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subdivision of the players the normal procedure for such divisi passages is that the "outside" player of the desk (the one closer to the audience) takes the upper part, the "inside" player the lower, but it is also possible to divide by alternating desks, the favored method in threefold divisi. The "inside" player typically turns the pages of the part, while the "outside" player continues playing. In cases where a page turn occurs during an essential musical part, modern performers may photocopy some of the music to enable the page turn to take place during a less important place in the music.
182:(leader in the UK); each of the other string sections also has a principal player (principal second violin, principal viola, principal cello, and principal bass) who play the orchestral solos for the section, lead entrances and, in some cases, determine the bowings for the section (the concertmaster/leader may set the bowings for all strings, or just for the upper strings). The principal string players sit at the front of their section, closest to the conductor and on the row of performers which is closest to the audience.
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to the large width of the instrument, it is found easier for each player to have their own stand. There are not usually as many basses as cellos, so they are either in one row, or for a larger section, in two rows, with the second row behind the first. In some orchestras, some or all of the string sections may be placed on wooden risers, which are platforms that elevate the performers.
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There are more variations of set-up with the double bass section, depending on the size of the section and the size of the stage. The basses are commonly arranged in an arc behind the cellos, either standing or sitting on high stools, usually with two players sharing a stand; though occasionally, due
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era, the bass and cello would typically play from the same part, labelled "Bassi". Given the pitch range of the instruments, this means that if a double bassist and a cellist read the same part, the double bass player would be doubling the cello part an octave lower. While passages for cellos alone
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In a typical stage set-up, the first and second violins, violas and cellos are seated by twos, a pair of performers sharing a stand being called a "desk", Each principal (or section leader) is usually on the "outside" of the first desk, that is, closest to the audience. When the music calls for
324:, the music to which God tells the newly created beasts to be fruitful and multiply achieves a rich, dark tone by its setting for divided viola and cello sections with violins omitted. Famous works without violins include the 6th of the
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The size of a string section may be expressed with a formula of the type (for example) 10–10–8–10–6, designating the number of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and basses. The numbers can vary widely: Wagner in
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In the 19th century it was standard to have the first and second violins on opposite sides (violin I, cello, viola, violin II), rendering obvious the crossing of their parts in, for example, the opening of the finale to
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The music for a string section is not necessarily written in five parts; besides the variants discussed below, in classical orchestras the 'quintet' is often called a 'quartet', with basses and cellos playing together.
194:. If space or numbers are limited, cellos and basses can be put in the middle, violins and violas on the left (thus facing the audience) and winds to the right; this is the usual arrangement in
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were without violin parts, there being parts for 1st and 2nd viola, and for 1st and 2nd cello; though optional violin parts were added later by publishers. Some orchestral works by
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of a musical work, the phrase "the strings" or "and strings" is used to indicate a string section as just defined. An orchestra consisting solely of a string section is called a
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string sections, one on each side of the stage. In some cases, due to space constraints (as with an opera pit orchestra) or other issues, a different layout may be used.
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One possible seating arrangement for an orchestra. First violins are labelled "Vln I"; second violins are "Vln II"; violas are "Vla"; and double basses (in German
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period (ca. 1800–1910), string sections were significantly enlarged to produce a louder, fuller string sound that could match the loudness of the large
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The most common seating arrangement in the 2000s is with first violins, second violins, violas, and cello sections arrayed clockwise around the
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music. In this context the size and composition of the string section is less standardised, and usually smaller, than a classical complement.
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621:(1768), however, has a figure showing second violins facing the audience and principals facing the singers, reflecting the
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performing with a jazz group. The string sections are at the front of the orchestra, arrayed in a semicircle around the
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645:(University of California Press, 1981) weighs the various merits in the chapter "Platform planning", pp. 49ff
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period (ca. 1720–1800) used (and is often played in the modern era with) smaller string sections. During the
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described the cellos-on-the-right arrangement as part of a 20th-century "sea change" (
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sections used in orchestral music from this period. During the
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713:(London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd, 1992): 104.
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132:. It is the most numerous group in the standard
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80:Learn how and when to remove this message
411:String section without violins or violas
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694:Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
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613:(Karlsruhe, Ch. Th. Groos, 1844).
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310:String section without violins
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560:, p. 342 (McGraw-Hill 1989).
374:'s original versions of his
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643:Anatomy of the Orchestra
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136:. In discussions of the
846:Conductorless orchestra
748:F. G. J. Absil (2010).
735:www.stringsection.co.uk
619:Dictionnaire de musique
569:(1948). "Orchestra" in
511:In other musical genres
383:Cantique de Jean Racine
229:Numbers and proportions
610:Dirigent und Ripienist
598:Ferdinand Simon GaĂźner
571:Encyclopedia Americana
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1743:Violin musical styles
1691:History of the violin
1327:Electric upright bass
347:Ein deutsches Requiem
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1594:Double bass concerto
670:Svend Brown (2006).
404:La crèation du monde
326:Brandenburg Concerti
247:La création du monde
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558:Lectionary of Music
352:Andrew Lloyd Webber
282:Double bass section
156:Seating arrangement
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1109:Baritone saxophone
625:'s former role as
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456:Symphony of Psalms
430:. You can help by
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43:This article
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1748:Violin octet
1728:Stradivarius
1609:Cello sonata
1604:Viola sonata
1568:
1564:String octet
1453:
1271:Tenor violin
1243:Stroh violin
1025:Concert band
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318:'s oratorio
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18:First violin
1718:Jazz violin
1660:Nyckelharpa
1645:Hurdy-gurdy
1549:String trio
1493:Double stop
1396:Fingerboard
1319:Double bass
1289:Bass violin
1202:Instruments
1139:Double bass
1114:French horn
1062:Instruments
1012:Double bass
960:French horn
933:Instruments
601: [
485:(1909) and
462:Gubaidulina
298:senza bassi
288:double bass
237:Die WalkĂĽre
200:BĂ©la BartĂłk
188:Tchaikovsky
170:) are "Kb".
167:Kontrabässe
102:conductor's
1805:Categories
1630:Arpeggione
1520:Scordatura
1449:Bow stroke
1436:Techniques
1426:Tuning peg
1416:Sound post
1144:Percussion
1049:Percussion
992:Percussion
910:Percussion
872:Bandmaster
821:Brass band
793:Orchestras
711:Stravinsky
586:B00M99G7V6
535:References
529:commercial
451:Stravinsky
210:antiphonal
54:improve it
1711:Slap bass
1696:Jazz bass
1535:Ensembles
1515:Pizzicato
1508:Bariolage
1498:Fingering
1488:Harmonics
1455:Col legno
1421:Tailpiece
1129:Euphonium
886:Orchestra
867:Conductor
811:Orchestra
804:Ensembles
627:conductor
364:'s opera
292:classical
256:Classical
176:conductor
134:orchestra
58:verifying
1767:Category
1706:Big band
1665:Pochette
1483:Arpeggio
1471:Spiccato
1381:Chinrest
1359:Bass bar
1337:Octobass
1223:Pochette
1124:Trombone
1084:Clarinet
1039:Woodwind
1032:Sections
970:Trombone
950:Clarinet
915:Keyboard
900:Woodwind
893:Sections
615:Rousseau
367:Akhnaten
305:Variants
295:(marked
260:Romantic
1670:Quinton
1635:Baryton
1526:Vibrato
1476:Tremolo
1466:Portato
1461:Martelé
1332:Violone
1304:Cellone
1149:Timpani
1119:Trumpet
1089:Bassoon
1069:Piccolo
987:Timpani
965:Trumpet
955:Bassoon
860:Leaders
579:1653189
482:Elektra
377:Requiem
357:Requiem
252:Baroque
118:violins
104:podium.
52:Please
1781:Portal
1655:Lirone
1444:Bowing
1406:Scroll
1391:F-hole
1386:Endpin
1376:Bridge
1210:Violin
997:Violin
920:String
717:
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577:
501:Handel
360:, and
342:Brahms
338:Brahms
268:modern
128:, and
126:cellos
122:violas
1723:Rosin
1679:Other
1351:Parts
1281:Cello
1253:Viola
1074:Flute
1044:Brass
1007:Cello
1002:Viola
940:Flute
905:Brass
753:(PDF)
605:]
372:Fauré
316:Haydn
264:brass
1733:Viol
1369:Frog
1134:Tuba
1079:Oboe
982:Tuba
945:Oboe
795:and
715:ISBN
582:ASIN
575:OCLC
527:and
525:jazz
517:rock
380:and
330:Bach
108:The
96:The
1401:Nut
1364:Bow
617:'s
521:pop
503:'s
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
