First Great Awakening

2957:. He was noted for preaching to African enslaved people who converted to Christianity in unusually large numbers, and he is credited with the first sustained proselytization of enslaved people in Virginia. Davies wrote a letter in 1757 in which he refers to the religious zeal of an enslaved man whom he had encountered during his journey. "I am a poor slave, brought into a strange country, where I never expect to enjoy my liberty. While I lived in my own country, I knew nothing of that Jesus I have heard you speak so much about. I lived quite careless what will become of me when I die; but I now see such a life will never do, and I come to you, Sir, that you may tell me some good things, concerning Jesus Christ, and my Duty to GOD, for I am resolved not to live any more as I have done." 1850: 20: 1632:. Historian Sydney Ahlstrom described Frelinghuysen as "an important herald, if not the father of the Great Awakening". A pietist, Frelinghuysen believed in the necessity of personal conversion and living a holy life. The revivals he led in the Raritan Valley were "forerunners" of the Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies. Under Frelinghuysen's influence, Tennent came to believe that a definite conversion experience followed by assurance of salvation was the key mark of a Christian. By 1729, Tennent was seeing signs of revival in the Presbyterian churches of New Brunswick and Staten Island. At the same time, Gilbert's brothers, William and John, oversaw a revival in Freehold, New Jersey. 1806:, who proved to be more controversial than either Tennent or Whitefield. His rants and attacks against "unconverted" ministers inspired much opposition, and he was arrested in Connecticut for violating a law against itinerant preaching. At his trial, he was found mentally ill and deported to Long Island. Soon after, he arrived in Boston and resumed his fanatical preaching, only to once again be declared insane and expelled. The last of Davenport's radical episodes took place in March 1743 in New London, when he ordered his followers to burn wigs, cloaks, rings, and other vanities. He also ordered the 1641: 2906:

Brought from Africa to America." Wheatley became so influenced by the revivals and especially George Whitefield that she dedicated a poem to him after his death in which she referred to him as an "Impartial Saviour". Sarah Osborn adds another layer to the role of women during the Awakening. She was a Rhode Island schoolteacher, and her writings offer a glimpse into the spiritual and cultural upheaval of the time period, including a 1743 memoir, various diaries and letters, and her anonymously published

2806:; others deeply sobbing, hardly able to contain, others crying in a most dolorous manner, many others more silently weeping. ... And sometimes the soul exercises of some, thought comparatively but very few, would so far affect their bodies, as to occasion some strange, unusual bodily motions." Moderate evangelicals took a cautious approach to this issue, neither encouraging nor discouraging these responses, but they recognized that people might express their conviction in different ways. 2000: 7138: 420: 1136: 7126: 2603: 2827:

message. Following this illumination, converts placed their faith in Christ, depending on him alone for salvation. At the same time, a hatred of sin and a commitment to eliminate it from the heart would take hold, setting the foundation for a life of repentance or turning away from sin. Revivalists distinguished true conversion (which was motivated by love of God and hatred of sin) from false conversion (which was motivated by fear of

1094: 1261:. His preaching attracted large crowds who were drawn to his simple message of the necessity of the new birth as well as by his manner of delivery. His style was dramatic, and his preaching appealed to his audience's emotions. At times, he wept or impersonated Bible characters. By the time he left England for the colony of Georgia in December 1737, Whitefield had become a 2795:

The revivalists use of "indiscriminate" evangelism—the "practice of extending the gospel promises to everyone in their audiences, without stressing that God redeems only those elected for salvation"—was contrary to these notions. While they preached indiscriminately, however, revivalists continued to affirm Calvinist doctrines of election and predestination.

1755:, Philadelphia's Anglican Church, and then preached to a large outdoor crowd from the courthouse steps. He then preached in many Presbyterian churches. From Philadelphia, Whitefield traveled to New York and then to the South. In the Middle Colonies, he was popular in the Dutch and German communities as well as among the British. Lutheran pastor 1952:

the New Side and the numerical decline of the Old Side. In 1741, the pro-revival party had around 22 ministers, but this number had increased to 73 by 1758. While the fervor of the Awakening would fade, the acceptance of revivalism and insistence on personal conversion would remain recurring features in 18th- and 19th-century Presbyterianism.

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intention to abolish slavery. He lobbied to have slavery reinstated in Georgia and proceeded to become a slaveholder himself. Whitefield shared a common belief held among evangelicals that, after conversion, slaves would be granted true equality in heaven. Despite his stance on slavery, Whitefield became influential among many Africans.

1276:. Wesley was impressed by their faith and piety, especially their belief that it was normal for a Christian to have assurance of faith. The failure of his mission and encounters with the Moravians led Wesley to question his own faith. He wrote in his journal, "I, who went to America to convert others, was never myself converted to God." 1838:

fainting and weeping. There was a greater emphasis on prayer and devotional reading, and the Puritan ideal of converted church membership was revived. It is estimated that between 20,000 and 50,000 new members were admitted to New England's Congregational churches even as expectations for members increased.

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believed that strict adherence to orthodoxy was meaningless if one lacked a personal religious experience, a sentiment expressed in Tennent's 1739 sermon "The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry". Whitefield's tour had helped the revival party grow but only worsened the controversy. When the Presbyterian

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on October 29. Whitefield's assessment of New England's churches and clergy prior to his intervention was negative. "I am verily persuaded," he wrote, "the Generality of Preachers talk of an unknown, unfelt Christ. And the Reason why Congregations have been so dead, is because dead Men preach to them."

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preachers converted both white and black people. Some were enslaved at their time of conversion, while others were free. Caucasians began to welcome dark-skinned individuals into their churches, taking their religious experiences seriously while also admitting them to active roles in congregations as

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sense of decency. Eventually, however, Wesley changed his mind, claiming that "all the world my parish". On April 2, 1739, Wesley preached to about 3,000 people near Bristol. From then on, he continued to preach wherever he could gather an assembly, taking the opportunity to recruit followers to the

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While the Evangelical Revival united evangelicals across various denominations around shared beliefs, it also led to division in existing churches between those who supported the revivals and those who did not. Opponents accused the revivals of fostering disorder and fanaticism within the churches by

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Evangelical leaders in the southern colonies had to deal with the issue of slavery more frequently than those in the North. Still, many leaders of the revivals proclaimed that slaveholders should educate enslaved people so that they could become literate and be able to read and study the Bible. Many

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The Awakening played a major role in the lives of women, though they were rarely allowed to preach or take leadership roles. A deep sense of religious enthusiasm encouraged women, especially to analyze their feelings, share them with other women, and write about them. They became more independent in

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Revival preaching was controversial among Calvinists. Because Calvinists believed in election and predestination, some thought it inappropriate to preach to strangers that they could repent and receive salvation. For some, such preaching was only acceptable within their own churches and communities.

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While divisions between the Old and New Lights remained, the New Lights became less radical over time, and evangelicalism became more mainstream. By 1758, the Old Side–New Side split in the Presbyterian Church had been healed, and the two factions had reunited. In part, this was due to the growth of

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The evangelicals responded vigorously to opposition—both literary criticism and even mob violence—and thrived despite the attacks against them. John Wesley's organizational skills during and after the peak of revivalism established him as the primary founder of the Methodist movement. By the time of

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was common in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, but it was unheard of in England. Further, Whitefield violated protocol by preaching in another priest's parish without permission. Within a week, he was preaching to crowds of 10,000. By March, Whitefield had moved on to preach elsewhere. By May,

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The emotional worship of the revivals appealed to many Africans, and African leaders started to emerge from the revivals in substantial numbers soon after they converted. These figures paved the way for the establishment of the first black congregations and churches in the American colonies. Before

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an essential characteristic of American Christianity. While the Awakening divided many Protestant churches between Old and New Lights, it also unleashed a strong impulse towards interdenominational unity among the various Protestant denominations. Evangelicals considered the new birth to be "a bond

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The Baptists benefited the most from the Great Awakening. Although numerically small before the outbreak of revival, Baptist churches experienced growth during the last half of the 18th century. By 1804, there were over 300 Baptist churches in New England. This growth was primarily due to an influx

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Whitefield then traveled to Northampton at the invitation of Jonathan Edwards. He preached twice in the parish church, and Edwards was so moved that he wept. He then spent time in New Haven, Connecticut, where he preached at Yale University. From there, he traveled down the coast, reaching New York

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Davies became accustomed to hearing such excitement from many black people who were exposed to the revivals. He believed that black people could attain knowledge equal to that of white people if given an adequate education, and he promoted the importance of allowing slaveholders to permit enslaved

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George Whitefield's sermons reiterated an egalitarian message but only translated into spiritual equality for Africans in the colonies, who mostly remained enslaved. Whitefield was known to criticize slaveholders who treated enslaved people cruelly and those who did not educate them, but he had no

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broke out between the anti-revival "Old Side" and the pro-revival "New Side". At issue was the place of revivalism in American Presbyterianism, specifically the "relation between doctrinal orthodoxy and experimental knowledge of Christ." The New Side, led by Gilbert Tennent and Jonathan Dickinson,

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Whitefield met Gilbert Tennent on Staten Island and asked him to preach in Boston to continue the revival there. Tennent accepted and, in December, began a three-month-long preaching tour throughout New England. Besides Boston, Tennent preached in towns throughout Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and

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increased, especially among the town's young people. Edwards wrote to Boston minister Benjamin Colman that the town "never was so full of Love, nor so full of Joy, nor so full of distress as it has lately been. ... I never saw the Christian spirit in Love to Enemies so exemplified, in all my

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was controversial. Many pulpits were closed to him, and he had to struggle against Anglicans who opposed the Methodists and the "doctrine of the New Birth". Whitefield wrote of his opponents, "I am fully convinced there is a fundamental difference between us and them. They believe only an outward

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was the first published black female poet, and she was converted to Christianity as a child after she was brought to America. Her beliefs were overt in her works; she describes the journey of being taken from a Pagan land to be exposed to Christianity in the colonies in a poem entitled "On Being

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Congregationalists in New England experienced 98 schisms, which in Connecticut also affected which group would be considered "official" for tax purposes. It is estimated in New England that in the churches there were about one-third each of New Lights, Old Lights, and those who saw both sides as

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work of the Holy Spirit, providing someone with "a new awareness of the beauty of Christ, new desires to love God, and a firm commitment to follow God's holy law." The reality of regeneration was discerned through self-examination, and while it occurred instantly, a convert might only gradually

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exchanges between two ministers. Through their efforts, New England experienced a "great and general Awakening" between 1740 and 1743, characterized by a greater interest in religious experience, widespread emotional preaching, and intense emotional reactions accompanying conversion, including

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Regeneration was always accompanied by saving faith, repentance, and love for God—all aspects of the conversion experience, which typically lasted several days or weeks under the guidance of a trained pastor. True conversion began when the mind opened to a new awareness and love of the gospel

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he was preaching to London crowds of 50,000. He left his followers in Bristol in the care of John Wesley. Whitefield's notoriety was increased through the use of newspaper advertisements to promote his revivals. Wesley was at first uneasy about preaching outdoors, as it was contrary to his

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preachers and leaders. Methodist preachers focused particularly on evangelizing people who had been "neglected" by the established Church of England. Wesley and his assistant preachers organized the new converts into Methodist societies. These societies were divided into groups called

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of the world, God determined who would be saved (the elect) on the basis of his own choosing. The preaching of these doctrines resulted in the convicted feeling both guilty and totally helpless, since God was in complete control over whether they would be saved or not.

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because the 18th-century revivals were only regional events that occurred in only half of the American colonies, and their effects on American religion and society were minimal. Historians have debated whether the Awakening had a political impact on the

2873:, the last sign addressed by Edwards was "Christian practice", and it was this sign to which he gave the most space in his treatise. The search for assurance required conscious effort on the part of a convert and took months or even years to achieve. 1539:, the Anglican Church was officially established, though there were significant numbers of Baptists, Quakers, and Presbyterians. At the same time, church membership was low because it had failed to keep up with population growth, and the influence of 1911:, which they felt infringed on congregational autonomy. Because they threatened Congregationalist uniformity, the Separatists were persecuted, and in Connecticut they were denied the same legal toleration enjoyed by Baptists, Quakers, and Anglicans. 1762:

In 1740, Whitefield began touring New England. He landed in Newport, Rhode Island, on September 14, 1740, and preached several times in the Anglican church. He then moved on to Boston, Massachusetts, where he spent a week. There were prayers at

1241:). Scougal wrote that many people mistakenly understood Christianity to be "Orthodox Notions and Opinions", "external Duties" or "rapturous Heats and extatic Devotion". Rather, Scougal wrote, "True Religion is an Union of the Soul with God ... 1713:

experiences. Edwards cautiously defended these experiences as long as they led individuals to a greater belief in God's glory than in self-glorification. Similar experiences would appear in most of the major revivals of the 18th century.

382:. The Moravians came to Herrnhut as refugees, but under Zinzendorf's guidance, the group enjoyed a religious revival. Soon, the community became a refuge for other Protestants as well, including German Lutherans, Reformed Christians, and 1364:, a key feature of early Methodism. Growth in numbers and increasing hostility impressed upon the revival converts a deep sense of their corporate identity. Three teachings that Methodists saw as the foundation of Christian faith were: 1887:. New Lights accused Old Lights of being more concerned with social status than with saving souls and even questioned whether some Old Light ministers were even converted. They also supported itinerant ministers who disregarded 3448: 2839:

True conversion meant that a person was among the elect, but even a person with saving faith might doubt his election and salvation. Revivalists taught that assurance of salvation was the product of Christian maturity and

1605:. The first revival to receive widespread publicity was that precipitated by an earthquake in 1727. As they began to be publicized more widely, revivals transformed from merely local to regional and transatlantic events. 2938:

The message of spiritual equality appealed to many enslaved people, and, as African religious traditions continued to decline in North America, black people accepted Christianity in large numbers for the first time.

3036:'Great Awakening' is a largely American term for the transatlantic revivals of the eighteenth century. British Christians usually refer to the revivals—collectively and more simply—as 'the evangelical revival. 2739:

Conviction of sin was the stage that prepared someone to receive salvation, and this stage often lasted weeks or months. When under conviction, nonbelievers realized they were guilty of sin and under divine

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long, yet I never knew what true religion was" until he read Scougal. From that point on, Whitefield sought a new birth. After a period of spiritual struggle, Whitefield experienced conversion during

6487: 7170: 2767:, humans are naturally inclined to rebel against God and are unable to initiate or merit salvation, according to the doctrine of original sin. Unconditional election relates to the doctrine of 1948:

of fellowship that transcended disagreements on fine points of doctrine and polity", allowing Anglicans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and others to cooperate across denominational lines.

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in their lives. The revivalists believed regeneration, or the new birth, was not simply an outward profession of faith or conformity to Christianity. They believed it was an instantaneous,

1694:(that one had been chosen by God for salvation). While a Christian might have several conversion moments as part of this process, Edwards believed there was a single point in time when God 2850:

by Jonathan Edwards was written to help converts examine themselves for the presence of genuine "religious affections" or spiritual desires, such as selfless love of God, certitude in the

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Whitefield, Tennent, and Davenport would be followed by a number of both clerical and lay itinerants. However, the Awakening in New England was primarily sustained by the efforts of

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personally." In the 1710s and 1720s, revivals became more frequent among New England Congregationalists. These early revivals remained local affairs due to the lack of coverage in

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Life as I have seen it within this half-year." The revival ultimately spread to 25 communities in western Massachusetts and central Connecticut until it began to wane in 1737.

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unleashed by the Awakening as disruptive to church order, preferring formal worship and a settled, university-educated ministry. They mocked revivalists as being ignorant,

7163: 1295:. Wesley recounted that "I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone for salvation, and an assurance was given me that he had taken away 303:

Evangelical preachers "sought to include every person in conversion, regardless of gender, race, and status". Throughout the North American colonies, especially in the

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and then outside of it to about 8,000 people who could not gain entrance. The next day, he preached outdoors again to about 15,000 people. On Tuesday, he preached at

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theology were popular among some Congregational clergy, Edwards held to traditional Calvinist doctrine. He understood conversion to be the experience of moving from

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perceived as spiritually dry. Significantly, the Pietists placed less emphasis on traditional doctrinal divisions between Protestant churches, focusing rather on

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John Wesley returned to England in September 1738. Both John and Charles preached in London churches. Whitefield stayed in Georgia for three months to establish

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Pietism prepared Europe for revival, and it usually occurred in areas where pietism was strong. The most important leader of the Awakening in central Europe was

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and feature "marathon extemporaneous preaching and excessive popular enthusiasm." In the 18th century, the Evangelical Revival was led by ministers such as

3489:

On anti-Methodist literary attacks see Brett C. McInelly, "Writing the Revival: The Intersections of Methodism and Literature in the Long 18th Century".

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It was not enough, however, to simply reflect on past experiences. Revivalists taught that assurance could only be gained by actively seeking to grow in

2787:

study, church attendance, and personal moral improvement. While no human action could produce saving faith, revivalists taught that the means of grace

1841:

By 1745, the Awakening had begun to wane. Revivals would continue to spread to the southern backcountry and slave communities in the 1750s and 1760s.

1562:. The churches in New England had fallen into a "staid and routine formalism in which experiential faith had been a reality to only a scattered few." 5459: 7352: 4671:

Goff, Philip; Heimert, Alan (December 1998). "Revivals and Revolution: Historiographic Turns Since Alan Heimert's Religion and the American Mind".

2580: 1787:. After traveling as far as Portsmouth, New Hampshire, he returned to Boston on October 12 to preach to 30,000 people before continuing his tour. 386:. The church began to grow, and Moravian societies would be established in England, where they would help foster the Evangelical Revival as well. 7227: 2631: 1795:

Connecticut. Like Whitefield's, Tennent's preaching produced large crowds, many conversions, and much controversy. While antirevivalists such as

5428:"The Joseph Bellamy House: The Great Awakening in Puritan New England", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan 6205: 5952: 3074: 1967:, originally established to train Native American boys for missionary work among their own people. While initially resistant, well-established 2918:

The First Great Awakening led to changes in Americans' understanding of God, themselves, the world around them, and religion. In the southern

5764: 2575: 1955:

The Great Awakening inspired the creation of evangelical educational institutions. In 1746, New Side Presbyterians founded what would become

1356:—intimate meetings where individuals were encouraged to confess their sins to one another and to build each other up. They also took part in 646: 220:

that transcended denominational boundaries and helped forge a common evangelical identity. Revivalists added to the doctrinal imperatives of

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An Elegiac Poem On the Death of that celebrated Divine, and eminent Servant of Jesus Christ, the Reverend and Learned Mr. George Whitefield.

631: 7825: 6472: 4354: 1330:

In February 1739, parish priests in Bath and Bristol refused to allow Whitefield to preach in their churches on the grounds that he was a

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their decisions, as in the choice of a husband. This introspection led many women to keep diaries or write memoirs. The autobiography of

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Another issue that had to be addressed was the intense physical and emotional reactions to conviction experienced during the Awakening.

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feeling within the Congregational churches of New England. Around 100 Separatist congregations were organized throughout the region by

128: 1759:

told of a German woman who heard Whitefield preach and, though she spoke no English, later said she had never before been so edified.

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were founded in the South in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia; two black Baptist churches were founded in Petersburg, Virginia.

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The Great Awakening was not the first time that Protestant churches had experienced revival; however, it was the first time a common

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Winiarski, Douglas L. (2005). "Jonathan Edwards, Enthusiast? Radical Revivalism and the Great Awakening in the Connecticut Valley".

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Revivalists counseled those under conviction to apply the means of grace to their lives. These were spiritual disciplines such as

1287:. In May 1738, Wesley attended a Moravian meeting on Aldersgate Street, where he felt spiritually transformed during a reading of 7492: 6243: 4800:

Lacey, Barbara E. (April 1988). "The World of Hannah Heaton: The Autobiography of an Eighteenth-Century Connecticut Farm Woman".

1731:. The publication of his account made Edwards a celebrity in Britain and influenced the growing revival movement in that nation. 1163: 853: 671: 7088: 6956: 6200: 6108: 5839: 5759: 5707: 5505: 4939: 2073: 1496: 589: 277: 1871:

between supporters of revival, known as "New Lights", and opponents of revival, known as "Old Lights". The Old Lights saw the

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Schmotter, James W. "The Irony of Clerical Professionalism: New England's Congregational Ministers and the Great Awakening",

5082: 4991: 4970: 4947: 4919: 4877: 4790: 4767: 4661: 4636: 4617: 4598: 4528: 4507: 3424: 2950: 2095: 1907:, Strict Congregationalists required evidence of conversion for church membership and also objected to the semi-presbyterian 5432: 3380: 7840: 7291: 7250: 7245: 6494: 5144:

Revivalism and Separatism in New England, 1740–1800: Strict Congregationalists and Separate Baptists in the Great Awakening

2749: 2565: 2450: 2208: 1751:. Whitefield returned to the Colonies in November 1739. His first stop was in Philadelphia, where he initially preached at 1650: 711: 27: 7957: 7179: 6689: 2699:

tradition, which held that religion was not only an intellectual exercise but also had to be felt and experienced in the

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to be an evangelical conversion, and it provided him with the assurance he had been seeking. Afterwards, he traveled to

6287: 6190: 2994:, which took place soon after. Alan Heimert sees a major impact, but most historians think it had only a minor impact. 2435: 1823: 7403: 7385: 6926: 5338: 5302:

McLoughlin, William G. "Essay Review: the American Revolution as a Religious Revival: 'The Millennium in One Country.

5276: 5151: 5067: 4899: 4743: 4486: 4465: 2085: 1923: 1744: 1429: 904: 584: 281: 2844:. Converts were encouraged to seek assurance through self-examination of their own spiritual progress. The treatise 1608:

In the 1720s and 1730s, an evangelical party took shape in the Presbyterian churches of the Middle Colonies, led by

1214:, prayer, and accountability. All three men experienced a spiritual crisis in which they sought true conversion and 7457: 6704: 6603: 6062: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5445: 1065: 550: 297: 7845: 7142: 6789: 6519: 6258: 6215: 6098: 6088: 5898: 5861: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5500: 2183: 2100: 1849: 1683: 1629: 1400: 1033: 930: 276:

would develop out of the ministries of Whitefield and Wesley. In the American colonies, the Awakening caused the

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and fostered introspection and commitment to a new standard of personal morality. Revival theology stressed that

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but what supporters believed were signs of the Holy Spirit. Services became more emotional, and some people had

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George Whitefield joined the Holy Club in 1733 and, under the influence of Charles Wesley, read German pietist

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in Britain. In England, the major leaders of the Evangelical Revival were three Anglican priests: the brothers

999: 954: 676: 121: 7916: 7794: 7093: 7083: 6847: 6504: 6302: 6272: 6113: 5964: 5917: 5655: 2672: 2325: 2188: 2136: 1663: 876: 474: 213: 23: 5427: 7739: 7567: 7439: 7130: 6282: 2664:—the stages by which a person receives Christian faith and then expresses that faith in the way they live. 2607: 2285: 2193: 1667: 557: 308: 7947: 7830: 7306: 7202: 6646: 6292: 6277: 6263: 6170: 6160: 5650: 4361:

an abridged version of Jeffrey H. Richards' article. from historicpolegreen.org. Retrieved April 8, 2012.

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Darkness Falls on the Land of Light: Experiencing Religious Awakenings in Eighteenth-Century New England

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and subsequently faced feelings of sorrow and anguish. When revivalists preached, they emphasized God's

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to highlight the holiness of God and to spark conviction in the unconverted. Jonathan Edwards' sermon "

2703:. This moderate revival theology consisted of a three-stage process. The first stage was conviction of 2535: 2146: 1659: 871: 320: 315:

who were exposed to (and subsequently converted to) Christianity. It also inspired the founding of new

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people to become literate so that they could become more familiar with the instructions of the Bible.

1971:

came to embrace revivalism and played a leading role in American evangelicalism for the next century.

7774: 7602: 7301: 7076: 6559: 6023: 5913: 4552:(September 1982). "Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction". 2923: 2720: 2684: 2649: 2570: 2078: 1900: 1896: 1616:, where he trained nearly 20 Presbyterian revivalists for the ministry, including his three sons and 1410: 1334:. In response, he began open-air field preaching in the mining community of Kingswood, near Bristol. 1048: 611: 217: 114: 4829:

Lambert, Frank (Winter 2002). "'I Saw the Book Talk': Slave Readings of the First Great Awakening".

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Wesley's death in 1791, there were an estimated 71,668 Methodists in England and 43,265 in America.

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The Great Awakening aggravated existing conflicts within the Protestant churches, often leading to

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sees the Great Awakening as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created

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The conviction stage lasted so long because potential converts were waiting to find evidence of

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Faced with growing evangelistic and pastoral responsibilities, Wesley and Whitefield appointed

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Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607–1977

3414: 7835: 7784: 7524: 7380: 7311: 7286: 7024: 6966: 6852: 6730: 6724: 6524: 6072: 6037: 5942: 5856: 5638: 4653: 3452:(London, 1765). Archived 10 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 13 September 2023. 2896: 2862: 2799: 2708: 2457: 2340: 2255: 2178: 1991: 1928: 1916: 1780: 1768: 1706: 1617: 1292: 1159: 909: 813: 656: 621: 348: 78: 1931:

met in May 1741, the Old Side expelled the New Side, which then reorganized itself into the

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of former New Light Congregationalists who became convinced of Baptist doctrines, such as

1670:, and the community's response was extraordinary. Signs of religious commitment among the 419: 8: 7769: 7587: 7577: 7212: 7207: 7038: 7019: 6759: 6754: 6681: 6399: 6374: 6253: 6233: 6180: 6081: 5979: 5876: 5844: 5788: 4869:

The Rise of Public Woman: Woman's Power and Woman's Place in the United States, 1630–1970

3003: 2991: 2966: 2803: 2719:. The second stage was conversion, in which a person experienced spiritual illumination, 2485: 1857:, was built between 1750 and 1753 after the split between Old and New Side Presbyterians. 1284: 1098: 1055: 1028: 363: 5418:

The Great Awakening Comes to Weathersfield, Connecticut: Nathan Cole's Spiritual Travels

5097:

The Indian Great Awakening: Religion and the Shaping of Native Cultures in Early America

7810: 7697: 7670: 7592: 7582: 7517: 7329: 6986: 6736: 6666: 6583: 6571: 6548: 6344: 6118: 5959: 5903: 5893: 5695: 5479: 5423:"I Believe It Is Because I Am a Poor Indian": Samsom Occom's Life as an Indian Minister 5311: 5250: 5207: 5131: 5026: 5018: 4959: 4854: 4846: 4817: 4696: 4688: 4569: 4451: 4237: 2919: 2851: 2540: 2395: 2380: 2290: 2260: 2200: 1983: 1876: 1784: 1748: 1465: 1335: 1323: 1319: 1215: 1108: 1043: 775: 762: 732: 542: 498: 403: 332: 257: 6057: 5114: (March 1954). "The Theological Effects of the Great Awakening in New England". 2400: 1833:

ministers. Sometimes revival would be initiated by regular preaching or the customary

7612: 7607: 7362: 7344: 7296: 7222: 6911: 6830: 6825: 6779: 6719: 6588: 6384: 5769: 5690: 5628: 5389: 5373: 5334: 5272: 5147: 5078: 5063: 5030: 4987: 4966: 4943: 4915: 4895: 4873: 4858: 4786: 4763: 4739: 4710: 4700: 4657: 4632: 4613: 4594: 4524: 4503: 4482: 4461: 3420: 2668: 2462: 2410: 2390: 2365: 2305: 2275: 2156: 2068: 1964: 1932: 1908: 1862: 1819: 1578: 1536: 1488: 1424:

The origins of revivalism in Scotland stretch back to the 1620s. The attempts by the

1187: 1151: 994: 959: 863: 703: 606: 484: 316: 304: 269: 236:

gave listeners a sense of deep personal conviction about their need for salvation by

225: 205: 162: 154: 6774: 4539: 1799:

heavily criticized Tennent's preaching, most of Boston's ministers were supportive.

1245:." Whitefield wrote that "though I had fasted, watched and prayed, and received the 185:

is most often used, while in the United Kingdom, the movement is referred to as the

7860: 7754: 7627: 6671: 6611: 5999: 5984: 5685: 5665: 5660: 5643: 5623: 5199: 5123: 5010: 4838: 4809: 4680: 4561: 2902: 2745: 2385: 2315: 2240: 2219: 2173: 2004: 1960: 1904: 1807: 1764: 1756: 1640: 1449: 1441: 1383: 641: 636: 371: 173:

and religious devotion. The Great Awakening marked the emergence of Anglo-American

4339: 1413:

experienced a religious conversion and began preaching to large crowds throughout

7906: 7901: 7850: 7680: 7562: 7546: 7536: 7502: 7375: 7260: 7044: 6946: 6884: 6626: 6577: 6123: 5778: 4981: 4933: 4909: 4867: 4757: 4647: 4587: 4518: 4497: 4476: 4455: 4358: 3472: 2700: 2676: 2505: 2440: 1968: 1854: 1815: 1621: 1609: 1570: 1504: 1457: 1369: 964: 722: 469: 375: 201: 37: 1327:

Christ, we further believe that He must be inwardly formed in our hearts also."

244:

was not only intellectual assent to correct Christian doctrine but had to be a "

7891: 7764: 7675: 7321: 7278: 7048: 7034: 7009: 7004: 6795: 6769: 6699: 6514: 6416: 6411: 6394: 6334: 6228: 6175: 6004: 5924: 5773: 4753: 2841: 2768: 2716: 2712: 2645: 2495: 2370: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2320: 2295: 2166: 1796: 1723:, which was published in England through the efforts of prominent evangelicals 1625: 1528: 1512: 1308: 1194:. They had been members of a religious society at Oxford University called the 1183: 1147: 1009: 949: 803: 790: 686: 681: 174: 5014: 4759:

The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America

4352:"Samuel Davies and the Transatlantic Campaign for Slave Literacy in Virginia," 1822:" ministers, Davenport's mental state apparently improved, and he published a 1322:

before returning to England in December. While enjoying success, Whitefield's

16:

Christian revivals in Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in the 1730s and 1740s

7931: 7911: 7723: 6951: 6888: 6877: 6764: 6651: 6554: 6542: 6406: 6379: 6319: 5798: 5618: 5053:

Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America

4935:

The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism

2888: 2596: 2530: 2520: 2345: 2335: 2300: 2280: 2045: 2016: 2008: 1830: 1589:

that placed greater importance "on seasons of revival, or outpourings of the

1406: 1288: 1280: 1230: 1155: 1087: 974: 969: 858: 843: 838: 828: 525: 520: 440: 178: 166: 4911:

The First Great Awakening: Redefining Religion in British America, 1725–1775

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John Wesley left for Georgia in October 1735 to become a missionary for the

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The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences

5261:

The First Great Awakening in Colonial American Newspapers: A Shifting Story

5075:

The Rhetoric of the Revival: The Language of the Great Awakening Preachers.

4520:

Sarah Osborn's World: The Rise of Evangelical Christianity in Early America

2970: 2819: 2756: 2661: 2592: 2515: 2405: 2250: 2131: 2035: 1999: 1944: 1919:. In some cases, entire Separatist congregations accepted Baptist beliefs. 1555: 1520: 1500: 1425: 1083: 848: 818: 747: 737: 537: 237: 5437: 5333:

Collected contemporary comments and letters; 1972, Yale University Press,

4892:

The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys

4712:

Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution

2899:, her intellectual and spiritual development, and daily life on the farm. 177:

as a trans-denominational movement within the Protestant churches. In the

7622: 7237: 6616: 6477: 6448: 6389: 6364: 6359: 6223: 6138: 6032: 6013: 5722: 5190: (1995). "The First Great Awakening: Whose Interpretive Fiction?". 4929: 4842: 4808:(2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 280–304. 2764: 2724: 2467: 2265: 2040: 2012: 1811: 1728: 1613: 1602: 1543: 1437: 1433: 1414: 1340: 1179: 1143: 785: 757: 459: 454: 424: 383: 289: 229: 209: 5022: 2985:

as vague and exaggerated. He suggested that historians abandon the term

2935:

exhorters, deacons, and even preachers, although the last was a rarity.

1135: 7718: 7653: 7632: 7597: 6996: 6746: 6694: 6499: 6329: 5974: 5803: 5747: 5742: 5422: 5417: 5254: 5135: 4850: 4821: 4731: 4692: 4573: 4549: 4541:

The Silver Bluff Church: A History of Negro Baptist Churches in America

4478:

Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s

3846: 2982: 2895:, tells of her experiences in the Great Awakening, her encounters with 2657: 2653: 2490: 2375: 1884: 1724: 1702: 1566: 1357: 1207: 1199: 727: 626: 312: 193: 5315: 5211: 5060:"What Must I Do to Be Saved?": The Great Awakening in Colonial America 4388: 2731:. This process generally takes place over an extended period of time. 1662:

revival of 1734–1735, under the leadership of Congregational minister

7431: 7413: 6991: 6941: 6867: 6862: 6636: 6621: 6349: 6339: 6042: 6028: 5752: 5180:

Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals;

4887: 2953:

was a Presbyterian minister who later became the fourth president of

2931: 2802:

described such responses to his preaching in 1740: "Several would be

2741: 2692: 2500: 2270: 2020: 1880: 1710: 1376: 1361: 1262: 1246: 1195: 1191: 1139: 411: 273: 245: 5127: 4813: 4684: 4565: 7194: 7125: 6835: 6714: 6354: 6133: 6047: 5793: 5783: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5203: 4544:(electronic ed.). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 4424: 3515: 2602: 2545: 1853:

Philadelphia's Second Presbyterian Church, ministered by New Light

1679: 1524: 1516: 1312: 1238: 379: 340: 248:" experienced in the heart. Revivalists also taught that receiving 7178: 4312:

To the Inhabitants of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina

3416:

Recovering the Love Feast: Broadening Our Eucharistic Celebrations

1701:

The Northampton revival featured instances of what critics called

1272:. Wesley made contact with members of the Moravian Church, led by 165:

in the 1730s and 1740s. The revival movement permanently affected

6872: 6802: 6462: 6426: 4629:

Theologies of the American Revivalists: From Whitefield to Finney

3168: 2927: 2696: 2688: 1802:

Tennent was followed in the summer of 1741 by itinerant minister

1735:

would become a model on which other revivals would be conducted.

1698:

an individual, even if the exact moment could not be pinpointed.

1574: 1565:

In response to these trends, ministers influenced by New England

1547: 1532: 1508: 1461: 1254: 1093: 479: 336: 293: 285: 197: 5369:

Religion in America, ed. Edwin S. Gaustad. New York, Arno, 1969.

4785:. Bedford Series in History and Culture. Bedford/ St. Martin's. 4499:

Strangers & Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740–1845

3396: 3394: 3392: 2981:

The idea of a "great awakening" has been contested by historian

2648:

identity had emerged based on a fairly uniform understanding of

1943:

Historian John Howard Smith noted that the Great Awakening made

378:

to live and worship on his estates, establishing a community at

5888: 5808: 5675: 5362:

New Haven, CN: Whitmore and Buckingham, and H. Mansfield, 1834.

4738:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 3918: 3830: 3382:

John Wesley the Methodist: a plain account of his life and work

3199: 2780: 1888: 1868: 1834: 1445: 1258: 5173:

God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution

347:

of continental Europe. Pietism emphasized heartfelt religious

284:

churches to split, while strengthening both the Methodist and

6436: 3389: 3332: 2784: 1671: 1582: 1551: 1535:

churches all competed with each other on equal terms. In the

1348: 1279:

Back in London, Wesley became friends with Moravian minister

532: 515: 170: 3708: 3593: 2943:

Africans were finally provided with some sort of education.

1922:

As revivalism spread through the Presbyterian churches, the

1743:

George Whitefield first came to America in 1738 to serve at

1198:

and "Methodists" due to their methodical piety and rigorous

5240:

Holy Fairs: Scotland and the Making of American Revivalism

4589:

Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People

3870: 3858: 3158: 3156: 3154: 1666:. In the fall of 1734, Edwards preached a sermon series on 1405:

The Evangelical Revival first broke out in Wales. In 1735,

1250: 5090:

Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition and American Culture

4412: 3939: 3937: 3820: 3818: 3805: 3803: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3749: 3747: 3650: 3648: 3583: 3581: 3075:"Slavery and African American Religion | Encyclopedia.com" 3043: 2755:

As Calvinists, revivalists also preached the doctrines of

1585:. The blending of these three traditions would produce an 1440:

throughout southern and western Scotland, centered on the

4961:

The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement

4593:. Studies in Cultural History. Harvard University Press. 4182: 4146: 4074: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4009: 2704: 1594: 1174:

in the United States, the movement is referred to as the

4098: 3539: 3505: 3503: 3256: 3254: 3151: 1436:. In addition, radical Presbyterian clergy held outdoor 4194: 3997: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3934: 3906: 3882: 3815: 3800: 3771: 3759: 3744: 3684: 3660: 3645: 3578: 3379:

Hurst, J. F. (1903). "Chapter IX – Society and Class".

3322: 3320: 3139: 3091: 2908:

The Nature, Certainty and Evidence of True Christianity

1142:

leaders active in the Evangelical Revival (clockwise):

7054:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

4376: 4206: 4170: 4158: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4086: 4062: 4050: 4033: 3985: 3788: 3115: 3103: 1307:

from the law of sin and death." Wesley understood his

288:

denominations. It had little immediate impact on most

7114: 4021: 3732: 3720: 3696: 3633: 3568: 3566: 3500: 3360: 3295: 3293: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3189: 3187: 1738: 1717:

Edwards wrote an account of the Northampton revival,

268:

would grow into an important constituency within the

5433:

Edwards, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" text

4729: 4608:

Butler, Jon; Wacker, Grant; Balmer, Randall (2003).

3852: 3521: 3348: 3317: 3127: 3055: 2007:

in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians

5355:

Edited by Albert Barnes. 3 vols. 1845. reprint 1967

4783:

The Great Awakening: A Brief History with Documents

4400: 4321: 4280: 4253:" (London: 1773). Massachusetts Historical Society. 3609: 3527: 3305: 1471: 4958: 4709: 4607: 4586: 4394: 4292: 4268: 4256: 3894: 3672: 3563: 3551: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3215: 3184: 2667:The major figures of the Great Awakening, such as 1767:(at the time an Anglican church) and preaching at 4218: 3621: 1818:. Following the intervention of two pro-revival " 1658:The most influential evangelical revival was the 389: 366:, a Saxon noble who studied under Pietist leader 7929: 7353:Conservative Congregational Christian Conference 5290:(U of North Carolina Press, 2017). xxiv, 607 pp. 4983:American Colonies: The Settling of North America 4723:Evangelicals in the Church of England, 1734–1984 4649:Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction 2581:North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council 296:, and non-Protestants, but later gave rise to a 252:was a normal expectation in the Christian life. 192:Building on the foundations of older traditions— 7228:General Association of Regular Baptist Churches 307:, the revival movement increased the number of 7180:Evangelical Protestantism in the United States 7164: 5453: 2625: 2576:International Conference of Reformed Churches 1678:At a time when Enlightenment rationalism and 1283:and joined a Moravian small group called the 1116: 374:. In 1722, Zinzendorf invited members of the 122: 7943:History of Christianity in the United States 5159:The Democratization of American Christianity 4734:; Lindberg, Carter; Robert, Dana L. (1998). 4720: 4342:from princeton.edu. Retrieved April 8, 2012. 4240:" (London: 1773). Poems By Phillis Wheatley. 3400: 2687:, were moderate evangelicals who preached a 1432:led to national protests in the form of the 7218:Conservative Baptist Association of America 5467: 4736:Christianity: A Social and Cultural History 4670: 4434: 3495:Textual Warfare and the Making of Methodism 2976: 1612:, Sr. He established a seminary called the 1190:. Together, they founded what would become 7422:Christian Reformed Church in North America 7171: 7157: 5460: 5446: 5388: 5372: 5367:The Life of the Reverend Devereux Jarratt. 4610:Religion in American Life: A Short History 4474: 4457:A Religious History of the American People 3545: 3419:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 159. 3162: 3097: 2632: 2618: 1775:. On September 20, Whitefield preached at 1620:. While pastoring a church in New Jersey, 1123: 1109: 129: 115: 7826:Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus 7816:Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 7335:Christian Churches and Churches of Christ 5331:The Great-Awakening: A Faithful Narrative 5166:The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790 5092:University of North Carolina Press. 1995. 5000: 3928: 3372: 1270:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 5116:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4914:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 4865: 4645: 4626: 4450: 4304: 4238:On Being Brought From Africa to America. 4212: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3912: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3824: 3809: 3794: 3782: 3765: 3753: 3690: 3666: 3654: 3587: 3412: 3121: 3109: 3049: 2869:of sin and using the means of grace. In 2727:, which was searching for and receiving 1848: 1639: 1253:in 1735. In 1736, he began preaching in 1134: 566:Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament 169:as adherents strove to renew individual 18: 7493:Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy 6878:Fostering of early experimental science 5218: 5185: 5109: 4956: 4831:The Journal of African American History 4828: 4707: 4460:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 4430: 4382: 4371:Letters from the Reverend Samuel Davies 4345: 4286: 4104: 3509: 3460: 3458: 3366: 3260: 3209: 3178: 3145: 3133: 3029: 3025: 3023: 1895:valid. The Awakening aroused a wave of 7930: 6982:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 4979: 4940:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 4580: 4548: 4537: 4516: 4502:. University of North Carolina Press. 4495: 4418: 4406: 4298: 4262: 4200: 3061: 2707:, which was spiritual preparation for 2074:Republication of the Covenant of Works 1635: 1503:, whereas in the religiously tolerant 1460:of 1742), and James Robe (minister at 1444:. These revivals would also spread to 351:in reaction to an overly intellectual 216:articulated a theology of revival and 204:—major leaders of the revival such as 7152: 5441: 4928: 4907: 4799: 4224: 3924: 3900: 3840: 3603: 3572: 3557: 3533: 3378: 3354: 3326: 3174: 1394: 602:Four sources of theological authority 326: 7841:National Association of Evangelicals 7498:Fundamentalist–modernist controversy 7292:Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) 7251:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 5413:Lesson plan on First Great Awakening 5396:(1976). Houghton, S. M. (ed.). 5329:Jonathan Edwards, (C. Goen, editor) 5269:The Protestant Evangelical Awakening 5266: 5044: 4886: 4776: 4752: 4327: 4315: 4274: 3836: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3678: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3599: 3464: 3455: 3413:Stutzman, Paul Fike (January 2011). 3342: 3338: 3311: 3299: 3284: 3272: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3205: 3193: 3020: 2913: 2750:Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 2734: 2566:World Communion of Reformed Churches 2209:Institutes of the Christian Religion 1651:Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 1456:(the minister who presided over the 712:The Sunday Service of the Methodists 28:Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 5400:. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust. 5344:Alan Heimert and Perry Miller ed.; 3385:. New York: Methodist Book Concern. 2752:" is an example of such preaching. 1974: 1648:, commemorating the location where 1546:was leading many people to turn to 1478:Evangelicalism in the United States 1360:, which allowed for the sharing of 1237:(the latter work was a favorite of 13: 5360:Memoirs of Rev. George Whitefield. 5322: 5104:The Great Awakening in New England 5077:2016, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 5039: 4938:. Library of Religious Biography. 4538:Brooks, Walter Henderson (2000) . 3468:Early Methodists Under Persecution 2660:. Revival theology focused on the 1739:Whitefield, Tennent, and Davenport 1468:ministers held evangelical views. 1235:The Life of God in the Soul of Man 1202:. This society was modeled on the 14: 7969: 7404:Christian and Missionary Alliance 7386:Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) 5406: 5295: 5249:, 31 (1979), a statistical study 5146:1987, Wesleyan University Press, 4730:Kee, Howard C.; Frost, Jerry W.; 2876: 2723:, and faith. The third stage was 1482: 1430:bishops on the Church of Scotland 905:Methodist Church of Great Britain 577:Distinctive beliefs and practices 7938:History of the Thirteen Colonies 7811:Christianity Today International 7458:Association of Vineyard Churches 7246:Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod 7136: 7124: 5384:. London: Banner of Truth Trust. 4627:Caldwell, Robert W. III (2017). 4395:Butler, Wacker & Balmer 2003 4314:(Philadelphia: 1740); quoted in 3497:(Oxford University Press, 2014). 2608:Reformed Christianity portal 2601: 1998: 1472:Great Awakening in North America 1417:. Their preaching initiated the 1092: 1066:Ordination of women in Methodism 652:Sanctification (growth in grace) 418: 163:thirteen North American colonies 7846:National Religious Broadcasters 5225:Inventing the "Great Awakening" 4443: 4364: 4333: 4243: 4230: 3483: 3440: 3406: 2184:Westminster Confession of Faith 1630:Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen 1487:In the early 18th century, the 1401:Evangelical revival in Scotland 7821:Evangelical Climate Initiative 7269:Presbyterian Church in America 6841:Separation of church and state 6510:Formal and material principles 6495:Separation of church and state 5353:Sermons on Important Subjects. 5271:. Cambridge University Press. 5099:Oxford University Press, 2012. 4721:Hylson-Smith, Kenneth (1992). 3493:12.1 (2015): 12–21; McInelly, 3067: 2834: 2086:Logical order of God's decrees 1315:and met Zinzendorf in person. 1000:Conservative holiness movement 390:Evangelical Revival in Britain 1: 7795:Transformational Christianity 6505:Hymnody of continental Europe 5656:Apostles in the New Testament 5055:Oxford University Press, 1988 4517:Brekus, Catherine A. (2013). 4496:Brekus, Catherine A. (1998). 4475:Bebbington, David W. (1989). 3009: 2809: 2791:make conversion more likely. 2189:Westminster Shorter Catechism 1924:Old Side–New Side Controversy 1810:by religious authors such as 1491:were religiously diverse. In 1243:It is Christ formed within us 931:Other Methodist denominations 98: 83: 68: 53: 7740:Apostolic-Prophetic Movement 7568:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 7440:Seventh-day Adventist Church 5398:Letters of George Whitefield 5382:George Whitefield's Journals 4957:Sweeney, Douglas A. (2005). 3449:A short history of Methodism 3014: 2891:(1721–1794), a farm wife of 2194:Westminster Larger Catechism 1938: 1668:justification by faith alone 1368:People are all, by nature, " 672:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 558:Sermons on Several Occasions 7: 7831:Fuller Theological Seminary 7307:Pentecostal Holiness Church 7203:Southern Baptist Convention 5953:Eastern Orthodox opposition 4908:Smith, John Howard (2015). 4872:. Oxford University Press. 4716:. Harvard University Press. 4612:. Oxford University Press. 4554:Journal of American History 3465:Barr, Josiah Henry (1916). 2997: 1844: 1464:). A substantial number of 1274:August Gottlieb Spangenberg 1061:Homosexuality and Methodism 824:William Williams Pantycelyn 597:Priesthood of all believers 300:that persists to this day. 10: 7974: 7958:18th-century Protestantism 7856:World Vision United States 7664:Contemporary worship music 7542:Los Angeles Crusade (1949) 7463:Calvary Chapel Association 5970:Art patronage of Julius II 5168:1982, emphasis on Baptists 5062:1976, Thomson Publishing, 4802:William and Mary Quarterly 3471:. Methodist book concern. 2695:heavily influenced by the 1959:. In 1754, the efforts of 1860: 1690:in the knowledge of one's 1475: 1398: 1382:Faith produces inward and 1034:Methodist views on alcohol 394: 321:Baptist Missionary Society 7869: 7803: 7775:New Apostolic Reformation 7732: 7706: 7646: 7603:Christianity and abortion 7555: 7475: 7448: 7430: 7412: 7394: 7361: 7343: 7320: 7302:Pentecostal Church of God 7277: 7259: 7236: 7193: 7186: 7062: 6897: 6816: 6745: 6680: 6602: 6533: 6473:Calvinist–Arminian debate 6447: 6214: 6097: 5933: 5824: 5706: 5604: 5493: 5475: 5192:The New England Quarterly 5015:10.1017/s0009640700100861 4866:Matthews, Glenna (1992). 4762:. Yale University Press. 4646:Campbell, Ted A. (1996). 4523:. Yale University Press. 2854:of the gospel, and other 2823:realize it had occurred. 2571:World Reformed Fellowship 2079:Baptist Covenant Theology 1963:led to what would become 1901:Strict Congregationalists 1826:of his earlier excesses. 1587:evangelical Protestantism 1166:(1895 Welsh illustration) 612:Substitutionary atonement 222:Reformation Protestantism 7897:Charles Grandison Finney 7780:Neo-charismatic movement 7750:Christian fundamentalism 7450:Nondenominational Family 7345:Congregationalist Family 7143:Evangelical Christianity 6962:Christian existentialism 3717:, pp. 13–14, 15–16. 2977:Scholarly interpretation 2893:North Haven, Connecticut 2881: 2331:Friedrich Schleiermacher 1377:justified by faith alone 1229:and Scottish theologian 1039:Methodist local preacher 718:Covenant Renewal Service 590:Conditional preservation 353:Protestant scholasticism 234:Extemporaneous preaching 5469:History of Christianity 5231:McLoughlin, William G. 4435:Goff & Heimert 1998 4340:Presidents of Princeton 2064:Theology of John Calvin 1624:became acquainted with 1497:Congregational churches 1419:Welsh Methodist revival 1227:Against the Fear of Man 1210:) used by pietists for 1099:Christianity portal 1005:Holiness Pentecostalism 925:Global Methodist Church 920:World Methodist Council 915:United Methodist Church 319:societies, such as the 7877:Aimee Semple McPherson 7790:Seven Mountain Mandate 7530:Fourth Great Awakening 7513:Second Great Awakening 7371:Church of the Nazarene 7030:Fourth Great Awakening 6917:Second Great Awakening 6156:Fall of Constantinople 5948:Development of primacy 5286:Winiarski, Douglas L. 4708:Heimert, Alan (1966). 4631:. InterVarsity Press. 4373:(London, 1757), p. 19. 2971:black Baptist churches 2761:unconditional election 2729:assurance of salvation 2246:Johannes Oecolampadius 1858: 1747:in Savannah and found 1655: 1223:August Hermann Francke 1167: 1164:Countess of Huntingdon 854:Countess of Huntingdon 829:Benjamin Titus Roberts 617:Imparted righteousness 368:August Hermann Francke 250:assurance of salvation 31: 7953:Christian terminology 7836:Moody Bible Institute 7785:Red-Letter Christians 7525:Third Great Awakening 7508:First Great Awakening 7381:Free Methodist Church 7322:Restorationist Family 7312:Apostolic Pentecostal 7287:Assemblies of God USA 7131:Reformed Christianity 7025:Reformed epistemology 6967:Third Great Awakening 6937:Seventh-day Adventist 6858:First Great Awakening 6731:Book of Common Prayer 6525:Protestant work ethic 6068:Independent Catholics 6019:Monastery dissolution 5308:New England Quarterly 5238:Schmidt, Leigh Eric. 4980:Taylor, Alan (2001). 4654:Westminster John Knox 2865:and holiness through 2804:overcome and fainting 2256:Peter Martyr Vermigli 2179:Westminster Standards 1992:Reformed Christianity 1929:Synod of Philadelphia 1861:Further information: 1852: 1769:Brattle Street Church 1643: 1476:Further information: 1399:Further information: 1309:Aldersgate experience 1293:Epistle to the Romans 1138: 1022:Other relevant topics 910:Free Methodist Church 814:John William Fletcher 657:Sunday Sabbatarianism 465:First Great Awakening 266:evangelical Anglicans 256:enabling uneducated, 143:First Great Awakening 22: 7745:Bapticostal movement 7659:Contemporary worship 7638:Second work of grace 7618:Evangelical theology 7483:Azusa Street Revival 6848:Edicts of toleration 6657:Three Forms of Unity 6422:Bohemian Reformation 5995:Catholic Reformation 5852:Roman state religion 5671:Council of Jerusalem 5310:1967 40(1): 99–110. 5267:Ward, W. R. (2002). 5088:Conforti, Joseph A. 5051:Bonomi, Patricia U. 4843:10.1086/JAAHv87n1p12 4310:Whitefield, George. 4249:Wheatley, Phillis. " 4236:Wheatley, Phillis. " 3079:www.encyclopedia.com 2955:Princeton University 2871:Religious Affections 2847:Religious Affections 2526:New England theology 2511:Mercersburg theology 2436:Continental Reformed 2162:Heidelberg Catechism 2152:Three Forms of Unity 2142:Helvetic Confessions 2101:Regulative principle 1957:Princeton University 1873:religious enthusiasm 1783:and on Wednesday at 1733:A Faithful Narrative 1720:A Faithful Narrative 1646:Enfield, Connecticut 1577:began calling for a 1501:established religion 1332:religious enthusiast 1071:Bishops in Methodism 834:Walter Ashbel Sellew 753:Brush arbour revival 667:Second work of grace 662:Christian perfection 551:Articles of Religion 445:in the United States 357:religious experience 298:schism among Quakers 262:religious enthusiasm 242:religious conversion 7770:Post-evangelicalism 7588:Biblical patriarchy 7578:Biblical literalism 7261:Presbyterian Family 7213:Missionary Baptists 7208:Independent Baptist 7020:Liberation theology 6927:Jehovah's Witnesses 6760:Radical Reformation 6488:Resistance theories 6375:Christian mysticism 6370:Early Scholasticism 6082:Ecclesial community 5980:Counter-Reformation 5845:Constantinian shift 5365:Jarratt, Devereux. 5095:Fisher, Linford D. 4452:Ahlstrom, Sydney E. 4421:, pp. 322–323. 4397:, pp. 112–113. 3879:, pp. 292–293. 3867:, pp. 290–291. 3855:, pp. 415–416. 3052:, pp. 280–330. 3004:American philosophy 2992:American Revolution 2967:American Revolution 2236:List of theologians 2215:Systematic theology 1903:. Objecting to the 1877:itinerant preaching 1636:Northampton revival 1593:, and on converted 1324:itinerant preaching 1285:Fetter Lane Society 1176:Evangelical Revival 1170:While known as the 1029:Saints in Methodism 507:Doctrinal standards 364:Nicolaus Zinzendorf 258:itinerant preachers 228:outpourings of the 187:Evangelical Revival 151:Evangelical Revival 7948:Christian revivals 7593:Biblical womanhood 7583:Biblical inerrancy 7518:Cane Ridge Revival 7330:Churches of Christ 7279:Pentecostal Family 7094:Oriental Orthodoxy 6737:King James Version 6549:Ninety-five Theses 6345:Apostolic Brethren 6119:Church of the East 6114:Oriental Orthodoxy 5960:Crusading movement 5480:Early Christianity 5374:Whitefield, George 5247:American Quarterly 5102:Gaustad, Edwin S. 5073:Choiński, Michał. 4965:. Baker Academic. 4357:2016-03-04 at the 4318:, pp. 112–115 3839:, pp. 28–29; 3491:Literature Compass 2852:divine inspiration 2681:Jonathan Dickinson 2541:Princeton theology 2381:H. Richard Niebuhr 2291:Franciscus Gomarus 2261:Heinrich Bullinger 2201:Barmen Declaration 1917:believer's baptism 1859: 1785:Harvard University 1749:Bethesda Orphanage 1684:spiritual deadness 1656: 1466:Church of Scotland 1395:Wales and Scotland 1336:Open-air preaching 1320:Bethesda Orphanage 1291:'s preface to the 1216:assurance of faith 1168: 1044:Itinerant preacher 955:General Conference 763:Watchnight service 585:Assurance of faith 333:Sydney E. Ahlstrom 327:Continental Europe 155:Christian revivals 153:, was a series of 32: 7925: 7924: 7613:Decision theology 7608:Christian Zionism 7573:Believers' Church 7471: 7470: 7396:Keswickian Family 7297:Foursquare Church 7223:Free Will Baptist 7112: 7111: 7089:Eastern Orthodoxy 6957:Finnish Awakening 6912:Holiness movement 6853:Congregationalism 6812: 6811: 6672:Metrical psalters 6109:Eastern Orthodoxy 6053:Neo-Scholasticism 5760:Canon development 5661:Jewish Christians 5157:Hatch, Nathan O. 5083:978-3-525-56023-5 5045:Scholarly studies 4993:978-0-14-200210-0 4986:. Penguin Books. 4972:978-1-58558-382-9 4949:978-0-8028-0154-8 4921:978-1-61147-714-6 4894:, Inter-Varsity, 4879:978-0-19-995131-4 4792:978-0-312-45225-4 4769:978-0-300-11887-2 4663:978-0-664-25650-0 4638:978-0-8308-5164-5 4619:978-0-19-983269-9 4600:978-0-674-05601-5 4530:978-0-300-18832-5 4509:978-0-8078-2441-2 4203:, pp. 27–33. 4191:, pp. 39–41. 4155:, pp. 32–34. 4107:, pp. 48–49. 4083:, pp. 22–24. 4018:, pp. 6, 20. 3741:, pp. 21–23. 3729:, pp. 19–20. 3705:, pp. 76–78. 3642:, pp. 10–11. 3426:978-1-4982-7317-6 3403:, pp. 17–21. 3401:Hylson-Smith 1992 3248:, pp. 84–85. 3236:, pp. 88–89. 3148:, pp. 36–37. 2914:African Americans 2856:Christian virtues 2771:—that before the 2735:Conviction of sin 2669:George Whitefield 2642: 2641: 2411:Donald G. Bloesch 2391:Cornelius Van Til 2306:Samuel Rutherford 2276:Zacharias Ursinus 2157:Belgic Confession 2147:French Confession 2069:Covenant theology 1965:Dartmouth College 1933:Synod of New York 1909:Saybrook Platform 1863:Old and New Light 1537:Southern Colonies 1489:Thirteen Colonies 1454:William M'Culloch 1204:collegia pietatis 1188:George Whitefield 1186:and their friend 1152:George Whitefield 1133: 1132: 995:Holiness movement 960:Methodist Circuit 864:George Whitefield 694: 693: 607:Covenant theology 485:Wesleyan theology 345:Reformed churches 270:Church of England 206:George Whitefield 139: 138: 7965: 7917:Jonathan Edwards 7861:Youth for Christ 7755:Evangelical left 7628:Kingdom theology 7432:Adventist Family 7191: 7190: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7128: 7120: 6531: 6530: 5918:Non-Chalcedonian 5899:Constantinople I 5691:General epistles 5686:Pauline epistles 5666:Paul the Apostle 5644:Great Commission 5462: 5455: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5351:Davies, Samuel. 5305: 5282: 5228: 5222: 5215: 5189: 5178:Lambert, Frank. 5171:Kidd, Thomas S. 5139: 5113: 5034: 4997: 4976: 4964: 4953: 4925: 4904: 4883: 4862: 4825: 4796: 4780: 4773: 4749: 4726: 4717: 4715: 4704: 4667: 4642: 4623: 4604: 4592: 4584: 4577: 4545: 4534: 4513: 4492: 4471: 4438: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4247: 4241: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3932: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3498: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3027: 2903:Phillis Wheatley 2673:Jonathan Edwards 2662:way of salvation 2634: 2627: 2620: 2606: 2605: 2463:Reformed Baptist 2386:Reinhold Niebuhr 2326:Jonathan Edwards 2316:Francis Turretin 2241:Huldrych Zwingli 2220:Metrical psalter 2174:Scots Confession 2005:Reformation Wall 2002: 1979: 1978: 1975:Revival theology 1961:Eleazar Wheelock 1905:Halfway Covenant 1808:burning of books 1757:Henry Muhlenberg 1664:Jonathan Edwards 1581:of religion and 1450:Ebenezer Erskine 1442:communion season 1384:outward holiness 1125: 1118: 1111: 1097: 1096: 642:Prevenient grace 637:Outward holiness 504: 503: 422: 399: 398: 372:Halle University 359:and affections. 260:and encouraging 214:Jonathan Edwards 131: 124: 117: 103: 102: 1960–1980 100: 88: 87: 1855–1930 85: 73: 72: 1790–1840 70: 58: 57: 1730–1755 55: 38:Great Awakenings 34: 33: 24:Jonathan Edwards 7973: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7907:Franklin Graham 7902:Dwight L. Moody 7865: 7851:Promise Keepers 7799: 7728: 7702: 7698:Sinner's prayer 7681:Revival meeting 7671:Mourner's bench 7642: 7563:Baptism by fire 7551: 7547:Revival of 1800 7537:Healing revival 7503:Great Awakening 7467: 7444: 7426: 7414:Reformed Family 7408: 7390: 7376:Wesleyan Church 7363:Holiness Family 7357: 7339: 7316: 7273: 7255: 7238:Lutheran Family 7232: 7182: 7177: 7147: 7137: 7135: 7123: 7115: 7113: 7108: 7058: 7045:Christian right 6947:Oxford Movement 6922:Restorationists 6893: 6808: 6741: 6676: 6627:Presbyterianism 6598: 6578:Book of Concord 6529: 6453: 6451: 6443: 6210: 6100: 6093: 5929: 5828: 5820: 5779:Clement of Rome 5709: 5702: 5606: 5600: 5489: 5471: 5466: 5409: 5404: 5391: 5358:Gillies, John. 5325: 5323:Primary sources 5320: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5279: 5223: (1998). 5220: 5187: 5128:10.2307/1895863 5111: 5058:Bumsted, J. M. 5047: 5042: 5040:Further reading 5037: 4994: 4973: 4950: 4922: 4902: 4880: 4814:10.2307/1922328 4793: 4781: (2008). 4778: 4770: 4754:Kidd, Thomas S. 4746: 4685:10.2307/3169849 4664: 4639: 4620: 4601: 4585: (1990). 4582: 4566:10.2307/1893821 4531: 4510: 4489: 4468: 4446: 4441: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4359:Wayback Machine 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3935: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3853:Kee et al. 1998 3851: 3847: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3546:Bebbington 1989 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3522:Kee et al. 1998 3520: 3516: 3508: 3501: 3488: 3484: 3463: 3456: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3390: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3177:, p. 110; 3173: 3169: 3163:Bebbington 1989 3161: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3098:Bebbington 1989 3096: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3033: 3032:, p. 186: 3028: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3000: 2987:Great Awakening 2979: 2916: 2884: 2879: 2837: 2812: 2737: 2677:Gilbert Tennent 2638: 2600: 2586: 2585: 2561: 2551: 2550: 2506:Marrow Brethren 2481: 2473: 2472: 2431: 2421: 2420: 2401:Jürgen Moltmann 2286:William Perkins 2233: 2225: 2224: 2124: 2116: 2115: 2059: 2051: 2050: 2031: 2023: 1977: 1969:Yale University 1941: 1865: 1855:Gilbert Tennent 1847: 1816:Increase Mather 1804:James Davenport 1741: 1638: 1622:Gilbert Tennent 1610:William Tennent 1573:, and European 1571:Presbyterianism 1505:Middle Colonies 1485: 1480: 1474: 1458:Cambuslang Work 1403: 1397: 1172:Great Awakening 1129: 1091: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1023: 1015: 1014: 990: 982: 981: 965:Pastoral charge 945: 937: 936: 900: 899: 883: 882: 881: 795: 778: 768: 767: 733:Mourner's bench 723:Revival service 706: 696: 695: 591: 572: 569: 543:Apostles' Creed 501: 491: 490: 489: 448: 435: 427: 397: 392: 376:Moravian Church 329: 224:an emphasis on 202:Presbyterianism 183:Great Awakening 147:Great Awakening 135: 101: 86: 71: 56: 26:' 1741 sermon " 17: 12: 11: 5: 7971: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7892:C. 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Scofield 7889: 7884: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7765:Jesus movement 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7678: 7676:Prayer warrior 7673: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7656: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7510: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7400: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7326: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7304: 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6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6539: 6537: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6515:Law and Gospel 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6196:Ottoman Empire 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6007: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5925:Biblical canon 5922: 5921: 5920: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5836: 5834: 5826:Late antiquity 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5774:Church Fathers 5767: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5714: 5712: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5616: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5408: 5407:External links 5405: 5403: 5402: 5386: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5299: 5297: 5296:Historiography 5294: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5264: 5257: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5216: 5204:10.2307/365880 5198:(4): 650–659. 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5140: 5122:(4): 681–706. 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5071: 5056: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5009:(4): 683–739. 5003:Church History 4998: 4992: 4977: 4971: 4954: 4948: 4926: 4920: 4905: 4900: 4884: 4878: 4863: 4826: 4797: 4791: 4774: 4768: 4750: 4744: 4727: 4718: 4705: 4679:(4): 695–721. 4673:Church History 4668: 4662: 4643: 4637: 4624: 4618: 4605: 4599: 4578: 4560:(2): 305–325. 4546: 4535: 4529: 4514: 4508: 4493: 4487: 4472: 4466: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4344: 4332: 4330:, p. 217. 4320: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4242: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4049: 4032: 4020: 4008: 4006:, p. 194. 3996: 3984: 3982:, p. 290. 3972: 3970:, p. 289. 3960: 3958:, p. 275. 3948: 3946:, p. 273. 3933: 3929:Winiarski 2005 3917: 3915:, p. 293. 3905: 3893: 3891:, p. 272. 3881: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3829: 3827:, p. 286. 3814: 3812:, p. 285. 3799: 3787: 3785:, p. 284. 3770: 3768:, p. 283. 3758: 3756:, p. 271. 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3693:, p. 282. 3683: 3671: 3669:, p. 270. 3659: 3657:, p. 269. 3644: 3632: 3620: 3618:, p. xiv. 3608: 3602:, p. 30; 3592: 3590:, p. 287. 3577: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3524:, p. 412. 3514: 3499: 3482: 3454: 3446:Wesley, John. 3439: 3425: 3405: 3388: 3371: 3359: 3357:, p. 112. 3347: 3345:, p. 102. 3341:, p. 45; 3331: 3329:, p. 110. 3316: 3314:, p. 102. 3304: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3208:, p. 42; 3198: 3183: 3167: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3124:, p. 127. 3114: 3112:, p. 263. 3102: 3090: 3066: 3064:, p. 354. 3054: 3042: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2978: 2975: 2915: 2912: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2877:Social effects 2875: 2842:sanctification 2836: 2833: 2811: 2808: 2769:predestination 2736: 2733: 2717:means of grace 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2496:Federal Vision 2493: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2458:Congregational 2455: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2438: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2416:Michael Horton 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2396:T. F. Torrance 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2371:Geerhardus Vos 2368: 2363: 2361:B. B. Warfield 2358: 2356:Herman Bavinck 2353: 2351:Abraham Kuyper 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2321:Richard Baxter 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2296:William Twisse 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2167:Canons of Dort 2164: 2159: 2149: 2144: 2134: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2106:Predestination 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1976: 1973: 1940: 1937: 1846: 1843: 1797:Timothy Cutler 1740: 1737: 1637: 1634: 1626:Dutch Reformed 1569:, Scots-Irish 1529:Congregational 1513:Dutch Reformed 1484: 1483:Early revivals 1481: 1473: 1470: 1411:Daniel Rowland 1396: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1184:Charles Wesley 1148:Charles Wesley 1131: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1010:Evangelicalism 1007: 1002: 997: 991: 989:Related groups 988: 987: 984: 983: 980: 979: 978: 977: 967: 962: 957: 952: 950:Connexionalism 946: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 901: 898: 897: 894: 890: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 874: 868: 867: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 804:Francis Asbury 801: 796: 794: 793: 791:Charles Wesley 788: 782: 779: 774: 773: 770: 769: 766: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 707: 702: 701: 698: 697: 692: 691: 690: 689: 687:Works of mercy 684: 682:Works of piety 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 587: 579: 578: 574: 573: 571: 570: 563: 561: 554: 547: 546: 545: 540: 530: 529: 528: 523: 512: 509: 508: 502: 497: 496: 493: 492: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 451: 450: 449: 439: 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 423: 415: 414: 408: 407: 396: 393: 391: 388: 328: 325: 309:African slaves 278:Congregational 175:evangelicalism 137: 136: 134: 133: 126: 119: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 90: 75: 60: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7970: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7912:Jerry Falwell 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870:Major figures 7868: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7724:Televangelism 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7099:Protestantism 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6972:Azusa Revival 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6952:Laestadianism 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6889:Old Lutherans 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Diet of Worms 6553: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6455:Protestantism 6450: 6446: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6206:North America 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5816:Early African 5814: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Justin Martyr 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5619:Life of Jesus 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607:Apostolic Age 5603: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5339:0-300-01437-6 5336: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5300: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5278:0-521-89232-5 5274: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5259:Smith, Lisa. 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5164:Isaac, Rhys. 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152:0-8195-6133-9 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5068:0-03-086651-0 5065: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4901:1-84474-001-3 4897: 4893: 4889: 4888:Noll, Mark A. 4885: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4745:0-13-578071-3 4741: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4725:. Bloomsbury. 4724: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4488:0-415-10464-5 4484: 4481:. Routledge. 4480: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4467:0-385-11164-9 4463: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4385:, p. 14. 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4283: 4277:, p. 19. 4276: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4215:, p. 38. 4214: 4213:Matthews 1992 4209: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4189:Caldwell 2017 4185: 4179:, p. 39. 4178: 4177:Caldwell 2017 4173: 4167:, p. 38. 4166: 4165:Caldwell 2017 4161: 4154: 4153:Caldwell 2017 4149: 4143:, p. 42. 4142: 4141:Caldwell 2017 4137: 4131:, p. 30. 4130: 4129:Caldwell 2017 4125: 4119:, p. 28. 4118: 4117:Caldwell 2017 4113: 4106: 4101: 4095:, p. 25. 4094: 4093:Caldwell 2017 4089: 4082: 4081:Caldwell 2017 4077: 4071:, p. 22. 4070: 4069:Caldwell 2017 4065: 4059:, p. 20. 4058: 4057:Caldwell 2017 4053: 4047:, p. 29. 4046: 4045:Caldwell 2017 4041: 4039: 4037: 4029: 4028:Caldwell 2017 4024: 4017: 4016:Caldwell 2017 4012: 4005: 4004:Campbell 1996 4000: 3994:, p. 11. 3993: 3992:Caldwell 2017 3988: 3981: 3980:Ahlstrom 2004 3976: 3969: 3968:Ahlstrom 2004 3964: 3957: 3956:Ahlstrom 2004 3952: 3945: 3944:Ahlstrom 2004 3940: 3938: 3930: 3927:, p. 3; 3926: 3921: 3914: 3913:Ahlstrom 2004 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3889:Ahlstrom 2004 3885: 3878: 3877:Ahlstrom 2004 3873: 3866: 3865:Ahlstrom 2004 3861: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3825:Ahlstrom 2004 3821: 3819: 3811: 3810:Ahlstrom 2004 3806: 3804: 3797:, p. 14. 3796: 3795:Caldwell 2017 3791: 3784: 3783:Ahlstrom 2004 3779: 3777: 3775: 3767: 3766:Ahlstrom 2004 3762: 3755: 3754:Ahlstrom 2004 3750: 3748: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3692: 3691:Ahlstrom 2004 3687: 3681:, p. 13. 3680: 3675: 3668: 3667:Ahlstrom 2004 3663: 3656: 3655:Ahlstrom 2004 3651: 3649: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3588:Ahlstrom 2004 3584: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3548:, p. 33. 3547: 3542: 3536:, p. 70. 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3512:, p. 40. 3511: 3506: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3369:, p. 42. 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3302:, p. 44. 3301: 3296: 3294: 3287:, p. 99. 3286: 3281: 3275:, p. 97. 3274: 3269: 3263:, p. 39. 3262: 3257: 3255: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3224:, p. 43. 3223: 3218: 3212:, p. 40. 3211: 3207: 3202: 3196:, p. 73. 3195: 3190: 3188: 3181:, p. 37. 3180: 3176: 3171: 3165:, p. 20. 3164: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3136:, p. 36. 3135: 3130: 3123: 3122:Campbell 1996 3118: 3111: 3110:Ahlstrom 2004 3106: 3100:, p. 12. 3099: 3094: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3050:Ahlstrom 2004 3046: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2951:Samuel Davies 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:Hannah Heaton 2874: 2872: 2868: 2867:mortification 2864: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2832: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763:. Due to the 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685:Samuel Davies 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2597:Protestantism 2594: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2559:Organizations 2555: 2554: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2531:New Calvinism 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2521:Neo-Calvinism 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451:United States 2449: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2429:Denominations 2425: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2346:Charles Hodge 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2336:Philip Schaff 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2301:Moses Amyraut 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2281:Theodore Beza 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2127:List of texts 2120: 2119: 2112: 2111:Scholasticism 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2096:Lord's Supper 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2046:Protestantism 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017:Theodore Beza 2014: 2010: 2009:William Farel 2006: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1856: 1851: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1781:Second Church 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:King's Chapel 1760: 1758: 1754: 1753:Christ Church 1750: 1746: 1745:Christ Church 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1597:experiencing 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1541:Enlightenment 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:Howell Harris 1402: 1392: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289:Martin Luther 1286: 1282: 1281:Peter Boehler 1277: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:Henry Scougal 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1160:John Fletcher 1157: 1156:Joseph Benson 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1088:Protestantism 1085: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049:Circuit rider 1047: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 986: 985: 976: 975:Penitent band 973: 972: 971: 970:Class meeting 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 941: 940: 933: 932: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 902: 895: 892: 891: 887: 886: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 865: 862: 860: 859:Phoebe Palmer 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 844:Albert Outler 842: 840: 839:Howell Harris 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 799:Richard Allen 797: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 781: 780: 777: 772: 771: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 713: 709: 708: 705: 700: 699: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 647:Real presence 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 592:of the saints 588: 586: 583: 582: 581: 580: 576: 575: 568: 567: 562: 560: 559: 555: 553: 552: 548: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 534: 531: 527: 526:New Testament 524: 522: 521:Old Testament 519: 518: 517: 514: 513: 511: 510: 506: 505: 500: 495: 494: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 475:Nonconformism 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 446: 442: 438: 437: 431: 430: 426: 421: 417: 416: 413: 410: 409: 405: 401: 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In England, 263: 259: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 179:United States 176: 172: 168: 167:Protestantism 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 132: 127: 125: 120: 118: 113: 112: 110: 109: 96: 95: 91: 81: 80: 76: 66: 65: 61: 51: 50: 46: 45: 44: 43: 39: 36: 35: 29: 25: 21: 7887:Billy Sunday 7882:Billy Graham 7804:Institutions 7760:Exvangelical 7714:Bible church 7691:Tent revival 7686:Camp meeting 7507: 7488:Black church 7015:Charismatics 6998: 6977:Gospel music 6907:Camp meeting 6899:1789–present 6857: 6831:Missionaries 6801: 6794: 6785:Menno Simons 6729: 6725:Church music 6576: 6547: 6432:Conciliarism 6417:Papal Schism 6259:Scandinavian 6151:Great Schism 6129:Nestorianism 6101:Christianity 6033:priest holes 5914:Chalcedonian 5877:Christianity 5831:Great Church 5639:Resurrection 5397: 5381: 5378:Murray, Iain 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5330: 5307: 5287: 5268: 5260: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5195: 5191: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5143: 5142:Goen, C. C. 5119: 5115: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5074: 5059: 5052: 5006: 5002: 4982: 4960: 4934: 4930:Stout, Harry 4910: 4891: 4868: 4837:(1): 12–25. 4834: 4830: 4805: 4801: 4782: 4758: 4735: 4722: 4711: 4676: 4672: 4648: 4628: 4609: 4588: 4557: 4553: 4540: 4519: 4498: 4477: 4456: 4444:Bibliography 4431:Heimert 1966 4426: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4383:Lambert 2002 4378: 4370: 4366: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4306: 4294: 4287:Lambert 2002 4282: 4270: 4258: 4245: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4196: 4184: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4105:Sweeney 2005 4100: 4088: 4076: 4064: 4052: 4030:, p. 8. 4023: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3920: 3908: 3903:, p. 8. 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3843:, p. 2. 3832: 3790: 3761: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3635: 3630:, p. 8. 3623: 3611: 3606:, p. 2. 3595: 3575:, p. 2. 3560:, p. 1. 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3510:Sweeney 2005 3494: 3490: 3485: 3467: 3447: 3442: 3430:. 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Packer 2251:Martin Bucer 2207: 2132:Geneva Bible 2036:Christianity 1954: 1950: 1945:sectarianism 1942: 1921: 1913: 1893: 1891:boundaries. 1866: 1840: 1828: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1777:First Church 1773:South Church 1761: 1742: 1732: 1718: 1716: 1700: 1677: 1657: 1654:was preached 1649: 1644:Monument in 1618:Samuel Blair 1607: 1564: 1560:Universalism 1556:Unitarianism 1521:Presbyterian 1486: 1438:conventicles 1426:Stuart Kings 1423: 1404: 1389: 1353: 1346: 1329: 1317: 1304: 1303:, and saved 1300: 1296: 1278: 1267: 1242: 1234: 1226: 1220: 1203: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1084:Christianity 1082: 944:Organization 929: 849:James Varick 819:Orange Scott 748:Tent revival 738:Camp meeting 710: 677:Views on sin 564: 556: 549: 538:Nicene Creed 464: 361: 330: 302: 282:Presbyterian 254: 238:Jesus Christ 226:providential 191: 186: 182: 150: 146: 145:, sometimes 142: 140: 92: 77: 62: 48: 47: 7623:Full Gospel 7104:Catholicism 7041:Protestants 7035:Evangelical 6710:39 Articles 6705:Elizabethan 6682:Anglicanism 6662:Westminster 6572:Melanchthon 6535:Lutheranism 6500:Nicodemites 6478:Arminianism 6449:Reformation 6390:Bonaventure 6365:Inquisition 6360:Waldensians 6310:Investiture 6288:Kievan Rus' 6244:Anglo-Saxon 6224:Pelagianism 6216:Middle Ages 6139:Iconodulism 6014:Thomas More 5935:Catholicism 5857:Monasticism 5840:Constantine 5765:Persecution 5723:Adoptionism 5708:Ante-Nicene 5651:Holy Spirit 5634:Crucifixion 5605:Origins and 5506:2nd and 3rd 4732:Albu, Emily 4550:Butler, Jon 4419:Butler 1982 4407:Brooks 2000 4299:Butler 1990 4263:Brekus 2013 4201:Brekus 1998 3062:Taylor 2001 2926:, northern 2924:Low Country 2835:Consolation 2765:fall of man 2725:consolation 2646:evangelical 2491:Amyraldians 2446:South Korea 2366:John Machen 2266:John Calvin 2232:Theologians 2137:Confessions 2041:Reformation 2013:John Calvin 1885:con artists 1812:John Flavel 1729:Isaac Watts 1696:regenerated 1660:Northampton 1614:Log College 1603:print media 1591:Holy Spirit 1544:rationalism 1493:New England 1434:Covenanters 1415:South Wales 1370:dead in sin 1358:love feasts 1341:high-church 1299:sins, even 1212:Bible study 1208:cell groups 1144:John Wesley 877:Theologians 809:Thomas Coke 786:John Wesley 470:Moravianism 460:Arminianism 455:Anglicanism 425:John Wesley 384:Anabaptists 313:free blacks 230:Holy Spirit 210:John Wesley 181:, the term 157:that swept 7932:Categories 7719:Megachurch 7654:Altar call 7633:Quiverfull 7598:Born again 6826:Revivalism 6747:Anabaptism 6695:Henry VIII 6520:Literature 6144:Iconoclasm 6124:Chrysostom 6077:Vatican II 6043:Jansenists 6029:Mass rocks 5965:Lateran IV 5884:Athanasius 5804:Tertullian 5748:Marcionism 5743:Gnosticism 5696:Revelation 5614:Background 4225:Lacey 1988 3925:Smith 2015 3901:Smith 2015 3841:Smith 2015 3604:Smith 2015 3573:Smith 2015 3558:Smith 2015 3534:Smith 2015 3355:Smith 2015 3327:Smith 2015 3175:Smith 2015 3084:2023-05-11 3010:References 2983:Jon Butler 2810:Conversion 2721:repentance 2658:conversion 2654:the gospel 2516:Neonomians 2486:Afrikaners 2376:Karl Barth 2341:John Nevin 2030:Background 1897:separatist 1824:retraction 1725:John Guyse 1703:enthusiasm 1599:God's love 1567:Puritanism 1428:to impose 1375:They are " 1344:movement. 1200:asceticism 743:Tabernacle 728:Altar call 434:Background 331:Historian 317:missionary 194:Puritanism 40:in America 7733:Movements 7647:Practices 6992:Ecumenism 6942:Adventism 6932:Mormonism 6868:Millerism 6863:Methodism 6818:1640–1789 6720:Civil War 6667:Orthodoxy 6622:Huguenots 6604:Calvinism 6589:Eucharist 6584:Orthodoxy 6468:Eucharist 6400:Five Ways 6350:Dulcinian 6303:Pomerania 6229:Gregory I 6073:Vatican I 6063:Modernism 6048:Molinists 6038:Guadalupe 5909:Chalcedon 5904:Ephesus I 5894:Augustine 5770:Apostolic 5753:Montanism 5718:Diversity 5494:Centuries 5031:162865349 4859:142221704 4701:162370757 4454:(2004) . 4328:Kidd 2007 4316:Kidd 2008 4275:Kidd 2008 3837:Kidd 2007 3739:Kidd 2007 3727:Kidd 2007 3715:Kidd 2007 3703:Noll 2004 3679:Kidd 2007 3640:Kidd 2007 3628:Kidd 2007 3616:Kidd 2007 3600:Kidd 2007 3477:13495507M 3432:4 January 3343:Noll 2004 3339:Kidd 2007 3312:Noll 2004 3300:Kidd 2007 3285:Noll 2004 3273:Noll 2004 3246:Noll 2004 3234:Noll 2004 3222:Kidd 2007 3206:Kidd 2007 3194:Noll 2004 3015:Citations 2932:Methodist 2920:Tidewater 2746:moral law 2713:God's law 2693:Calvinism 2689:pietistic 2650:salvation 2501:Huguenots 2480:Movements 2311:John Owen 2271:John Knox 2021:John Knox 1939:Aftermath 1881:heterodox 1820:New Light 1628:minister 1499:were the 1362:testimony 1263:celebrity 1247:Sacrament 1196:Holy Club 1192:Methodism 1140:Methodist 758:Lovefeast 632:Free will 627:New birth 622:Moral law 412:Methodism 323:in 1792. 290:Lutherans 274:Methodism 246:new birth 218:salvation 7187:Churches 7084:Theology 7072:Missions 7067:Timeline 7039:Mainline 6987:Pacifism 6836:Baptists 6755:Theology 6715:Puritans 6690:Timeline 6632:Scotland 6560:Theology 6407:Wycliffe 6355:Crusades 6330:Bogomils 6283:Bulgaria 6239:Germanic 6191:Ethiopia 6089:Timeline 5867:Nicaea I 5862:Councils 5794:Irenaeus 5789:Ignatius 5784:Polycarp 5738:Donatism 5733:Docetism 5728:Arianism 5629:Ministry 5376:(1960). 5023:27644661 4932:(1991). 4890:(2004), 4756:(2007). 4355:Archived 2998:See also 2910:(1753). 2773:creation 2715:and the 2691:form of 2546:Puritans 2536:Pilgrims 2468:Anglican 2058:Theology 1984:a series 1982:Part of 1845:Conflict 1711:mystical 1692:election 1680:Arminian 1525:Lutheran 1517:Anglican 1313:Herrnhut 1239:Puritans 1162:and the 896:Churches 499:Doctrine 404:a series 402:Part of 380:Herrnhut 341:Lutheran 161:and its 7556:Thought 7476:History 7117:Portals 7077:Martyrs 6873:Pietism 6803:Ausbund 6775:Müntzer 6700:Cranmer 6647:Baptism 6612:Zwingli 6463:Erasmus 6412:Avignon 6395:Aquinas 6385:Francis 6380:Dominic 6340:Cathars 6335:Bosnian 6325:Bernard 6320:Abelard 6293:Moravia 6278:Bohemia 6264:Iceland 6186:Serbian 6166:Georgia 6161:Armenia 6099:Eastern 6000:Jesuits 5676:Gospels 5624:Baptism 5380:(ed.). 5255:2712305 5235:(1978). 5175:(2010). 5136:1895863 4851:1562488 4822:1922328 4693:3169849 4656:Press. 4574:1893821 2928:Baptist 2697:Puritan 2091:Baptism 1869:schisms 1707:visions 1595:sinners 1579:revival 1575:Pietism 1548:atheism 1533:Baptist 1509:Quakers 1462:Kilsyth 1354:classes 1255:Bristol 1056:Steward 872:Bishops 704:Worship 480:Pietism 441:History 395:England 339:in the 337:Pietism 294:Quakers 286:Baptist 198:Pietism 159:Britain 149:or the 6765:Grebel 6617:Calvin 6543:Luther 6437:Synods 6315:Anselm 6298:Poland 6254:Gothic 6249:Franks 6234:Celtic 6201:Russia 6181:Syriac 6171:Greece 6058:Teresa 6005:Xavier 5943:Papacy 5889:Jerome 5809:Origen 5710:period 5485:Spread 5394: 5390: 5337: 5316:363855 5314: 5275: 5263:(2012) 5253: 5242:(2001) 5219: 5212:365880 5210: 5186: 5182:(1994) 5150: 5134: 5110: 5106:(1957) 5081: 5066: 5029: 5021: 4990: 4969: 4946: 4918: 4898: 4876: 4857: 4849: 4820: 4789: 4777: 4766: 4742: 4699: 4691: 4660: 4635: 4616: 4597: 4581: 4572: 4527: 4506: 4485: 4464: 3475: 3423: 2781:prayer 2683:, and 2656:, and 2019:, 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