1020:
1061:(AD 81–96). Domitian's aggressive claim to divinity would have been rejected and resisted by Christians. Biblical scholar Paul Achtemeier believes that persecution of Christians by Domitian would have been in character, but points out that there is no evidence of official policy targeted specifically at Christians. If Christians were persecuted, it is likely to have been part of Domitian's larger policy suppressing all opposition to his self-proclaimed divinity. There are other scholars who explicitly dispute the idea of contextualizing 1 Peter within Domitian's reign. Duane Warden believes that Domitian's unpopularity even among Romans renders it highly unlikely that his actions would have great influence in the provinces, especially those under the direct supervision of the senate such as Asia (one of the provinces 1 Peter is addressed to).
960:
1077:
biblical scholar John Knox, the use of the word "name" in 4:14–16 is the "crucial point of contact" with that in Pliny's letter. In addition, many scholars in support of this theory believe that there is content within 1 Peter that directly mirrors the situation as portrayed in Pliny's letter. For instance, they interpret the exhortation to defend one's faith "with gentleness and reverence" in 3:15–16 as a response to Pliny executing
Christians for the obstinate manner in which they professed to be Christians. Generally, this theory is rejected mainly by scholars who read the suffering in 1 Peter to be caused by social, rather than official, discrimination.
801:(5:12). John Elliot disagrees, suggesting that the notion of Silvanus as secretary or author or drafter of 1 Peter introduces more problems than it solves, and claims that the Greek rendition of 5:12 suggests that Silvanus was not the secretary, but the courier/bearer of 1 Peter. Like English translations generally, the more recent NRSV (2021) translation of this verse from the Greek does not exclude understanding Silvanus as secretary: "Through Silvanus, whom I consider a faithful brother, I have written this short letter to encourage you and to testify that this is the true grace of God. Stand fast in it." Some see Mark as a contributive
531:
1037:
author explicitly urges the addressees to respect authority (2:13) and even honor the emperor (2:17), strongly suggesting that they were unlikely to be suffering from official Roman persecution. It is significant to him that the author notes that "your brothers and sisters in all the world are undergoing the same kinds of suffering" (5:9), indicating suffering that is worldwide in scope. Elliott sees this as grounds to reject the idea that the epistle refers to official persecution, because the first worldwide
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1991:
453:
719:
1967:
1955:
465:
1829:
55:
1096:. Though interpretations vary, some theologians see this passage as referring to Jesus, after his death, going to a place (neither heaven nor hell in the ultimate sense) where the souls of pre-Christian people waited for the Gospel. The first creeds to mention the harrowing of hell were Arian formularies of
996:
The
Petrine author writes of his addressees undergoing "various trials" (1 Peter 1:6), being "tested by fire" (which isn't a physical reference but a metaphor for a spiritual warfare; 1:7), maligned "as evildoers" (2:12) and suffering "for doing good" (3:17). Based on such internal evidence, biblical
740:
The authorship of 1 Peter has traditionally been attributed to the
Apostle Peter because it bears his name and identifies him as its author (1:1). Although the text identifies Peter as its author, the language, dating, style, and structure of this letter have led most scholars to conclude that it is
1036:
Some scholars believe that the sufferings the epistle's addressees were experiencing were social in nature, specifically in the form of verbal derision. Internal evidence for this includes the use of words like "malign" (2:12; 3:16), and "reviled" (4:14). Biblical scholar John
Elliott notes that the
1076:
concerning the delation of
Christians reflects the situation faced by the addressees of this epistle. In Pliny's letter, written in AD 112, he asks Trajan if the accused Christians brought before him should be punished based on the name 'Christian' alone, or for crimes associated with the name. For
944:
The author counsels (1) to steadfastness and perseverance under persecution (1–2:10); (2) to the practical duties of a holy life (2:11–3:13); (3) he adduces the example of Christ and other motives to patience and holiness (3:14–4:19); and (4) concludes with counsels to pastors and people (chap. 5).
796:
Others argue that it makes little sense to ascribe the work to Peter when it could have been ascribed to Paul. Alternatively, one theory supporting legitimate
Petrine authorship of 1 Peter is the "secretarial hypothesis", which suggests that 1 Peter was dictated by Peter and was written in Greek by
937:
in Asia Minor. The order in which the provinces are listed may reflect the route to be taken by the messenger who delivered the circular letter. The recipients of this letter are referred to in 1:1 as "exiles of the
Dispersion". In 1:17, they are urged to "live in reverent fear during the time of
1008:
A number of verses in the epistle contain possible clues about the reasons
Christians experienced opposition. Exhortations to live blameless lives (2:15; 3:9, 13, 16) may suggest that the Christian addressees were accused of immoral behavior, and exhortations to civil obedience (2:13–17) perhaps
764:
in AD 81, which is when he believes widespread
Christian persecution began, which is long after the death of Peter. More recent scholars such as Travis Williams say that the persecution described does not appear to be describing official Roman persecutions after Peter's death, thus not directly
812:
are convinced that the language, dating, literary style, and structure of this text makes it implausible to conclude that 1 Peter was written by Peter. According to these scholars, it is more likely that 1 Peter is a pseudonymous letter, written later by an unknown
Christian in his name.
938:
your exile". The social makeup of the addressees of 1 Peter is debatable because some scholars interpret "strangers" (1:1) as Christians longing for their home in heaven, some interpret it as literal "strangers", or as an Old Testament adaptation applied to Christian believers.
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On the other hand, scholars who support the official persecution theory take the exhortation to defend one's faith (3:15) as a reference to official court proceedings. They believe that these persecutions involved court trials before Roman authorities, and even executions.
1832:
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The author refers to Jesus, after his death, proclaiming to spirits in prison (3:18–20). This passage, and a few others (such as Matthew 27:52 and Luke 23:43), are the basis of the traditional Christian belief in the descent of Christ into hell, or the
821:, allusions to several historical sayings of Jesus indicative of eyewitness testimony (e.g., compare Luke 12:35 with 1 Peter 1:13, Matthew 5:16 with 1 Peter 2:12, and Matthew 5:10 with 1 Peter 3:14), and early attestation of Peter's authorship found in
768:
Another dating issue is the reference to "Babylon" in chapter 5 verse 13, generally agreed to be a claim the letter was written from Rome. It is believed that the identification of Rome with Babylon, the ancient enemy of the Jews, only came after the
816:
On the other hand, some scholars argue that there is enough evidence to conclude that Peter did, in fact, write 1 Peter. For instance, there are similarities between 1 Peter and Peter's speeches in the Biblical
941:
While the new Christians have encountered oppression and hostility from locals, Peter advises them to maintain loyalty both to their religion and the Roman Empire (1 Peter 2:17).
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However, scholars differ on the nature of persecution inflicted on the addressees of 1 Peter. Some read the epistle to be describing persecution in the form of social
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2170:
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24:
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Most scholars believe that 1 Peter is pseudonymous (written anonymously in the name of a well-known figure) and was produced during postapostolic times.
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1804:
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Also often advanced as a possible context for 1 Peter is the trials and executions of Christians in the Roman province of Bithynia-Pontus under
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quoting 1 Peter 2:21 — "To this you were called, because Christ suffered for you, leaving you an example, that you should follow in his steps."
838:
1038:
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741:
pseudonymous. Many scholars argue that Peter was not the author of the letter because its writer appears to have had a formal education in
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3037:
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1005:", is a continuing theme in Christianity, and one considered by most theologians to be enigmatic and difficult to interpret.
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2016:
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2009:
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351:
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829:(AD 70–140), all supporting genuine Petrine origin. Ultimately, the authorship of 1 Peter remains contested.
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362:
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1945:
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scholar John Elliott summarizes the addressees' situation as one marked by undeserved suffering. Verse
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773:. Other scholars doubt Petrine authorship because they are convinced that 1 Peter is dependent on the
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8:
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1 Peter 3:1 instructs women to submit to their husbands, echoing the instructions in the
826:
667:
583:
578:
553:
469:
253:
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The original manuscript of this letter is lost, as are several centuries of copies. The
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rejects Petrine authorship because 1 Peter was most likely written during the reign of
699:. The ending of the letter includes a statement that implies that it was written from “
430:
337:
1880:
933:. The five areas listed in 1:1 as the geographical location of the first readers were
905:
749:, and an advanced knowledge of the Greek language, none of which would be usual for a
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2757:
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2610:
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2133:
1983:
1768:
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Persecution in 1 Peter: Differentiating and Contextualizing Early Christian Suffering
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Downing, F Gerald. "Pliny's Prosecutions of Christians: Revelation and 1 Peter".
841:. The oldest surviving manuscripts that contain some or all of this book include:
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321:
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Warden, Duane. "Imperial Persecution and the Dating of 1 Peter and Revelation".
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The authenticity and authorship by Peter of the First Epistle of Peter defended
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109:
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1517:, New International Biblical Commentary (Peabody, MA: Henrickson, 1992), 1–3.
1311:
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2411:
2406:
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120:
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Ernst R. Wendland, “Stand Fast in the True Grace of God! A Study of 1 Peter"
1583:. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. University of Chicago.
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2391:
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2244:
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1995:
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uses the following outline to structure the literary divisions of 1 Peter:
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officially meted by Rome did not occur until the persecution initiated by
3081:
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2595:
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2107:
2001:
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1 Peter is addressed to the "elect resident aliens" scattered throughout
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1990:
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One common supposition is that 1 Peter was written during the reign of
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145:
1702:
Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church
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Knox, John. "Pliny and I Peter: A Note on I Peter 4:14–16 and 3:15".
782:
1794:
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2649:
2628:
2575:
2570:
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1966:
1903:
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1535:
Lane, Dennis; Schreiner, Thomas (2016). "Introduction to 1 Peter".
1058:
930:
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742:
781:'s ministry because it shares many of the same motifs espoused in
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1954:
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750:
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141:
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imply that they were accused of disloyalty to governing powers.
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2952:
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1630:. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 16–17.
1073:
1042:
72:
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ruling out an early date for the composition of the epistle.
2236:
2117:
2112:
798:
1104:(360). It spread through the west and later appeared in the
2102:
1743:
1 Peter: a new translation with introduction and commentary
704:
1628:
Reading 1–2 Peter and Jude : A Resource for Students
1513:(Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2011) 18. Norman Hillyer,
1068:. Scholars who support this theory believe that a famous
1887:
BibleProject Animated Overview (Evangelical Perspective)
1724:
Cross, F. L. 2005, ed. "Descent of Christ into Hell."
1457:: Anchor Bible Commentary. Yale University Press. 2001.
1436:
1434:
1609:"Preached to the spirits in prison: I Peter iii:18–20"
1591:
1589:
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1372:
1370:
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54:
1943:
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1431:
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 26
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1016:, while some read them to be official persecution.
1402:
1350:
1795:Online translations of the First Epistle of Peter
1277:
19:"1 Pet." redirects here. For the first volume of
3216:
1698:"Persecution in the Early Church: Did You Know?"
1720:
1718:
832:
1652:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
1135:Textual variants in the First Epistle of Peter
2217:
2017:
1860:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
1726:The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church
1662:
1660:
1534:
1196:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 1014.
1171:. It is most commonly abbreviated as "1 Pet."
1023:English translation of 1 Peter from the 1578
805:in the composition and writing of the work.
668:
490:
1715:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1625:
1486:Mark As Contributive Amanuensis of 1 Peter?
2224:
2210:
2031:
2024:
2010:
1681:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
1657:
1301:
1111:
675:
661:
497:
483:
1393:
1391:
1330:
1271:
725:; the left page shows the end of 1 Peter.
1760:
1626:Mason, Eric F.; Martin, Troy W. (2014).
1566:, Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 316.
1476:
1466:
1378:
1080:
1018:
958:
839:text of the surviving manuscripts varies
717:
1761:Williams, Travis B. (1 November 2012),
1750:
1740:
1595:
1564:The Early Versions of the New Testament
1556:
1361:
808:On the one hand, some scholars such as
3217:
2231:
1539:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. p. 2401.
1397:
1388:
1250:
2205:
2005:
1244:
1728:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1695:
1575:W. R. F. Browning. 10 May 2012. "
1482:
63:, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9
3156:Other books referenced in the Bible
3115:New Testament manuscript categories
1525:(Grand Rapids: Baker, 2005), 14–19.
1313:"24. Apocalyptic and Accommodation"
1032:Social discrimination of Christians
13:
2686:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
1442:New Interpreter's Bible Commentary
1232:from the original on 21 April 2022
1049:Official persecution of Christians
771:destruction of the Temple in AD 70
736:Authorship of the Petrine epistles
707:. The letter is addressed to the "
14:
3251:
1803:1 Peter Bible Text, Study notes,
1789:
1251:Moyise, Steve (9 December 2004).
1210:from the original on 3 June 2021.
1163:The book is sometimes called the
715:suffering religious persecution.
695:. The author presents himself as
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1827:
1753:Eerdmans Commentary of the Bible
1118:First Epistle to the Corinthians
529:
463:
451:
53:
3171:Biblical and Quranic narratives
1734:
1689:
1673:
1644:
1619:
1601:
1569:
1553:, Vol. 50, Jude – 2 Peter, Waco
1543:
1528:
1503:
1447:
1444:, 1 Peter. Abingdon Press. 1998
709:chosen pilgrims of the diaspora
703:”, which may be a reference to
1668:Journal of Biblical Literature
1257:. A&C Black. p. 116.
1214:
1184:
1157:
984:Steadfast in Faith (4:12–5:11)
59:Papyrus 46, one of the oldest
1:
1178:
978:God's Holy People (1:13–2:10)
729:
708:
1254:The Old Testament in the New
833:Oldest surviving manuscripts
7:
1843:Multiple bible versions at
1835:public domain audiobook at
1511:First and Second Peter Jude
1123:
912:
777:and thus was written after
10:
3256:
3151:English Bible translations
2539:Song of the Three Children
1613:Christian Monthly Standard
1278:Stephen L. Harris (1992).
1222:"Bible Book Abbreviations"
1084:
991:
948:
733:
18:
3189:
3133:
3051:
3005:
2903:
2748:
2711:
2676:
2647:
2609:
2554:
2461:
2445:
2243:
2186:American Standard Version
2158:
2142:
2126:
2080:
2039:
1932:
1919:
1911:
1894:
1868:Easton's Bible Dictionary
1814:Early Christian writings:
1581:A Dictionary of the Bible
1324:. Accessed 22 July 2013.
1284:. Mayfield. p. 388.
1039:persecution of Christians
981:Life in Exile (2:11–4:11)
887:Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
417:New Testament manuscripts
16:Book of the New Testament
1852:
1751:Stanton, Graham (2003),
1150:
987:Final Greeting (5:12–14)
3013:Intertestamental period
1896:First Epistle of Peter
1745:, Yale University Press
1483:Moon, Jongyoon (2009).
1326:Lecture 24 (transcript)
1281:Understanding the Bible
1130:Second Epistle of Peter
1112:Submissiveness of women
1100:(359), Nike (360), and
470:Christianity portal
3225:First Epistle of Peter
2997:Apocalyptic literature
2634:Paralipomena of Baruch
2033:First Epistle of Peter
1872:First Epistle of Peter
1848:(NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
1741:Elliott, John (2000),
1577:Peter, first letter of
1347:. Fortress Press. 1996
1072:from Pliny to Emperor
1028:
975:Praise to God (1:3–12)
968:
756:New Testament scholar
726:
689:First Epistle of Peter
3235:Petrine-related books
3161:Additional Scriptures
3125:New Testament uncials
2191:World English Version
1551:Word Bible Commentary
1549:Bauckham, RJ (1983),
1165:First Letter of Peter
1081:The Harrowing of Hell
1022:
962:
721:
3146:Bible version debate
3120:New Testament papyri
3066:Samaritan Pentateuch
2691:Testament of Abraham
2629:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
1226:Logos Bible Software
825:(AD 60–160) and the
427:Johannine literature
128:Acts of the Apostles
61:New Testament papyri
3230:New Testament books
3088:Muratorian fragment
3023:New Testament canon
3018:Old Testament canon
2911:Chapters and verses
2529:Additions to Daniel
2495:Additions to Esther
1696:Ferguson, Everett.
1515:1 and 2 Peter, Jude
584:Incident at Antioch
412:New Testament canon
2701:Testament of Jacob
2696:Testament of Isaac
2581:Prayer of Manasseh
2544:Bel and the Dragon
2524:Letter of Jeremiah
2181:King James Version
1928:Books of the Bible
1562:Bruce M. Metzger,
1343:Achtemeier, Paul.
1029:
969:
963:Gravestone in the
881:Codex Alexandrinus
827:letters of Clement
727:
338:Book of Revelation
3240:Catholic epistles
3212:
3211:
3181:Textual criticism
2744:
2743:
2668:Psalms of Solomon
2611:Orthodox Tewahedo
2199:
2198:
2134:Spirits in prison
1942:
1941:
1933:Succeeded by
1925:
1823:at GospelHall.org
1774:978-90-04-24189-3
1496:978-3-643-10428-1
1440:Bartlett, David,
1424:978-0-06-201262-3
1345:Peter 1 Hermeneia
1291:978-1-55934-083-0
1264:978-0-567-08199-5
1203:978-1-4335-6343-0
1140:Spirits in prison
1094:harrowing of hell
1087:Harrowing of Hell
1066:Pliny the Younger
1003:Spirits in prison
859:(3rd/4th century)
853:(3rd/4th century)
791:Pastoral Epistles
697:Peter the Apostle
691:is a book of the
685:
684:
574:Vision of a sheet
507:
506:
437:Pastoral epistles
270:Catholic epistles
3247:
3061:Dead Sea Scrolls
3043:Dating the Bible
2921:Historical books
2558:Eastern Orthodox
2471:Eastern Orthodox
2459:
2458:
2452:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2176:Wycliffe Version
2150:Textual variants
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2019:
2012:
2003:
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1921:
1912:Preceded by
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1839:Various versions
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1781:
1756:
1755:, Wm.B. Eerdmans
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1637:978-1-58983737-9
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1509:Daniel Keating,
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1500:
1489:. Münster: LIT.
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1310:2009 (lecture).
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1218:
1212:
1211:
1188:
1172:
1161:
972:Greeting (1:1–2)
875:Codex Sinaiticus
779:Paul the Apostle
775:Pauline epistles
677:
670:
663:
549:Walking on water
533:
509:
508:
499:
492:
485:
468:
467:
458:Bible portal
456:
455:
454:
422:Synoptic Gospels
392:Petrine epistles
379:Pauline epistles
154:Pauline epistles
85:Four Evangelists
57:
32:
31:
21:Peters's Reports
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3185:
3129:
3047:
3038:Christian canon
3001:
2936:Prophetic books
2899:
2830:2 Thessalonians
2825:1 Thessalonians
2740:
2707:
2672:
2643:
2605:
2564:
2550:
2478:
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2449:
2441:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2200:
2195:
2154:
2138:
2122:
2076:
2035:
2030:
2000:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1926:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1855:
1828:
1797:
1792:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1716:
1706:
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1607:
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1537:ESV Study Bible
1533:
1529:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1399:Ehrman, Bart D.
1396:
1389:
1377:
1368:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1331:
1322:Yale University
1312:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1126:
1114:
1106:Apostles' Creed
1089:
1083:
1051:
1034:
994:
951:
935:Roman provinces
915:
906:León palimpsest
869:Codex Vaticanus
835:
797:his secretary,
738:
732:
681:
503:
474:
462:
452:
450:
442:
441:
407:
406:
397:
396:
388:
372:
368:Johannine works
355:
354:
343:
342:
329:
326:
315:
294:
266:
258:
242:
226:
222:2 Thessalonians
217:1 Thessalonians
210:
194:
178:
149:
148:
133:
132:
117:
114:
80:
79:
64:
45:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3176:Synod of Hippo
3173:
3168:
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3158:
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3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
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3110:Masoretic Text
3107:
3102:
3095:
3090:
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3078:
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3057:
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3049:
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2987:
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2967:
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2943:
2941:Major prophets
2933:
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2907:
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2719:Pseudepigrapha
2715:
2713:
2712:Classification
2709:
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2706:
2705:
2704:
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2698:
2693:
2682:
2680:
2674:
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2671:
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2665:
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2658:Psalms 152–155
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2312:1–2 Chronicles
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1790:External links
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3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
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2809:
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2799:
2796:
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2793:2 Corinthians
2791:
2789:
2788:1 Corinthians
2786:
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2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
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2759:
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2751:
2750:New Testament
2747:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:New Testament
2729:
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2717:
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2639:Broader canon
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2352:Song of Songs
2350:
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2250:Old Testament
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2171:Latin Vulgate
2169:
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2135:
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2127:Terms/Phrases
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2119:
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2111:
2109:
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1923:New Testament
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1467:Williams 2012
1463:
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1411:HarperCollins
1409:. HarperOne,
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1379:Williams 2012
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1193:ESV Pew Bible
1187:
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908:(7th century)
907:
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903:
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898:
895:(7th century)
894:
891:
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876:
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867:
865:(4th century)
864:
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828:
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693:New Testament
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559:Servant's ear
557:
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3099:Vetus Latina
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3033:Jewish canon
3028:Antilegomena
2930:Poetic Books
2926:Wisdom books
2904:Subdivisions
2864:
2817:
2522: /
2447:Deuterocanon
2367:Lamentations
2347:Ecclesiastes
2254:(protocanon)
2245:Hebrew Bible
2093:Jesus Christ
2032:
1960:Christianity
1936:Second Peter
1920:
1899:
1867:
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1844:
1821:Online Bible
1820:
1778:, retrieved
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1735:Bibliography
1725:
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1701:
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1596:Elliott 2000
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1025:Geneva Bible
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929:, Asia, and
916:
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819:book of Acts
815:
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755:
739:
688:
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631:
593:
524:in the Bible
284:
44:Books of the
29:
20:
3204:WikiProject
3082:Diatessaron
3053:Manuscripts
3006:Development
2808:Philippians
2678:Beta Israel
2596:4 Maccabees
2591:3 Maccabees
2505:2 Maccabees
2500:1 Maccabees
2282:Deuteronomy
1469:, pp.
1413:. pp.
1381:, pp.
1308:Dale Martin
1045:in AD 250.
857:Papyrus 125
753:fisherman.
569:Restoration
201:Philippians
3219:Categories
3141:Authorship
3071:Septuagint
2916:Pentateuch
2895:Revelation
2819:Laodiceans
2813:Colossians
2302:1–2 Samuel
2166:Greek Text
2062:Cappadocia
1984:Literature
1809:audio link
1707:8 February
1670:72:3. 1953
1654:34:2. 1991
1179:References
927:Cappadocia
893:Papyrus 74
863:Papyrus 81
851:Papyrus 72
803:amanuensis
789:, and the
787:Colossians
747:philosophy
730:Authorship
723:Papyrus 72
713:Asia Minor
644:In Judaism
633:Quo vadis?
579:Liberation
554:Confession
352:Authorship
332:Apocalypse
206:Colossians
146:Apocalypse
121:Lukan Acts
2980:Johannine
2840:2 Timothy
2835:1 Timothy
2803:Ephesians
2798:Galatians
2586:Psalm 151
2454:apocrypha
2432:Zechariah
2422:Zephaniah
2307:1–2 Kings
2272:Leviticus
1863:: 1 Peter
1801:NET Bible
1767:, Brill,
889:(ca. 450)
883:(400–440)
877:(330–360)
871:(325–350)
783:Ephesians
363:Luke-Acts
238:2 Timothy
233:1 Timothy
190:Ephesians
185:Galatians
3194:Category
3093:Peshitta
2990:Catholic
2985:Pastoral
2970:Epistles
2963:Synoptic
2850:Philemon
2663:2 Baruch
2650:Peshitta
2624:Jubilees
2576:2 Esdras
2571:1 Esdras
2466:Catholic
2417:Habakkuk
2362:Jeremiah
2342:Proverbs
2322:Nehemiah
2118:Silvanus
2057:Bithynia
1972:Religion
1837:LibriVox
1401:(2011).
1236:21 April
1230:Archived
1208:Archived
1124:See also
1059:Domitian
931:Bithynia
913:Audience
900:In Latin
845:In Greek
799:Silvanus
762:Domitian
751:Galilean
743:rhetoric
649:In Islam
589:Epistles
514:a series
512:Part of
431:epistles
254:Philemon
142:Epistles
37:a series
35:Part of
3166:Studies
3134:Related
3105:Vulgate
2975:Pauline
2953:Gospels
2870:2 Peter
2865:1 Peter
2855:Hebrews
2758:Matthew
2648:Syriac
2534:Susanna
2437:Malachi
2397:Obadiah
2372:Ezekiel
2277:Numbers
2262:Genesis
2235:of the
2159:Sources
2143:Related
2088:Abraham
2081:Persons
2067:Galatia
2052:Babylon
1946:Portals
1904:Epistle
1901:General
1881:1 Peter
1816:1 Peter
1807:, with
1780:1 April
1523:1 Peter
1455:1 Peter
1318:YouTube
1169:1 Peter
1098:Sirmium
992:Context
949:Outline
923:Galatia
823:2 Peter
701:Babylon
639:Primacy
599:2 Peter
594:1 Peter
538:In the
384:Hebrews
290:2 Peter
285:1 Peter
262:Hebrews
95:Matthew
73:Gospels
3199:Portal
3076:Targum
2885:3 John
2880:2 John
2875:1 John
2783:Romans
2736:Jewish
2561:Others
2520:Baruch
2515:Sirach
2510:Wisdom
2490:Judith
2475:Others
2427:Haggai
2377:Daniel
2357:Isaiah
2337:Psalms
2327:Esther
2292:Judges
2287:Joshua
2267:Exodus
2072:Pontus
2040:Places
1771:
1686:. 1988
1634:
1493:
1421:
1405:Forged
1288:
1261:
1200:
1074:Trajan
1070:letter
1043:Decius
919:Pontus
564:Denial
311:3 John
306:2 John
301:1 John
161:Romans
23:, see
2860:James
2845:Titus
2619:Enoch
2485:Tobit
2412:Nahum
2407:Micah
2402:Jonah
2382:Hosea
2237:Bible
2233:Books
2113:Sarah
2108:Peter
1996:Books
1915:James
1870:1897:
1853:Other
1805:Greek
1415:65–77
1151:Notes
711:" in
622:Sword
617:Cross
609:Other
522:Peter
277:James
249:Titus
2958:List
2890:Jude
2778:Acts
2773:John
2768:Luke
2763:Mark
2724:list
2601:Odes
2392:Amos
2387:Joel
2317:Ezra
2297:Ruth
2103:Noah
2098:Mark
2047:Asia
1782:2013
1769:ISBN
1709:2024
1632:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1238:2022
1198:ISBN
1144:3:19
999:3:19
745:and
705:Rome
687:The
627:Tomb
322:Jude
144:and
110:John
105:Luke
100:Mark
77:Acts
75:and
2451:and
2332:Job
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1471:25–
1383:28–
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