757:. Her first letter to him wished him a speedy recovery from recent illness. Two of her letters are held in the Einstein archives in Jerusalem. It is clear from the second letter that he wrote back to her at least once. Some accounts claim that McKenzie corresponded regularly with Einstein for as long as 15 years before his death in 1955, but the documentary record suggests such reports exaggerate the extent of the correspondence. She also sent him several gifts over the years including shells (for his daughter) that airmen would collect across the Pacific on her request and a boomerang which had been brought to her from Central Australia by an airline pilot. She wrote that, "Some of your mathematical friends might like to plot its flight!" There are other reports that she sent him a
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431:, being licensed to receive from late 1922 shortly after the commencement of the new Wireless Regulations of 1922 (callsign 2GA, later A2GA, OA2GA, VK2GA). She passed the Amateur Operator's Proficiency Certificate in 1925 (the first woman to do so) and thereafter was permitted to transmit. She held her licence continuously till the commencement of WW2 in 1939 when all Australian amateur transmitting privileges were withdrawn for the duration of the war. When amateur licensing resumed in 1946, her allocated callsign was VK2FV (the letters no doubt chosen by Violet for
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275:"I went down to Technical College and saw the Head there, and he said, 'Oh, you can't come here and do engineering unless you're working at it'... I said, 'Well now, suppose I had an electrical engineering business and I'm working at it, would that be all right?' He said, 'Yes, if you produce proof.' So I went back and I had some cards printed with my name on, and electrical work, and got the paper and wrote down the ads, and read that a house in ...
487:. That same year she travelled to the United States for business reasons, and in San Francisco was welcomed at Radio KGO: 'Miss Wallace, an electrical engineer from Australia, will now talk from the studio.' She reportedly used her time on air to comment on the difference between the tram systems in San Francisco and those in Sydney. In 1931 she also notes that she experimented with improving the science of television through the use of
570:. It was the first time girls were involved with electrical circuits, Morse and making radio sets. Later Mrs Mac decided it was time to use our skills in industry, so she persuaded Airzone Ltd to take one of us (me) on trial in their radio section. Soon the others followed from the school, and we started the component parts section, and we were absorbed into many other sections.
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pocket over the whole affair... It would be true to say that a great number of the pilots whose futures were finally fulfilled in airlines in
Australia owe a deal to Mrs Mac... There was no other school operating in Sydney at the time, providing Morse training to potential airline pilots, and no other school then or thereafter giving such training completely free of charge.
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threatened to take her offer to the Air Force instead, the urgent need for trained telegraphists prevailed, and on 21 April a Navy Office letter authorised the entry of women into the Navy. This was the beginning of the Women's Royal
Australian Naval Service – the WRANS. The minister's condition was that "no publicity...be accorded this break with tradition".
618:(WESC) in her Clarence Street rooms – known affectionately as "Sigs". Her original idea was to train women in telegraphy so that they could replace men working in civilian communications, thereby freeing those skilled men up to serve in the war. By the time war broke out, 120 women had been trained to instructional standard.
646:, saying "I would like to offer the services of our Signalling Corps, if not acceptable as telegraphists then at least as instructors." Despite her suggestion being dismissed, some time later McKenzie and six trainees were provided third-class train tickets to Melbourne to meet with the Naval Board for testing.
828:. The June 1982 edition of the newsletter of the Ex-WRANS Association was devoted to their former teacher and patron. Amongst the memories recorded therein is a statement McKenzie made two days before she died: "...it is finished, and I have proved to them all that women can be as good as, or better than men."
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indicates that she moved her operation briefly to No 6 Wharf at
Circular Quay in 1953, before retiring to her home at Greenwich Point in 1954. McKenzie wrote that she closed the school when the airlines established their own school and the government added a signals training section to the Navigation
715:
Being unemployed, we spent almost all of each weekday at the school, so if a tuition fee had been applicable, Mrs Mac would have earned a tidy sum of money. That, of course, was not her way of doing things. She required no payment for the training she provided, and I suspect that she was quite out of
279:
about 2 miles from the tram ... was asking for prices for putting in electric light and power... I went out there and nobody else was silly enough to go, so they gave me the job. ... I went back to Tech and took my card down and showed them the contract for the job, and they said, 'All right, you can
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Violet McKenzie helped with rehabilitation after the war, keeping her school open for as long as there was a need for instruction in wireless signalling. In the postwar years, she trained men from the merchant navy, pilots in commercial aviation, and others needing the trade qualification known as a
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on 28 April 1941. The women were dressed in their green WESC uniform which had been designed by McKenzie herself – it was several months before a female Navy uniform was ready. Francis Proven became WRANS number 1. From this initial intake of 14, the WRANS ranks expanded to some 2,600 by the end of
819:
Violet McKenzie was nine years older than her husband Cecil, but she outlived him by 23 years. After his death in 1958, she shared her house for a time with Cecil's sister Jean, a primary school teacher. In May 1977, after a stroke paralysed her right side and made her wheelchair reliant, McKenzie
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reporter that she wanted to see a course of lectures on domestic radio and electricity established in girls' schools and technical colleges. The following year she took matters into her own hands, opening a Women's Radio
College on Phillip Street in 1932. She persuaded employers to take on some of
249:
Giles) Wallace. Other sources cite 1892 as her birth year. Before her marriage to Cecil McKenzie at the age of 34, she was known as Violet
Wallace. On Violet's birth certificate, Annie's name was listed as "Annie Granville", after the listed father of her elder brother Walter, James Granville . No
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At a table in a corner recently there were six elementary trainees: One was a
Chinese quartermaster, another a half-Burmese. Two were Americans ... One ... an aircraft skipper down from New Guinea to get his wireless ticket; and the other chap a ship's officer with the same objective. In another
594:
By 1936, McKenzie had sold the
Wireless Shop, and was busy at the Electrical Association for Women. She gave electric cooking demonstrations in the EAW kitchen, which was fitted out with show electrical appliances by the Sydney County Council. She compiled the EAW Cookery Book, Australia's first
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I used to play about with bells and buzzers and things around the house. My mother would sometimes say "Oh, come and help me find something, it's so dark in this cupboard" – she didn't have very good eyesight... So I'd get a battery and I'd hook a switch, and when she opened that cupboard door a
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Concerned with safety when using electrical appliances, and no doubt drawing on her own experience in receiving an accidental electric shock that knocked her out for an hour, McKenzie delivered at least one talk on resuscitation, advising that conventional resuscitation should proceed for up to
518:
and had an enormous fishpond in the front yard. She spoke of heating water electrically to house tropical fish at home in the early 1920s, and of having given talks on Radio 2FC about tropical fish in the days when she was doing electrical contracting work. In
January 1933 the American journal
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In early
January 1941, Commander Newman, the Navy's Director of Signals and Communications, visited the WESC headquarters on Clarence Street to test McKenzie's trainees. Finding they were highly proficient, he recommended the Navy admit them. Hughes still took some convincing. After McKenzie
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McKenzie believed that electricity could save women from domestic drudgery, writing that... "To see every woman emancipated from the "heavy" work of the household by the aid of electricity is in itself a worthy object." To this end in 1934 she founded an educational initiative, the
328:
to enrol in the
Diploma of Electrical Engineering. By March 1922, she had won the diploma. In December 1923, McKenzie graduated from the Sydney Technical College. She later gave her Diploma – the first of its kind awarded in Australia to a woman – to the collection of the
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In May 1941, the Air Force appointed McKenzie as an honorary flight officer of the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force, so she could legitimately instruct Air Force personnel. This was the only official recognition McKenzie received during the war for her efforts.
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the war, representing about 10 per cent of the entire Royal Australian Naval force at the time. All told, McKenzie trained about 3,000 women, one-third of whom went into the services. Many others remained at the Clarence Street school as instructors.
495:" have a pronounced kink for television work and devote most of my spare time in experimenting that branch of the science. Have a deep-rooted conviction that chemistry is going to provide the solution and am working along those lines."
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The McKenzies had a daughter on 9 June in 1926 (stillborn). There is no record of any other children. They sometimes took in the two sons of Violet's only sibling, Walter Reginald Wallace, from Melbourne. According to the
222:
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McKenzie told a journalist that, after the war, "All the airmen came back and wanted to join Qantas, but they needed to build up their Morse speed and learn to use the modern equipment." The Department of
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hotel). McKenzie later said it was schoolboys visiting her shop who first introduced her to Morse code. Australia's first weekly radio magazine was conceived at the shop by Wallace and three co-founders.
348:'s Electricity Undertaking. He too was a radio enthusiast (callsign 2RJ from early 1922, but for receive only), and one of Violet's customers at the shop. They were married at the Church of St Philip in
695:
corner there's an ANA commander preparing for his 20-word-a-minute exam: an English ship's wireless officer...an ex-RAF Wing-Commander...an Indian Navy man... groups of airline 'types' also on the job.
550:
In the 1930s, McKenzie turned her attention increasingly to teaching other women about electricity and radio. She had observed the need over years of working in the field herself. In 1925, she told the
824:. She died peacefully in her sleep on 23 May 1982. At her funeral service, held at the Church of St Giles in Greenwich, 24 serving WRANS formed a Guard of Honour. McKenzie was cremated at the
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180:(WESC) and lifelong promoter for technical education for women. She campaigned successfully to have some of her female trainees accepted into the all-male Navy, thereby originating the
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According to a People magazine profile of McKenzie written in January 1953, McKenzie received an unceremonious notice from the owners of 10 Clarence Street to quit the premises. The
1904:
Letter from AR Gray to ex-WRAN Jess Prain, 31 July 1987, held in the archives of the Ex-WRANS Association at the archives of the Ex-WRANS Association at the Naval Heritage Centre,
447:
In 1922 Wallace opened "The Wireless Shop", after purchasing the entire stock of the wireless vendor who preceded her – billing itself as "the oldest radio shop in town" – in the
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published an article written by McKenzie concerning 'Some interesting inhabitants of Sydney seashores', in which she recommended keeping sea horses in a salt-water tank.
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On 28 April 1941, McKenzie accompanied 14 of her WESC trainees (twelve telegraphists and two domestic helpers). They had their medical test on 25 April and arrived at
595:"all-electric" cookery book, which ran into seven editions and remained in print until 1954. She wrote an illustrated book for children about electrical safety called
1827:
Margaret Curtis-Otter, W.R.A.N.S.: The Women's Royal Australian Naval Service, The Naval Historical Society of Australia, Garden Island NSW, 1975, p 5. Cited in
215:'s licence. Through the 1920s and 1930s, her "Wireless Shop" in Sydney's Royal Arcade was renowned amongst Sydney radio experimenters and hobbyists. She founded
448:
1921:
Resume of FV McKenzie's achievements prepared by the Ex-WRANS Association and held in the archives of the Ex-WRANS Association at the Naval Heritage Centre,
2179:
782:
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732:, later Commissioner of Police in New South Wales, and the principals of the Navigation Schools at both the Melbourne and Sydney Technical Colleges.
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so that pilots could train for their wireless ticket at the school. From 1948, McKenzie held a First Class Flight Radio Telephony Operator Licence.
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in the 1930s (at that time the only organisation for women engineers in the world) and was described as "our most distant" member in an article in
2144:
1596:
606:) held at the Feminist Club of New South Wales at 77 King Street. She was appointed treasurer and instructor in Morse code to the organisation.
2011:
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became the monthly magazine "Radio & Hobbies" (after a period operating in parallel), then "Radio, Television & Hobbies", and finally
1980:
Letter from FV McKenzie to Albert Einstein, 28 February 1949, held in the Albert Einstein Archives, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Cited in
602:
In July 1938, McKenzie was one of 80 women in attendance at the inaugural meeting of the Australian Women's Flying Corps (later known as the
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in England while Violet was in high school, returning as she began her teaching diploma. In 1915 she passed Chemistry I and Geology I at the
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Public School. Here little Violet already displayed both confidence and ability at a school entertainment in 1899 in recitation and singing.
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520:
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Throughout her studies, Wallace worked as an electrical contractor, installing electricity in private houses, such as that of politician
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From a young age, Violet had an independent interest in electricity and invention. As she recalled in an oral history interview in 1979:
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29:
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1993:
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complete with a wireless room in the attic. The house remains, but has been extensively renovated since the McKenzies lived there.
2189:
2007:
915:
808:
781:. In 1980 a plaque celebrating her "skills, character and generosity" was unveiled at the Missions to Seamen Mariners' Church,
2098:
2060:
1850:
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177:
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1178:"K50 Diploma, Electrical Engineering, awarded to Miss Florence Violet Wallace (married name Mrs F V McKenzie) on 31-12-1923"
642:. She encountered a great deal of official resistance. In 1940 she wrote to the Minister of the Navy, former Prime Minister
626:
557:: "here are such a lot of women experimenters that I would like to form a Women's Wireless Club." In 1931 she told a
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School at the Technical College. She continued to help the occasional pupil with special difficulties at her home.
576:
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1939:
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McKenzie campaigned energetically to have some of her female trainees accepted into the Air Force and Navy as
193:
761:, and a recording of didgeridoo music when he replied that he couldn't work out how to play the instrument.
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1961:
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184:(WRANS). Some 12,000 servicemen passed through her signal instruction school in Sydney, acquiring skill in
996:"Hindsight – 18 January 2009 – Signals, currents, and wires: the untold story of Florence Violet McKenzie"
1845:, Melbourne University Press; Portland, Or. : International Specialized Book Services, p. 339,
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309:
1668:, Melbourne University Press; Portland, Or. : International Specialized Book Services, p. 32,
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and completed her senior year in 1909, despite repeating a year due to ill health. She then enrolled in
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these boys, Merton Reginald Wallace and Lindsay Gordon Wallace, later operated their own radio shop in
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three-quarters of an hour following electrocution. She knew of one case where recovery took 4 hours.
415:, and in factories and commercial premises, including the Standard Steam Laundry on Dowling Street,
1996:
1938:
Letter from FV McKenzie to Albert Einstein, 7 February 1949, held in the Albert Einstein Archives,
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Dressed in the practical green uniforms designed by McKenzie, Corps members spell out W E S C in
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with the intention of becoming a mathematics teacher. Her elder brother had studied to become an
2091:
Ships belles: the story of the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service in war and peace 1941–1985
685:
160:
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777:. In 1964 she became Patron of the Ex-WRANS Association. In 1979 she was made a Member of the
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721:
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336:
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herself to it, in order to meet the requirements of the Diploma in Electrical Engineering at
1500:
McKenzie, Mrs F. Violet (January 1933). "Some interesting inhabitants of Sydney seashores".
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2049:
Radio Girl: The Story of the Extraordinary Mrs Mac, Pioneering Engineer and Wartime Legend
8:
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The rooms of the Electrical Association for Women, c1936. McKenzie sitting at the piano
542:
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1351:
Begbie, Richard (October 2008). "The Marvellous Mrs Mac, alias FV Wallace – Part 1".
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408:
353:
330:
2068:
907:
2052:
1808:
Newton, Gloria (10 March 1971). "Ex-WRANS plan get-together for 30th anniversary".
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Famous aviators who trained for their wireless ticket at McKenzie's school include
711:
One of the ex-RAAF airmen who retrained for a civilian career with McKenzie wrote:
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McKenzie, F. V. (Florence Violet); Association for Electrical Development (1954),
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McKenzie, Florence Violet (June 1976). "The Women's Emergency Signalling Corps".
1058:. Vol. XLIV, no. 83. New South Wales, Australia. 1 June 1899. p. 2
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365:
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records confirm the existence of James. When Violet was two, the family moved to
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Ships Belles: The Story of the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service 1941–1985
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567:
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967:
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McKenzie, Florence Violet (8 November 1935). "What have the ladies to say?".
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515:
416:
2075:"Signals, currents and wires: the untold story of Florence Violet McKenzie"
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Dale, Marie (21 July 1925). "The Radio Girl 'tunes in' to many interests".
1114:
Interview with Florence Violet McKenzie at Glenwood Nursing Home, Greenwich
842:
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visited the school and described the scene, and diversity of the students:
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773:(OBE) for her work with the WESC. In 1957 she was elected a Fellow of the
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1236:. No. 27, 624. New South Wales, Australia. 19 July 1926. p. 10
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Cecil Roland McKenzie was a young electrical engineer employed by the
976:. No. 887. New South Wales, Australia. 28 March 1920. p. 17
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light would come on... I started sort of playing with those things.
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945:(15th ed. / compiled and edited by Joseph A. Alexander ed.),
168:; 28 September 1890 – 23 May 1982), affectionately known as "
1257:
Sands & McDougall's Melbourne, suburban and country directory
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fitted out a room at the school with transmitters, receivers and
369:
1840:
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211:", in 1922 she became the first Australian woman to take out an
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She set up her own electrical contracting business in 1918, and
412:
399:, before deciding to take a course in electrical engineering.
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208:
92:
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This Knowledge article is substantially built upon the essay "
566:
During the Depression I joined Mrs Mac's electrical school in
1305:"Women's Emergency Signalling CORPS IN AUSTRALIA DURING WWII"
807:
In September 2023, a park adjacent to the shopping centre in
583:
in the centre of Sydney, later moving a few blocks away to 9
820:
moved to the nearby Glenwood Nursing Home in the suburb of
1865:"To 20,000 men and women she's 'Dear mother – Mrs Mac'".
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On 8 June 1950, McKenzie was appointed an Officer of the
621:
1742:
A history of HMAS Harman and its people : 1943–1993
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1125:
1714:
Ellison, Norman (April 1948). "Magnificent Mrs Mac!".
1147:
Calendar of the University of Sydney for the year 1916
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483:
In 1924 McKenzie became the only female member of the
2117:
written by Catherine Freyne, 2010 and licensed under
609:
207:. Described at the time as Australia's "Mademoiselle
2088:
1378:. Broadway NSW: Women's Redress Press. p. 179.
2085:
by Catherine Freyne. First broadcast 16 March 2008.
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1642:(7th ed.), Associated General Publications,
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689:Mrs McKenzie with overseas naval personnel, c1953
375:
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914:. The National Foundation for Australian Women.
871:
340:Violet McKenzie and husband Cecil McKenzie c1935
245:on 28 September 1890 to George and Marie Annie (
1554:"Careers for girls – Radio offers wide field".
1374:Broomham, Rosemary (1988). Heather Radi (ed.).
935:
933:
748:
678:"signaller's ticket". In 1948, a reporter from
2012:Government of the Australian Capital Territory
2001:
1739:Nelson, Annette; HMAS Harman (A.C.T.) (1993),
789:, where the plaque can be seen in the garden.
537:
479:McKenzie working with the wireless radio c1922
442:
356:1924. They built a house at 26 George Street,
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672:
562:her trainees, as one of them later recalled:
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2180:People educated at Sydney Girls High School
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225:in 1934, and wrote the first "all-electric
1709:
1707:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1244:– via National Library of Australia.
1066:– via National Library of Australia.
984:– via National Library of Australia.
753:In early 1949 McKenzie started writing to
472:, and remained in circulation until 2001.
38:
16:Australian electrical engineer (1890–1982)
1841:Thomson, Joyce A. (Joyce Aubrey) (1991),
1734:
1732:
1730:
1664:Thomson, Joyce A. (Joyce Aubrey) (1991),
1376:200 Australian Women: A Redress Anthology
901:
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402:
261:
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1373:
1108:Louise Lansley and Islay Wybenga of the
785:. The church has since relocated to 320
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625:
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474:
379:
335:
2155:20th-century Australian women engineers
1713:
1704:
1369:
1367:
1330:"Advertisement for The Wireless Shop".
1291:
1200:
1198:
908:"McKenzie, Florence Violet (1892–1982)"
514:The McKenzies had a mutual interest in
304:Violet later won a bursary to study at
236:
2145:20th-century Australian businesspeople
2127:
1954:
1952:
1807:
1727:
1350:
896:
809:Campbell, Australian Capital Territory
622:Women's Royal Australian Naval Service
386:Miss F.V. Wallace, electrical engineer
241:Florence Violet Granville was born in
182:Women's Royal Australian Naval Service
2069:McKenzie, Florence Violet (1892–1982)
2046:
1681:
1535:from the original on 27 November 2017
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863:
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859:
857:
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504:
159:
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1302:
1204:
1195:
1006:from the original on 3 February 2010
221:in 1922, established the Australian
2071:at the Australian Women's Register.
1949:
1620:, 25 January 1935, p. 14 column 5;
1154:from the original on 22 August 2016
905:
13:
2008:‘Mrs Mac’ commemorated in Campbell
1399:"Miss Wallace speaks from 6 KGO".
1144:University of Sydney (1888–1942),
988:
854:
775:Australian Institute of Navigation
616:Women's Emergency Signalling Corps
610:Women's Emergency Signalling Corps
526:McKenzie joined the British-based
178:Women's Emergency Signalling Corps
143:Women's Emergency Signalling Corps
14:
2201:
2170:Australian people of World War II
2150:20th-century Australian engineers
1788:"1941–1962: WRANS comes of age".
1646:from the original on 4 March 2016
1311:from the original on 29 July 2017
918:from the original on 27 July 2017
884:from the original on 5 April 2017
779:Royal Naval Amateur Radio Society
614:In 1939 McKenzie established the
229:" in 1936. She corresponded with
2175:Australian women in World War II
1401:The Australasian Wireless Review
1087:, 18 March 1922, p. 14 column 3.
577:Electrical Association for Women
509:
422:
223:Electrical Association for Women
172:", was Australia's first female
2165:Australian electrical engineers
2121:. Imported on 7 September 2011.
2041:Bibliography and External links
2017:
1987:
1974:
1932:
1915:
1898:
1878:
1858:
1834:
1821:
1801:
1781:
1756:
1745:, DC-C Publications, p. 26
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1334:. 24 November 1933. p. 20.
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1248:
1220:
1170:
1137:
912:The Australian Women's Register
485:Wireless Institute of Australia
459:– replaced in the 1970s by the
1965:. 28 January 1953. p. 23.
1940:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1843:The WAAAF in wartime Australia
1666:The WAAAF in wartime Australia
1419:F.V. McKenzie (3 April 1931).
1042:
960:
880:. Dictionary of Sydney Trust.
814:
604:Australian Women's Flying Club
395:Wallace taught mathematics at
376:Early employment and interests
1:
2089:Huie, Shirley Fenton (2000),
2024:"Other memories of Mrs Mac".
1763:Fenton Huie, Shirley (2000).
1639:The all electric cookery book
1574:"Other memories of Mrs Mac".
848:
797:built ferry that operates on
743:
194:International Code of Signals
45:
1885:"Mrs Mac is truly special".
1403:. December 1924. p. 37.
1150:, Gibbs, Shallard & Co,
1110:Sydney High Old Girls' Union
826:Northern Suburbs Crematorium
749:Correspondence with Einstein
427:Wallace was an enthusiastic
7:
2190:Women's Engineering Society
1792:. 24 April 1962. p. 1.
831:
811:, was named in her honour.
771:Order of the British Empire
538:Women's technical education
528:Women's Engineering Society
443:18 Royal Arcade (1921–1926)
390:
10:
2206:
1790:Royal Australian Navy News
1525:"The Woman Engineer Vol 5"
673:Post-war wireless training
1889:. April 1979. p. 13.
1623:Australian Women's Weekly
1233:The Sydney Morning Herald
1208:Australian Woman's Mirror
947:Herald & Weekly Times
872:Catherine Freyne (2010).
554:Australian Woman's Mirror
306:Sydney Girls' High School
300:Sydney Girls' High School
137:
127:
117:
100:
81:
60:Florence Violet Granville
55:
37:
23:
2028:. June 1982. p. 11.
1997:Richardson Devine Marine
1869:. July 1963. p. 45.
1083:"Women and Wireless" in
1050:"Thirroul Public School"
802:Florence Violet McKenzie
795:Richardson Devine Marine
728:. McKenzie also trained
322:Sydney Technical College
310:Sydney Teachers' College
205:Sydney Technical College
151:Florence Violet McKenzie
122:Sydney Technical College
25:Florence Violet McKenzie
1867:Australian Home Journal
1767:. The Watermark Press.
1578:. June 1982. p. 9.
1463:. June 1982. p. 6.
1163:, pp. 429–30. Cited in
188:and visual signalling (
1994:RDM063 Violet Mckenzie
1349:Ric Havyatt quoted in
942:Who's Who in Australia
718:
697:
690:
635:
572:
547:
500:Brief retirement, 1926
497:
480:
403:Electrical contracting
387:
341:
320:, then approached the
297:
282:
266:The siblings attended
262:Thirroul Public School
233:in the postwar years.
213:amateur radio operator
2185:Engineers from Sydney
2047:Dufty, David (2020),
1959:"A Dot with a Dash".
1626:, 24 June 1933, p. 6.
1283:"Self made success".
722:Patrick Gordon Taylor
713:
692:
688:
629:
564:
545:
493:
478:
470:Electronics Australia
466:"The Wireless Weekly"
429:wireless experimenter
383:
346:Sydney County Council
339:
292:
273:
2114:Dictionary of Sydney
2032:Dictionary of Sydney
1982:Dictionary of Sydney
1969:Dictionary of Sydney
1944:Dictionary of Sydney
1927:Dictionary of Sydney
1910:Dictionary of Sydney
1893:Dictionary of Sydney
1873:Dictionary of Sydney
1829:Dictionary of Sydney
1816:Dictionary of Sydney
1796:Dictionary of Sydney
1722:Dictionary of Sydney
1699:Dictionary of Sydney
1604:Dictionary of Sydney
1582:Dictionary of Sydney
1562:Dictionary of Sydney
1512:Dictionary of Sydney
1488:Dictionary of Sydney
1448:Dictionary of Sydney
1407:Dictionary of Sydney
1359:Dictionary of Sydney
1338:Dictionary of Sydney
1303:Dunn, Peter (2006).
1271:Dictionary of Sydney
1215:Dictionary of Sydney
1165:Dictionary of Sydney
1120:Dictionary of Sydney
1112:(8 September 1979).
878:Dictionary of Sydney
838:Women in early radio
791:Captain Cook Cruises
318:University of Sydney
237:Family and education
44:McKenzie in uniform
2160:Amateur radio women
2093:, Watermark Press,
2014:, 20 September 2023
1421:The Wireless Weekly
1332:The Wireless Weekly
1002:. 18 January 2009.
726:Cecil Arthur Butler
314:electrical engineer
218:The Wireless Weekly
174:electrical engineer
132:Electrical engineer
2026:Ex-WRANS Ditty Box
1693:Ex-WRANS Ditty Box
1576:Ex-WRANS Ditty Box
1558:. 1 February 1931.
1461:Ex-WRANS Ditty Box
1287:. 20 October 1929.
1134:, pp. 13, 14.
874:"McKenzie, Violet"
783:Flying Angel House
765:Awards and honours
691:
636:
548:
532:The Woman Engineer
505:David Jones (1927)
481:
388:
342:
333:, also in Ultimo.
2100:978-0-949284-47-1
2062:978-1-76087-665-4
2053:Allen & Unwin
1852:978-0-522-84435-1
1675:978-0-522-84435-1
1476:Missing or empty
1436:Missing or empty
1260:, Melbourne, 1862
1182:Powerhouse Museum
1055:Illawarra Mercury
597:The Electric Imps
409:Archdale Parkhill
384:The Wireless Shop
331:Powerhouse Museum
285:Florence McKenzie
176:, founder of the
148:
147:
70:28 September 1890
2197:
2110:McKenzie, Violet
2103:
2065:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1956:
1947:
1936:
1930:
1923:Spectacle Island
1919:
1913:
1906:Spectacle Island
1902:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1633:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1228:"Family Notices"
1224:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1105:
1088:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
964:
958:
957:
956:
954:
937:
928:
927:
925:
923:
903:
894:
893:
891:
889:
869:
451:(which ran from
286:
167:
157:
101:Other names
88:
69:
67:
50:
47:
42:
32:
21:
20:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2101:
2063:
2043:
2038:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1592:
1588:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1529:www2.theiet.org
1523:
1522:
1518:
1498:
1494:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1372:
1365:
1348:
1344:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1307:. Ozatwar.com.
1301:
1292:
1285:Sunday Guardian
1282:
1281:
1277:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1203:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1157:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1106:
1091:
1082:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
994:
993:
989:
979:
977:
968:"Mdlle. Edisom"
966:
965:
961:
952:
950:
939:
938:
931:
921:
919:
906:Heywood, Anne.
904:
897:
887:
885:
870:
855:
851:
834:
817:
767:
755:Albert Einstein
751:
746:
737:Sands Directory
675:
624:
612:
585:Clarence Street
540:
512:
507:
502:
445:
425:
405:
393:
385:
378:
366:Sands Directory
358:Greenwich Point
302:
288:
284:
264:
239:
231:Albert Einstein
153:
118:Alma mater
113:
96:
90:
86:
77:
71:
65:
63:
62:
61:
51:
48:
33:
28:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2086:
2083:Radio National
2072:
2066:
2061:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2016:
2000:
1986:
1973:
1948:
1931:
1914:
1897:
1877:
1857:
1851:
1833:
1820:
1810:Women's Weekly
1800:
1780:
1773:
1755:
1726:
1703:
1680:
1674:
1656:
1628:
1608:
1586:
1566:
1546:
1516:
1492:
1452:
1411:
1391:
1384:
1363:
1342:
1322:
1290:
1275:
1247:
1219:
1194:
1169:
1136:
1124:
1089:
1069:
1041:
1029:
1017:
987:
959:
929:
895:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
840:
833:
830:
816:
813:
799:Sydney Harbour
766:
763:
750:
747:
745:
742:
702:Civil Aviation
674:
671:
632:flag semaphore
623:
620:
611:
608:
568:Phillip Street
539:
536:
534:journal 1942.
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
444:
441:
424:
421:
404:
401:
392:
389:
377:
374:
354:New Year's Eve
301:
298:
272:
263:
260:
238:
235:
190:flag semaphore
146:
145:
139:
138:Known for
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:Violet Wallace
108:
104:
102:
98:
97:
91:
89:(aged 91)
83:
79:
78:
72:
59:
57:
53:
52:
43:
35:
34:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2202:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1812:. p. 15.
1811:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1774:0-949284-47-5
1770:
1766:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1718:. p. 14.
1717:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1597:The Contactor
1590:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1385:0-9589603-7-2
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1211:. p. 20.
1210:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1039:, p. 10.
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
975:
974:
969:
963:
948:
944:
943:
936:
934:
917:
913:
909:
902:
900:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
853:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
829:
827:
823:
812:
810:
805:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:Sussex Street
784:
780:
776:
772:
762:
760:
756:
741:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
717:
712:
709:
707:
706:radio compass
703:
696:
687:
683:
681:
670:
666:
663:
659:
658:
651:
647:
645:
641:
640:telegraphists
633:
628:
619:
617:
607:
605:
600:
598:
592:
588:
586:
582:
579:(EAW) at 170
578:
571:
569:
563:
560:
556:
555:
544:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
517:
516:tropical fish
510:Tropical fish
496:
492:
490:
486:
477:
473:
471:
467:
462:
458:
454:
453:George Street
450:
440:
438:
434:
430:
423:Amateur radio
420:
418:
417:Woolloomooloo
414:
410:
400:
398:
382:
373:
372:, Melbourne.
371:
367:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
338:
334:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
296:
291:
287:
281:
278:
271:
269:
259:
257:
253:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
156:
152:
144:
141:Founding the
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
109:
106:
105:
103:
99:
94:
84:
80:
75:
58:
54:
41:
36:
31:
22:
19:
2107:
2090:
2078:
2048:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2003:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1943:
1934:
1926:
1917:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1764:
1758:
1747:, retrieved
1741:
1721:
1715:
1698:
1692:
1665:
1659:
1648:, retrieved
1638:
1631:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1600:. p. 7.
1595:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1528:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1478:|title=
1460:
1455:
1447:
1438:|title=
1420:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1375:
1358:
1355:. p. 7.
1352:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1284:
1278:
1270:
1262:, retrieved
1256:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1231:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1185:. Retrieved
1172:
1164:
1156:, retrieved
1146:
1139:
1127:
1119:
1113:
1084:
1060:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1032:
1027:, p. 9.
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
990:
978:. Retrieved
971:
962:
951:, retrieved
941:
920:. Retrieved
911:
886:. Retrieved
877:
843:Edith Clarke
818:
806:
801:
768:
752:
734:
719:
714:
710:
698:
693:
679:
676:
667:
656:
652:
648:
644:Billy Hughes
637:
613:
601:
596:
593:
589:
573:
565:
552:
549:
531:
525:
513:
494:
482:
449:Royal Arcade
446:
436:
432:
426:
406:
394:
362:
343:
303:
293:
289:
283:
274:
265:
246:
240:
216:
198:
169:
164:
150:
149:
87:(1982-05-23)
18:
2140:1982 deaths
2135:1890 births
1942:. Cited in
1925:. Cited in
1908:. Cited in
1749:19 November
1650:19 November
1617:Cairns Post
1539:20 February
1508:(7): 160–1.
1353:Radio Waves
1315:21 November
1269:. Cited in
1240:12 November
1187:13 November
1085:The Mercury
1062:13 November
953:19 November
922:19 November
815:Final years
730:Mervyn Wood
581:King Street
457:Pitt Street
455:through to
277:Undercliffe
254:, south of
201:apprenticed
95:, Australia
85:23 May 1982
76:, Australia
49: 1940
2129:Categories
1716:Sky Script
1556:Sunday Sun
1132:Dufty 2020
1037:Dufty 2020
1025:Dufty 2020
980:7 February
849:References
759:didgeridoo
744:Later life
680:Sky Script
655:HMAS
559:Sunday Sun
186:Morse code
128:Occupation
66:1890-09-28
2112:" in the
2079:Hindsight
2030:Cited in
1967:Cited in
1891:Cited in
1871:Cited in
1814:Cited in
1794:Cited in
1720:Cited in
1697:Cited in
1602:Cited in
1580:Cited in
1560:Cited in
1510:Cited in
1502:Aquariana
1486:Cited in
1469:cite news
1446:Cited in
1429:cite news
1405:Cited in
1357:Cited in
1336:Cited in
1264:3 January
1213:Cited in
1158:3 January
1118:Cited in
888:5 January
822:Greenwich
804:in 2015.
599:in 1938.
521:Aquariana
489:chemistry
439:iolet).
280:start.'"
252:Austinmer
243:Melbourne
165:Granville
107:"Mrs Mac"
74:Melbourne
2119:CC by-sa
1887:Reveille
1644:archived
1533:Archived
1309:Archived
1152:archived
1010:18 March
1004:Archived
1000:ABC News
916:Archived
882:Archived
832:See also
793:named a
662:Canberra
435:lorence
397:Armidale
391:Armidale
268:Thirroul
227:cookbook
973:The Sun
370:Prahran
170:Mrs Mac
2097:
2059:
1962:People
1849:
1771:
1672:
1382:
949:, 1955
657:Harman
461:Hilton
413:Mosman
350:Auburn
326:Ultimo
256:Sydney
209:Edison
163:
93:Sydney
2077:, in
2095:ISBN
2081:ABC
2057:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1751:2011
1670:ISBN
1652:2011
1541:2020
1482:help
1442:help
1380:ISBN
1317:2011
1266:2012
1242:2023
1189:2011
1160:2012
1064:2023
1012:2011
982:2022
955:2011
924:2011
890:2012
724:and
192:and
82:Died
56:Born
660:in
411:in
352:on
324:in
258:.
247:née
196:).
161:née
155:OBE
30:OBE
2131::
2055:,
2051:,
2010:,
1951:^
1729:^
1706:^
1683:^
1531:.
1527:.
1504:.
1473::
1471:}}
1467:{{
1433::
1431:}}
1427:{{
1366:^
1293:^
1230:.
1197:^
1180:.
1092:^
1072:^
1052:.
998:.
970:.
932:^
910:.
898:^
876:.
856:^
587:.
491::
419:.
46:c.
2034:.
1984:.
1971:.
1946:.
1929:.
1912:.
1895:.
1875:.
1831:.
1818:.
1798:.
1777:.
1724:.
1701:.
1695:.
1606:.
1584:.
1564:.
1543:.
1514:.
1506:1
1490:.
1484:)
1480:(
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