoke detectors
4541:Harrison & others, Roy M (26 August 2013).
4395:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3744:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2660:
2658:
2656:
2312:. National Academies. pp. 107–. NAP:15488.
1494:
1487:materials are preferable for cable insulation.
1175:detects particle sizes greater than 7 μm (
1074:decrease production of smoke. Higher degree of
444:); other compounds may be formed as well, e.g.
4695:
4276:
4272:
4270:
2293:
1082:Visible and invisible particles of combustion
765:particles are present in smokes from burning
4280:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
2795:"How Bad Is Wildfire Smoke for Your Health?"
2653:
2414:
2322:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2020:SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering
1731:introducing citations to additional sources
1452:by absorbing or scattering the light beams.
1320:Reduced visibility due to wildfire smoke in
1251:Processing fish while being exposed to smoke
653:in such smokes is most commonly composed of
158:, together with the quantity of air that is
4226:
4224:
1338:Lightning Bolts Army Parachute Display Team
1120:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
66:Billowing smoke at Takaosan Yakuoin Temple
4702:
4688:
4267:
4174:
4172:
3828:"Air Pollution May Damage People's Brains"
3382:
2867:
2375:
2336:
2252:
2250:
2248:
471:Pyrolysis of burning material, especially
101:released in smoke from a variety of solid
4737:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
4424:
4414:
4204:
4057:
4008:
3998:
3948:
3773:
3763:
3714:
3704:
3536:"Wood stove pollution is a burning issue"
3465:
3277:
3089:
2924:
2844:
2587:
2561:
2480:
2212:The Metrics of Material and Metal Ecology
2204:
2202:
2200:
1966:
1932:
1263:, sometimes with the additive effects of
1140:Learn how and when to remove this message
463:Emission of soot in the fumes of a large
4530:(Report). National Academies. p. 4.
4447:
4221:
3208:
3144:
3142:
3140:
2668:Physical properties of polymers handbook
2605:"Magnetic properties of micrometeorites"
2376:Moldoveanu, Serban (16 September 2009).
2160:Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology
2152:
2150:
1721:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1327:
1315:
1285:
1246:
1162:
1151:
685:. Many organic compounds, typically the
458:
240:
130:
119:
107:
92:
77:
53:
42:
31:
4946:International Flame Research Foundation
4660:'Fire inversions' lock smoke in valleys
4454:. Oxford University Press. p. 89.
4169:
3737:
3412:
3410:
3383:Carrington, Damian (16 February 2021).
2868:St Cyr, MD, Richard (16 January 2013).
2502:. Fire Engineering Books. p. 129.
2260:Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire
2256:
2245:
2156:
2106:
850:Burning of hydrogen-rich fuel produces
790:can be present in case of fires during
725:can be also produced in the smoke from
312:, or in case of incomplete combustion,
294:
16:Mass of airborne particulates and gases
5068:
4486:
4080:
3339:
3308:
3106:
3036:Optoelectronics for data communication
2197:
2074:. Government Institutes. p. 528.
1536:annually. In some towns and cities in
1427:, are strongly affected. Corrosion of
1297:is a major modifiable risk factor for
440:(which hydrolyzes readily to HF and CO
4683:
4648:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911.
4526:National Academies (1 January 1983).
3395:from the original on 27 December 2022
3302:
3137:
2880:from the original on 16 February 2021
2337:Moldoveanu, S.C. (11 November 1998).
2147:
2045:. Virginia Academy of Science. 1976.
1993:from the original on 23 November 2022
1345:Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire
729:burning in the atmosphere.) Magnetic
571:, and sudden inrush of air can cause
218:, etc.). It is used in rituals where
97:Chemical composition distribution of
5039:
4038:Current Environmental Health Reports
3808:from the original on 22 January 2022
3546:from the original on 9 December 2020
3428:from the original on 9 November 2022
3407:
3196:from the original on 8 December 2020
3119:NSW Environment Protection Authority
2664:
2641:from the original on 5 February 2022
2495:
2418:A dictionary of the coal tar colours
2071:Environmental Engineering Dictionary
1698:
1694:
1118:adding citations to reliable sources
1085:
944:particulates also have such effect.
932:, which is a concern especially for
836:, with particles in micrometer range
432:. Pyrolysis of fluoropolymers, e.g.
2988:from the original on 7 January 2017
2947:
2067:
2049:from the original on 19 August 2020
13:
4369:from the original on 31 March 2022
4230:
3868:from the original on 1 August 2021
3668:from the original on 26 March 2021
3510:Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
3229:from the original on 21 April 2021
3172:
3125:from the original on 19 April 2021
3008:"telegram.com – Warehouse Tragedy"
2770:"How small can the naked eye see?"
2685:from the original on 2 August 2020
1955:Environmental Science: Atmospheres
1798:to cure illness. A sculpture from
1407:from high-temperature fires where
150:emitted when a material undergoes
14:
5102:
4653:
4579:from the original on 7 March 2020
4507:from the original on 3 April 2023
4487:Watson, Donna S. (8 March 2010).
4468:from the original on 3 April 2023
4185:Environmental Health Perspectives
3258:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
3053:from the original on 16 July 2020
2905:Environmental Health Perspectives
2825:Environmental Health Perspectives
2750:from the original on 14 July 2020
2711:from the original on 26 July 2017
2516:from the original on 3 April 2023
2461:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
2435:from the original on 4 April 2023
2396:from the original on 3 April 2023
2357:from the original on 3 April 2023
2281:from the original on 3 April 2023
2233:from the original on 3 April 2023
2185:from the original on 4 April 2023
2135:from the original on 3 April 2023
2088:from the original on 3 April 2023
2013:"Smoke Production and Properties"
1913:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1051:containing contaminants from the
1010:, and specific nitroarenes (e.g.
761:can be present in engine smokes.
230:is burned to produce a smell for
5049:
5038:
5028:
5027:
4670:Shedding new light on wood smoke
4327:Science of the Total Environment
3838:from the original on 12 May 2021
3516:from the original on 14 May 2021
3321:from the original on 14 May 2021
3160:from the original on 11 May 2019
2257:Fardell, P.J. (1 January 1993).
1714:relies largely or entirely on a
1703:
1515:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1505:Wood smoke is a major source of
1456:Polymers containing halogen and
1090:
1047:; this is a concern in e.g. the
1000:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
513:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
422:2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
392:subjected to fire or halocarbon
356:) may lead to the production of
245:Carmel Fire Smoke Habonim 031210
4727:Control of fire by early humans
4591:
4534:
4519:
4480:
4441:
4381:
4347:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134721
4314:
4117:
4074:
4025:
3965:
3924:
3880:
3850:
3820:
3790:
3738:Peeples, Lynne (23 June 2020).
3731:
3680:
3654:
3602:
3568:Chemical Research in Toxicology
3558:
3528:
3498:
3440:
3376:
3333:
3115:"reducing-wood-smoke-emissions"
3112:
3065:
3026:
3000:
2974:
2941:
2892:
2861:
2812:
2787:
2762:
2723:
2697:
2612:Journal of Geophysical Research
2596:
2562:Lanci, L.; Kent, D. V. (2006).
2555:
2528:
2489:
2447:
2408:
2369:
2343:. Elsevier. pp. 152, 428.
2330:
2042:The Virginia Journal of Science
467:truck, without particle filters
436:, in presence of oxygen yields
416:(PCB), e.g. from burning older
272:and other combustion products.
124:Smoke being emitted from a lit
4665:Burning Issues wood smoke Site
4570:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.026
4083:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
3039:. Academic Press. p. 43.
2100:
2061:
2033:
2005:
1975:
1941:
1576:
1501:Wildfire § Health effects
1483:fires are of special concern;
519:, studied as a carcinogen, or
430:polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
1:
4233:Current Opinion in Psychology
2421:. Heywood and Co. p. 8.
2169:Jones & Bartlett Learning
2119:Jones & Bartlett Learning
1889:
1679:Smoke is incompletely burned
1581:As early as the 15th century
1563:Wood smoke (for example from
865:is present in emissions from
4600:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
4245:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.024
4147:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108638
4000:10.1371/journal.pone.0161851
3950:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113307
3910:10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.030
3632:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060
3506:"Wood smoke and your health"
3454:European Respiratory Journal
3311:"Wood Smoke and Your Health"
2568:Geophysical Research Letters
2068:Lee, C.C. (1 January 2005).
1814:in front of him for burning
1621:Electrostatic precipitation.
1495:Health effects of wood smoke
1355:
1322:Sheremetyevo Airport, Moscow
974:, a product of pyrolysis of
873:; oil plants also emit some
186:), but may also be used for
142:is a suspension of airborne
7:
3467:10.1183/13993003.01865-2014
3309:US EPA, OAR (28 May 2013).
2984:. American Cancer Society.
1832:
934:internal combustion engines
354:brominated flame retardants
176:internal combustion engines
10:
5107:
4630:
4292:10.1007/s11356-021-12357-3
3216:"Air pollution and health"
2265:iSmithers Rapra Publishing
2157:Mauseth, James D. (1991).
1806:(522–486 BC), the king of
1519:volatile organic compounds
1498:
1226:
986:is a pyrolysis product of
978:trees, is an indicator of
955:and are characteristic of
930:high temperature corrosion
529:volatile organic compounds
99:volatile organic compounds
18:
5022:
4959:
4938:
4912:
4884:
4863:
4837:
4801:
4745:
4717:
4612:10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.005
4050:10.1007/s40572-015-0073-9
3279:10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021
2736:. Elsevier. p. 864.
2382:. Elsevier. p. 643.
2165:Burlington, Massachusetts
2115:Burlington, Massachusetts
1854:Health impacts of sawdust
1659:Combined optical methods.
1261:carbon monoxide poisoning
963:and derivates, and other
959:smoke; other markers are
669:may also be formed, e.g.
665:. Particles of inorganic
414:polychlorinated biphenyls
4951:The Combustion Institute
4709:
2482:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021
1934:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021
1349:Worcester, Massachusetts
713:particles, spherules of
308:. Sulfur content yields
4645:Encyclopædia Britannica
4550:Atmospheric Environment
4416:10.1073/pnas.1605941113
3937:Environmental Pollution
3832:The Scientist Magazine®
3765:10.1073/pnas.2008940117
3693:Annals of Global Health
2665:Mark, James E. (2006).
2496:Fire, Frank L. (2009).
2107:Carlone, Nancy (2009).
1859:Inversion (meteorology)
1610:Filter/dilution tunnel.
1470:polytetrafluoroethylene
1434:electrically conductive
1403:-containing materials,
1393:fire suppression agents
1332:Red smoke carried by a
869:fired power plants and
394:fire suppression agents
336:, and nitrogen oxides.
4793:Spontaneous combustion
4448:Sorensen, Roy (2016).
4127:Environmental Research
3890:Environmental Research
3612:Environmental Research
1485:low smoke zero halogen
1340:
1325:
1291:
1252:
1168:
1160:
769:; small proportion of
745:is composed mainly of
614:(often aromatic, e.g.
561:Heterocyclic compounds
468:
246:
136:
128:
117:
105:
90:
75:
51:
40:
25:Smoke (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
3422:www.health.nsw.gov.au
2917:10.1289/ehp.94102s475
2415:Staff writer (1892).
1869:Open burning of waste
1639:Maximilian Ringelmann
1511:particulate pollution
1331:
1319:
1289:
1250:
1166:
1155:
687:aromatic hydrocarbons
473:incomplete combustion
462:
264:irritation caused by
244:
134:
123:
111:
96:
81:
65:
46:
35:
4490:Perioperative Safety
3512:. 16 November 2009.
2774:www.sciencefocus.com
2632:10.1029/2008JB005831
2589:10.1029/2006GL026480
1987:Chemistry LibreTexts
1849:Great Smog of London
1727:improve this article
1653:Optical obscuration.
1114:improve this section
928:on metals and cause
719:ferrous ferric oxide
446:carbon tetrafluoride
295:Chemical composition
166:of fires (including
4562:2013AtmEn..80..540H
4407:2016PNAS..11310797M
4401:(39): 10797–10801.
4339:2020ScTEn.701m4721F
4139:2019ER....177j8638T
3991:2016PLoSO..1161851L
3902:2016ER....151..763F
3864:. 2 December 2017.
3756:2020PNAS..11713856P
3750:(25): 13856–13860.
3624:2019ER....173..462N
3270:2021ACP....2117865T
3264:(23): 17865–17883.
3223:healthywa.wa.gov.au
3091:10.3390/fire6020041
2837:10.1289/ehp.1103639
2624:2009JGRB..114.4102S
2580:2006GeoRL..3313308L
2473:2021ACP....21.2407S
1925:2021ACP....21.2383S
1827:drug administration
1646:Optical scattering.
1442:Electrical contacts
1037:radioactive fallout
924:. These attack the
511:and its derivates,
452:, and highly toxic
450:hexafluoropropylene
384:can be formed from
324:of carbon produces
4095:10.3233/JAD-200483
3862:ABC7 San Francisco
3804:. 6 October 2020.
3348:(may22 1): h2757.
2982:"Secondhand Smoke"
2962:on 1 February 2017
2948:General, Surgeon.
2911:(suppl 4): 75–84.
2121:. pp. 20–28.
2029:on 21 August 2008.
1968:10.1039/D0EA00009D
1879:Ultrafine particle
1462:polyvinyl chloride
1341:
1326:
1292:
1253:
1221:fabric restoration
1196:ionization chamber
1169:
1161:
1053:Chernobyl disaster
1049:Zone of alienation
926:passivation layers
879:produces emissions
877:. Coal combustion
796:Chernobyl disaster
651:particulate matter
586:, sulfur dioxide,
569:flammability limit
469:
454:perfluoroisobutene
350:polyvinyl chloride
247:
194:), communication (
137:
129:
118:
106:
91:
76:
52:
41:
5063:
5062:
4972:List of wildfires
4500:978-0-323-06985-4
4461:978-0-19-046863-7
3706:10.5334/aogh.2725
3580:10.1021/tx100407m
3354:10.1136/bmj.h2757
3046:978-0-12-437160-6
3014:on 29 August 2013
2874:My Health Beijing
2831:(11): 1616–1621.
2743:978-0-08-054819-7
2678:978-0-387-31235-4
2509:978-0-912212-11-1
2428:978-1-4097-0169-9
2389:978-0-444-53113-1
2350:978-0-444-82203-1
2274:978-1-85957-001-2
2226:978-0-08-045792-5
2178:978-0-03-093893-1
2128:978-1-284-05384-5
2081:978-0-86587-848-8
1983:"15.11: Colloids"
1792:
1791:
1777:
1695:Medicinal smoking
1583:Leonardo da Vinci
1382:hydrofluoric acid
1362:hydrochloric acid
1281:hydrofluoric acid
1211:stage of a fire.
1150:
1149:
1142:
842:dry precipitation
825:accumulation mode
792:nuclear accidents
739:Curie temperature
697:fuels containing
438:carbonyl fluoride
382:Hydrogen fluoride
358:hydrogen chloride
322:Partial oxidation
63:
5098:
5053:
5042:
5041:
5031:
5030:
4876:Death by burning
4838:Individual fires
4704:
4697:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4649:
4641:
4624:
4623:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4547:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4286:(8): 9029–9049.
4274:
4265:
4264:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4002:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3767:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3469:
3460:(6): 1577–1588.
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3281:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3220:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3184:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3146:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3010:. Archived from
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2467:(4): 2407–2426.
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2206:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2022:. Archived from
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1989:. 27 June 2016.
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1919:(4): 2383–2406.
1903:
1804:Darius the Great
1796:medicinal plants
1787:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1735:
1707:
1699:
1633:Ringelmann scale
1596:In-line capture.
1425:microelectronics
1399:from burning of
1368:, produced from
1366:hydrobromic acid
1265:hydrogen cyanide
1242:Smoke inhalation
1145:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1094:
1086:
1072:flame retardants
763:Amorphous silica
703:Depleted uranium
675:ammonium nitrate
671:ammonium sulfate
636:carboxylic acids
588:carbon disulfide
584:carbonyl sulfide
330:hydrogen cyanide
314:hydrogen sulfide
270:hydrogen cyanide
250:Smoke inhalation
64:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5018:
4955:
4934:
4908:
4880:
4859:
4833:
4797:
4783:Fire protection
4741:
4713:
4708:
4656:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4501:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4462:
4446:
4442:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4319:
4315:
4275:
4268:
4229:
4222:
4197:10.1289/EHP4595
4177:
4170:
4122:
4118:
4079:
4075:
4030:
4026:
3985:(9): e0161851.
3970:
3966:
3929:
3925:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3736:
3732:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3607:
3603:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3377:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3307:
3303:
3249:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3107:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2862:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2707:. Wrapair.org.
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2663:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2560:
2556:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2255:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2207:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2179:
2171:. p. 234.
2155:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1946:
1942:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1835:
1816:Peganum harmala
1788:
1782:
1779:
1736:
1734:
1720:
1708:
1697:
1675:carbon monoxide
1673:Inference from
1626:bituminous coal
1604:ASTM smoke pump
1579:
1538:New South Wales
1521:(VOCs) such as
1513:, pollution by
1503:
1497:
1450:optoelectronics
1413:phosphoric acid
1378:fire retardants
1358:
1324:, 7 August 2010
1311:Surgeon General
1295:Cigarette smoke
1257:carbon monoxide
1229:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1111:
1095:
1084:
771:silicon nitride
679:sodium chloride
541:hydroxy acetone
443:
418:transformer oil
326:carbon monoxide
306:nitrogen oxides
297:
266:carbon monoxide
54:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5104:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5046:
5035:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5009:Slash-and-burn
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4763:Dust explosion
4760:
4755:
4753:Chain reaction
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4732:Historic fires
4729:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4654:External links
4652:
4651:
4650:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4590:
4533:
4518:
4499:
4479:
4460:
4440:
4380:
4313:
4266:
4220:
4191:(12): 126002.
4168:
4116:
4089:(2): 701–714.
4073:
4044:(4): 430–439.
4024:
3964:
3923:
3879:
3849:
3819:
3789:
3730:
3679:
3653:
3601:
3574:(2): 168–184.
3557:
3527:
3497:
3439:
3406:
3375:
3332:
3301:
3240:
3207:
3171:
3136:
3105:
3064:
3045:
3025:
2999:
2973:
2940:
2891:
2860:
2811:
2786:
2761:
2742:
2722:
2696:
2677:
2652:
2618:(B4): B04102.
2595:
2574:(13): L13308.
2554:
2527:
2508:
2488:
2446:
2427:
2407:
2388:
2368:
2349:
2329:
2292:
2273:
2244:
2225:
2196:
2177:
2146:
2127:
2099:
2080:
2060:
2032:
2004:
1974:
1961:(2): 104–117.
1940:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1884:Greenhouse Gas
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1823:Santalum album
1790:
1789:
1725:. Please help
1711:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1578:
1575:
1530:United Kingdom
1496:
1493:
1357:
1354:
1228:
1225:
1200:smoke detector
1148:
1147:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1080:
838:
837:
829:
821:
814:geometric mean
707:uranium oxides
689:, may be also
545:methyl acetate
441:
406:fire retardant
390:fluoropolymers
318:carbon dioxide
310:sulfur dioxide
296:
293:
285:Mie scattering
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5103:
5092:
5091:Air pollution
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5036:
5034:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:Organizations
4937:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4639:"Smoke"
4635:
4634:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4606:(2): 161–84.
4605:
4601:
4594:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4522:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4271:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4173:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2800:
2799:Yale Medicine
2796:
2790:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2215:. Amsterdam:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1786:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744: –
1743:
1739:
1738:Find sources:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1716:single source
1712:This section
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1689:smoke control
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:, especially
1508:
1507:air pollution
1502:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:circuit board
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:gets formed,
1410:
1409:nitrous oxide
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:sulfuric acid
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:heart disease
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1156:Smoke from a
1154:
1144:
1141:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1099:This section
1097:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1076:cross-linking
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:hot particles
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1012:1-nitropyrene
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
848:
845:
843:
835:
834:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
808:
807:
806:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:hot particles
786:in the fuel;
785:
784:radionuclides
781:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:calcium oxide
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:nanoparticles
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:ethyl formate
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:fluorocarbons
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:chloromethane
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
292:
290:
289:visible light
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:smoke signals
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
127:
122:
115:
110:
104:
100:
95:
89:
85:
82:Smoke from a
80:
73:
69:
50:
47:Smoke from a
45:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4984:Firefighting
4925:Fire worship
4828:
4768:Fire ecology
4643:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4553:
4549:
4536:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4489:
4482:
4470:. Retrieved
4450:
4443:
4398:
4394:
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4330:
4326:
4316:
4283:
4279:
4236:
4232:
4188:
4184:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4041:
4037:
4027:
3982:
3978:
3967:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3861:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3831:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3802:The Guardian
3801:
3792:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3656:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3540:www.iatp.org
3539:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3509:
3500:
3457:
3453:
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3421:
3397:. Retrieved
3389:The Guardian
3388:
3378:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3314:
3304:
3261:
3257:
3231:. Retrieved
3222:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3187:ec.europa.eu
3186:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3153:
3127:. Retrieved
3118:
3108:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3057:25 September
3055:. Retrieved
3035:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3012:the original
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2943:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2884:16 September
2882:. Retrieved
2873:
2863:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2798:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2773:
2764:
2754:25 September
2752:. Retrieved
2732:
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2699:
2689:25 September
2687:. Retrieved
2671:. Springer.
2667:
2643:. Retrieved
2615:
2611:
2598:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2498:
2491:
2464:
2460:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2417:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2378:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2339:
2332:
2307:
2283:. Retrieved
2259:
2235:. Retrieved
2211:
2187:. Retrieved
2159:
2137:. Retrieved
2109:
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2070:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2041:
2035:
2024:the original
2019:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1958:
1954:
1943:
1916:
1912:
1839:Air purifier
1793:
1783:October 2023
1780:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1737:
1713:
1672:
1671:
1667:aethalometer
1663:nephelometer
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1580:
1562:
1527:
1523:formaldehyde
1504:
1489:
1478:
1454:
1390:fluorocarbon
1384:released by
1372:-containing
1359:
1342:
1299:lung disease
1293:
1277:hydrochloric
1254:
1230:
1213:
1193:
1170:
1136:
1130:January 2022
1127:
1112:Please help
1100:
1057:
1045:forest fires
1030:
1023:
1016:
984:Levoglucosan
980:forest fires
946:
919:
860:
849:
846:
839:
831:
823:
809:
804:
695:solid rocket
649:The visible
648:
610:), ketones,
600:formaldehyde
581:
481:hydrocarbons
470:
428:, and other
374:bromomethane
298:
275:Smoke is an
274:
248:
200:smoke screen
188:pest control
144:particulates
139:
138:
70:festival in
29:
5014:Fire making
4930:Terra preta
4904:Firefighter
4778:Flash point
4773:Fire piston
4556:: 540–548.
3896:: 763–776.
3618:: 462–468.
3399:13 February
3164:11 November
2966:27 February
2715:19 February
1997:23 November
1810:, with two
1587:black smoke
1577:Measurement
1517:(PAHs) and
1466:polyolefins
1405:nitric acid
1334:parachutist
1305:, and many
1259:leading to
1205:false alarm
1177:micrometres
1064:polystyrene
1060:side groups
881:containing
852:water vapor
833:coarse mode
810:nuclei mode
800:nuclear war
782:, or other
755:Cenospheres
683:hydrophilic
644:acetic acid
640:formic acid
537:acetic acid
517:benzopyrene
424:, a potent
378:halocarbons
68:firewalking
5070:Categories
5055:Wiktionary
4994:Fire whirl
4892:Pyromanias
4850:By country
4802:Components
4758:Combustion
4511:20 October
4472:20 October
4373:25 January
4333:: 134721.
4133:: 108638.
3943:: 113307.
3812:22 January
3113:EPA, NSW.
2992:11 January
2645:25 January
2543:(4): 185.
2520:20 October
2439:20 October
2400:20 October
2361:20 October
2285:20 October
2237:20 October
2189:20 October
2139:20 October
2092:20 October
1890:References
1864:Joss paper
1820:sandalwood
1800:Persepolis
1753:newspapers
1665:' or the '
1615:combustion
1570:depression
1554:fireplaces
1548:(33%) and
1499:See also:
1438:crosstalks
1336:of the UK
1209:smoldering
1062:, e.g. in
1031:Deposited
871:refineries
727:meteorites
477:smoldering
426:carcinogen
398:Phosphorus
388:, whether
376:and other
192:fumigation
184:fireplaces
164:by-product
152:combustion
88:beekeeping
86:, used in
84:bee smoker
5086:Pollution
4999:Blue lava
4989:Firestorm
4979:Backdraft
4967:Wildfires
4920:Cremation
4788:Pyrolysis
4363:207944384
4308:231677095
4261:199147061
4239:: 52–65.
4163:201057595
4111:220942039
3699:(1): 32.
3648:108987257
3476:0903-1936
3296:245103794
3288:1680-7316
3100:2571-6255
3084:(2): 41.
2318:cite book
1723:talk page
1565:wildfires
1432:are also
1421:corrosion
1386:pyrolysis
1356:Corrosion
1238:flashover
1234:backdraft
1185:Invisible
1173:naked eye
1101:does not
1041:wildfires
988:cellulose
936:. Molten
922:vanadates
883:aluminium
767:silicones
731:remanence
715:magnetite
699:aluminium
646:, etc.).
596:aldehydes
577:backdraft
573:flashover
557:furanones
501:acetylene
485:aliphatic
410:Pyrolysis
348:(e.g. in
262:pulmonary
258:poisoning
232:spiritual
180:oil lamps
160:entrained
156:pyrolysis
126:cigarette
5033:Category
4620:17030480
4574:Archived
4505:Archived
4466:Archived
4435:27601646
4367:Archived
4355:31715478
4300:33481201
4253:31557706
4215:31850801
4155:31421449
4103:32741830
4068:26399256
4019:27653281
3979:PLOS ONE
3959:31733973
3918:27609410
3866:Archived
3836:Archived
3806:Archived
3784:32493753
3725:32211302
3666:Archived
3640:30981117
3596:11668269
3588:21235221
3544:Archived
3514:Archived
3492:41697986
3484:26405285
3426:Archived
3393:Archived
3370:40717317
3362:26001592
3319:Archived
3227:Archived
3191:Archived
3189:. 2007.
3158:Archived
3123:Archived
3051:Archived
2986:Archived
2878:Archived
2855:21768054
2748:Archived
2709:Archived
2683:Archived
2636:Archived
2514:Archived
2433:Archived
2394:Archived
2355:Archived
2279:Archived
2231:Archived
2217:Elsevier
2183:Archived
2133:Archived
2086:Archived
2047:Archived
1991:Archived
1833:See also
1685:flue gas
1649:higher.
1550:gasoline
1458:hydrogen
1417:antimony
1374:plastics
1273:sulfuric
1269:phosgene
1189:toasting
1158:wildfire
1068:charring
1026:asbestos
1019:adsorbed
1008:steranes
996:softwood
992:Hardwood
961:syringol
949:Guaiacol
911:selenium
891:chromium
863:Vanadium
818:moieties
759:abrasion
735:recorded
711:Magnetic
691:adsorbed
628:catechol
624:syringol
620:guaiacol
612:alcohols
608:furfural
604:acrolein
533:methanol
525:terpenes
505:aromatic
497:ethylene
456:(PFIB).
402:antimony
362:phosgene
346:chlorine
344:such as
342:halogens
338:Hydrogen
216:cannabis
5044:Commons
4913:Culture
4855:By year
4845:By type
4746:Science
4719:History
4631:Sources
4583:26 July
4558:Bibcode
4426:5047173
4403:Bibcode
4335:Bibcode
4206:6957283
4135:Bibcode
4059:4737505
4010:5031428
3987:Bibcode
3898:Bibcode
3775:7322062
3752:Bibcode
3716:7082829
3620:Bibcode
3266:Bibcode
3018:28 July
2935:7529707
2926:1566933
2846:3226505
2620:Bibcode
2576:Bibcode
2549:4312673
2469:Bibcode
2309:Council
1921:Bibcode
1844:Bonfire
1818:and/or
1812:censers
1767:scholar
1742:"Smoke"
1528:In the
1370:halogen
1307:cancers
1227:Dangers
1181:Visible
1122:removed
1107:sources
1004:hopanes
976:conifer
968:phenols
965:methoxy
938:sulfate
915:uranium
907:mercury
887:arsenic
858:-like.
812:, with
780:thorium
776:uranium
743:Fly ash
632:cresols
515:; e.g.
509:benzene
489:methane
483:, both
334:ammonia
277:aerosol
236:magical
220:incense
212:tobacco
208:smoking
204:cooking
172:candles
37:Incense
21:Smoking
5048:
5037:
5026:
4885:People
4814:Oxygen
4618:
4497:
4458:
4433:
4423:
4361:
4353:
4306:
4298:
4259:
4251:
4213:
4203:
4161:
4153:
4109:
4101:
4066:
4056:
4017:
4007:
3957:
3916:
3782:
3772:
3723:
3713:
3646:
3638:
3594:
3586:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3368:
3360:
3315:US EPA
3294:
3286:
3098:
3043:
2933:
2923:
2853:
2843:
2804:25 May
2779:25 May
2740:
2675:
2547:
2506:
2425:
2386:
2347:
2271:
2223:
2175:
2125:
2078:
2053:5 July
1808:Persia
1802:shows
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1542:diesel
1401:sulfur
972:Retene
953:lignin
913:, and
899:copper
895:cobalt
875:nickel
794:(e.g.
747:silica
717:-like
663:oxides
655:carbon
630:, and
616:phenol
606:, and
598:(e.g.
592:thiols
590:, and
553:furans
521:retene
503:) and
493:ethane
465:diesel
434:teflon
368:, and
366:dioxin
182:, and
168:stoves
74:, 2016
5081:Smoke
4960:Other
4897:Child
4871:Arson
4864:Crime
4829:Smoke
4824:Flame
4577:(PDF)
4546:(PDF)
4359:S2CID
4304:S2CID
4257:S2CID
4159:S2CID
4107:S2CID
3872:3 May
3842:2 May
3672:2 May
3644:S2CID
3592:S2CID
3550:2 May
3520:2 May
3488:S2CID
3432:2 May
3366:S2CID
3325:2 May
3292:S2CID
3233:2 May
3219:(PDF)
3200:2 May
3194:(PDF)
3183:(PDF)
3129:2 May
2960:(PDF)
2953:(PDF)
2639:(PDF)
2608:(PDF)
2545:JSTOR
2537:Ambio
2027:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1774:JSTOR
1760:books
1534:PM2.5
1481:Cable
1198:type
856:cloud
798:) or
677:, or
667:salts
254:fires
228:resin
226:, or
206:, or
148:gases
140:Smoke
116:smoke
103:fuels
72:Japan
39:smoke
5076:Fire
4819:Heat
4809:Fuel
4711:Fire
4616:PMID
4585:2019
4513:2020
4495:ISBN
4474:2020
4456:ISBN
4431:PMID
4375:2022
4351:PMID
4296:PMID
4249:PMID
4211:PMID
4151:PMID
4099:PMID
4064:PMID
4015:PMID
3955:PMID
3914:PMID
3874:2021
3844:2021
3814:2022
3780:PMID
3721:PMID
3674:2021
3636:PMID
3584:PMID
3552:2021
3522:2021
3480:PMID
3472:ISSN
3434:2021
3401:2022
3358:PMID
3327:2021
3284:ISSN
3235:2021
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