22:
357:, an analysis of the detrimental effects of certain environmental protection initiatives, because it included criticism of agribusiness. In the introduction to the book's chapter on consumption, Zehner wrote, "So-called food disparagement laws (also known as 'veggie libel laws') enable the food industry to sue journalists, writers, and other people who criticize their products, often placing the burden of proof on the defendant ... Unlike Winfrey, I do not have the financial resources to defend myself in such a suit, and as a result you and other readers will be cheated out of the whole story", referencing the
342:. In a legal context, the "chilling effect" describes the phenomenon by which speech on a certain subject is indirectly curtailed by the passage of laws. Journalists have reported that simply the risk of legal retaliation for writing about food safety issues has stopped them from doing so. Smaller publishers, without the financial means to mount a defense should the producer of a food product oppose an author's commentary on it, have significantly revised or even canceled potentially liable books. Robert Hatherill's
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financial damages for BPI. By their report, sales of BPI's LFTB dropped from five million to two million pounds per week, prompting the closure of three out of four production facilities and the lay-off of 700 employees. ABC News responded by calling for the case to be dismissed, arguing that it was within ABC News' First
Amendment rights to investigate matters of possible concern to their viewers.
373:
subjugated to a costly and inconvenient legal battle, rather than to necessarily win the case and recoup the costs of a damaged reputation. Complicating matters, twenty-nine states currently have statutes intended to prevent against the filing of SLAPP suits, including nine of the thirteen states with food libel laws.
334:. This is done by presenting scientific evidence to support the claims made about product safety and enlisting expert witnesses to substantiate those claims. Because these steps are so costly, there is concern that only very wealthy defendants would be able to muster a defense against a food disparagement claim.
372:
suit whose primary purpose is to silence the speaker and intimidate others from engaging in similar speech. In the specific context of food libel, the implication of the term is that agricultural companies sue under food libel laws in hopes of disincentivizing other potential critics lest they too be
288:
Food libel laws have faced opposition from free speech defenders, who argue that they restrict speech about agricultural products to a degree which is unconstitutional. Of particular concern is that some states' food libel laws seem to violate the "of or concerning" precedent which was established in
279:
The case went to trial in June, 2017. Under South Dakota's
Agricultural Food Products Disparagement Act, BPI could have received as much as $ 5.7 billion in statutory trebled damages were ABC News found liable. After the case had been tried for only three out of the expected eight weeks, ABC News and
240:
operator Paul Engler and the company Cactus
Feeders—had to convince the jury that Lyman's statements on Winfrey's show were not "based on reasonable and reliable scientific inquiry, facts, or data." As a basis for the damages sought in the lawsuit, the plaintiffs noted that cattle futures dropped 10
113:
These laws vary significantly from state to state, but food libel laws typically allow a food manufacturer or processor to sue a person or group who makes disparaging comments about their food products. In some states these laws also establish different standards of proof than are used in traditional
187:
to agricultural products. They argued that agricultural products deserved special protections because of their perishability: they might spoil before the truth of claims regarding their safety had been verified. As a result, thirteen states adopted food libel laws, which offer larger settlement sums
314:
the impurity or poor quality of certain products, and thereby potentially illegal. States which broadly define the parties who are eligible to sue under food libel laws have also come under criticism for disregarding the "of or concerning" element. Critics' argument is that defaming speech about an
350:
are notable examples of this practice. The former was subject to extensive editing by its publisher—whole sections related to links between meat and cancer were deleted—and the latter was canceled entirely after its publisher received a letter from
Monsanto warning of a possible suit. Ozzie Zehner
309:
a product is unsafe, like the legislation present in
Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and South Dakota, has been thought by some commentators to contradict this "of or concerning" element. Such legislation might allow speech involved in marketing campaigns, like those that tout organic products as
275:
On
September 12, 2012, BPI sued ABC News for food disparagement under South Dakota's food libel legislation. They claimed that ABC News falsely portrayed their product, lean finely textured beef, as unfit for human consumption. BPI also claimed that ABC News' disparaging content led to serious
268:, reported on a whistleblower's claim that BPI's LFTB was used as a filler in the ground beef sold by many American beef companies, as a way of cutting costs. According to the unknown whistleblower and ABC News, BPI's LFTB was derived from beef trimmings sprayed with ammonia, and resembled "
182:
claims about daminozide's carcinogenicity were dubious in order for the jury to decide in their favor. The growers failed to do so, and their case was dismissed as a result. In response, lobbyists affiliated with the agricultural industry began to campaign for stricter trade libel laws
225:. The words "Cows are herbivores. They shouldn't be eating other cows ... It has just stopped me cold from eating another burger." were attributed to Winfrey as part of a 1996 episode of her show. It was accused that the two made disparaging comments about beef in relation to
304:
was supported in part by their argument that the advertisement was not explicitly "of or concerning" Sullivan, and so did not constitute libelous speech. Food libel legislation which defines disparagement of perishable agricultural products as any false statement that
244:
The jury in the case found that the statements by
Winfrey and Lyman did not constitute libel against the cattlemen. However, Winfrey no longer speaks publicly on the issue, and declines to make videotapes of the original interview available to inquiring journalists.
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387:., which attempted to investigate the commercial production of food. The documentary featured a scene in which Robert Kenner interviewed Barbara Kowalcyk, a scientist and food-safety activist whose son had died after eating a hamburger contaminated with
166:
Immediately after the segment aired, consumers panicked and apple sales declined by nearly 60% nationwide. Growers reported revenue losses of $ 100M as a result. Seeking recompense, eleven
Washington State apple growers banded together to sue CBS for
241:
percent the day after the episode, and that beef prices fell from 62 cents to 55 cents per pound. Engler's attorneys argued that the rancher lost $ 6.7 million, and the plaintiffs sought to recoup total losses of more than $ 12 million.
315:
agricultural product is not explicitly "of or concerning" parties only tangentially related to that product, like its transporters or marketers, meaning that those parties should not be able to file suit if the product is disparaged.
163:, especially when consumed by children. According to the report, Alar remained in apple skin even after processing, meaning that not only raw apples, but also apple products, like apple juice and apple sauce, could pose health risks.
337:
For reasons such as those described above, food libel laws and cases filed under them have been accused by online commentators and civil liberties activism groups, such as the Civil
Liberties Defense Center, for propagating a
27:
643:
393:. When Kenner asks Kowalcyk how her eating habits have changed after her son's death, she replies that she is unable to discuss the subject because doing so might open her up to a lawsuit under food libel legislation.
272:". Throughout March and April, ABC News continued to run segments and publish articles about BPI's LFTB, including publishing updates on the company's financial losses after the original segment's airing.
299:
after the paper ran an advertisement paid for by a civil rights group which criticized the
Montgomery police department's treatment of civil rights protestors. The Supreme Court's ruling in favor of the
31:
sold in the United States were self-censored due to concerns about food libel laws that enable the damages to be awarded when a court rules that someone has made libelous statements about a food product.
318:
Food libel laws have also been criticized for their non-traditional placement of the burden of proof on the defendant rather than the plaintiff. In both defamation and trade disparagement legislation,
171:: the intentional publication of false information about a product. Trade libel laws stipulate that the burden of proof falls on the plaintiff, meaning that the growers needed to prove in court by "
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884:
280:
BPI reached a settlement of $ 177 million. At the time, this was the largest settlement recorded for a media defamation case. The terms of the settlement were not released.
1031:
2221:
1289:
600:
Oprah Winfrey v. Texas Cattlemen, Food Libel Laws in the United States and the Constitutionality of the Texas False Disparagement of Perishable Food Products Act
984:
2186:
2216:
1672:
221:, were involved in a lawsuit, commonly referred to as the Amarillo, Texas beef trial, surrounding the Texas version of a food libel law known as the
905:
2176:
1191:
415:
598:
1353:
365:
232:
In a normal U.S. libel suit, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant is deliberately and knowingly spreading false information. Under the
188:
than regular trade libel laws and, unlike trade libel laws, often place the burden of proof on a case's defendant, rather than its plaintiff.
2108:
505:
106:. Many of the food-disparagement laws establish a lower standard for civil liability and allow for punitive damages and attorney's fees for
2361:
2075:
1216:
2299:
260:
aired a segment dedicated to investigating a beef product called lean finely textured beef (LFTB) sold by the South Dakota beef company
402:
episode "Love Hurts and So Does Art" (1999) in which a modern art exhibit, juxtaposing a starving child with an X-ray of an American's
2137:
1313:
1299:
2518:
2181:
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1309:
768:
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125:
reporting about "facts from a study showing the amounts of lead found in over-the-counter calcium supplements" being censored.
2142:
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1995:
860:"Beef Products, Inc. v. ABC News: (Pink) Slimy Enough to Determine the Constitutionality of Agricultural Disparagement Laws?"
723:
1321:
450:
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2010:
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229:. Although they were not the first people to be sued using this type of legal action, this case created a media sensation.
172:
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1945:
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1980:
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381:
Public awareness of food libel laws and their impacts rose after the airing of Robert Kenner's 2008 documentary
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2000:
291:
615:
2099:
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1339:
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326:. In food libel legislation present in all but two of the states which have food libel laws on their books,
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2328:
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are tasked with proving to the courts that their statements about the agricultural product in question are
2382:
2080:
2038:
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blocked with beef, is shut down, because "in the state of Texas, there's a law against defaming beef."
21:
2407:
2127:
1273:
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1630:
1622:
1465:
295:. Sullivan, the commissioner of the Montgomery, Alabama, police department, filed suit against the
257:
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food disparagement law under which Winfrey and Lyman were sued, the plaintiffs—in this case, beef
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1602:
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832:
16:
Laws passed in some US states to make it easier for food producers to sue their critics for libel
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1955:
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71:
574:
Cain, Rita (Fall 2011). "Food, Inglorious Food: Food Safety, Food Libel and Free Speech".
8:
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1965:
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809:
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261:
906:"ABC News Braces for $ 5.7 Billion "Pink Slime" Trial in the Heart of Trump Country"
2048:
1960:
1940:
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398:
484:
1970:
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reported that "The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eventually decided that
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1009:
2387:
1551:
1516:
1412:
859:
833:""Pink slime" or lean finely textured beef? Food defamation trial set to begin"
155:, a growth regulator used on apples to preserve their freshness. The NRDC, and
746:
528:
159:
along with them, claimed that daminozide, sold under the brand name Alar, was
2497:
2392:
1912:
1720:
1581:
1561:
1472:
1437:
1192:"Q&A: Food Inc. Director Robert Kenner on Monsanto, Obama, and Breakfast"
670:
403:
214:
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2018:
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168:
83:
348:
Against the Grain: Biotechnology and the Corporate Takeover of Your Food
2233:
1985:
1950:
1879:
1666:
1541:
1501:
1370:
1331:
1217:"King of the Hill: Season 3, Episode 18 script | Subs like Script"
383:
369:
269:
160:
152:
135:
50:
states that make it easier for food producers to sue their critics for
1133:
No contest: corporate lawyers and the perversion of justice in America
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1990:
1922:
1897:
1859:
1824:
1816:
1798:
1783:
1771:
1715:
1692:
1660:
1655:
1445:
932:"Disney paying at least $ 177 million to settle 'pink slime' lawsuit"
699:
V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 96.003, accessible at
686:
107:
79:
322:
are tasked with proving to the court that the speech in question is
248:
2254:
1844:
1793:
1649:
1589:
1417:
1387:
885:"Trial Will Decide if ABC News Sullied a Company With 'Pink Slime'"
95:
63:
1103:"Veggie Libel Laws: Attempts At Silencing Animal Rights Advocates"
1010:"Veggie Libel Laws: Attempts At Silencing Animal Rights Advocates"
687:"Veggie Libel Laws: Attempts At Silencing Animal Rights Advocates"
1710:
1427:
1397:
616:"State Agricultural Disparagement Statutes: Suing Chicken Little"
237:
67:
59:
55:
1854:
1812:
1382:
425:
389:
114:
American libel lawsuits, including the practice of placing the
451:"Food-Disparagement Laws: State Civil & Criminal Statutes"
310:
superior to their non-organic competitors, to be construed as
1808:
1460:
793:
233:
103:
75:
51:
2427:
1290:"Farmers' Right to Sue Grows, Raising Debate on Food Safety"
506:"Farmers' Right to Sue Grows, Raising Debate on Food Safety"
701:
http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/CP/pdf/CP.96.pdf
223:
False Disparagement of Perishable Food Products Act of 1995
195:
91:
364:
Correspondingly, food libel cases have been alleged to be
1705:
644:"Pink Slime and the Legal History of Food Disparagement"
603:(Honors thesis). State University of New York at Albany.
1274:"Signal Interference Group Project: Talking About Food"
1253:"King of the Hill Quotes: "Love Hurts and So Does Art""
747:"Court shares light moment during Oprah jury selection"
711:
715:
Business: its legal, ethical, and global environment
2187:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
1300:"Apple growers bruised and bitter after alar scare"
1059:"Ozzie Zehner's 'Green Illusions' Ruffles Feathers"
1087:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
2495:
1012:. Civil Liberties Defense Center. 9 January 2012
684:Texas Beef Group v. Winfrey, 201 F.3d 680, 688.
482:
416:Personal Responsibility in Food Consumption Act
366:strategic lawsuits against public participation
147:anchors investigated a report published by the
206:
1347:
797:Mad Cow USA: Could the nightmare happen here?
661:
2362:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
2177:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
2076:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
2300:United Kingdom food information regulations
1235:"The Rabid Librarian's Ravings in the Wind"
54:. These thirteen states are the following:
1354:
1340:
1328:Center for Science in the Public Interest.
1126:
264:(BPI). ABC News correspondents, including
2138:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
1314:Center for Science in the Public Interest
641:
110:alone, regardless of the case's outcome.
2182:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
2044:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
1361:
1280:"Serving You Tonight Will Be Our Lawyer"
960:
20:
2152:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
596:
485:"Veggie-Libel Law Still Poses a Threat"
2496:
2167:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
1744:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
1136:(1 ed.). New York: Random House.
1082:
1056:
857:
794:Sheldon Rampton, John Stauber (1997).
613:
478:
476:
1335:
1100:
1096:
1094:
956:
954:
952:
827:
825:
569:
289:the Supreme Court's 1964 decision on
25:All copies of the environmental book
2458:
2346:Institute for Food Safety and Health
2086:Australian meat substitution scandal
2054:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
1830:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
1166:"Anti-SLAPP Statutes and Commentary"
1032:"Burger Bashing and Sirloin Slander"
985:"New York Times v. Sullivan Podcast"
642:Eckley, Erika K.; McEowen, Roger A.
637:
635:
633:
573:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
523:
521:
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2334:Food Information and Control Agency
473:
368:(SLAPPs). In general, a SLAPP is a
213:In 1998, television talk-show host
121:An example of the situation is the
13:
1189:
1091:
977:
949:
822:
769:"Texas Cattlemen v. Oprah Winfrey"
14:
2535:
2351:International Food Safety Network
2275:International Food Safety Network
1996:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1946:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
1673:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
1267:
929:
804:: Common Courage Press. pp.
718:. Cengage Learning. p. 377.
630:
607:
597:Mullins, Kathleen (Spring 2011).
590:
546:
518:
483:Collins, Ronald (23 March 1998).
359:Texas Beef Group v. Oprah Winfrey
173:the preponderance of the evidence
149:Natural Resources Defense Council
2477:
2467:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2436:
2426:
2356:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
2192:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
2123:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
2118:ICA meat repackaging controversy
1057:Zeller, Tom Jr. (27 July 2012).
771:. MediaLibel.org. Archived from
201:
133:On February 26, 1989, CBS News'
2519:Censorship in the United States
2295:Quality Assurance International
2202:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
2172:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
2066:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
1981:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
1245:
1227:
1209:
1183:
1158:
1120:
1101:Jonna, Jamil (9 January 2012).
1076:
1050:
1024:
1002:
923:
898:
877:
851:
787:
761:
739:
705:
693:
678:
674:. 26 November 1994. p. 28.
457:. 19 March 1998. Archived from
250:Beef Products, Inc. v. ABC News
2324:European Food Safety Authority
2197:Food safety incidents in China
2034:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
2001:Water fluoridation controversy
1107:Civil Liberties Defense Center
858:Nicole, Sasaki (Summer 2014).
712:Jennings, Marianne M. (2005).
498:
443:
292:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
46:, are laws passed in thirteen
1:
2524:United Kingdom defamation law
867:Pace Environmental Law Review
576:American Business Law Journal
436:
396:The laws are parodied in the
2329:Food and Drug Administration
2011:Food contamination incidents
1239:rabid-librarian.blogspot.com
283:
143:'A' is for Apple", in which
7:
2383:Food and drink prohibitions
2157:Bihar school meal poisoning
2081:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
2039:1900 English beer poisoning
1393:Antibiotic use in livestock
1130:; Smith, Wesley J. (1996).
409:
376:
208:Texas Beef Group v. Winfrey
10:
2540:
2378:Curing (food preservation)
1451:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
198:was indeed a carcinogen."
128:
2421:
2408:Genetically modified food
2370:
2308:
2260:Food labeling regulations
2232:
2128:2008 Chinese milk scandal
2009:
1931:
1878:
1807:
1757:
1729:
1691:
1580:
1488:
1436:
1369:
1170:Media Law Resource Center
961:Caldwell, Maggie (2001).
139:aired a segment entitled
118:on the party being sued.
2514:Law of the United States
2270:Food safety in Australia
1466:High-fructose corn syrup
614:Daniel, Cochran (2001).
2250:Acceptable daily intake
2162:2013 horse meat scandal
1603:Clostridium perfringens
1310:Chilling effect of laws
648:Choices Magazine Online
217:and one of her guests,
40:food disparagement laws
2318:Centre for Food Safety
2133:2008 Irish pork crisis
1835:Benzene in soft drinks
1319:Existing laws by state
1083:Zehner, Ozzie (2012).
910:The Hollywood Reporter
749:. CNN. 20 January 1998
32:
2340:Food Standards Agency
2290:Organic certification
2285:Nutrition facts label
2029:Esing Bakery incident
1817:environment pollution
421:Chilling effect (law)
24:
2109:2006 North American
1767:Acesulfame potassium
1596:Campylobacter jejuni
1490:Intestinal parasites
1363:Consumer food safety
1324:23 June 2016 at the
1036:Advocacy for Animals
989:United States Courts
618:. Harvard University
2413:Conspiracy theories
1966:Heterocyclic amines
1870:Shellfish poisoning
967:Brooklyn Law Review
370:defamation or libel
346:and Britt Bailey's
2071:Toxic oil syndrome
2024:Swill milk scandal
1850:Diethylstilbestrol
1522:Diphyllobothriasis
1257:geocitiessites.com
1221:subslikescript.com
1038:. 16 November 2009
511:The New York Times
351:self-censored his
344:Eat to Beat Cancer
262:Beef Products, Inc
256:On March 7, 2012,
42:and informally as
33:
2491:
2490:
2398:Food preservation
2207:Foodborne illness
1759:Sugar substitutes
1512:Cryptosporidiosis
1494:parasitic disease
1408:HGH controversies
1375:food contaminants
963:"Forbidden Fruit"
725:978-0-324-20488-9
689:. 9 January 2012.
252:(Pink Slime case)
151:on the safety of
44:veggie libel laws
2531:
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2443:Drink portal
2441:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2342:(United Kingdom)
2091:Jack in the Box
2062:
2049:Minamata disease
1961:Food irradiation
1941:4-Hydroxynonenal
1789:Sodium cyclamate
1632:Escherichia coli
1624:Escherichia coli
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529:"All About Alar"
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399:King of the Hill
180:
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38:, also known as
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2437:
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2433:Food portal
2425:
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2366:
2304:
2265:Food libel laws
2228:
2056:
2005:
1971:Modified starch
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1277:
1276:. August 2010.
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839:. 5 June 2017
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1976:Nitrosamines
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1701:Chlorpyrifos
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1557:Toxocariasis
1527:Enterobiasis
1403:Formaldehyde
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1199:. Retrieved
1195:
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1128:Nader, Ralph
1122:
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1106:
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1004:
992:. Retrieved
988:
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935:
930:Kludt, Tom.
925:
913:. Retrieved
909:
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773:the original
763:
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532:
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463:. Retrieved
459:the original
454:
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431:McLibel case
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161:carcinogenic
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100:South Dakota
88:North Dakota
43:
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2483:WikiProject
2320:(Hong Kong)
2057: [
2019:Devon colic
1893:Breast milk
1865:Nonylphenol
1840:Bisphenol A
1777:controversy
1644:Hepatitis E
1639:Hepatitis A
1617:Enterovirus
1610:Cronobacter
1567:Trichinosis
1537:Fasciolosis
1507:Anisakiasis
1478:controversy
1371:Adulterants
1201:19 November
1175:10 December
1112:10 December
1068:10 December
1042:19 November
1016:19 November
994:19 November
941:19 November
915:19 November
890:19 November
843:19 November
802:Madison, WI
779:28 December
753:27 December
731:28 December
538:17 November
490:28 December
465:31 December
169:trade libel
84:Mississippi
2504:Defamation
2498:Categories
2234:Regulation
2217:death toll
1986:Shortening
1951:Acrylamide
1880:Food fraud
1860:Mycotoxins
1693:Pesticides
1667:Salmonella
1542:Giardiasis
1502:Amoebiasis
1446:Flavorings
873:: 771–802.
653:8 November
622:8 November
437:References
328:defendants
320:plaintiffs
270:pink slime
177:60 Minutes
157:60 Minutes
153:daminozide
145:60 Minutes
136:60 Minutes
108:plaintiffs
2280:ISO 22000
2242:watchdogs
2238:standards
2212:outbreaks
2113:outbreaks
1991:Trans fat
1903:Olive oil
1825:Aflatoxin
1799:Sucralose
1784:Saccharin
1772:Aspartame
1716:Malathion
1661:Rotavirus
1656:Norovirus
1312:from the
455:FoodSpeak
284:Criticism
80:Louisiana
2509:Food law
2473:Cookbook
2453:Category
2255:E number
2147:outbreak
2104:outbreak
2095:outbreak
1845:Dieldrin
1794:Sorbitol
1650:Listeria
1590:Botulism
1418:Melamine
1388:Aldicarb
1322:Archived
1152:33245805
936:CNNMoney
410:See also
384:Food Inc
377:In media
312:implying
258:ABC News
185:specific
96:Oklahoma
64:Colorado
2463:Commons
2336:(Spain)
2145:E. coli
2111:E. coli
2102:E. coli
2093:E. coli
1913:Seafood
1813:poisons
1711:Lindane
1675:E. coli
1634:O157:H7
1626:O104:H4
1428:Sudan I
1398:Cyanide
584:1905136
390:E. coli
307:implies
238:feedlot
175:" that
129:Origins
72:Georgia
68:Florida
60:Arizona
56:Alabama
1918:Shrimp
1855:Dioxin
1809:Toxins
1383:3-MCPD
1150:
1140:
973:(823).
812:
722:
582:
426:Ag-gag
361:case.
102:, and
2061:]
1908:Prawn
1888:Bread
1461:Sugar
863:(PDF)
404:colon
324:false
234:Texas
179:'
104:Texas
76:Idaho
52:libel
1456:Salt
1203:2018
1177:2018
1148:OCLC
1138:ISBN
1114:2018
1070:2018
1044:2018
1018:2018
996:2018
943:2018
917:2018
892:2018
845:2018
810:ISBN
781:2009
755:2009
733:2009
720:ISBN
655:2018
624:2018
580:SSRN
540:2018
533:NRDC
492:2009
467:2003
332:true
196:Alar
92:Ohio
48:U.S.
1923:Tea
1898:Egg
1706:DDT
1196:HWD
806:192
2500::
2240:,
2236:,
2059:ar
1815:,
1811:,
1492:,
1373:,
1302:.
1292:.
1282:.
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1237:.
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1194:.
1168:.
1146:.
1105:.
1093:^
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987:.
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969:.
965:.
951:^
934:.
908:.
871:31
869:.
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835:.
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808:.
800:.
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632:^
578:.
548:^
531:.
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