143:
1674:, meaning the only way for the randomly chosen alleles to be identical by descent is if the same allele is chosen twice (probability 1/2). Similarly, the relationship between a parent and a child is found by the chance that the randomly picked allele in the child is from the parent (probability 1/2) and the probability of the allele that is picked from the parent being the same one passed to the child (probability 1/2). Since these two events are independent of each other, they are multiplied Φ
821:
1690:
47:
88:
844:
In human relationships, the value of the coefficient of relationship is usually calculated based on the knowledge of a full family tree extending to a comparatively small number of generations, perhaps of the order of three or four. As explained above, the value for the coefficient of relationship so
910:
and includes first cousins, great-grandparents and great-grandchildren. Third-degree relatives are generally defined by the expected amount of genetic overlap that exists between two people, with the third-degree relatives of an individual sharing approximately 12.5% of their genes. The category
252:
In general, the higher the level of inbreeding the closer the coefficient of relationship between the parents approaches a value of 1, expressed as a percentage, and approaches a value of 0 for individuals with arbitrarily remote common ancestors.
799:
can be given to an accuracy of a few percent if the family tree of both individuals is known for a depth of five generations, and to an accuracy of a tenth of a percent if the known depth is at least ten generations. The contribution to
824:
Diagram of common family relationships, where the area of each colored circle is scaled according to the coefficient of relatedness. All relatives of the same relatedness are included together in one of the gray ellipses. Legal
285:. Each such line connects the two individuals via a common ancestor, passing through no individual which is not a common ancestor more than once. A path coefficient between an ancestor A and an offspring O separated by
845:
calculated is thus a lower bound, with an actual value that may be up to a few percent higher. The value is accurate to within 1% if the full family tree of both individuals is known to a depth of seven generations.
397:
1819:
For instance, one's sibling connects to one's parent, which connects to one's self (2 lines) while one's aunt/uncle connects to one's grandparent, which connects to one's parent, which connects to one's self (3
1809:
strictly speaking, r=1 for clones and identical twins, but since the definition of r is usually intended to estimate the suitability of two individuals for breeding, they are typically taken to be of opposite
658:
enumerates all paths connecting B and C with unique common ancestors (i.e. all paths terminate at a common ancestor and may not pass through a common ancestor to a common ancestor's ancestor), and
561:
649:
868:, the first degree relatives share approximately 50% of their genes. First-degree relatives are a common measure used to diagnose risks for common diseases by analyzing family history.
742:
785:
1829:
A full family tree of seven generations (128 paths to ancestors of the 7th degree) is unreasonable even for members of high nobility. For example, the family tree of Queen
491:
454:
427:
2863:
2090:
This degree of relationship is usually indistinguishable from the relationship to a random individual within the same population (tribe, country, ethnic group).
303:
279:
2453:
804:
from common ancestors of 20 generations ago (corresponding to roughly 500 years in human genealogy, or the contribution from common descent from a
106:
2410:
281:) between two individuals B and C is obtained by a summation of coefficients calculated for every line by which they are connected to their
1526:= 25% or higher, although many ignore the rare case of double first cousins. Some jurisdictions also prohibit sexual relations or marriage
311:
60:
673:= 5 generations ago, but do not have any common ancestors at four or fewer generations ago, their coefficient of relationship would be
3047:
2858:
2048:
2853:
1562:. More simply, it is the probability that an allele selected randomly from an individual, i, and an allele selected at the same
2703:
2561:
2458:
2204:
2109:
791:
Individuals for which the same situation applies for their 1024 ancestors of ten generations ago would have a coefficient of
17:
1913:
1443:
great-great-great-grandmother / great-great-great-grandfather / great-great-great-granddaughter / great-great-great-grandson
2843:
2789:
2348:"Estimating Relatedness Between Individuals in General Populations With a Focus on Their Use in Conservation Programs"
499:
2403:
2004:
1882:
1769:
1454:
half-great-great-grandaunt / half-great-great-granduncle / half-great-great-grandniece / half-great-great-grandnephew
566:
By assuming that the pedigree can be traced back to a sufficiently remote population of perfectly random-bred stock (
204:
186:
164:
124:
74:
1949:
249:
can be calculated for an individual, and is typically one-half the coefficient of relationship between the parents.
157:
2912:
2736:
66:
2498:
587:
2503:
2922:
679:
3172:
3152:
2886:
2433:
2396:
1784:
1695:
1833:
is fully known for a depth of six generations, but becomes difficult to trace in the seventh generation.
747:
2806:
2037:". Since identical twins are not separated by meiosis, there are no "generations" between them, hence
1967:
1931:
3116:
2972:
2917:
2599:
2473:
1739:
1729:
1709:
457:
282:
246:
102:
35:
1267:
great-great-grandmother / great-great-grandfather / great-great-granddaughter / great-great-grandson
2823:
2651:
151:
2784:
2463:
1465:
great-great-grandaunt / great-great-granduncle / great-great-grandniece / great-great-grandnephew
2944:
2769:
2448:
826:
669:
To give an (artificial) example: Assuming that two individuals share the same 32 ancestors of
168:
3052:
829:
can be found by counting the number of solid-line connections between the self and a relative.
3162:
3097:
3062:
2981:
2690:
2584:
2579:
2483:
1749:
1278:
half-great-grandaunt / half-great-granduncle / half-great-grandniece / half-great-grandnephew
1647:
Several of the most common family relationships and their corresponding kinship coefficient.
466:
2927:
2801:
2774:
2729:
2536:
1744:
432:
405:
31:
871:
A second-degree relative (SDR) is someone who shares 25% of a person's genes. It includes
8:
2907:
2764:
2680:
2556:
2443:
2419:
2345:
2300:
1559:
916:
3147:
2991:
2934:
2835:
2670:
2666:
2526:
2372:
2347:
2317:
2256:
2157:
2056:
1789:
1764:
912:
834:
809:
288:
264:
3092:
2328:
2228:
2129:
3157:
2986:
2759:
2661:
2656:
2594:
2521:
2513:
2488:
2377:
2261:
2200:
2162:
2105:
2000:
1878:
1871:
1774:
1724:
1704:
2346:
Oliehoek, Pieter; Jack J. Windig; Johan A. M. van
Arendonk; Piter Bijma (May 2006).
2321:
1538:. Whether there is any likelihood of conception is generally considered irrelevant.
2891:
2620:
2531:
2367:
2359:
2309:
2251:
2243:
2152:
2144:
1719:
860:. It constitutes a category of family members that largely overlaps with the term
3167:
3082:
3077:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2996:
2779:
2722:
2438:
2020:
1994:
1527:
907:
2363:
3057:
2685:
2675:
2589:
2468:
2247:
2148:
1535:
861:
3141:
3087:
2880:
2848:
2812:
2796:
2625:
2615:
2571:
2291:
2224:
2125:
2070:
1779:
1662:
The kinship coefficient between two individuals, i and j, is represented as Φ
924:
900:
865:
820:
230:
222:
1566:
locus from another individual, j, are identical and from the same ancestor.
1102:
great-grandmother / great-grandfather / great-granddaughter / great-grandson
3126:
2939:
2641:
2493:
2381:
2265:
2166:
1830:
1759:
1714:
920:
896:
853:
1654:
The coefficient of relatedness is equal to twice the kinship coefficient.
3067:
2818:
1551:
1519:
1289:
great-grandaunt / great-granduncle / great-grandniece / great-grandnephew
936:
888:
805:
226:
2276:
II) The effects of inbreeding on the genetic composition of a population
3121:
3072:
1734:
1666:. The kinship coefficient between a non-inbred individual and itself, Φ
932:
928:
892:
234:
2388:
2646:
1563:
1113:
half-grandaunt / half-granduncle / half-grandniece / half-grandnephew
857:
838:
392:{\displaystyle p_{AO}=2^{-n}\cdot {\sqrt {\frac {1+f_{A}}{1+f_{O}}}}}
242:
2295:
2949:
2313:
2033:
By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by "
1531:
238:
233:
in 1922, and was derived from his definition of the coefficient of
2034:
1555:
30:"Relatedness" redirects here. For relatedness in semantics, see
2873:
2745:
1754:
1689:
1671:
880:
849:
225:(or biological relationship) between two individuals. The term
1914:"Breast and Ovarian Cancer and Family History Risk Categories"
884:
872:
833:
The coefficient of relationship is sometimes used to express
1670:, is equal to 1/2. This is due to the fact that humans are
876:
2714:
2340:
Mathematical and statistical methods for genetic analysis
2182:
Mathematical and statistical methods for genetic analysis
2102:
Mathematical and statistical methods for genetic analysis
2273:
I) The biometric relations between offspring and parent
1996:
1530:
of various degree, or individuals related only through
493:
is now obtained by summing over all path coefficients:
750:
682:
590:
502:
469:
435:
408:
314:
291:
267:
2279:
III) Assortative mating based on somatic resemblance
1856:
Gastroenterology and
Hepatology: A Clinical Handbook
1685:
1606:
grandmother / grandfather / granddaughter / grandson
1025:
grandmother / grandfather / granddaughter / grandson
1550:is a simple measure of relatedness, defined as the
97:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1870:
779:
736:
643:
555:
485:
448:
421:
391:
297:
273:
1124:grandaunt / granduncle / grandniece / grandnephew
1036:half-aunt / half-uncle / half-niece / half-nephew
3139:
2049:"Calculation of the Coefficient of Relationship"
2021:"29 CFR § 1635.3 - Definitions specific to GINA"
981:parent's identical twin / identical twin's child
556:{\displaystyle r_{BC}=\sum {p_{AB}\cdot p_{AC}}}
1900:Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Volumes 1-2
256:
237:of 1921. The measure is most commonly used in
2730:
2404:
2296:"Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship"
2053:Genetic and Quantitative Aspects of Genealogy
906:Third-degree relatives are a segment of the
848:A first-degree relative (FDR) is a person's
1554:that a pair of randomly sampled homologous
644:{\displaystyle r_{BC}=\sum _{p}{2^{-L(p)}}}
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2737:
2723:
2411:
2397:
864:, but without spouses. If the persons are
795:= 2 = 0.1%. If follows that the value of
2371:
2255:
2156:
2046:
1968:"First, Second and Third Degree Relative"
1932:"First, Second and Third Degree Relative"
1877:. Harvard University Press. p. 276.
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
187:Learn how and when to remove this message
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:, without removing the technical details.
3048:2019 South Wales paternal sex abuse case
2194:
1942:
1897:
819:
737:{\textstyle r=2^{n}\cdot 2^{-2n}=2^{-n}}
150:This article includes a list of general
2418:
787:, equal to 0.03125 or approximately 3%.
14:
3140:
2704:Index of evolutionary biology articles
2290:
2223:
2124:
1992:
1853:
1541:
815:
2718:
2392:
2179:
2099:
1974:. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Tennessee
1868:
107:make it understandable to non-experts
34:. For relatedness in psychology, see
2844:Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code
2197:The genetic structure of populations
1873:The Family's Construction of Reality
1421:quadruple-second cousin once removed
136:
81:
40:
1924:
780:{\textstyle 2^{-5}={\frac {1}{32}}}
27:Mathematical guess about inbreeding
24:
1950:"NCI Dictionary of Genetics Terms"
1906:
156:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3184:
2047:Lancaster, F. M. (October 2005).
1410:sesqua-second cousin once removed
1399:triple-second cousin once removed
1388:sester-second cousin once removed
1377:double-second cousin once removed
1366:sesqui-second cousin once removed
1333:double-first cousin twice removed
1322:sesqui-first cousin twice removed
970:mother / father / daughter / son
261:The coefficient of relationship (
56:This article has multiple issues.
1688:
1598:mother / father / daughter / son
1522:concern the relationships where
1168:double-first cousin once removed
1157:sesqui-first cousin once removed
951:Coefficient of relationship (r)
463:The coefficient of relationship
141:
86:
45:
2333:Les mathématiques de l'hérédité
2217:
2188:
2173:
2118:
2093:
2084:
2063:
2027:
2013:
1986:
1960:
1344:half-second cousin once removed
1300:half-first cousin twice removed
229:of relationship was defined by
64:or discuss these issues on the
2504:Constructive neutral evolution
1891:
1862:
1847:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1770:Malecot's method of coancestry
1657:
1135:half-first cousin once removed
635:
629:
577:in the sum) the definition of
221:is a measure of the degree of
13:
1:
1840:
1614:aunt / uncle / niece / nephew
1047:aunt / uncle / niece / nephew
2887:Prohibited degree of kinship
2454:Fisher's fundamental theorem
2342:, Springer-Verlag, New-York.
2282:IV) The effects of selection
1785:Prohibited degree of kinship
808:population) falls below one
7:
2479:Coefficient of relationship
2364:10.1534/genetics.105.049940
2184:. Springer. pp. 81–83.
1898:Ginsburg, Geoffrey (2008).
1696:Evolutionary biology portal
1681:
1487:second cousin twice removed
1476:first cousin thrice removed
460:for A and O, respectively.
257:Coefficient of relationship
219:coefficient of relationship
10:
3189:
2807:Parallel and cross cousins
2744:
1918:Center for Disease Control
1630:half-sister / half-brother
1590:full sister / full brother
1355:second cousin once removed
1311:first cousin twice removed
1003:full sister / full brother
992:half-sister / half-brother
837:in numeric terms in human
662:is the length of the path
458:coefficients of inbreeding
29:
3117:Genetic sexual attraction
3109:
3040:
3005:
2973:Coefficient of inbreeding
2965:
2958:
2900:
2834:
2752:
2699:
2634:
2608:
2570:
2545:
2512:
2474:Coefficient of inbreeding
2426:
2285:V) General considerations
2195:Jacquard, Albert (1974).
1999:. Infobase. p. 101.
1854:Talley, Nicholas (2007).
1740:Coefficient of inbreeding
1730:Genetic sexual attraction
1710:Effective population size
1645:
1498:third cousin once removed
1146:first cousin once removed
305:generations is given as:
247:coefficient of inbreeding
36:Self-determination theory
2652:Evolutionary game theory
2434:Hardy–Weinberg principle
2248:10.1093/genetics/6.2.111
2149:10.1093/genetics/6.2.111
2104:. Springer. p. 81.
1796:
1014:3/4-sister / 3/4-brother
2464:Shifting balance theory
2335:, Masson et Cie, Paris.
2180:Lange, Kenneth (2003).
2100:Lange, Kenneth (2003).
1256:quadruple-second cousin
959:identical twins; clones
856:(brother or sister) or
827:degrees of relationship
744:, which for n = 5, is,
171:more precise citations.
2945:Jewish views on incest
2770:Child incestuous abuse
2449:Linkage disequilibrium
1936:Blue Cross Blue Shield
945:Degree of relationship
830:
781:
738:
645:
581:may be simplified to
557:
487:
486:{\displaystyle r_{BC}}
450:
423:
393:
299:
275:
3098:Sheffield incest case
3063:Colt clan incest case
2982:Inbreeding depression
2691:Quantitative genetics
2600:Balding–Nichols model
2585:Population bottleneck
2580:Small population size
2484:Selection coefficient
1993:Ludman, Mark (2009).
1869:Reiss, David (1981).
1750:Inbreeding depression
823:
782:
739:
646:
558:
488:
451:
449:{\displaystyle f_{O}}
424:
422:{\displaystyle f_{A}}
394:
300:
276:
18:First degree relative
2859:cousin marriage laws
2854:In the United States
2802:Incest between twins
2775:Consanguine marriage
2562:Background selection
2549:on genomic variation
2547:Effects of selection
2499:Population structure
1745:Inbreeding avoidance
1560:identical by descent
1245:sesqua-second cousin
1234:triple-second cousin
1223:sester-second cousin
1212:double-second cousin
1201:sesqui-second cousin
852:(father or mother),
748:
680:
588:
500:
467:
433:
406:
312:
289:
265:
32:Semantic relatedness
3173:Population genetics
3153:Kinship and descent
3053:Álvarez incest case
2923:film and television
2765:Avunculate marriage
2681:Population genomics
2557:Genetic hitchhiking
2444:Identity by descent
2420:Population genetics
2301:American Naturalist
2229:"Systems of Mating"
2199:. Springer-Verlag.
2130:"Systems of Mating"
2073:. Benjamin/Cummings
1678:= 1/2 X 1/2 = 1/4.
1548:kinship coefficient
1542:Kinship coefficient
1091:double-first cousin
1080:sesqui-first cousin
917:great-grandchildren
816:Human relationships
2992:Westermarck effect
2790:in the Middle East
2667:Landscape genetics
1790:Proximity of blood
1765:Legality of incest
1179:half-second cousin
913:great-grandparents
835:degrees of kinship
831:
777:
734:
641:
616:
553:
483:
446:
419:
389:
295:
271:
3135:
3134:
3036:
3035:
2987:Pedigree collapse
2760:Accidental incest
2712:
2711:
2662:Genetic genealogy
2657:Fitness landscape
2338:Lange, K. (1997)
2206:978-3-642-88415-3
2111:978-0-387-21750-5
1775:Pedigree collapse
1725:Genetic diversity
1705:Accidental incest
1652:
1651:
1648:
1516:
1515:
1512:0.1953125% (2⋅2)
1058:half-first cousin
775:
607:
387:
386:
298:{\displaystyle n}
274:{\displaystyle r}
215:
214:
207:
197:
196:
189:
135:
134:
127:
79:
16:(Redirected from
3180:
3102:Whittaker family
2963:
2962:
2892:Ten Abominations
2739:
2732:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2621:J. B. S. Haldane
2413:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2325:
2308:(645): 330–338.
2269:
2259:
2233:
2211:
2210:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2134:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2055:. Archived from
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1946:
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1922:
1921:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1720:Genetic distance
1698:
1693:
1692:
1646:
1569:
1568:
1501:0.390625% (2⋅2)
942:
941:
923:, grand-aunts,
866:related by blood
810:part-per-million
786:
784:
783:
778:
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768:
763:
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283:common ancestors
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172:
167:this article by
158:inline citations
145:
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3137:
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3131:
3105:
3093:Patrick Stübing
3083:Moe incest case
3078:Maria Ersdotter
3032:
3028:Phaedra complex
3023:Oedipus complex
3018:Jocasta complex
3013:Electra complex
3001:
2997:Kin recognition
2954:
2918:Popular culture
2896:
2830:
2780:Cousin marriage
2748:
2743:
2713:
2708:
2695:
2630:
2604:
2566:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2508:
2439:Genetic linkage
2422:
2417:
2231:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2193:
2189:
2178:
2174:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2071:"Kin Selection"
2069:
2068:
2064:
2032:
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2019:
2018:
2014:
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1907:
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1814:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1582:Individual-self
1576:
1544:
1528:between cousins
1490:0.78125% (2⋅2)
1435:0.78125% (2⋅2)
1413:5.46875% (7⋅2)
1391:3.90625% (5⋅2)
1369:2.34375% (3⋅2)
1248:10.9375% (7⋅2)
908:extended family
818:
767:
755:
751:
749:
746:
745:
725:
721:
706:
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693:
689:
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589:
586:
585:
572:
543:
539:
527:
523:
522:
507:
503:
501:
498:
497:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
440:
436:
434:
431:
430:
413:
409:
407:
404:
403:
379:
375:
368:
361:
357:
350:
347:
335:
331:
319:
315:
313:
310:
309:
290:
287:
286:
266:
263:
262:
259:
211:
200:
199:
198:
193:
182:
176:
173:
163:Please help to
162:
146:
142:
131:
120:
114:
111:
103:help improve it
100:
91:
87:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3058:Armando Lucero
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2686:Phylogeography
2683:
2678:
2676:Microevolution
2673:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2635:Related topics
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2590:Founder effect
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Price equation
2466:
2461:
2459:Neutral theory
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2358:(1): 483–496.
2343:
2336:
2326:
2314:10.1086/279872
2292:Wright, Sewall
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2242:(2): 111–178.
2225:Wright, Sewall
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2187:
2172:
2143:(2): 111–178.
2126:Wright, Sewall
2117:
2110:
2092:
2083:
2062:
2059:on 2007-06-29.
2026:
2012:
2005:
1985:
1959:
1941:
1923:
1905:
1902:. p. 482.
1890:
1883:
1861:
1858:. p. 200.
1845:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1822:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:double cousins
1635:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1543:
1540:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:1.5625% (2⋅2)
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1402:4.6875% (6⋅2)
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1358:1.5625% (2⋅2)
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:4.6875% (3⋅2)
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1226:7.8125% (5⋅2)
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:4.6875% (3⋅2)
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
979:
975:
974:
971:
968:
964:
963:
960:
957:
953:
952:
949:
946:
931:, half-aunts,
901:double cousins
862:nuclear family
817:
814:
789:
788:
774:
771:
766:
761:
758:
754:
731:
728:
724:
720:
715:
712:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
685:
652:
651:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
621:
614:
610:
606:
601:
598:
594:
570:
564:
563:
549:
546:
542:
538:
533:
530:
526:
521:
518:
513:
510:
506:
480:
477:
473:
443:
439:
416:
412:
400:
399:
382:
378:
374:
371:
364:
360:
356:
353:
346:
341:
338:
334:
330:
325:
322:
318:
294:
270:
258:
255:
213:
212:
195:
194:
149:
147:
140:
133:
132:
94:
92:
85:
80:
54:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3185:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Mongelli case
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2881:Muth v. Frank
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Consanguinity
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:Snokhachestvo
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Covert incest
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:notable cases
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2626:Sewall Wright
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2572:Genetic drift
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:five papers:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2006:9781438120959
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1884:9780674294158
1880:
1875:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1832:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1802:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Phylogenetics
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1655:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:fourth cousin
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:3.125% (2⋅2)
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:3.125% (4⋅2)
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:0.78125% (2)
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:3.125% (2⋅2)
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:3.125% (2⋅2)
1192:
1190:second cousin
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:9.375% (3⋅2)
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:18.75% (3⋅2)
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
977:
976:
972:
969:
966:
965:
961:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
944:
943:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:first cousins
922:
918:
914:
909:
904:
902:
898:
897:half-siblings
894:
893:grandchildren
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
840:
836:
828:
822:
813:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
772:
769:
764:
759:
756:
752:
729:
726:
722:
718:
713:
710:
707:
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
683:
676:
675:
674:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
632:
626:
623:
619:
612:
608:
604:
599:
596:
592:
584:
583:
582:
580:
576:
569:
547:
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
519:
516:
511:
508:
504:
496:
495:
494:
478:
475:
471:
461:
459:
441:
437:
414:
410:
380:
376:
372:
369:
362:
358:
354:
351:
344:
339:
336:
332:
328:
323:
320:
316:
308:
307:
306:
292:
284:
268:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Sewall Wright
228:
224:
223:consanguinity
220:
209:
206:
191:
188:
180:
177:December 2019
170:
166:
160:
159:
153:
148:
139:
138:
129:
126:
118:
115:December 2019
108:
104:
98:
95:This article
93:
84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3163:Dog breeding
3127:Motherfucker
2977:relationship
2976:
2940:Incest taboo
2908:In the Bible
2879:
2872:
2811:
2642:Biogeography
2616:R. A. Fisher
2494:Heritability
2478:
2427:Key concepts
2355:
2351:
2339:
2332:
2305:
2299:
2239:
2235:
2218:Bibliography
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2140:
2136:
2120:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2075:. Retrieved
2065:
2057:the original
2052:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2015:
1995:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1872:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1831:Elizabeth II
1825:
1815:
1805:
1760:Incest taboo
1715:F-statistics
1661:
1653:
1622:first cousin
1577:coefficient
1572:Relationship
1547:
1545:
1523:
1517:
1457:1.5625% (2)
1432:third cousin
1424:6.25% (8⋅2)
1336:6.25% (4⋅2)
1303:1.5625% (2)
1292:6.25% (2⋅2)
1259:12.5% (8⋅2)
1237:9.38% (6⋅2)
1215:6.25% (4⋅2)
1182:1.5625% (2)
1171:12.5% (4⋅2)
1149:6.25% (2⋅2)
1127:12.5% (2⋅2)
1072:12.5% (2⋅2)
1069:first cousin
1017:37.5% (2+2)
948:Relationship
937:half-nephews
921:grand-uncles
905:
889:grandparents
870:
854:full sibling
847:
843:
832:
801:
796:
792:
790:
670:
668:
663:
659:
655:
653:
578:
574:
573:= 0 for all
567:
565:
462:
401:
260:
251:
218:
216:
201:
183:
174:
155:
121:
112:
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
3068:Fritzl case
2935:Pornography
2913:In folklore
2864:court cases
2819:Adelphogamy
2595:Coalescence
2329:Malécot, G.
1658:Calculation
1552:probability
1520:incest laws
1446:3.125% (2)
1281:3.125% (2)
1138:3.125% (2)
933:half-nieces
929:half-uncles
227:coefficient
169:introducing
3142:Categories
3122:Inbreeding
3073:Goler clan
3006:Psychology
2928:literature
2537:Ecological
2527:Artificial
2077:2007-11-25
1954:Cancer.gov
1841:References
1735:Inbreeding
1270:6.25% (2)
1116:6.25% (2)
1105:12.5% (2)
1094:25% (4⋅2)
1061:6.25% (2)
1050:25% (2⋅2)
1039:12.5% (2)
1006:50% (2⋅2)
962:100% (1)
235:inbreeding
152:references
61:improve it
3148:Genealogy
2647:Evolution
2514:Selection
1978:18 August
1972:bcbst.com
1564:autosomal
911:includes
858:offspring
839:genealogy
757:−
727:−
708:−
700:⋅
624:−
609:∑
537:⋅
520:∑
345:⋅
337:−
243:genealogy
67:talk page
3158:Breeding
2950:Xwedodah
2836:Legality
2671:genomics
2609:Founders
2382:16510792
2352:Genetics
2322:83865141
2294:(1922).
2266:17245958
2236:Genetics
2227:(1921).
2167:17245958
2137:Genetics
2128:(1921).
2045:=1. See:
1682:See also
1536:affinity
1532:adoption
1028:25% (2)
995:25% (2)
984:50% (2)
973:50% (2)
806:medieval
456:are the
239:genetics
3110:Related
2966:Science
2901:Culture
2522:Natural
2489:Fitness
2373:1461426
2331:(1948)
2257:1200510
2158:1200510
2041:=0 and
2035:meiosis
1820:lines).
1672:diploid
1575:Kinship
1556:alleles
881:nephews
165:improve
101:Please
3168:Incest
2959:Theory
2874:Mahram
2746:Incest
2532:Sexual
2380:
2370:
2320:
2264:
2254:
2203:
2165:
2155:
2108:
2003:
1881:
1755:Incest
899:, and
885:nieces
873:uncles
850:parent
654:where
402:where
154:, but
3041:Cases
2753:Types
2318:S2CID
2232:(PDF)
2133:(PDF)
1797:Notes
1625:1/16
1518:Most
877:aunts
245:. A
2975:and
2824:list
2669:and
2378:PMID
2262:PMID
2201:ISBN
2163:PMID
2106:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1980:2016
1879:ISBN
1810:sex.
1641:1/8
1633:1/8
1617:1/8
1609:1/8
1601:1/4
1593:1/4
1585:1/2
1558:are
1546:The
935:and
660:L(p)
429:and
241:and
217:The
2368:PMC
2360:doi
2356:173
2310:doi
2252:PMC
2244:doi
2153:PMC
2145:doi
1534:or
895:,
105:to
3144::
2376:.
2366:.
2354:.
2350:.
2316:.
2306:56
2304:.
2298:.
2260:.
2250:.
2238:.
2234:.
2161:.
2151:.
2139:.
2135:.
2051:.
1970:.
1952:.
1934:.
1916:.
1676:ij
1668:ii
1664:ij
1506:10
939:.
927:,
919:,
915:,
903:.
891:,
887:,
883:,
879:,
875:,
841:.
812:.
773:32
666:.
70:.
2738:e
2731:t
2724:v
2412:e
2405:t
2398:v
2384:.
2362::
2324:.
2312::
2268:.
2246::
2240:6
2209:.
2169:.
2147::
2141:6
2114:.
2080:.
2043:r
2039:n
2023:.
2009:.
1982:.
1956:.
1938:.
1920:.
1887:.
1524:r
1495:9
1484:8
1473:7
1462:6
1451:6
1440:5
1429:8
1418:7
1407:7
1396:7
1385:7
1374:7
1363:7
1352:7
1341:7
1330:6
1319:6
1308:6
1297:6
1286:5
1275:5
1264:4
1253:6
1242:6
1231:6
1220:6
1209:6
1198:6
1187:6
1176:6
1165:5
1154:5
1143:5
1132:5
1121:4
1110:4
1099:3
1088:4
1077:4
1066:4
1055:4
1044:3
1033:3
1022:2
1011:2
1000:2
989:2
978:1
967:1
956:0
802:r
797:r
793:r
770:1
765:=
760:5
753:2
730:n
723:2
719:=
714:n
711:2
704:2
695:n
691:2
687:=
684:r
671:n
664:p
656:p
636:)
633:p
630:(
627:L
620:2
613:p
605:=
600:C
597:B
593:r
579:r
575:A
571:A
568:f
548:C
545:A
541:p
532:B
529:A
525:p
517:=
512:C
509:B
505:r
479:C
476:B
472:r
442:O
438:f
415:A
411:f
381:O
377:f
373:+
370:1
363:A
359:f
355:+
352:1
340:n
333:2
329:=
324:O
321:A
317:p
293:n
269:r
208:)
202:(
190:)
184:(
179:)
175:(
161:.
128:)
122:(
117:)
113:(
99:.
77:)
73:(
38:.
20:)
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