28:
138:
The destruction of the native vegetation began soon after the discovery of the island by the
Portuguese in 1502, with the introduction of goats. As there were no native herbivorous mammals, the flora was unadapted to such threats. Later with the establishment of permanent settlement on the island by
111:
Today there are three major vegetation zones: the tree-fern thicket of the highest parts of the central ridge; the pastures of middle elevations and the dry, eroded "crown wastes" of lower elevations. Of these only the tree-fern thicket is a natural vegetation type. The middle elevations were
143:
in 1659, many introduced plants became established which created new vegetation types. Furthermore the native trees were subject to catastrophic cutting for such purposes as housebuilding and to fuel stills for the distillation of
1278:
1048:
1193:
1033:
118:) and other trees, now largely destroyed. The "Crown wastes" or coastal zones were formerly covered with native scrub, of which a major component was probably St Helena dwarf ebony (
421:
1304:
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545:
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1347:
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855:
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993:
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1103:
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which have evolved a shrubby or tree-like habit on islands. Other notable endemics include the closely related St Helena redwood (
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431:
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575:
388:
148:. As a result of this legacy many endemic plant species are extinct or critically endangered.
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96:
44:
950:
55:
St. Helena and
Ascension Region of the African Subkingdom, in the
812:
27:
904:
A potted history of the flora of St Helena and its conservation
47:
and the severe threats facing the survival of the flora. In
71:
include many notable
Cabbage Tree or, "insular arborescent
932:
856:
Wildlife of Saint Helena, Ascension and
Tristan da Cunha
31:
Remnant of a native
Cabbage Tree forest in Saint Helena.
151:
935:
The natural history of St Helena and
Ascension Island
112:
formerly covered with native woodland of gumwoods (
1369:
133:
62:
966:
941:
873:
897:The Millennium Forest: evolving and maturing
973:
959:
26:
916:
14:
1370:
99:, being instead in the Mallow family (
43:, is exceptional in its high level of
954:
152:Endemic vascular plants of St Helena
980:
24:
933:Philip and Myrtle Ashmole (2000).
926:
25:
1404:
885:
776:
446:(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) R.Br.
1279:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1049:Democratic Republic of the Congo
946:. Oswestry: Anthony Nelson Ltd.
937:. Oswestry: Anthony Nelson Ltd.
944:The endemic flora of St Helena
917:Melliss, John Charles (1875).
867:
91:). These are unrelated to the
13:
1:
861:
134:Human impact and conservation
106:
85:) and St Helena dwarf ebony (
422:Osteospermum sanctae-helenae
167:Bulbostylis lichtensteiniana
63:Endemic and introduced flora
39:, an isolated island in the
7:
849:
379:Melanodendron integrifolium
93:redwood trees of California
10:
1409:
910:
876:Endemic Flora of St Helena
546:Trochetiopsis x benjaminii
522:Trochetiopsis erythroxylon
279:Commidendrum rotundifolium
141:English East India Company
82:Trochetiopsis erythroxylon
1292:
1267:
986:
716:Hymenophyllum capillaceum
690:(Hook. & Grev.) Moore
556:Wahlenbergia angustifolia
532:Trochetiopsis melanoxylon
462:Pladaroxylon leucadendron
127:Trochetiopsis melanoxylon
124:and St Helena tree ebony
1034:Central African Republic
756:Pseudophegopteris dianae
746:Ophioglossum polyphyllum
329:Heliotropium pannifolium
319:Frankenia portulacifolia
686:Elaphoglossum dimorphum
586:Wahlenbergia roxburghii
566:Wahlenbergia burchellii
432:Pelargonium cotyledonis
97:ebony trees of commerce
942:Quentin Cronk (2000).
874:Quentin Cronk (2000).
696:Elaphoglossum nervosum
656:Diplazium filamentosum
576:Wahlenbergia linifolia
389:Mellissia begoniifolia
67:The endemic plants of
32:
1383:Biota of Saint Helena
1378:Flora of Saint Helena
1194:São Tomé and Príncipe
1054:Republic of the Congo
736:Microstaphyla furcata
676:Dryopteris napoleonis
646:Dicksonia arborescens
369:Lobelia scaevolifolia
262:Commidendrum robustum
248:Commidendrum robustum
238:Chenopodium helenense
57:Paleotropical Kingdom
37:flora of Saint Helena
30:
626:Asplenium platybasis
616:Asplenium compressum
512:Trochetiopsis ebenus
506:Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.
409:Nesohedyotis arborea
299:Commidendrum spurium
289:Commidendrum rugosum
228:Acalypha rubrinervis
207:Eragrostis saxatilis
177:Bulbostylis neglecta
121:Trochetiopsis ebenus
88:Trochetiopsis ebenus
41:South Atlantic Ocean
1393:Paleotropical flora
1269:States with limited
726:Lycopodium axillare
339:Hydrodea cryptantha
309:Euphorbia heleniana
181:(Hemsl.) C.B.Clarke
666:Dryopteris cognata
636:Ceterach haughtoni
466:(G.Forst.) Hook.f.
442:Petrobium arboreum
359:Lachanodes arborea
353:(Hook.f.) K. Müll.
313:Thell. & Stapf
171:(Kunth) C.B.Clarke
75:", members of the
33:
18:Flora of St Helena
1365:
1364:
1296:other territories
1069:Equatorial Guinea
878:. Anthony Nelson.
706:Grammitis ebenina
526:(G.Forst.) Marais
452:Phylica polifolia
399:Nesiota elliptica
343:(Hook.f.) N.E.Br.
16:(Redirected from
1400:
1357:
1356:(United Kingdom)
1352:Tristan da Cunha
1348:Ascension Island
1340:
1327:
1318:
1294:Dependencies and
987:Sovereign states
975:
968:
961:
952:
951:
947:
938:
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921:. Reeve, London.
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879:
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721:
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701:
691:
681:
671:
670:(C.Presl) Kuntze
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651:
641:
631:
621:
591:
581:
571:
561:
551:
541:
527:
517:
507:
502:Suaeda fruticosa
497:
496:(Hook.f.) Hemsl.
487:
477:
472:Plantago robusta
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
417:
404:
394:
384:
374:
364:
363:(Roxb.) B. Nord.
354:
349:Hypertelis acida
344:
334:
333:Burch. ex Hemsl.
324:
314:
304:
294:
284:
274:
267:
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1388:Lists of plants
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981:Flora of Africa
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929:
927:Further reading
913:
888:
883:
872:
868:
864:
852:
847:
779:
774:
769:
766:Pteris paleacea
760:(Hook.) Holttum
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
710:(Maxon) Tardieu
709:
700:(Bory) H.Christ
699:
689:
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639:
629:
619:
594:
589:
579:
569:
559:
549:
535:
525:
515:
505:
495:
492:Sium burchellii
485:
482:Sium bracteatum
475:
465:
455:
445:
435:
425:
412:
403:(Roxb.) Hook.f.
402:
393:(Roxb.) Hook.f.
392:
382:
372:
362:
352:
342:
332:
323:(Roxb.) Spreng.
322:
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292:
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272:
265:
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65:
51:, it is in the
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1305:Canary Islands
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886:External links
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777:Endemic genera
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630:Kunze ex Mett.
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456:(Vahl) Pillans
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303:(G.Forst.) DC.
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197:Carex praealta
193:
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158:Monocotyledons
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64:
61:
49:phytogeography
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842:Trochetiopsis
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830:
829:
825:
823:
822:
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799:Melanodendron
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723:
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713:
708:
707:
703:
698:
697:
693:
688:
687:
683:
680:(Bory) Kuntze
678:
677:
673:
668:
667:
663:
660:(Roxb.) Cronk
658:
657:
653:
648:
647:
643:
640:(Hook.) Cronk
638:
637:
633:
628:
627:
623:
618:
617:
613:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:
598:Pteridophytes
588:
587:
583:
580:(Roxb.) A.DC.
578:
577:
573:
568:
567:
563:
560:(Roxb.) A.DC.
558:
557:
553:
548:
547:
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533:
529:
524:
523:
519:
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513:
509:
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489:
486:(Roxb.) Cronk
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281:
280:
276:
273:(Roxb.) Cronk
271:
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263:
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249:
245:
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50:
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42:
38:
29:
19:
1344:Saint Helena
1343:
1315:
1219:South Africa
1209:Sierra Leone
1014:Burkina Faso
943:
934:
918:
903:
896:
892:
875:
869:
840:
835:Pladaroxylon
833:
826:
821:Nesohedyotis
819:
811:
804:
797:
790:
785:Commidendrum
783:
764:
754:
744:
734:
724:
714:
704:
694:
684:
674:
664:
654:
644:
634:
624:
614:
606:
602:
596:
595:
584:
574:
570:A.DC. in DC.
564:
554:
544:
540:Sims) Marais
537:
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
480:
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
420:
407:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
269:
260:
255:
246:
236:
226:
219:Dicotyledons
217:
216:
205:
195:
187:Carex dianae
185:
175:
165:
156:
155:
137:
125:
119:
115:Commidendrum
113:
110:
86:
80:
77:daisy family
69:Saint Helena
66:
53:phytochorion
36:
34:
1271:recognition
1224:South Sudan
1114:Ivory Coast
607:fern-allies
436:(L.) L'Hér.
383:(Roxb.) DC.
293:(Aiton) DC.
283:(Roxb.) DC.
266:(Roxb.) DC.
252:(Roxb.) DC.
1372:Categories
1326:(Portugal)
1284:Somaliland
1204:Seychelles
1169:Mozambique
1154:Mauritania
1139:Madagascar
1094:The Gambia
1029:Cape Verde
893:Plant talk
862:References
792:Lachanodes
740:(L.f.) Fée
270:gummiferum
107:Vegetation
95:or to the
73:Asteraceae
1159:Mauritius
919:St Helena
895:article:
828:Petrobium
806:Mellissia
101:Malvaceae
1350: /
1346: /
1339:(France)
1333: /
1311: /
1307: /
1259:Zimbabwe
1234:Tanzania
1084:Ethiopia
1079:Eswatini
1059:Djibouti
1024:Cameroon
1009:Botswana
850:See also
413:(Roxb.)
256:robustum
45:endemism
1335:Réunion
1331:Mayotte
1322:Madeira
1317:(Spain)
1313:Melilla
1244:Tunisia
1214:Somalia
1199:Senegal
1184:Nigeria
1174:Namibia
1164:Morocco
1129:Liberia
1124:Lesotho
1074:Eritrea
1044:Comoros
1019:Burundi
994:Algeria
911:Sources
813:Nesiota
750:A.Braun
415:Bremek.
1354:
1337:
1324:
1254:Zambia
1249:Uganda
1189:Rwanda
1144:Malawi
1104:Guinea
999:Angola
650:L'Hér.
536:(Sol.
242:Aellen
211:Hemsl.
191:Steud.
146:arrack
1309:Ceuta
1229:Sudan
1179:Niger
1134:Libya
1119:Kenya
1099:Ghana
1089:Gabon
1064:Egypt
1004:Benin
770:Roxb.
730:Roxb.
720:Roxb.
603:Ferns
590:A.DC.
550:Cronk
516:Cronk
476:Roxb.
426:Norl.
373:Roxb.
268:ssp.
254:ssp.
232:Cronk
201:Boott
1239:Togo
1149:Mali
1039:Chad
605:and
139:the
35:The
620:Sw.
130:).
103:).
1374::
609:)
538:ex
59:.
974:e
967:t
960:v
816:†
601:(
20:)
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