Beekeeping - Knowledge

572:, which bees do not block with wax but keep as a free passage. Having determined this bee space, which is commonly given as between 6 and 9 mm (0.24 and 0.35 in), though up to 15 mm (0.59 in) has been found in populations in Ethiopia. Langstroth then designed a series of wooden frames within a rectangular hive box, carefully maintaining the correct space between successive frames. He found the bees would build parallel honeycombs in the box without bonding them to each other or to the hive walls. This enables the beekeeper to slide any frame out of the hive for inspection without harming the bees or the comb; and protecting the eggs, larvae and pupae in the cells. It also meant combs containing honey could be gently removed and the honey extracted without destroying the comb. The emptied honeycombs could then be returned intact to the bees for refilling. Langstroth's book 167: 602: 1025:

gigantium, L. wahlbergii and the conks, Fomes fomentarius and F. igiarius. When fungi are burned, the characteristic smell is due to the pyrolysis of the keratin cell wall of fungi. Besides being a major fungi constituent, keratin is found in animal tissues, such as hair or feathers. Anaesthesia experiments done using smoke from pyrolysis of L. wahlbergii, human hair and chicken feathers showed no difference in long-term mortality of anesthetized honeybees and non-treated bees in the same hive. Hydrogen sulphide was identified as the major combustion product that is responsible for putting the bees to sleep. Note – hydrogen sulphide is toxic to humans at high concentrations.

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straw hive 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter "so that there are in all seven bars of deal to which the bees fix their combs", foreshadowing future uses of movable-comb hives. He also described using such hives in a multi-story configuration, foreshadowing the modern use of supers: he added successive straw hives below and later removed the ones above when free of brood and filled with honey so the bees could be separately preserved at the harvest the following season. Wildman also described the use of hives with "sliding frames" in which the bees would build their comb.

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often placed under the shade of trees in summer. Researchers in the U.S. found domestic honey bees placed in national parks compete with native bee species for resources. A further review of the literature concluded large concentrations of beehives on continents where they are not native, such as North and South America, could compete against the native bees; this, however, was not as strongly observed in areas where domestic bees are native such as Europe and Africa, where the different bee species have adapted to have a narrower overlapping of forage preferences.

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similar to those of regular top-bar hives are sometimes also referred to as top-bar hives. Top-bar hives are rectangular and are typically more than twice as wide as multi-story framed hives commonly found in English-speaking countries. Top-bar hives usually include one box and allow for beekeeping methods that interfere very little with the colony. While conventional advice often recommends inspecting each colony each week during the warmer months, some beekeepers fully inspect top-bar hives only once a year, and only one comb needs to be lifted at a time.

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crevices; when one is found, the entire swarm moves in. Within hours, the new colony's bees build new wax brood combs using honey stores with which the young bees have filled themselves before leaving the old hive. Only young bees can secrete wax from special abdominal segments, which is why swarms tend to contain more young bees. Often a number of virgin queens accompany the first swarm, known as the "prime swarm", and the old queen is replaced as soon as a daughter queen mates and begins laying. Otherwise, she is quickly superseded in the new hive.

289: 1381:. To do this, they remove several brood combs from a healthy hive, leaving the old queen behind. These combs must contain eggs or larvae less than three days old and be covered by young nurse bees, which care for the brood and keep it warm. These brood combs and nurse bees are then placed into a small "nucleus hive" with other combs containing honey and pollen. As soon as the nurse bees find themselves in this new hive, and realize they have no queen and begin constructing emergency queen cells using the eggs and larvae in the combs. 932:

described by Langstroth, and is a descendant of Jan Dzierzon's Polish hive designs. Langstroth hives are the most-common size in the United States and much of the world; the British National is the most common size in the United Kingdom; Dadant and Modified Dadant hives are widely used in France and Italy, and Layens by some beekeepers, where their large size is an advantage. Square Dadant hives–often called 12-frame Dadant or Brother Adam hives–are used in large parts of Germany and other parts of Europe by commercial beekeepers.

536: 627: 251:. Bees that collect honey, which none of my ancestors had ever seen or brought into the land of Suhu, I brought down from the mountain of the men of Habha, and made them settle in the orchards of the town 'Gabbari-built-it'. They collect honey and wax, and I know how to melt the honey and wax – and the gardeners know too. Whoever comes in the future, may he ask the old men of the town, (who will say) thus: "They are the buildings of Shamash-resh-ușur, the governor of Suhu, who introduced honey bees into the land of Suhu". 1900: 1113: 2507: 528:

and honey they held. A sieve or basket was used to separate the liquid honey from the demolished brood nest. In medieval times in northern Europe, although skeps and other containers were made to house bees, the honey and wax were still extracted after the bee colony was killed. This was usually accomplished by using burning sulfur to suffocate the colony without harming the honey within. It was impossible to replace old, dark-brown brood comb in which larval bees are constricted by layers of shed pupal skins.

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reverts to a feral state and finds shelter in a hollow tree or other suitable habitat. A small after-swarm has less chance of survival and may threaten the original hive's survival if the number of remaining bees is unsustainable. When a hive swarms despite the beekeeper's preventative efforts, the beekeeper may give the reduced hive two frames of open brood with eggs. This helps replenish the hive more quickly and gives a second opportunity to raise a queen if there is a mating failure.

1002:, a device that generates smoke from the incomplete combustion of fuels. Although the exact mechanism is disputed, it is said smoke calms bees. Some claim it initiates a feeding response in anticipation of possible hive abandonment due to fire. It is also thought smoke masks alarm pheromones released by guard bees or bees that are squashed in an inspection. The ensuing confusion creates an opportunity for the beekeeper to open the hive and work without triggering a defensive reaction. 2443: 2242: 1151: 2531: 2061: 2194: 2543: 953: 2567: 1931: 1040: 1201: 1105: 2271: 1791: 2296: 1695: 1594: 2418: 2218: 2006: 1841: 1719: 658: 2555: 2118: 1815: 2320: 1956: 1743: 868: 2368: 2344: 1668: 2144: 1982: 1767: 1619: 7290: 744: 2169: 1644: 146: 842: 762:. His original idea was to support combs in a metal framework and then spin them within a container to collect honey that was thrown out by centrifugal force. This meant honeycombs could be returned to a hive empty and undamaged, saving the bees a vast amount of work, time and materials. This invention significantly improved the efficiency of honey harvesting and catalyzed the modern honey industry. 991: 1374:, a special food secreted from the hypopharyngeal gland of young nurse bees. Royal jelly dramatically alters the growth and development of the larva so after metamorphosis and pupation, it emerges from the cell as a queen bee. The queen is the only bee in a colony that has fully developed ovaries; she secretes a pheromone that suppresses the normal development of ovaries in all of her workers. 598:

The Langstroth and Dadant designs, however, remain ubiquitous in the U.S. and in many parts of Europe, though Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France and Italy all have their own national hive designs. Regional variations of hive were developed according to climate, floral productivity and reproductive characteristics of the subspecies of native honey bees in each bio-region.

1556: 490:. Swammerdam and Réaumur were among the first to use a microscope and dissection to understand the internal biology of honey bees. Réaumur was among the first to construct a glass-walled observation hive to better observe activities inside hives. He observed queens laying eggs in open cells but did not know how queens were fertilized; the mating of a queen and 1247:'s "Synthetic Apiary" project simulated springtime inside a closed environment for several hives throughout the winter. They provided food sources and simulated long days, and saw activity and reproduction levels comparable to the levels seen outdoors in warm weather. They concluded such an indoor apiary could be sustained year-round if needed. 281:. The hives were found in orderly rows, three high, in a manner that according to Mazar could have accommodated around 100 hives, held more than one million bees and had a potential annual yield of 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of honey and 70 kilograms (150 lb) of beeswax, and are evidence an advanced honey industry in 1013:, pine needles, corrugated cardboard, and rotten or punky wood. Indian beekeepers, especially in Kerala, often use coconut fibers, which are readily available, safe, and cheap. Some beekeeping supply sources also sell commercial fuels like pulped paper, compressed cotton and aerosol cans of smoke. Other beekeepers use 1370:"emergency queen cells". These appear similar to large, one-inch (2.5 cm)-long, peanut-like structures that hang from the center or side of the brood combs. The developing larva in a queen cell is fed differently than an ordinary worker bee; in addition to honey and pollen, she receives a great deal of 1326:

hybridization of the sub-species. Italian bees are very prolific and inclined to swarm; Northern European black bees have a strong tendency to supersede their old queen without swarming. These differences are the result of differing evolutionary pressures in the regions in which each sub-species evolved.

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Honey bee colonies are dependent on their queen, who is the only egg-layer. Although queens have a three-to-four-year adult lifespan, diminished longevity of queens—less than a year—is commonly and increasingly observed. The queen can choose whether to fertilize an egg as she lays it; fertilized eggs

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Modern beekeepers have experimented with raising bees indoors in a controlled environment or in indoor observation hives. This may be done for reasons of space and monitoring, or in the cooler months, when large commercial beekeepers may move colonies to "wintering" warehouses with fixed temperature,

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is an attempt to revert to a less-industrialized way of obtaining honey by using small-scale colonies that pollinate urban gardens. Some have found city bees are healthier than rural bees because there are fewer pesticides and greater biodiversity in urban gardens. Urban bees may fail to find forage,

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and was first described by Gates in 1914. During hot weather, bees cool the hive by circulating cool air from the entrance through the hive and out again; and if necessary by placing water, which they fetch, throughout the hive to create evaporative cooling. In cold weather, packing and insulation of

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The entry of venom into the body from bee stings may be hindered and reduced by protective clothing that allows the wearer to remove stings and venom sacs with a simple tug on the clothing. Although the stinger is barbed, a worker bee's stinger is less likely to become lodged into clothing than human

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trough hive became popular, in the UK a British National hive became standard by the 1930s, although in Scotland the smaller Smith hive is still popular. In some Scandinavian countries and in Russia, the traditional trough hive persisted until late in the 20th century and is still kept in some areas.

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Wildman's book acknowledges the advances in knowledge of bees made by Swammerdam, Maraldi, and de Réaumur—he includes a lengthy translation of Réaumur's account of the natural history of bees. Wildman also describes the initiatives of others in designing hives for the preservation of bees when taking

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Supersedure is a valued behavioral trait because hive that supersedes its old queen does not lose any stock; rather it creates a new queen and the old one either naturally dies or is killed when the new queen emerges. In these hives, bees produce only one or two queen cells, most often in the center

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Some beekeepers use "liquid smoke" as a safer, more convenient alternative. It is a water-based solution that is sprayed onto the bees from a plastic spray bottle. A spray of clean water can also be used to encourage bees to move on. Torpor may also be induced by the introduction of chilled air into

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Most beekeepers wear some protective clothing. Novice beekeepers usually wear gloves and a hooded suit or hat and veil. Experienced beekeepers sometimes choose not to use gloves because they inhibit delicate manipulations. The face and neck are the most important areas to protect, so most beekeepers

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Top-bar stackable hives use top bars instead of full frames. The most common type is the Warre hive, although any hive with hanging frames can be converted into a top-bar stackable hive by using only the top bar rather than the whole frame. This may work less well with larger frames, where crosscomb

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Intermediate stages in the transition from older methods of beekeeping were recorded in 1768 by Thomas Wildman, who described advances over the destructive, skep-based method so bees no longer had to be killed to harvest their honey. Wildman fixed an array of parallel wooden bars across the top of a

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Before the invention of the movable comb hive, the harvesting of honey frequently resulted in the destruction of the whole colony. The wild hive was broken into using smoke to quieten the bees. The honeycombs were pulled out and either immediately eaten whole or crushed, along with the eggs, larvae,

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wax moth larvae hatch, tunnel through and destroy comb that contains bee larvae and their honey stores. The tunnels they create are lined with silk, which entangles and starves emerging bees. Destruction of honeycombs also results in leakage and wasting of honey. A healthy hive can manage wax moths

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of queens, routine medication, and sugar water feeding. Practitioners of "natural beekeeping" tend to use variations of the top-bar hive, which is a simple design that retains the concept of having a movable comb without the use of frames or a foundation. The horizontal top-bar hive, as promoted by

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If a beekeeper is stung by a bee, the sting should be removed without squeezing the attached venom glands. A quick scrape with a fingernail is effective and intuitive, and ensures the venom injected does not spread so the side effects of the sting will go away sooner. Washing the affected area with

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Symptoms of being stung include redness, swelling and itching around the site of the sting. In mild cases, pain and swelling subside in two hours. In moderate cases, the red welt at the sting site will become slightly larger for one or two days before beginning to heal. A severe reaction, which is

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is a single-story, frameless beehive in which the comb hangs from removable bars that form a continuous roof over the comb, whereas the frames in most current hives allow space for bees to move between boxes. Hives that have frames or that use honey chambers in summer and use management principles

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Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. Determination of Bee Space and Cell Dimensions for Jimma Zone Honeybee Eco-Races (Apis malifera), Southwest Ethiopian. Abera Hailu, Kassa Biratu. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). Jimma Research Center P.O. Box 192 Jimma Ethiopia.

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There has been considerable debate about the best location for hives. Virgil thought they should be located near clear springs, ponds or shallow brooks. Wildman thought they should face to the south or west. All writers agree hives should be sheltered from strong winds. In hot climates, hives are

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As the queen's pheromones fail, the bees replace her by creating a new queen from one of her worker eggs. They may do this because she has been physically injured, because she has run out of sperm and cannot lay fertilized eggs, and has become a drone-laying queen, or because her pheromones have

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The movable frames of modern hives are considered to have been developed from the traditional basket top bar (movable comb) hives of Greece, which allowed the beekeeper to avoid killing the bees. The oldest evidence of their use dates to 1669, although it is probable their use is more than 3,000

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Some beekeepers carefully monitor their colonies in spring for the appearance of queen cells, which are a dramatic signal the colony is determined to swarm. After leaving the old hive, the swarm looks for shelter. A beekeeper may capture it and introduce it into a new hive. Otherwise, the swarm

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Most beekeepers use a hive tool when working on their hives. The two main types are the American hive tool; and the Australian hive tool often called a 'frame lifter'. They are used to scrape off burr-comb from around the hive, especially on top of the frames. They are also used to separate the

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Traditionally, beekeeping clothing is pale-colored because of the natural color of cotton and the cost of coloring is an expense not warranted for workwear, though some consider this to provide better differentiation from the colony's natural predators such as bears and skunks, which tend to be

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and male drone in the colony. He was also the first to confirm mating with drones takes place outside hives and that queens are inseminated in successive matings with male drones, which occur high in the air at a great distance from the hive. Together, Huber and Burnens dissected bees under the

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When a colony accidentally loses its queen, it is said to be queenless. The workers realize the queen is absent after around an hour as her pheromones in the hive fade. Instinctively, the workers select cells containing eggs aged less than three days and dramatically enlarge the cells to form

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Following Réaumur's design, Huber built improved glass-walled observation hives and sectional hives that could be opened like the leaves of a book. This allowed the inspection of individual wax combs and greatly improved direct observation of hive activity. Although he went blind before he was

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Hanging-frame hive designs include Langstroth, the British National, Dadant, Layens, and Rose, which differ in size and number of frames. The Langstroth was the first successful top-opened hive with movable frames. Many other hive designs are based on the principle of bee space that was first

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Once either process has begun, the old queen leaves the hive when the first queen cells hatch, and is accompanied by a large number of bees—predominantly young bees called wax-secretors—which form the basis of the new hive. Scouts are sent from the swarm to find suitable hollow trees or rock

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Few anecdotal stories of using the smoke from burning fungi in England or Europe for centuries have been published. Several more recent studies describe anaesthesia of honeybees use of smoke from burning fungi. The fungi reported to have been used to smoke bees are the puffballs Lycoperdon

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exhibit differing swarming characteristics. In North America, northern black races are thought to swarm less and supersede more whereas the southern yellow-and-gray varieties are said to swarm more frequently. Swarming behavior is complicated because of the prevalence of cross-breeding and

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between the brood-box and honey supers to keep the queen from laying eggs in cells next to those containing honey intended for consumption. With the 20th-century advent of mite pests, hive floors are often replaced, either temporarily or permanently, with a wire mesh and a removable tray.

1404:, viruses, parasites and poisons. The gross symptoms displayed by affected adult bees are very similar, whatever the cause, making it difficult to ascertain the causes without microscopic identification of microorganisms or chemical analysis of poisons. Since 2006, colony losses from 1283:

develop into a female worker bees and unfertilized eggs become male drones. The queen's choice of egg type depends on the size of the open brood cell she encounters on the comb. In a small worker cell, she lays a fertilized egg; she lays unfertilized drone eggs in larger drone cells.

3946:... a honey extractor. This machine, invented by Major Francesco De Hruschka in 1865, used centrifugal force to dislodge honey from the combs and collected it into a vat. The extractor, combined with Langstroth's movable comb hive, greatly improved the efficiency of honey harvesting. 498:" while others believed a vapor or "miasma" emanating from the drones fertilized queens without physical contact. Huber was the first to prove by observation and experiment that drones physically inseminate queens outside the confines of the hive, usually a great distance away. 1314:

of the face of a broodcomb. Swarm-cell production involves the creation of twelve or more queen cells. These are large, peanut-shaped protrusions requiring space, for which reason they are often located around the edges—commonly at the sides and the bottom—of the broodcomb.

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wear at least a veil. Defensive bees are attracted to the breath; a sting on the face can lead to much more pain and swelling than a sting elsewhere, while a sting on a bare hand can usually be quickly removed by fingernail scrape to reduce the amount of venom injected.

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many writers, can be seen as a modernization of hollow log hives, with the addition of wooden bars of specific width from which bees hang their combs. The widespread adoption of Natural Beekeeping methods in recent years can be attributed to the 2007 publications of

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Any hanging-frame hive design can be built as a sliding frame design. The AZ Hive, the original sliding frame design, integrates hives using Langstroth-sized frames into a honey house to streamline the workflow of honey harvest by localization of labor, similar to

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the bee hive is believed to be beneficial. The extra insulation is believed to reduce the amount of honey the bees consume and makes it easier for them to maintain the hive's temperature. The desire for insulation encouraged the use of double-walled hives with an

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Langstroth's design of movable comb hives was adopted by apiarists and inventors in both North America and Europe, and a wide range of moveable comb hives were developed in England, France, Germany and the United States. Classic designs evolved in each country;

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made significant discoveries about the bee life cycle and communication between bees. Despite being blind, Huber discovered a large amount of information about the queen bee's mating habits and her contact with the rest of the hive. His work was published as

191:. Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 10,000 years ago. Beekeeping in pottery vessels began about 9,000 years ago in North Africa. Traces of beeswax have been found in potsherds throughout the Middle East beginning about 7,000 BCE. 1516:

Most predators prefer not to eat honeybees due to their unpleasant sting. Common honeybee predators include large animals such as skunks and bears, which seek the hive's honey and brood, as well as adult bees. Some birds will also eat bees, (for example,

812:(1892–1955) was an Egyptian poet, medical doctor, bacteriologist, and bee scientist, who was active in England and Egypt in the early twentieth century. In 1919, Abushady patented a removable, standardized aluminum honeycomb. In the same year, he founded 1298:

dwindled to the point at which they cannot control all of the bees in the hive. At this juncture, the bees produce one or more queen cells by modifying existing worker cells that contain a normal female egg. They then either supersede the queen without

576:(1853), describes his rediscovery of the bee space and the development of his patent movable comb hive. The invention and development of the movable comb hive enabled the growth of large-scale, commercial honey production in both Europe and the U.S. 768:

was an American pioneer of modern beekeeping in the early-and mid-20th century. He greatly improved upon beekeeping equipment and clothing, and went on to manufacture these items and other equipment. His company sold products worldwide and his book

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Some beekeepers believe pain and irritation from stings decreases if a beekeeper receives more stings, and they consider it important for safety of the beekeeper to be stung a few times a season. Beekeepers have high levels of antibodies, mainly

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that was screwed onto a wicker basket. The bees were free to move from the basket to the jar, and honey was produced and stored in the jar. The hive was designed to keep the bees from swarming as much as they would have in other hive designs.

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used frames with channels in the side of the woodwork; these were packed side-by-side in stacked boxes. Bees traveled between frames and boxes via these channels, which were similar to the cutouts in the sides of modern wooden sections.

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The keeping of bees by humans, primarily for honey production, began around 10,000 years ago. A sample of 5,500-year-old honey was unearthed from the grave of a noblewoman during an archaeological excavations in 2003 near the town of

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twenty, Huber employed a secretary named François Burnens to make daily observations, conduct experiment and keep accurate notes for more than twenty years. Huber confirmed a hive consists of one queen, who is the mother of every

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The differences in hive dimensions are insignificant in comparison to the common factors in these hives: they are all square or rectangular; they all use movable wooden frames; and they all consist of a floor, brood-box,

3933: 318:. Beekeeping was considered a highly valued industry controlled by beekeeping overseers—owners of gold rings depicting apiculture scenes rather than religious ones as they have been reinterpreted recently, contra 2982: 1551:

data, the world's beehive stock rose from around 50 million in 1961 to around 83 million in 2014, which represents an annual average growth of 1.3%. Average annual growth has accelerated to 1.9% since 2009.

5275: 199:. In the 18th century, European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the movable comb hive so honey could be harvested without destroying the entire colony. 137:

was described as a growing trend as of 2016. Some studies have found city-kept bees are healthier than those in rural settings because there are fewer pesticides and greater biodiversity in cities.

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by Philip Chandler, which challenges many aspects of modern beekeeping and offers the horizontal top-bar hive as a viable alternative to the ubiquitous Langstroth-style movable-frame hive.

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A vertical top-bar hive is the Warré hive, based on a design by the French priest Abbé Émile Warré (1867–1951) and popularized by David Heaf in his English translation of Warré's book

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observed lifespan of caged worker bees is half as long as that observed 50 years ago, and hypothesized decreased worker-bee lifespans should correlate to decreased honey production.

1408:(CCD) have been increasing across the world, although the causes of the syndrome are unknown. In the U.S., commercial beekeepers have been increasing the number of hives to deal with 4826: 3721: 556:

the harvest, citing reports from Brittany in the 1750s due to the Comte de la Bourdonnaye. Another hive design was invented by Rev. John Thorley in 1744; the hive was placed in a

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The natural beekeeping movement believes bee hives are weakened by modern beekeeping and agricultural practices, such as crop spraying, hive movement, frequent hive inspections,

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is shown in Egyptian art from around 4,500 years ago. Simple hives and smoke were used, and honey was stored in jars, some of which were found in the tombs of pharaohs such as

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Behavioral Response of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) to Colony Disturbance by Smoke, Acetic Acid, Isopentyl Acetate, Light, Temperature and Vibration

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are sections describing beekeeping, stressing the importance of the quality of the wooden box used and its effects on the quality of the honey. The Chinese word for honey

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Quezada-Euán, José Javier G.; May-Itzá, William de Jesús; González-Acereto, Jorge A. (2001-01-01). "Meliponiculture in Mexico: problems and perspective for development".

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light, and humidity. This helps bees remain healthy but relatively dormant. These relatively dormant "wintered" bees survive on stored honey, and new bees are not born.

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system was invented in Australia by Cedar Anderson and his father Stuart Anderson, whose design allows honey to be extracted without cumbersome centrifuge equipment.

4488:"A Review on Thermoregulation Techniques in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) Beehive Microclimate and Its Similarities to the Heating and Cooling Management in Buildings" 803: 5190: 4387: 1468:, the Varroa mite, is an established pest of two species of honey bee through many parts of the world and is blamed by many researchers as a leading cause of CCD. 442:-like alcoholic drink. By 300 BCE they had achieved the highest levels of stingless beekeeping practices in the world. The use of stingless bees is referred to as 3865: 314:, there existed a system of high-status apiculture that is evidenced by the finds of hives, smoking pots, honey extractors and other beekeeping paraphernalia in 4797: 614:, crown-board and roof. Hives have traditionally been constructed from cedar, pine or cypress wood but in recent years, hives made from injection-molded, dense 5296:

Sulborska, Aneta; Horeca, Beata; Cebrat, Malgorzata; Kowalczyk, Marek; Skrzypek, Tomasz H.; Kazimierczak, Waldemar; Trytek, Mariusz; Borsuk, Grzegorz (2019).

5259: 3825: 4939: 6024: 783:(1859–1947), lecturer, well known beekeeping enthusiast and honey promoter was elected President of the California State Beekeepers' Association in 1921. 720:, which has been continuously revised and remains in print, pioneered the manufacture of hives and the distribution of bee packages in the United States. 4723: 5934: 4847: 4172: 1490: 4776: 1227:

of pollinators in urban environments is also thought to be crucial to preventing the formation of feral colonies by more destructive species like the

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https://www.academia.edu/26826420/Determination_of_Bee_Space_and_Cell_Dimensions_for_Jimma_Zone_Honeybee_Eco_Races_Apis_malifera_Southwest_Ethiopian

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Castelo, Marcela K; Lazzari, Claudio R (2004-04-01). "Host-seeking behavior in larvae of the robber fly Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae)".

277:, Israel. Thirty intact hives made of straw and unbaked clay were discovered in the ruins of the city, dating from about 900 BCE, by archaeologist 5723: 5847: 4236:

Robinson, Gene E.; Visscher, P. Kirk (December 1984). "Effect of Low Temperature Narcosis on Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Foraging Behavior".

2903: 813: 568:, who was the first person to make practical use of Huber's earlier discovery of a specific spatial distance between the wax combs, later called 646:

In the 19th century, improvements were made in the design and production of beehives, systems of management and husbandry, stock improvement by

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Puhpohwee for the people – a narrative account of some uses of fungi among Ahnishinaubeg: Cambridge, MA: Botanical Museum of Harvard University

4198: 3495:"A 17th Century Testimony On The Use Of Ceramic Top-bar Hives. 2012 | Haralampos (Χαράλαμπος) Harissis (Χαρίσης) and Georgios Mavrofridis" 5815: 6049: 3806: 6734: 5509: 4874:"Queen Quality and the Impact of Honey Bee Diseases on Queen Health: Potential for Interactions between Two Major Threats to Colony Health" 3253: 3904: 3973: 5473: 4818: 4332:

HELD, W.; STUCKI, M.; HEUSSER, C.; BLASER, K. (February 1989). "Production of Human Antibodies to Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 in Vitro".

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that provide nectar and pollen. An environment of year-round, uninterrupted bloom creates an ideal environment for colony reproduction.

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Many types of fuel can be used in a smoker as long as it is natural and not contaminated with harmful substances. Common fuels include

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was one of the first entrepreneurs to make a living from apiculture. By 1878, he made beekeeping his sole business activity. His book,

5992: 1294:. Each pheromone has a different function. As the queen ages, she begins to run out of stored sperm and her pheromones begin to fail. 4753: 564:

In the 19th century, changes in beekeeping practice were completed through the development of the movable comb hive by the American

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Fedor Lazutin. Keeping bees with a smile. Principles and practice of natural beekeeping. p 321. New Society Publishers. April 2020.

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Bees maintain the internal temperature of their hive at about 35 °C (95 °F). Their ability to do this is known as social

515:(sperm store) of queens, as well as the penis of male drones. Huber is regarded as "the father of modern bee-science" and his work 5157:

QueenSpotting: Meet the Remarkable Queen Bee and Discover the Drama at the Heart of the Hive; Includes 48 Queenspotting Challenges

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Experiments in raising bees indoors for longer durations have looked into more precise and varying environment controls. In 2015,

1158:. Bees are a form of livestock that can add a lot of value to farmland and generate relatively easy revenue for rural communities. 474:

European natural philosophers began to scientifically study bee colonies in the 18th century. Eminent among these scientists were

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Chapter V. Of the Methods practised for taking the Wax and Honey, without destroying the Bees. pp 93–109 accessed 17 March 2022.

7018: 5771: 5617:"Water provisioning increases caged worker bee lifespan and caged worker bees are living half as long as observed 50 years ago" 5187:

The hive and the honey bee: a new book on beekeeping which continues the tradition of "Langstroth on the hive and the honeybee"

4103:

The Hive and the honey bee: a new book on beekeeping which continues the tradition of "Langstroth on the hive and the honeybee"

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wavelengths and are also attracted to scent. The type of fabric conditioner used has more impact than the color of the fabric.

821: 479: 4576: 4142: 3274: 940:. The honey house can be a portable trailer, allowing the beekeeper to move hives to a site and provide pollination services. 6430: 5963: 5165: 5138: 5128: 5111: 5084: 5027: 4658: 4635: 3690: 3660: 3464: 3439: 3387: 3165: 3138: 3072: 2966: 2756: 4459:

Southwick, Edward E.; Moritz, R.F.A. (1987). "Social control of air ventilation in colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera".

4610: 4089: 1536: 928:

There are three types of vertical stackable hives: hanging or top-access frame, sliding or side-access frame, and top bar.

5879: 5412: 2518: 5182: 4379: 3712: 1527:, which is a pest of apiculture in South America due to its habit of eating workers while they are foraging in meadows. 6139: 4542:

Todorka, L.; Lyuben, L.; Ivanka, M.; Gergana, M.; Krasimira, T. (2020). "Thermal conductivity of the ceramic beehive".

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and inventor of the Manley frame, which is still universally popular in the UK. Other notable British pioneers include

6076: 3862: 6612: 4224: 4110: 3846: 3100: 2887: 2530: 1548: 1395: 915: 431: 3338:

Halcroft, Megan T.; et al. (2013). "The Australian Stingless Bee Industry: A Follow-up Survey, One Decade on".

1460:) is native to Africa but has now spread to most continents. It is a serious pest among honey bees unadapted to it. 897: 6727: 6665: 2566: 129:. The largest beekeeping operations are agricultural businesses but many small beekeeping operations are run as a 6743: 6670: 4931: 4793: 976:

that attracts aggressive action and further stinging attacks. Attraction can be minimized with regular washing.

601: 7133: 6216: 6013: 2711: 893: 519:(New Observations on Bees) revealed all of the basic scientific facts of the biology and ecology of honeybees. 121:

In the modern era, beekeeping is often used for crop pollination and the collection of its byproducts, such as

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Beekeepers use the ability of the bees to produce new queens to increase their colonies in a procedure called

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Kwadha, Charles A.; Ong'amo, George O.; Ndegwa, Paul N.; Raina, Suresh K.; Fombong, Ayuka T. (2017-06-09).

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soap and water can also stop the spread of venom. Ice or a cold compress can be applied to the sting area.

4305:

Wood, William F. (1983). "Anaesthesia of Honeybees by Smoke from the Pyrolysis of Puffballs and Keratin".

3181:

Meier, Kristin; Peyrot, Michaël (2017). "The Word for "Honey" in Chinese, Tocharian and Sino-Vietnamese".

394: 7323: 7266: 6720: 6635: 6360: 2946: 889: 274: 2686: 7246: 7226: 2781:

Dams, M.; Dams, L. (21 July 1977). "Spanish Rock Art Depicting Honey Gathering During the Mesolithic".

410: 98:. Ceramic jars found in the grave contained several types of honey, including linden and flower honey. 5854: 4664: 3455:

van Veen, J. W. (2014). Gupta, Rakesh K.; Reybroeck, Wim; van Veen, Johan W.; Gupta, Anuradha (eds.).

2506: 6701: 6655: 3210: 1130: 7211: 7206: 6591: 6566: 6346: 6325: 6311: 6297: 6290: 6119: 2672: 2490:

US: University of Arkansas National Agricultural Law Center, Agricultural Marketing Resource Center

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At least 10,000 years ago, humans began to attempt to maintain colonies of wild bees in artificial

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Islam, M. R.; Islam, Jaan S.; Zatzman, Gary M.; Rahman, M. Safiur; Mughal, M. A. H. (2015-12-03).

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According to George S. Demuth, the main factors that increase the swarming tendency of bees are:

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Conrad, Ross (2007) Natural Beekeeping: Organic approaches to modern apiculture, Chelsea Green,

3024: 7178: 6381: 6374: 6332: 6304: 3930:"Birth of American Bee Culture: A Look at Advertisements in A.J. Cook's The Bee Keepers' Guide" 3908: 3827:

The ABC of Bee Culture: A Cyclopaedia of Everything Pertaining to the Care of the Honey-bee ...

3225: 2642: 937: 723: 462: 339: 5074: 5017: 4409:

Southwick, Edward E.; Heldmaier, Gerhard (1987). "Temperature Control in Honey Bee Colonies".

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In the UK, practical beekeeping was led in the early 20th century by a few men, pre-eminently

7271: 7163: 6953: 6948: 6799: 6660: 6645: 5465: 5101: 4202: 4021: 3680: 3650: 3599: 3377: 1302:

or divide the hive into two colonies through swarm-cell production, which leads to swarming.

1266: 3429: 2554: 7318: 7118: 6912: 6899: 6691: 6221: 6206: 5984: 5628: 5309: 3790:

Cincinnati Historical Society; Cincinnati Museum Center; Filson Historical Society (2005).

3598:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 2, 27. Archived from 2790: 2652: 1523: 1299: 1261: 1228: 335: 223: 103: 6103:

of rare beekeeping books consisting of 250 volumes including items published from 1525 at

4745: 3708:"Flow Hive: Cedar and Stuart Anderson talk about life one year after crowdfunding success" 3567:

accessed 17 March 2022. Chapter II Of the Management of Bees in Hives and Boxes. pp 79–86.

1216:

however, and homeowners can use their land to help feed local bee populations by planting

8: 7313: 7276: 7221: 7103: 6988: 6973: 6857: 6686: 6650: 6640: 6586: 6477: 6318: 6252: 3194: 1439: 824:(IBRA). In Egypt in the 1930s, Abushady established The Bee Kingdom League and its organ 817: 809: 203: 5632: 5543: 5313: 3404: 2794: 740:, remains a classic and his influence on bee management persists into the 21st century. 261:

The oldest archaeological finds directly relating to beekeeping have been discovered at

6794: 6581: 5670: 5657: 5616: 5439: 5388: 5361: 5330: 4908: 4873: 4509: 4426: 4357: 4345: 4253: 3514: 3355: 3320: 3206: 2806: 1089: 647: 565: 187:

made from hollow logs, wooden boxes, pottery vessels, and woven straw baskets known as

171: 6124: 4063: 1555: 6998: 6968: 6917: 6907: 6882: 6816: 6571: 6559: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6257: 6211: 6180: 5674: 5662: 5644: 5597: 5589: 5393: 5335: 5267: 5161: 5134: 5107: 5080: 5023: 4913: 4895: 4654: 4631: 4513: 4472: 4349: 4220: 4116: 4106: 4085: 4047: 3686: 3656: 3460: 3435: 3383: 3312: 3245: 3198: 3161: 3134: 3096: 3068: 3020: 2962: 2883: 2860: 2618: 1464: 1453: 1435:, also called nosema, the most-common and widespread disease of the adult honey bee. 759: 665: 594: 427: 232:, in which cylindrical hives are depicted along with people pouring honey into jars. 115: 95: 5756: 5443: 4361: 3999: 3807:"L'étonnante Histoire du Genevois François Huber, apiculteur aveugle et visionnaire" 3742: 3518: 3359: 3324: 678: 535: 487: 133:. As beekeeping technology has advanced, beekeeping has become more accessible, and 7168: 7050: 6943: 6938: 6804: 6437: 5652: 5636: 5585: 5581: 5435: 5431: 5383: 5373: 5325: 5317: 4903: 4885: 4499: 4468: 4418: 4341: 4318: 4314: 4245: 4134: 3863:

https://americanbeejournal.com/thermal-beekeeping-look-inside-a-burning-bee-smoker/

3510: 3506: 3347: 3308: 3304: 3237: 3190: 2850: 2840: 2810: 2798: 2623: 1400:

The common agents of disease that affect adult honey bees include fungi, bacteria,

1224: 1212: 1195: 1069: 973: 765: 689: 651: 626: 366: 319: 288: 134: 6712: 5955: 2760: 6533: 6489: 6237: 5802: 4780: 3869: 3850: 3564: 3547: 3043: 2634: 2589: 2584: 1445: 1291: 1112: 1006: 780: 755: 733: 590: 544: 495: 443: 154: 4606: 4206: 1305: 672: 7294: 7185: 7158: 7084: 6958: 6842: 6775: 6538: 6513: 6497: 6394: 6283: 6247: 5883: 5640: 5447: 5321: 3130:

The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Practice, Analysis, and Methodology

1504: 1496: 1484: 1427: 1274: 1155: 751: 619: 586: 483: 303: 214:

before 2,422 BCE, workers are depicted blowing smoke into hives as they remove

111: 4872:

Amiri, Esmaeil; Strand, Micheline; Rueppell, Olav; Tarpy, David (2017-05-08).

3241: 7307: 7241: 6786: 5648: 5593: 5271: 5229:"Beepocalypse Redux: Honeybees Are Still Dying – and We Still Don't Know Why" 4899: 3316: 3249: 3202: 1877: 1872: 1290:

that control the behavior of the bees in the hive; these are commonly called

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in Brazil. This variation of beekeeping still occurs today. For instance, in

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from around 4,500 years ago; there is also evidence of beekeeping in ancient

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Apiculture in the Prehistoric Aegean. Minoan and Mycenaean Symbols Revisited

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the hive, while chilled carbon dioxide may have harmful, long-term effects.

7173: 7138: 7062: 6832: 6696: 6242: 6068: 5666: 5601: 5397: 5378: 5339: 5298:"Microsporidia Nosema spp. – obligate bee parasites are transmitted by air" 4917: 4890: 3620: 3493:

Harissis (Χαρίσης), Haralampos (Χαράλαμπος); Mavrofridis, Georgios (2012).

3351: 3010: 2864: 2447: 2442: 2246: 2241: 1478: 1472: 1150: 1126: 956:

Beekeepers often wear protective clothing to protect themselves from stings

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has influenced modern beekeeping practice more than anyone else. His book

218:. Inscriptions detailing the production of honey are found on the tomb of 44:

are the most commonly kept species but other honey producing bees such as

7236: 7067: 7038: 6963: 6933: 6887: 6837: 6508: 6452: 6339: 6262: 6185: 6114: 4848:"MIT's Mediated Matter Group Builds a Synthetic Apiary to Help Save Bees" 4084:

Michael Bush. The Practical Beekeeper. p.551. xstarpublishing.com. 2004.

4051: 2599: 2594: 2198: 2193: 2065: 2060: 1421: 1371: 1121: 966: 952: 615: 611: 512: 491: 390: 322:. Aspects of the lives of bees and beekeeping are discussed at length by 248: 240: 196: 75: 71: 2983:"Oldest known archaeological example of beekeeping discovered in Israel" 2845: 2828: 1450:

but weak colonies, unoccupied hives and stored frames can be decimated.

7013: 6865: 6780: 6543: 6528: 6523: 6503: 6175: 5260:"Call off the bee-pocalypse: U.S. honeybee colonies hit a 20-year high" 4430: 4257: 3717: 2855: 1200: 1104: 1039: 999: 985: 754:

was an Austrian/Italian military officer who in 1865 invented a simple

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An inscription records the introduction of honey bees into the land of

67: 40: 5362:"The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella" 3579:

The Quest for the Perfect Hive: A History of Innovation in Bee Culture

373: 7231: 6847: 6518: 6481: 6442: 6170: 6155: 4783:, by Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. pp. 10. 3792:

Ohio Valley history. The journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society

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When the queen is fertile and laying eggs, she produces a variety of

1073: 1062: 1034: 713: 657: 635: 343: 323: 282: 215: 79: 51: 35: 4960:

Connor, Larry. "Queen Bee 101: Biology and Behavior of Queen Bees".

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Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Williams, Geoffrey; Neumann, Peter (2018).

2829:"Widespread exploitation of the honeybee by early Neolithic farmers" 972:

Stings that are retained in clothing fabric continue to pump out an

867: 435: 419: 82:, and production of package bees for sale. Bee hives are kept in an 7128: 7033: 6875: 6870: 6447: 6415: 5795: 4504: 4487: 3494: 3086: 2300: 2295: 2275: 2270: 1795: 1790: 1401: 557: 270: 184: 126: 63: 46: 5688: 3632:

ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol. 6 no. 9 2016.

641: 7123: 7079: 7045: 7023: 6978: 6576: 6473: 6420: 6201: 5845: 2422: 2417: 2222: 2217: 2010: 2005: 1845: 1840: 1723: 1718: 1699: 1694: 1672: 1667: 1598: 1593: 1217: 1205: 1080:

A2 (PLA). Antibodies correlate with the frequency of bee stings.

743: 315: 311: 202:

Honeybees were kept in Egypt from antiquity. On the walls of the

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and marketing. Notable innovators of modern beekeeping include:

7057: 6758: 6747: 6468: 6109: 4819:"Synthetic Apiary – Biologically augmented digital fabrication" 4577:"Will Putting Honey Bees on Public Lands Threaten Native Bees?" 3092: 2469:

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

2324: 2319: 2122: 2117: 1986: 1981: 1960: 1955: 1904: 1899: 1819: 1814: 1771: 1766: 1747: 1742: 1623: 1618: 841: 380: 354: 331: 219: 83: 7289: 6110:

Dave Cushman's indexed website with glossary, about beekeeping

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Insufficient empty combs for ripening nectar and storing honey

494:

had not yet been observed and many theories held queens were "

145: 7028: 6425: 4486:

Jarimi, Hasila; Tapia-Brito, Emmanuel; Riffat, Saffa (2020).

3976:. A. I. Root Company. June 28, 1921 – via Google Books. 3492: 3153: 2612: 2372: 2367: 2348: 2343: 2173: 2168: 2096: 2091: 1648: 1643: 1014: 1010: 990: 508: 307: 262: 247:

I am Shamash-resh-ușur, the governor of Suhu and the land of

236: 130: 55: 5359: 4685: 2638:– a 2012 Swiss documentary film on honey bees and beekeeping 7072: 5985:"The Future of Bees and Honey Production in Arab Countries" 4444:

Gates, S.B.N. (1914). "The temperature of the bee colony".

4062:

Advice for New Beekeepers UK National Bee Unit. 02/03/2020

2148: 2143: 1338:

The genetics of bees; the strength of the swarming instinct

439: 188: 5956:"Apiservices – Beekeeping – Apiculture – Denmark/Danemark" 4541: 3457:

Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security

6493: 4648: 4564:. Vol. I. London: Charles Knight. 1847. p. 894. 4417:(6). American Institute of Biological Sciences: 395–399. 1244: 434:, which they used for several purposes, including making 27: 5297: 4871: 3905:"Bees as business: UMass Amherst, Du Bois Library, SCUA" 2712:"Why urban beekeeping is a rising trend in major cities" 1508:, the tracheal mite, infests the trachea of honey bees. 1017:

as fuel because it ejects much smoke and lacks an odor.

6154: 4485: 4331: 3861:

Thermal Beekeeping: Look Inside a Burning Bee Smoker –

3459:. Vol. 1 Ch 12. London: Springer. pp. 350–1. 3183:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

3126: 3085:

Haralampos V. Harissis; Anastasios V. Harissis (2009).

3055: 5846:

Conradie, Beatrice & Nortjé, Bronwyn (July 2008).

5757:"Economic aspects of beekeeping production in Croatia" 5615:

Nearman, Anthony; vanEngelsdorp, Dennis (2022-11-14).

5079:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 448. 3794:. Vol. 5–6. Cincinnati Museum Center. p. 96. 1476:

mites, of which there are four species, are native to

5898:"Beehive numbers by leading countries worldwide 2019" 5073:

Hepburn, H. Randall; Radloff, Sarah E. (2011-01-04).

5047:. Medina, Ohio: A. I. Root Company. pp. 610–611. 4531:. Medina, Ohio: A.I. Root Company. pp. 682, 683. 3037:"Israeli archaeologists find 3,000-year-old beehives" 1357:

Demuth attributed some of his comments to Snelgrove.

579: 507:

microscope, and were among the first to describe the

5853:. Centre for Social Science Research. Archived from 5614: 5466:"The Varroa Problem: Part 1 @ Scientific Beekeeping" 2827:

Roffet-Salque, Mélanie; et al. (14 June 2016).

6742: 4064:

http://www.nationalbeeunit.com/index.cfm?pageid=209

4020:. startbeekeeping.net. 5 April 2009. Archived from 5927:"Global leading producers of honey worldwide 2019" 5103:Queen Bee Breeding: AgGuide – A Practical Handbook 4408: 3880: 3337: 2646:– a bee kept for honey that is not related to the 5816:"The prospects for beekeeping in the expanded EU" 5295: 4271:Cook, V. A. (1970). "Puff ball control of bees". 4044:The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting 3481:The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting 3065:The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting 2880:The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting 1099: 675:' beehive design has influenced modern beehives. 469: 7305: 5497:Standard methods for Tropilaelaps mites research 5126: 4976:"An Introduction to Queen Honey Bee Development" 4235: 3431:Apis Mellifica – Or, The Poison Of The Honey-Bee 3016:It Is the Land of Honey: Beekeeping at Tel Rehov 1329: 1189: 618:have become increasingly common. Hives also use 5494: 4458: 3019:Near Eastern Archaeology, Volume 70, Number 4, 2925: 1564:World honey production and consumption in 2005 1072:, caused by a reaction to the major antigen of 728:The Bee-Keepers' Guide; or Manual of the Apiary 684:New Observations on the Natural History of Bees 642:Pioneers of practical and commercial beekeeping 5571: 5072: 4289: 4100: 3893:(4). Pomona College Dept. of Zoology: 169–170. 3565:https://books.google.com/books?id=CCZAAAAAcAAJ 3548:https://books.google.com/books?id=CCZAAAAAcAAJ 3402: 2961:(2 ed.). Gorgias Press LLC. p. 203. 593:are still dominant in the U.S.; in France the 6728: 6140: 5488: 5180: 4743: 4377: 4219:The Barefoot Beekeeper. Philip Chandler 2015 2826: 371: 74:. Other sources of beekeeping income include 4562:The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge 3804: 3762:"History of British Standards in Beekeeping" 3331: 3275:Amerindian honey hunting and hive beekeeping 2498: 1223:Using managed honeybee colonies to fill the 831: 773:, encouraged a boom in beekeeping following 5457: 4932:"Queen Bees Control Sex of Young After All" 4574: 3805:Koutchoumoff, Lisbeth (November 16, 2018). 3180: 3095:, England: British Archaeological Reports. 2931: 2738:"Can cities save our bees? – Marion Tanguy" 1559:World's stock of beehives from 1961 to 2014 896:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 857: 6735: 6721: 6147: 6133: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5544:"What are some predators of the honeybee?" 5062:. Bleadon, England: Snelgrove & Smith. 2959:Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities 2950: 2687:"Tears of Re: Beekeeping in Ancient Egypt" 2572:Wooden hives and farmer with packed honey. 2536:Uncapping the cells with an uncapping fork 965:dark-colored. It is now known bees see in 256:translated text from Stele, (Dalley, 2002) 5656: 5387: 5377: 5329: 5057: 4907: 4889: 4503: 3396: 2854: 2844: 1250: 916:Learn how and when to remove this message 446:, which is named after bees of the tribe 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5257: 5015: 4646: 3759: 3621:http://www.dave-cushman.net/bee/bsp.html 3454: 3013:and Panitz-Cohen, Nava, (December 2007) 2780: 1554: 1304: 1273: 1265: 1199: 1149: 1133:; and hives constructed from a ceramic. 1111: 1103: 1038: 989: 951: 840: 742: 656: 625: 600: 534: 326:. Beekeeping was also documented by the 287: 165: 149:Honey seeker depicted on 8,000-year-old 144: 5740: 5518:United States Department of Agriculture 5495:Anderson, Denis; Roberts, John (2013), 5211: 5153: 4686:"Beekeeping with the Warré hive – Home" 4135:"What Do Bees See? And How Do We Know?" 4105:(Rev. ed.). Hamilton, IL: Dadant. 3957: 3844:http://www.beeculture.com/moses-quinby/ 3798: 3705: 3576: 3406:Nouvelles observations sur les abeilles 1051: 1048:frames before lifting out of the hive. 944:and attachment can occur more readily. 605:Honey-laden honeycomb in a wooden frame 517:Nouvelles Observations sur Les Abeilles 7306: 7019:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 6030:from the original on 27 September 2013 5848:"SURVEY OF BEEKEEPING IN SOUTH AFRICA" 5463: 5130:Neurobiology of Chemical Communication 5127:Mucignat-Caretta, Carla (2014-02-14). 4713: 4192: 3932:. St Andrews Rare Books. 26 May 2016. 3678: 3648: 3591: 3409:. Chez J. J. Paschoud, ... et a Geneve 3375: 2956: 2822: 2820: 2735: 2629:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 1530: 1364: 1255: 1116:Hive with a second skin of polystyrene 947: 822:International Bee Research Association 353:since antiquity. In a book written by 162:Western honey bee § Domestication 6716: 6128: 5832: 5226: 5174: 5099: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4443: 4373: 4371: 4193:Newton, David Comstock (March 1967). 3674: 3672: 3644: 3642: 3371: 3369: 3035:Friedman, Matti (September 4, 2007), 2877: 2757:"Ancient Cave Painting Man of Bicorp" 2673:"What's the Oldest Honey Ever Found?" 2487:Arab countries: beekeeping.com (1997) 1384: 1278:New wax combs between basement joists 1145: 800:Honey Production in the British Isles 466:is kept for the production of honey. 243:, where they were previously unknown: 5502: 5410: 5258:Ingraham, Christopher (2015-07-23). 5060:Swarming, its Control and Prevention 5042: 4964:. 138.7(2010): 48 – via Print. 4587:from the original on 20 October 2021 4526: 4304: 4270: 3823: 3706:Hassall, Craig (12 September 2017). 3581:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3561:A Treatise on the Management of Bees 3544:A Treatise on the Management of Bees 3427: 3223: 3211:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.1.0007 3195:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.1.0007 3157:Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century 1537:University of Maryland, College Park 1500:after they were introduced to Asia. 1234: 1136: 994:Bee smoker with heat shield and hook 894:adding citations to reliable sources 861: 54:(or apiarists) keep bees to collect 6120:What’s The Oldest Honey Ever Found? 6066: 5520:. February 18, 2005. Archived from 4744:Goodman Kurtz, Chaya (2010-06-03). 4448:. No. 96. USDA. pp. 1–19. 4201:. p. 3. Document No. 302256408 4046:, New York : Routledge, 1999. 3713:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3226:"Mesoamerican Stingless Beekeeping" 2817: 2754: 1542: 1521:, as do some robber flies, such as 836: 13: 5214:Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder 5016:Rinderer, Thomas E. (2013-09-03). 4992: 4959: 4850:. Architect Magazine. 2016-10-17. 4583:. Yale School of the Environment. 4390:from the original on 12 April 2016 4368: 4346:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01117.x 4334:Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 4162: 3682:21st Century Homestead: Beekeeping 3669: 3652:21st Century Homestead: Beekeeping 3639: 3379:21st Century Homestead: Beekeeping 3366: 1088:rare among beekeepers, results in 704:Mysteries of Bee-Keeping Explained 580:20th and 21st century hive designs 14: 7335: 6231:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes 6093: 5193:from the original on 26 July 2020 4380:"Bee Stings-Treatments and Drugs" 3887:Journal of Entomology and Zoology 1909:45 (2006); 28 (2007) 80.35(2019) 1549:Food and Agriculture Organization 1396:List of diseases of the honey bee 771:How to Keep Bees & Sell Honey 480:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur 349:Beekeeping has been practiced in 30:colonies, commonly in artificial 7288: 6060: 6042: 6014:"Farm Commodity Programs: Honey" 6006: 5977: 5948: 5919: 5890: 5872: 5808: 5788: 5705: 5681: 5608: 5565: 5536: 5404: 5353: 5289: 5251: 5239:from the original on 7 June 2013 5220: 5205: 5189:. Dadant and Sons. p. 607. 4774:Florida African Bee Action Plan 4169:Scientific American Blog Network 3936:from the original on 30 May 2018 2744:– via www.theguardian.com. 2565: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2441: 2416: 2392: 2366: 2342: 2318: 2294: 2269: 2240: 2216: 2192: 2167: 2142: 2116: 2090: 2059: 2033: 2004: 1980: 1954: 1929: 1898: 1871: 1839: 1813: 1789: 1765: 1741: 1717: 1693: 1666: 1642: 1617: 1592: 866: 630:Western honey bee on a honeycomb 178: 58:and other products of the hive: 6079:from the original on 2016-03-03 5995:from the original on 2016-03-04 5966:from the original on 2016-03-17 5937:from the original on 2021-03-06 5908:from the original on 2021-02-03 5777:from the original on 2011-07-21 5729:from the original on 2022-01-19 5554:from the original on 2020-07-26 5510:""Tracheal mites" Tarsonemidae" 5476:from the original on 2018-08-14 5278:from the original on 2015-11-30 5147: 5120: 5100:Frost, Elizabeth (2016-05-26). 5093: 5066: 5051: 5036: 4968: 4953: 4942:from the original on 2022-01-21 4924: 4865: 4854:from the original on 2016-10-25 4840: 4829:from the original on 2016-10-07 4811: 4800:from the original on 2016-09-24 4786: 4767: 4756:from the original on 2012-08-06 4737: 4726:from the original on 2017-02-25 4707: 4696:from the original on 2016-03-17 4678: 4667:from the original on 2022-01-17 4640: 4624: 4613:from the original on 2020-11-27 4599: 4568: 4554: 4544:Machines Technologies Materials 4535: 4520: 4479: 4452: 4437: 4402: 4325: 4298: 4283: 4264: 4229: 4213: 4197:(Ph.D. thesis). Champaign, IL: 4186: 4175:from the original on 2020-01-13 4156: 4145:from the original on 2020-04-01 4127: 4094: 4078: 4069: 4056: 4036: 4010: 3992: 3980: 3966: 3951: 3922: 3897: 3874: 3855: 3833: 3817: 3783: 3772:from the original on 2013-04-05 3753: 3735: 3724:from the original on 2019-04-04 3699: 3625: 3613: 3592:Nelson, Eric V. (August 1967). 3585: 3570: 3553: 3536: 3525:from the original on 2015-10-19 3486: 3473: 3448: 3421: 3340:Journal of Apicultural Research 3288: 3267: 3256:from the original on 2022-01-19 3217: 3174: 3147: 3120: 3109:from the original on 2022-01-19 3078: 3029: 3004: 2975: 2940: 2736:Tanguy, Marion (23 June 2010). 1889:12,029** (210,000 bee keepers) 1535:A 2022 study by researchers at 1211:Related to natural beekeeping, 522: 7134:Home-stored product entomology 6217:Bee learning and communication 6023:. National Honey Board. 2002. 5586:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.02.002 5436:10.1080/0005772X.2004.11099624 5154:Kearney, Hilary (2019-04-30). 5106:(in Arabic). NSW Agriculture. 4319:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100569 4165:"Well, I'll BEE...Bees see UV" 3987:"Honey Producers' Co-Operator" 3511:10.1080/0005772X.2012.11417481 3309:10.1080/0005772X.2001.11099523 2896: 2871: 2774: 2748: 2729: 2704: 2679: 2665: 2484:Denmark: beekeeping.com (1996) 1575:Consumption (1000 metric tons) 1100:Internal temperature of a hive 470:Scientific study of honey bees 385: 372: 50:stingless bees are also kept. 1: 7217:Decline in insect populations 6810:List of insect-inspired songs 5514:Agricultural Research Service 4714:Tanguy, Marion (2010-06-23). 4492:Future Cities and Environment 4000:"Brother Adam – English Page" 3989:1921, March–April, Vol.2 No.3 3230:Journal of Cultural Geography 2934:Animal and Man in Bible Lands 2659: 2607:, a product used by medieval 1572:Production (1000 metric tons) 1330:Factors that trigger swarming 1190:Urban and backyard beekeeping 1154:A workshop for beekeeping in 357:(or Tao Zhu Gong) during the 226: 6105:National Library of Scotland 5574:Journal of Insect Physiology 5464:Oliver, Randy (2017-01-30). 4473:10.1016/0022-1910(87)90130-2 4461:Journal of Insect Physiology 4101:Graham, Joe M., ed. 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(1960). 2577: 2524:Beekeepers removing a frame 1389: 1353:Warming weather conditions. 1108:Tunnel entrance with baffle 566:Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth 273:archaeological site in the 174:casanatensis (14th century) 10: 7340: 7247:Pesticide toxicity to bees 7227:List of endangered insects 5641:10.1038/s41598-022-21401-2 5322:10.1038/s41598-019-50974-8 5045:ABC and XYZ of Bee Culture 4746:"Bee-Friendly Landscaping" 4529:ABC and XYZ of Bee Culture 3974:"Gleanings in Bee Culture" 1393: 1259: 1193: 1060: 1032: 983: 758:from the comb by means of 738:Fifty Years Among the Bees 430:domesticated a species of 285:, Israel 3,000 years ago. 159: 140: 7285: 7257: 7199: 7151: 7102: 6987: 6926: 6898: 6856: 6825: 6768: 6754: 6702:Honeybee Discovery Center 6679: 6621: 6613:Diseases of the honey bee 6600: 6552: 6461: 6403: 6340:Apis mellifera scutellata 6230: 6194: 6163: 6158:types and characteristics 5713:"ARCHIVED – PDF document" 5019:Bee Genetics and Breeding 4647:Chandler, Philip (2007). 4607:"Natural Beekeeping date" 3960:Beekeepers and Associates 3242:10.1080/08873638409478571 3133:. John Wiley & Sons. 2499:Gallery: Harvesting honey 2466: 2262: 2083: 2026: 1922: 1880:(*2006, **2002, ***2019) 1864: 1585: 1410:higher rates of attrition 1321:Different sub-species of 1056: 979: 832:Hives and other equipment 820:, which later became the 539:A beekeeper inspecting a 370: 7212:Colony collapse disorder 7207:Bees and toxic chemicals 6680:Museums and insectariums 6592:Colony collapse disorder 6567:Varroa sensitive hygiene 6347:Apis mellifera siciliana 6326:Apis mellifera monticola 6312:Apis mellifera pomonella 6298:Apis mellifera artemisia 6291:Apis mellifera adansonii 6115:Beekeeping for Beginners 5470:scientificbeekeeping.com 5413:"The small hive beetle, 5183:"Diseases of Adult bees" 5058:Snelgrove, L.E. (1935). 4823:CreativeApplications.Net 4238:The Florida Entomologist 3824:Root, Amos Ives (1891). 3685:. Lulu.com. p. 28. 3655:. Lulu.com. p. 27. 3382:. Lulu.com. p. 26. 3224:Kent, Robert B. (1984). 2759:. MD Bee. Archived from 2399:Central African Republic 1406:colony collapse disorder 858:Vertical stackable hives 417:), cognate with English 359:Spring and Autumn period 297:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 26:) is the maintenance of 16:Human care of honey bees 7114:Insect bites and stings 7091:Drosophila melanogaster 7004:Biological pest control 6486:Horizontal top-bar hive 6389:Apis mellifera unicolor 6368:Apis mellifera sossimai 6354:Apis mellifera simensis 6021:nationalaglawcenter.org 5212:Johnson, Renee (2010). 4307:J. Apicultural Research 4290:Keewaydinoquay (1978). 3883:"Albert John Cook, DSC" 3403:François Huber (1814). 1164:artificial insemination 851:Horizontal top-bar hive 804:William Herrod-Hempsall 696:was published in 1853. 453:Melipona quadrifasciata 7179:Rats, Lice and History 6553:Parasites and diseases 6382:Apis mellifera taurica 6375:Apis mellifera syriaca 6333:Apis mellifera remipes 6305:Apis mellifera litorea 6069:"Beekeeping in Serbia" 5805:Retrieved May 13, 2016 5411:Hood, Michael (2004). 5379:10.3390/insects8020061 5233:Time Science and Space 4891:10.3390/insects8020048 4794:"Wintering Techniques" 4650:The Barefoot Beekeeper 4199:University of Illinois 3679:Reuber, Brant (2015). 3649:Reuber, Brant (2015). 3636:accessed 20 March 2022 3577:Kritsky, Gene (2010). 3376:Reuber, Brant (2015). 3352:10.3896/ibra.1.52.2.01 3052:, Retrieved 2010-01-04 2643:Tetragonula carbonaria 1560: 1347:Inadequate ventilation 1310: 1279: 1271: 1251:Behavior of honey bees 1208: 1180:L'Apiculture pour Tous 1173:The Barefoot Beekeeper 1159: 1117: 1109: 1044: 998:Most beekeepers use a 995: 957: 938:cellular manufacturing 846: 748: 694:The Hive and Honey-bee 662: 631: 606: 574:The Hive and Honey-bee 548: 463:Tetragonula carbonaria 299: 259: 175: 157: 7164:Alfred Russel Wallace 6949:Entomological warfare 6800:Insects in literature 5160:. Storey Publishing. 4653:. Lulu. p. 111. 4018:"Movable frame hives" 2882:. London: Duckworth. 2691:www.apicultural.co.uk 1558: 1308: 1277: 1270:A swarm about to land 1269: 1203: 1153: 1115: 1107: 1042: 993: 955: 844: 746: 660: 629: 604: 538: 291: 245: 193:Domestication of bees 169: 160:Further information: 148: 100:Domestication of bees 7119:Insect sting allergy 6913:Cicadas in mythology 6692:Bee Museum of Rhodes 6608:Topics in beekeeping 6207:Honey bee life cycle 4980:Penn State Extension 3428:Wolf, C. W. (2021). 1581:Number of bee hives 1578:Number of beekeepers 1524:Mallophora ruficauda 1262:Swarming (honey bee) 1229:Africanized honeybee 1171:by Ross Conrad, and 1127:outer wall of timber 1052:Safety and husbandry 890:improve this section 718:A B C of Bee Culture 460:, the stingless bee 397:) was borrowed from 336:Gaius Julius Hyginus 224:Twenty-sixth Dynasty 7222:Habitat destruction 6974:Insects in religion 6687:Malacca Bee Gallery 6587:Deformed wing virus 6478:BS National Beehive 6319:Apis mellifera meda 6253:Carniolan honey bee 5860:on December 2, 2012 5633:2022NatSR..1218660N 5314:2019NatSR...914376S 5264:The Washington Post 5043:Root, A.I. (1978). 4527:Root, A.I. (1978). 4378:Mayo Clinic Staff. 4024:on 16 November 2016 3743:"2 Hryvni, Ukraine" 3483:. pp. 395–396, 414. 2957:Dalley, S. (2002). 2878:Crane, Eva (1999). 2846:10.1038/nature18451 2795:1977Natur.268..228D 2560:Bee farming at Home 2548:Filtering the honey 1940:93.42 (Average 84) 1565: 1531:Decreasing lifespan 1440:Galleria mellonella 1365:Artificial swarming 1350:Having an old queen 1256:Colony reproduction 948:Protective clothing 845:Modern top bar hive 818:Benson, Oxfordshire 810:Ahmed Zaky Abushady 7324:Insects in culture 7295:Insects portal 7267:Insects and humans 6795:Arthropods in film 6744:Human interactions 6582:American foulbrood 5801:2016-05-14 at the 5794:Bee Aware website 5764:Veterinarski Arhiv 5621:Scientific Reports 5302:Scientific Reports 5022:. Academic Press. 4779:2007-07-01 at the 3868:2021-01-22 at the 3849:2018-05-26 at the 3434:. Read Books Ltd. 3273:Crane, E. (1998). 3067:, Routledge 1999, 3042:2022-01-19 at the 2755:Traynor, Kirsten. 2675:. 28 January 2022. 1586:Europe and Russia 1563: 1561: 1385:Pests and diseases 1379:splitting a colony 1311: 1280: 1272: 1209: 1184:Beekeeping For All 1169:Natural Beekeeping 1160: 1146:Natural beekeeping 1118: 1110: 1090:anaphylactic shock 1045: 1043:American hive tool 996: 958: 847: 749: 663: 648:selective breeding 632: 607: 549: 413:; cf. Tocharian B 300: 176: 172:tacuinum sanitatis 158: 78:of crops, raising 7301: 7300: 7190:Insect Literature 7147: 7146: 7046:Carmine/Cochineal 6999:Beneficial insect 6969:Insects in ethics 6918:Scarab (artifact) 6908:Bees in mythology 6817:Insects on stamps 6710: 6709: 6572:Small hive beetle 6561:Varroa destructor 6278:Western honey bee 6273:Russian honey bee 6268:Maltese honey bee 6258:European dark bee 6181:Laying worker bee 6067:Šljivić, Miljko. 5770:: 397–408. 2009. 5167:978-1-63586-038-2 5140:978-1-4665-5341-5 5113:978-1-74256-922-2 5086:978-3-642-16422-4 5076:Honeybees of Asia 5029:978-1-4832-7003-6 4690:Warre.biobees.com 4660:978-1-4092-7114-7 4636:978-1-60358-362-6 4575:Jennifer Oldham. 4066:accessed 6.6.2020 3842:. Moses Quinby – 3692:978-1-312-93733-8 3662:978-1-312-93733-8 3466:978-94-017-9199-1 3441:978-1-5287-6221-2 3389:978-1-312-93733-8 3167:978-981-10-8222-1 3140:978-1-119-18421-8 3073:978-0-415-92467-2 2968:978-1-931956-02-4 2839:(7607): 226–227. 2789:(5617): 228–230. 2619:Insects in ethics 2479: 2478: 2475: 1936:Argentina (*2019) 1465:Varroa destructor 1454:Small hive beetle 1235:Indoor beekeeping 1137:Location of hives 926: 925: 918: 760:centrifugal force 666:Petro Prokopovych 389:), reconstructed 7331: 7293: 7292: 7169:Jean-Henri Fabre 6944:Cricket fighting 6939:Cockroach racing 6805:Insects in music 6766: 6765: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6438:Honey extraction 6431:Alcoholic drinks 6149: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6052:. Archived from 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6018: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5882:. 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Kelley 716:, author of the 690:L. L. Langstroth 652:honey extraction 591:Langstroth hives 396: 387: 378: 377: 376: 320:Sir Arthur Evans 257: 231: 228: 135:urban beekeeping 7339: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7287: 7281: 7259: 7253: 7195: 7143: 7105: 7098: 6990: 6983: 6922: 6894: 6852: 6821: 6761: 6756: 6750: 6741: 6711: 6706: 6675: 6623: 6617: 6596: 6548: 6534:Honey extractor 6490:Langstroth hive 6457: 6399: 6238:Africanized bee 6226: 6190: 6159: 6153: 6101:Moir Collection 6096: 6091: 6082: 6080: 6065: 6061: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6007: 5998: 5996: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5969: 5967: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5940: 5938: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5911: 5909: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5833: 5825: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5803:Wayback Machine 5793: 5789: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5741: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5613: 5609: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5555: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5524:on May 17, 2011 5508: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5458: 5453:on 20 May 2014. 5450: 5419: 5409: 5405: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5294: 5290: 5281: 5279: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5056: 5052: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5014: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4943: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4870: 4866: 4857: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4832: 4830: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4803: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4781:Wayback Machine 4772: 4768: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4738: 4729: 4727: 4712: 4708: 4699: 4697: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4629: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4573: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4540: 4536: 4525: 4521: 4484: 4480: 4457: 4453: 4442: 4438: 4423:10.2307/1310562 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4369: 4330: 4326: 4303: 4299: 4288: 4284: 4273:N. Z. Jl. Agric 4269: 4265: 4250:10.2307/3494466 4234: 4230: 4218: 4214: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4146: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4113: 4099: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4061: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4004:perso.unamur.be 3998: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3956: 3952: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3879: 3875: 3870:Wayback Machine 3860: 3856: 3851:Wayback Machine 3838: 3834: 3822: 3818: 3803: 3799: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3758: 3754: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3647: 3640: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3590: 3586: 3575: 3571: 3558: 3554: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3526: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3374: 3367: 3336: 3332: 3293: 3289: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3222: 3218: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3103: 3083: 3079: 3060: 3056: 3044:Wayback Machine 3034: 3030: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2908:Reshafim.org.il 2902: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2876: 2872: 2825: 2818: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2764: 2753: 2749: 2734: 2730: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2635:More Than Honey 2590:Bee (mythology) 2585:Africanized bee 2580: 2573: 2570: 2561: 2558: 2549: 2546: 2537: 2534: 2525: 2522: 2513: 2510: 2501: 2496: 2471: 2440: 2415: 2391: 2365: 2341: 2317: 2293: 2268: 2239: 2215: 2191: 2166: 2141: 2115: 2089: 2058: 2032: 2003: 1979: 1953: 1928: 1897: 1870: 1838: 1812: 1788: 1764: 1740: 1716: 1692: 1665: 1641: 1616: 1591: 1545: 1533: 1514: 1418: 1398: 1392: 1387: 1367: 1332: 1292:queen substance 1264: 1258: 1253: 1237: 1198: 1192: 1148: 1139: 1102: 1065: 1059: 1054: 1037: 1031: 988: 982: 974:alarm pheromone 950: 922: 911: 905: 902: 887: 871: 860: 839: 834: 826:The Bee Kingdom 781:Cary W. Hartman 747:Honey Extractor 734:Dr. C.C. Miller 706:, invented the 644: 620:queen excluders 582: 545:Langstroth hive 525: 472: 444:meliponiculture 399:proto-Tocharian 258: 255: 229: 181: 164: 155:Valencia, Spain 143: 102:can be seen in 86:or "bee yard". 17: 12: 11: 5: 7337: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7299: 7298: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7186:Lafcadio Hearn 7183: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7159:Jan Swammerdam 7155: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7085:Model organism 7082: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6959:Insect farming 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6862: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6843:Artificial fly 6840: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6783: 6776:Insects in art 6772: 6770: 6763: 6752: 6751: 6740: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6666:United Kingdom 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6627: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6539:Queen excluder 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6514:Wax foundation 6511: 6506: 6501: 6498:Stewarton hive 6471: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6395:Honey bee race 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6284:Apis laboriosa 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6248:Cape honey bee 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6095: 6094:External links 6092: 6090: 6089: 6059: 6056:on 2006-10-06. 6041: 6005: 5989:Beekeeping.com 5976: 5960:Beekeeping.com 5947: 5918: 5889: 5886:on 2007-03-10. 5871: 5831: 5828:on 2005-12-18. 5807: 5787: 5739: 5722:. 2010-05-17. 5704: 5680: 5607: 5580:(4): 331–336. 5564: 5535: 5501: 5487: 5456: 5415:Aethina tumida 5403: 5352: 5288: 5250: 5219: 5204: 5173: 5166: 5146: 5139: 5119: 5112: 5092: 5085: 5065: 5050: 5035: 5028: 4991: 4967: 4952: 4923: 4864: 4839: 4810: 4785: 4766: 4736: 4706: 4677: 4659: 4639: 4623: 4598: 4567: 4553: 4534: 4519: 4505:10.5334/fce.81 4478: 4467:(9): 623–626. 4451: 4436: 4401: 4367: 4340:(2): 203–209. 4324: 4297: 4282: 4263: 4228: 4212: 4185: 4155: 4126: 4111: 4093: 4077: 4068: 4055: 4035: 4009: 3991: 3979: 3965: 3950: 3921: 3896: 3873: 3854: 3832: 3816: 3797: 3782: 3760:Dave Cushman. 3752: 3747:en.numista.com 3734: 3698: 3691: 3668: 3661: 3638: 3624: 3612: 3584: 3569: 3563:London, 1768. 3552: 3546:London, 1768. 3535: 3485: 3472: 3465: 3447: 3440: 3420: 3395: 3388: 3365: 3330: 3303:(4): 160–167. 3287: 3279:Acta Americana 3266: 3216: 3173: 3166: 3146: 3139: 3119: 3101: 3077: 3054: 3028: 3003: 2974: 2967: 2949: 2939: 2924: 2895: 2888: 2870: 2816: 2773: 2747: 2728: 2703: 2678: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2265: 2264: 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7262: 7256: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7242:Neonicotinoid 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7101: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927:Other aspects 6925: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6787:Musca depicta 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6731: 6726: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6671:United States 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6365: 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CRC Press. 5132: 5131: 5123: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5096: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4963: 4956: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4581:e360.yale.edu 4578: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4226: 4225:9781326192259 4222: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4144: 4140: 4139:NC State News 4136: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4112:0-915698-09-9 4108: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3962:. p. 69. 3961: 3954: 3947: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3911:on 2012-10-14 3910: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3828: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3786: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3622: 3619:Dave Cushman 3616: 3602:on 2022-04-05 3601: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 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2002: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1892:***2,812,000 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1878:United States 1874: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547:According to 1540: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1276: 1268: 1263: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1204:Honey bee in 1202: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1157: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1114: 1106: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1078:phospholipase 1075: 1071: 1064: 1049: 1041: 1036: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 992: 987: 977: 975: 970: 968: 962: 954: 945: 941: 939: 933: 929: 920: 917: 909: 906:December 2022 899: 895: 891: 885: 884: 880: 875:This section 873: 869: 864: 863: 855: 852: 843: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:The Apis Club 811: 807: 805: 801: 797: 796:R.O.B. Manley 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 776: 772: 767: 763: 761: 757: 753: 745: 741: 739: 735: 731: 729: 725: 721: 719: 715: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 695: 691: 687: 685: 680: 676: 674: 670: 667: 659: 655: 653: 649: 639: 637: 634:In 2015, the 628: 624: 621: 617: 613: 603: 599: 596: 592: 588: 577: 575: 571: 570:the bee space 567: 562: 559: 553: 546: 542: 537: 533: 529: 520: 518: 514: 510: 505: 504:female worker 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 467: 465: 464: 459: 455: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432:stingless bee 429: 424: 422: 421: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 392: 388: 382: 375: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351:ancient China 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 298: 294: 290: 286: 284: 280: 276: 275:Jordan Valley 272: 268: 264: 252: 250: 244: 242: 238: 233: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212:Fifth Dynasty 209: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 179:Early history 173: 168: 163: 156: 152: 151:cave painting 147: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 48: 43: 42: 38:in the genus 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 7272:Insecticides 7189: 7177: 7174:Hans Zinsser 7139:Clothes moth 7089: 7008: 6900:In mythology 6833:Fishing bait 6785: 6697:Honey Museum 6624:by countries 6560: 6410: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6243:Buckfast bee 6081:. Retrieved 6072: 6062: 6054:the original 6044: 6032:. Retrieved 6020: 6008: 5997:. Retrieved 5988: 5979: 5968:. Retrieved 5959: 5950: 5939:. Retrieved 5930: 5921: 5910:. Retrieved 5901: 5892: 5884:the original 5874: 5862:. Retrieved 5855:the original 5823:the original 5810: 5790: 5779:. Retrieved 5767: 5763: 5731:. Retrieved 5719: 5707: 5696:. Retrieved 5692: 5683: 5627:(1): 18660. 5624: 5620: 5610: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5556:. Retrieved 5547: 5538: 5526:. Retrieved 5522:the original 5504: 5496: 5490: 5478:. Retrieved 5469: 5459: 5448:the original 5430:(3): 51–59. 5427: 5423: 5414: 5406: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5343:. Retrieved 5308:(1): 14376. 5305: 5301: 5291: 5280:. Retrieved 5263: 5253: 5241:. Retrieved 5235:. Time Inc. 5232: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5195:. Retrieved 5186: 5176: 5156: 5149: 5129: 5122: 5102: 5095: 5075: 5068: 5059: 5053: 5044: 5038: 5018: 4983:. Retrieved 4979: 4970: 4961: 4955: 4944:. Retrieved 4935: 4926: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4856:. Retrieved 4842: 4831:. 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Retrieved 3600:the original 3594: 3587: 3578: 3572: 3560: 3555: 3543: 3538: 3527:. Retrieved 3505:(3): 56–58. 3502: 3498: 3488: 3480: 3479:Crane, Eva. 3475: 3456: 3450: 3430: 3423: 3411:. Retrieved 3405: 3398: 3378: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3258:. Retrieved 3236:(2): 14–28. 3233: 3229: 3219: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3160:. Springer. 3156: 3149: 3129: 3122: 3111:. Retrieved 3087: 3080: 3064: 3057: 3047: 3031: 3015: 3006: 2995:. Retrieved 2991:the original 2986: 2977: 2958: 2952: 2942: 2933: 2927: 2916:. Retrieved 2912:the original 2907: 2898: 2879: 2873: 2836: 2832: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2765:. Retrieved 2761:the original 2750: 2742:The Guardian 2741: 2731: 2720:. Retrieved 2718:. 2016-09-04 2716:PBS NewsHour 2715: 2706: 2695:. Retrieved 2693:. 2016-01-23 2690: 2681: 2667: 2641: 2633: 2611:to increase 2472: 2468: 2448:South Africa 2247:Turkmenistan 1546: 1534: 1522: 1515: 1503: 1502: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1479:Apis dorsata 1477: 1473:Tropilaelaps 1471: 1470: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1431:that causes 1426: 1420: 1419: 1399: 1378: 1376: 1368: 1359: 1356: 1333: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1296: 1285: 1281: 1242: 1238: 1222: 1210: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1161: 1140: 1119: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1066: 1046: 1023: 1019: 1004: 997: 971: 963: 959: 942: 934: 930: 927: 912: 903: 888:Please help 876: 848: 825: 808: 799: 792:Buckfast bee 788:Brother Adam 785: 779: 775:World War II 770: 764: 750: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 703: 702:, author of 700:Moses Quinby 698: 693: 688: 683: 677: 673:Jan Dzierżon 671: 664: 645: 633: 608: 583: 573: 569: 563: 554: 550: 530: 526: 523:Hive designs 516: 500: 496:self-fertile 473: 461: 451: 426:The ancient 425: 418: 414: 406: 402: 384: 362: 348: 301: 292: 279:Amihai Mazar 260: 246: 234: 208:Nyuserre Ini 201: 182: 170:Beekeeping, 120: 104:Egyptian art 88: 45: 39: 23: 19: 18: 7319:Pollination 7258:Categories, 7237:Insecticide 7068:Sericulture 7039:Royal jelly 6964:Flea circus 6954:Entomophagy 6888:Cantharidin 6883:Spanish fly 6858:In medicine 6838:Fly fishing 6769:In the arts 6656:New Zealand 6622:Beekeeping 6509:Honey super 6453:Royal jelly 6404:Cultivation 6263:Italian bee 5864:January 23, 5693:www.fao.org 5417:: a review" 4962:Bee Culture 4550:(2): 90–92. 4384:Mayo Clinic 4313:: 107–110. 3840:Bee Culture 3189:(1): 7–22. 2856:10379/13692 2600:Biosecurity 2595:Bee removal 2386:2,000,000* 2199:South Korea 2066:New Zealand 1687:1,000,000* 1422:Nosema apis 1372:royal jelly 1131:polystyrene 1122:homeostasis 967:ultraviolet 616:polystyrene 612:honey super 532:years old. 513:spermatheca 411:palatalized 391:Old Chinese 295:, 1568, by 241:Mesopotamia 197:Tutankhamun 76:pollination 72:royal jelly 7314:Beekeeping 7308:Categories 7277:Pesticides 7014:Bee pollen 7009:Beekeeping 6991:entomology 6934:Biomimicry 6866:Apitherapy 6826:In fishing 6781:Beetlewing 6762:in culture 6544:Jenter kit 6529:Bee smoker 6524:Queen clip 6504:Hive frame 6411:Beekeeping 6202:Bee colony 6195:Life cycle 6176:Worker bee 6164:Bee castes 6083:2016-03-12 5999:2016-03-12 5970:2016-03-12 5941:2021-03-29 5912:2021-03-29 5781:2016-03-12 5733:2016-03-12 5698:2022-01-26 5558:2019-11-19 5282:2015-12-01 4985:2022-01-21 4946:2022-01-21 4858:2016-10-24 4833:2016-10-06 4804:2016-10-24 4760:2012-08-12 4730:2016-12-11 4700:2016-03-12 4671:2022-01-20 4617:2020-07-30 4498:(7): 4–5. 4411:BioScience 4244:(4): 568. 4179:2020-04-17 4149:2020-04-17 3915:2007-08-30 3776:2013-04-11 3728:2019-03-13 3718:ABC Online 3606:2022-03-17 3529:2016-03-12 3346:(2): 1–7. 3260:2021-03-29 3113:2016-03-12 3062:Crane, Eva 2997:2016-03-12 2918:2016-03-12 2767:2008-03-12 2722:2023-11-02 2697:2024-05-07 2660:References 2615:production 2609:beekeepers 2288:4,400,000 2186:9,800,000 2161:3,500,000 2136:4,500,000 2110:7,200,000 1519:bee-eaters 1288:pheromones 986:Bee smoker 806:and Gale. 726:author of 724:A. J. Cook 708:bee smoker 589:hives and 541:hive frame 476:Swammerdam 448:Meliponini 216:honeycombs 204:sun temple 68:bee pollen 52:Beekeepers 36:Honey bees 24:apiculture 20:Beekeeping 7260:templates 7232:Pesticide 6848:Fly tying 6631:Australia 6519:Hive tool 6482:Flow Hive 6462:Equipment 6443:Honeycomb 6186:Drone bee 6171:Queen bee 6156:Honey bee 5880:"FAOSTAT" 5689:"FAOSTAT" 5675:253501180 5649:2045-2322 5594:0022-1910 5528:March 10, 5480:14 August 5424:Bee World 5372:(2): 61. 5345:7 October 5272:0190-8286 4900:2075-4450 4884:(2): 48. 4514:225427905 4207:302256408 3499:Bee World 3317:0005-772X 3297:Bee World 3285:(1), 5–18 3250:0887-3631 3203:0341-0137 3075:, 720 pp. 3049:USA Today 3025:1094-2076 2648:Honey bee 2605:Castoreum 2481:Sources: 2473:2019 data 2462:≈92,000* 2383:200,000* 2040:Australia 1974:*2157870 1948:*2984290 1883:***71.18 1860:*150,000 1512:Predators 1433:nosemosis 1416:Parasites 1074:bee venom 1063:Bee sting 1035:Hive tool 1029:Hive tool 877:does not 714:Amos Root 710:in 1873. 636:Flow Hive 595:De-Layens 458:Australia 344:Columella 324:Aristotle 283:Tel Rehov 222:from the 210:from the 7200:Concerns 7152:Pioneers 7129:Woodworm 7034:Propolis 6989:Economic 6876:Melittin 6871:Apitoxin 6448:Propolis 6416:Apiology 6222:Swarming 6077:Archived 6073:Pcela.rs 6034:27 March 6025:Archived 5993:Archived 5964:Archived 5935:Archived 5931:Statista 5906:Archived 5902:Statista 5799:Archived 5796:Industry 5772:Archived 5724:Archived 5667:36376353 5602:15081826 5552:Archived 5474:Archived 5444:83632463 5398:28598383 5340:31591451 5276:Archived 5237:Archived 5191:Archived 4940:Archived 4918:28481294 4852:Archived 4827:Archived 4798:Archived 4777:Archived 4754:Archived 4724:Archived 4694:Archived 4665:Archived 4611:Archived 4585:Archived 4388:Archived 4362:40844101 4279:: 72–75. 4203:ProQuest 4173:Archived 4143:Archived 4121:27344331 4052:41049690 3934:Archived 3866:Archived 3847:Archived 3811:Le Temps 3770:Archived 3722:Archived 3523:Archived 3519:85120138 3413:27 March 3360:86326633 3325:85263563 3254:Archived 3107:Archived 3040:Archived 2865:26560301 2578:See also 2459:≈1,790* 2450:(*2008) 2435:400,000 2375:(*1997) 2301:Tanzania 2276:Ethiopia 2151:(*2019) 2128:*109.33 2125:(*2019) 2099:(*2019) 2079:313,399 2053:520,000 2027:Oceania 1963:(*2019) 1918:500,000 1886:158.75* 1848:(*1996) 1833:430,000 1796:Bulgaria 1684:90,000* 1675:(*2008) 1626:(*2019) 1601:(*2019) 1402:protozoa 1390:Diseases 1300:swarming 790:and his 730:, 1876. 558:bell jar 450:such as 405:(where * 330:writers 271:Iron Age 254:— 127:propolis 64:propolis 47:Melipona 32:beehives 7124:Bed bug 7106:insects 7104:Harmful 7080:Shellac 7024:Beeswax 6979:Jingzhe 6759:insects 6755:Aspects 6748:insects 6661:Ukraine 6646:Ireland 6636:Hungary 6577:Waxworm 6474:Beehive 6421:Beeswax 5658:9663547 5629:Bibcode 5389:5492075 5366:Insects 5331:6779873 5310:Bibcode 5243:21 June 5197:21 June 4936:Science 4909:5492062 4878:Insects 4750:Networx 4431:1310562 4394:3 April 4354:2922572 4258:3494466 2811:4177275 2791:Bibcode 2432:27,000 2423:Morocco 2263:Africa 2223:Vietnam 2154:*75.46 2102:*444.1 2050:12,000 2011:Uruguay 1966:*61.99 1915:13,000 1857:*4,000 1846:Denmark 1830:30,000 1824:3 to 5 1724:Romania 1700:Hungary 1673:Germany 1604:*69.94 1599:Ukraine 1569:Country 1231:(AHB). 1218:flowers 1206:Toronto 1007:hessian 898:removed 883:sources 543:from a 509:ovaries 367:Chinese 316:Knossos 312:Mycenae 141:History 96:Georgia 92:Borjomi 60:beeswax 7063:Kermes 7058:Chitin 7051:Polish 6469:Apiary 6050:"Bees" 5673: 5665: 5655: 5647: 5600: 5592: 5442: 5396: 5386: 5338: 5328: 5270: 5164: 5137: 5110: 5083: 5026: 4916: 4906: 4898: 4657: 4634: 4512: 4429: 4360: 4352: 4256: 4223: 4205: 4119: 4109: 4088: 4050: 3940:29 May 3689: 3659: 3517: 3463: 3438: 3386: 3358: 3323: 3315: 3248: 3209: 3201: 3164: 3137: 3099: 3093:Oxford 3071: 3023: 2965: 2886: 2863: 2833:Nature 2809: 2783:Nature 2493:Serbia 2456:≈1.5* 2453:≈2.5* 2403:14.23 2353:22.00 2329:23.77 2325:Angola 2305:28.68 2280:41.23 2251:10.46 2227:13.59 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