95:
929:
684:(RDA) for adults is based on 0.8 grams protein per kilogram body weight. The recommendation is for sedentary and lightly active people. Scientific reviews can conclude that a high protein diet, when combined with exercise, will increase muscle mass and strength, or conclude the opposite. The International Olympic Committee recommends protein intake targets for both strength and endurance athletes at about 1.2–1.8 g/kg body mass per day. One review proposed a maximum daily protein intake of approximately 25% of energy requirements, i.e., approximately 2.0 to 2.5 g/kg.
1815:, which would include both drugs and supplements, reported that nearly half of completed trials were sponsored wholly or partially by industry. This does not automatically imply bias, but there is evidence that because of selective non-reporting, results in support of a potential drug or supplement ingredient are more likely to be published than results that do not demonstrate a statistically significant benefit. One review reported that fewer than half of the registered clinical trials resulted in publication in peer-reviewed journals.
71:
707:. Nine of these proteinogenic amino acids are considered essential for humans because they cannot be produced from other compounds by the human body and so must be taken in as food. Recommended intakes, expressed as milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day, have been established. Other amino acids may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions. Amino acids, individually and in combinations, are sold as dietary supplements. The claim for supplementing with the
1579:. ANH, however, interpreted the ban as applying only to synthetically produced supplements, and not to vitamins and minerals normally found in or consumed as part of the diet. Nevertheless, the European judges acknowledged the Advocate General's concerns, stating that there must be clear procedures to allow substances to be added to the permitted list based on scientific evidence. They also said that any refusal to add the product to the list must be open to challenge in the courts.
333:
9221:
83:
9251:
59:
1718:(NHANES) has investigated habits of using dietary supplements in context of total nutrient intakes from the diet in adults and children. Over the period of 1999 to 2012, use of multivitamins decreased, and there was wide variability in the use of individual supplements among subgroups by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational status. Particular attention has been given to use of folate supplements by young women to reduce the risk of
9241:
606:. QHCs are supported by scientific evidence, but do not meet the more rigorous "significant scientific agreement" standard required for an authorized health claim. If dietary supplement companies choose to make such a claim then the FDA stipulates the exact wording of the QHC to be used on labels and in marketing materials. The wording can be onerous: "One study suggests that selenium intake may reduce the risk of
47:
9231:
1851:
1468:, vitamins, or minerals, do not help and some have been found to be harmful in some cases. In general, as of 2016, robust clinical data is lacking, that shows that any kind of dietary supplementation does more good than harm for people who are healthy and eating a reasonable diet but there is clear data showing that dietary pattern and lifestyle choices are associated with health outcomes.
1280:(NY-AG) identified four major retailers with dietary supplement products that contained fraudulent and potentially dangerous ingredients, requiring the companies to remove the products from retail stores. According to the NY-AG, only about 20% of the herbal supplements tested contained the plants claimed. The methodology used by the NY-AG was disputed. The test involves looking for
1525:, added substances (man-made substances which are not intentionally introduced into food, but nevertheless end up in it), and dietary supplements. The specific standards which the FDA exercises differ from one category to the next. Furthermore, the FDA has been granted a variety of means by which it can address violations of the standards for a given category of substances.
234:, or combination of any of the aforementioned ingredients. Furthermore, a dietary supplement must be labeled as a dietary supplement and be intended for ingestion and must not be represented for use as conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or of the diet. In addition, a dietary supplement cannot be approved or authorized for investigation as a new
1666:
where a license is issued when a supplement product has been proven by the manufacturer and government to be safe, effective and of sufficient quality for its recommended use, an eight-digit
Natural Product Number is assigned and recorded in a Licensed Natural Health Products Database. The European Food Safety Authority maintains a
1545:'s (EU) Food Supplements Directive of 2002 requires that supplements be demonstrated to be safe, both in dosages and in purity. Only those supplements that have been proven to be safe may be sold in the EU without prescription. As a category of food, food supplements cannot be labeled with drug claims but can bear
1556:(UK), one of the 28 countries in the bloc, strongly opposed the Directive. In addition, a large number of consumers throughout Europe, including over one million in the UK, and various doctors and scientists, had signed petitions by 2005 against what are viewed by the petitioners as unjustified restrictions of
309:). All products with these ingredients are required to be labeled as dietary supplements. Like foods and unlike drugs, no government approval is required to make or sell dietary supplements; the manufacturer confirms the safety of dietary supplements but the government does not; and rather than requiring
583:
was later amended to include calcium supplements with or without vitamin D, effective
January 1, 2010. Examples of allowed wording are shown below. In order to qualify for the calcium health claim, a dietary supplement must contain at least 20% of the Reference Dietary Intake, which for calcium means
1697:
To assure supplements have sufficient quality, standardization, and safety for public consumption, research efforts have focused on development of reference materials for supplement manufacturing and monitoring. High-dose products have received research attention, especially for emergency situations
1627:
to dozens of companies advertising scam products, which were purported "to be drugs, medical devices or vaccines. Products that claim to cure, mitigate, treat, diagnose or prevent disease, but are not proven safe and effective for those purposes, defraud consumers of money and can place consumers at
695:
products, but those are regulated and labeled differently from supplements. In the United States, "meal replacement" products are foods and are labeled as such. These typically contain protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. There may be content claims such as "good source of protein",
601:
In the same year, the
European Food Safety Authority also approved a dietary supplement health claim for calcium and vitamin D and the reduction of the risk of osteoporotic fractures by reducing bone loss. The U.S. FDA also approved Qualified Health Claims (QHCs) for various health conditions for
1665:
As continual research on the properties of supplements accumulates, databases or fact sheets for various supplements are updated regularly, including the
Dietary Supplement Label Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database, and Dietary Supplement Facts Sheets of the United States. In Canada
1284:
fragments from the plants named as the dietary supplement ingredients in the products. One scientist said that it was possible that the extraction process used to create the supplements removed or destroyed all DNA. This, however, would not explain the presence of DNA from plants such as rice or
578:
Although as a general rule, dietary supplement labeling and marketing are not allowed to make disease prevention or treatment claims, the U.S. FDA has for some foods and dietary supplements reviewed the science, concluded that there is significant scientific agreement, and published specifically
1443:
Work done by scientists in the early 20th century on identifying individual nutrients in food and developing ways to manufacture them raised hopes that optimal health could be achieved and diseases prevented by adding them to food and providing people with dietary supplements; while there were
1171:
of folate through the diet daily if planning a pregnancy. A 2013 review found folic acid supplementation during pregnancy did not affect the mother's health other than a risk reduction on low pre-delivery serum folate and megaloblastic anemia. There is little evidence to suggest that vitamin D
1030:
supplements are not supported by sufficient clinical evidence. Meta-analysis studies have reported a modest reduction of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and acute diarrhea in children taking probiotics. There is limited evidence in support of adults using mono-strain and multi-strain containing
1532:
if not in compliance with GMPs, stop production, and if there is a health risk, require that the company conduct a recall. Only after a dietary supplement product is marketed, may the FDA's Center for Food Safety and
Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) review the products for safety and effectiveness.
1363:, which litigates against deceptive advertising in marketed products, established a consumer center to assist reports of false health claims in product advertising for dietary supplements. In 2017, the FTC successfully sued nine manufacturers for deceptive advertising of dietary supplements.
226:) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or a concentrate,
472:– are essential for life but are so ubiquitous in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for nitrogen is addressed by requirements set for protein, which is composed of nitrogen-containing amino acids.
1275:
In some botanical products, undeclared ingredients were used to increase the bulk of the product and reduce its cost of manufacturing, while potentially violating certain religious and/or cultural limitations on consuming animal ingredients, such as cow, buffalo or deer. In 2015, the
1114:. Although prenatal vitamins are not meant to substitute for dietary nutrition, prenatal supplementation may be beneficial for pregnant women at risk of nutrient deficiencies because of diet limitations or restrictions. The most common components in prenatal vitamins include vitamins
1331:
In the United States and Canada, dietary supplements are considered a subset of foods, and are regulated accordingly. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) monitors supplement products for accuracy in advertising and labeling. Dietary supplements are regulated by the FDA as
996:
and various forms of traditional medicine, concerns exist about their actual efficacy, safety and consistency of quality. Canada has published a manufacturer and consumer guide describing quality, licensing, standards, identities, and common contaminants of natural products.
435:(ULs) for some of the vitamins. This does not prevent dietary supplement companies from selling products with content per serving higher than the ULs. For example, the UL for vitamin D is 100 μg (4,000 IU), but products are available without prescription at 10,000 IU.
1072:
reported improvements in total sperm count, concentration, motility, and morphology. A review concluded that omega-3 taken through supplements and diet might improve semen quality in infertile men. A 2021 review also supported selenium, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme
1371:
In the United States, manufacturers of dietary supplements are required to demonstrate safety of their products before approval is granted for commerce. Despite this caution, numerous adverse effects have been reported, including muscle cramps, hair loss, joint pain,
424:. Vitamin intake below recommended amounts can result in signs and symptoms associated with vitamin deficiency. There is little evidence of benefit when vitamins are consumed as a dietary supplement by those who are healthy and have a nutritionally adequate diet.
6585:
1199:
are sometimes diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), raising the possibility that a subtype of ADHD has a cause that can be understood mechanistically and treated in a novel way. The sensory overload is treatable with oral
1392:
were due to "combination products" that contain multiple ingredients, whereas dietary supplements containing a single vitamin, mineral, lipid product, and herbal product were less likely to cause adverse effects related to excess supplementation.
6618:"Assessment of clinical safety and efficacy in the preparation of Community herbal monographs for well-established and of Community herbal monographs/entries to the Community list for traditional herbal medicinal products/substances/preparations"
1401:
from herbal and dietary supplements is about 16–20% of all supplement products causing injury, with the occurrence growing globally over the early 21st century. The most common liver injuries from weight loss and bodybuilding supplements involve
1396:
Among general reasons for the possible harmful effects of dietary supplements are: a) absorption in a short time, b) manufacturing quality and contamination, and c) enhancing both positive and negative effects at the same time. The incidence of
758:. Bodybuilding supplements may contain ingredients that are advertised to increase a person's muscle, body weight, athletic performance, and decrease a person's percent body fat for desired muscle definition. Among the most widely used are
177:
Creating an industry estimated to have a value of $ 151.9 billion in 2021, there are more than 50,000 dietary supplement products marketed in the United States, where about 50% of the
American adult population consumes dietary supplements.
2327:"Scientific Opinion in relation to the authorisation procedure for health claims on calcium and vitamin D and the reduction of the risk of osteoporotic fractures by reducing bone loss pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006"
2134:
870:(EFSA) identifies 250 mg/day for a combined total of EPA and DHA as Adequate Intake, with a recommendation that women pregnant or lactating consume an additional 100 to 200 mg/day of DHA. In the United States and Canada are
696:"low fat" or "lactose free". Medical foods, also nutritionally complete, are designed to be used while a person is under the care of a physician or other licensed healthcare professional. Liquid medical food products – for example,
376:, either from the sun or an artificial source, as they synthesize vitamin D in skin. Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules, "vitamers", (e.g. vitamin E includes
6592:
6522:
1501:
1380:, with 29% of the adverse effects resulting in hospitalization, and 20% in serious injuries or illnesses. The potential for adverse effects also occurs when individuals consume more than the necessary daily amount of
3163:
Dong JY, Qin LQ, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Wang J, Arigoni F, Zhang W (December 2011). "Effect of oral L-arginine supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials".
2135:
Committee on the
Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements, Food and Nutrition Board, Board on Life Sciences, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies (2004).
1656:
on supplement properties, perform research on quality, safety, and population trends of supplement use, and evaluate the potential clinical efficacy of supplements for maintaining health or lowering disease risk.
242:, or biologic, unless it was marketed as a food or a dietary supplement before such approval or authorization. Under DSHEA, dietary supplements are deemed to be food, except for purposes of the drug definition."
1463:
For example, while increased consumption of fruits and vegetables are related to decreases in mortality, cardiovascular diseases and cancers, supplementation with key factors found in fruits and vegetable, like
1292:, many of which could interact with other medications and lead to hospitalization. 86% of the adulterated supplements were marketed for weight loss and sexual performance, with many containing prescription
205:
can legally make such a claim. The FDA enforces these regulations and also prohibits the sale of supplements and supplement ingredients that are dangerous, or supplements not made according to standardized
1762:
magnesium supplementation – in reducing all-cause and cancer mortality, as well as improving glucose parameters in people with diabetes and insulin-sensitivity parameters in those at high risk of diabetes.
1077:
or carnitines, but warned that "excessive use of antioxidants may be detrimental to the spermatic function and many of the over-the-counter supplements are not scientifically proven to improve fertility."
3407:
2982:
Finger D, Goltz FR, Umpierre D, Meyer E, Rosa LH, Schneider CD (February 2015). "Effects of protein supplementation in older adults undergoing resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
610:
in women. However, one smaller study showed no reduction in risk. Based on these studies, FDA concludes that it is highly uncertain that selenium supplements reduce the risk of bladder cancer in women."
1795:
The potential benefit of using essential nutrient dietary supplements to lower the risk of diseases has been refuted by findings of no effect or weak evidence in numerous clinical reviews, such as for
1176:. Evidence does not support the routine use of vitamin E supplementation during pregnancy to prevent adverse events, such as preterm birth, fetal or neonatal death, or maternal hypertensive disorders.
6617:
7171:"Oral Magnesium Supplementation for Treating Glucose Metabolism Parameters in People with or at Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials"
1575:
and food supplements should be scrapped, he was eventually overruled by the
European Court, which decided that the measures in question were necessary and appropriate for the purpose of protecting
7114:"Total, Dietary, and Supplemental Magnesium Intakes and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies"
877:
Supplementation with EPA and/or DHA does not appear to affect the risk of death, cancer or heart disease. Furthermore, studies of fish oil supplements have failed to support claims of preventing
1252:
staff, the GAO also found that supplement retailers intentionally engaged in "unequivocal deception" to sell products advertised with baseless health claims, particularly to elderly consumers.
3847:
661:. A meta-analysis found a moderate degree of evidence in favor of whey protein supplements use as a safe and effective adjunct to an athlete's training and recovery, including benefits for
1356:. Examples between 2016 and 2018 of CGMP and advertising violations by dietary supplement manufacturers included several with illegal compositions or advertising of vitamins and minerals.
1244:) from use of dietary supplements containing a combination of ingredients in manufactured vitamins, minerals or other supplement products, with 92% of tested herbal supplements containing
802:
products. Supplements are sold either as single ingredient preparations or in the form of "stacks" – proprietary blends of various supplements marketed as offering synergistic advantages.
711:
leucine, valine and isoleucine is for stimulating muscle protein synthesis. A review of the literature concluded this claim was unwarranted. In elderly people, supplementation with just
629:
Protein-containing supplements, either ready-to-drink or as powders to be mixed into water, are marketed as aids to people recovering from illness or injury, those hoping to thwart the
1823:
Improving public information about use of dietary supplements involves investments in professional training programs, further studies of population and nutrient needs, expanding the
633:
of old age, to athletes who believe that strenuous physical activity increases protein requirements, to people hoping to lose weight while minimizing muscle loss, i.e., conducting a
2894:"A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults"
2492:
2247:"Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
1272:(CBC) reported that protein spiking, i.e., the addition of amino acids to manipulate protein content analysis, was common. Many of the companies involved challenged CBC's claim.
900:(AA) into their formula milk for newborns, however, a 2017 review found that supplementation with DHA and AA does not appear to be harmful or beneficial to formula-fed infants.
7601:
6926:"Pre-conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects and Other Folic Acid-Sensitive Congenital Anomalies"
839:. Only two fatty acids, both polyunsaturated, are considered essential to be obtained from the diet, as the others are synthesized in the body. The "essential" fatty acids are
1224:
is largely attributed to recent technological advancements in product manufacturing, increased demand for products advertised as healthy, increased product availability, and
3869:
3562:"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association"
2573:"Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis"
126:
either extracted from food sources, or that are synthetic (in order to increase the quantity of their consumption). The classes of nutrient compounds in supplements include
313:
to prove that the product can be sold like a drug, such assessment is only used by the FDA to decide that a dietary supplement is unsafe and should be removed from market.
5092:
4985:
3893:
2376:
356:
in sufficient quantities by an organism and must be obtained from the diet. The term is conditional both on the circumstances and on the particular organism. For example,
1430:. Some dietary supplements may also have adverse interactions with prescription medications that may enhance side effects or decrease therapeutic effects of medications.
862:
Plant oils, particularly seed and nut oils, contain ALA. Food sources of EPA and DHA are oceanic fish, whereas dietary supplement sources include fish oil, krill oil and
7269:
Ingles, David Perez; Cruz
Rodriguez, Jose B.; Garcia, Hernando (2020-02-14). "Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment".
6084:"Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements"
2396:"Effects of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on body composition and physical function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
723:, a popular dietary supplement ingredient with claims made for sports performance, is technically not an amino acid. It is synthesized in the body from the amino acid
5467:"Dannon Agrees to Drop Exaggerated Health Claims for Activia Yogurt and DanActive Dairy Drink FTC Charges that Evidence Supporting Benefits of Probiotics Falls Short"
3916:
1328:
has published harmonized rules on supplement products to assure consumers have minimal health risks from using dietary supplements and are not misled by advertising.
885:. In 2017, the American Heart Association issued a science advisory stating that it could not recommend use of omega-3 fish oil supplements for primary prevention of
476:
is essential, but for humans, not identified as having a recommended intake per se. Instead, recommended intakes are identified for the sulfur-containing amino acids
3474:
MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WA, Khanna P, Issa AM, Suttorp MJ, et al. (January 2006). "Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review".
5488:
2806:
Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Chesley A, Phillips S, Schwarcz HP (November 1992). "Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes".
7658:
2358:
1686:
3414:
3389:
2621:
Miller PE, Alexander DD, Perez V (2014). "Effects of whey protein and resistance exercise on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
1528:
Dietary supplement manufacture is required to comply with the good manufacturing practices established in 2007. The FDA can visit manufacturing facilities, send
193:
that these products prevent or treat any disease. Companies are allowed to use what is referred to as "Structure/Function" wording if there is substantiation of
6434:
222:
provides this description: "The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) defines the term "dietary supplement" to mean a product (other than
1827:
information, enhancing collaborations between governments and universities, and translating dietary supplement research into useful information for consumers,
197:
for a supplement providing a potential health effect. An example would be "_____ helps maintain healthy joints", but the label must bear a disclaimer that the
7065:"Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials"
2522:"Dairy Intake Enhances Body Weight and Composition Changes during Energy Restriction in 18–50-Year-Old Adults-A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
1514:
and accompanying legislation, the FDA has authority to oversee the quality of substances sold as food in the United States, and to monitor claims made in the
201:(FDA) "has not evaluated the claim" and that the dietary supplement product is not intended to "diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease", because only a
6621:
719:, consumed in sufficient amounts, is thought to act as a donor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. A review confirmed blood pressure lowering.
7578:
6352:
1685:
provided criteria for evaluating and grading the quality of clinical research in preparing monographs about herbal supplements. In the United States, the
1884:
219:
5514:
8742:
269:, as a lotion applied to the skin, do not qualify. FDA-approved drugs cannot be ingredients in dietary supplements. Supplement products are or contain
5350:
4956:
4829:
1939:
1689:
of the National Institutes of Health provides fact sheets evaluating the safety, potential effectiveness and side effects of many botanical products.
1000:
In 2019, sales of herbal supplements just in the United States alone were $ 9.6 billion, with the market growing at approximately 8.6% per year, with
575:. Essential and purportedly essential minerals are marketed as dietary supplements, individually and in combination with vitamins and other minerals.
94:
5466:
1636:
Examples of ongoing government research organizations to better understand the potential health properties and safety of dietary supplements are the
1216:
in the United States for 2016 estimated at $ 122 billion, including employment wages and taxes. A 2020 analysis projected that the global market for
3116:"Effects of leucine-rich protein supplements on anthropometric parameter and muscle strength in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2161:
1715:
1460:, no targeted supplementation or fortification strategies to prevent major diseases like cancer or cardiovascular diseases have proved successful.
4215:"The Effect of Nutrients and Dietary Supplements on Sperm Quality Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials"
5884:
Guallar E, Stranges S, Mulrow C, Appel LJ, Miller ER (December 2013). "Enough is enough: Stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements".
186:
states that supplements "may be of value" for those who are nutrient deficient from their diet and receive approval from their medical provider.
6128:
7597:
List of resources that provides an overview of herbal and dietary supplements, including use, regulation, research, and cautionary information.
6481:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health and US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database. 14 August 2017
5172:
3051:
2572:
2286:
597:"Adequate calcium and vitamin D as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life."
9257:
6967:"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data"
5799:
2115:
1506:
The regulation of food and dietary supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is governed by various statutes enacted by the
7688:
3798:"Deep sequencing of plant and animal DNA contained within traditional Chinese medicines reveals legality issues and health safety concerns"
2076:. Office of Dietary Supplement Programs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 14 December 2017.
1183:
for pregnant women. In 2020, the World Health Organization updated recommendations for adequate calcium levels during pregnancy to prevent
7585:
6285:
4751:
2503:
1086:
4504:
De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Rayco-Solon P, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (December 2015).
7644:
4405:"DHEA use to improve likelihood of IVF/ICSI success in patients with diminished ovarian reserve: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
4007:"'Snake-oil,' 'quack medicine,' and 'industrially cultured organisms:' biovalue and the commercialization of human microbiome research"
3383:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
2490:
1836:
7016:"Iron status of North American pregnant women: an update on longitudinal data and gaps in knowledge from the United States and Canada"
3729:
3706:
7609:
1110:
are dietary supplements commonly given to pregnant women to supply nutrients that may reduce health complications for the mother and
1471:
As a result of the lack of good data for supplementation and the strong data for dietary pattern, public health recommendations for
821:. Fatty acids are strings of carbon atoms, having a range of lengths. If links are all single (C−C), then the fatty acid is called
6665:
5937:
Rautiainen S, Manson JE, Lichtenstein AH, Sesso HD (July 2016). "Dietary supplements and disease prevention – a global overview".
3938:
3026:
2943:"Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis"
2088:
1571:
Although the European Court of Justice's Advocate General subsequently said that the bloc's plan to tighten rules on the sale of
567:). There are other minerals which are essential for some plants and animals, but may or may not be essential for humans, such as
305:, are live bacteria. Dietary supplement ingredients may also be synthetic copies of naturally occurring substances (for example:
5202:"Unapproved Pharmaceutical Ingredients Included in Dietary Supplements Associated With US Food and Drug Administration Warnings"
2666:"Efficacy and Safety of Whey Protein Supplements on Vital Sign and Physical Performance Among Athletes: A Network Meta-Analysis"
591:"Adequate calcium as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life."
9171:
6065:
245:
Per DSHEA, dietary supplements are consumed orally, and are mainly defined by what they are not: conventional foods (including
1835:
using rigorously qualified products and compliance with established guidelines for reporting of clinical trial results (e.g.,
6034:
5732:
3431:
Rizos EC, Elisaf MS (June 2017). "Does Supplementation with Omega-3 PUFAs Add to the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease?".
3366:
2738:
2145:
1340:(CGMP) and labeling with science-based ingredient descriptions and advertising. When finding CGMP or advertising violations,
6742:"Review of the safety and efficacy of vitamin A supplementation in the treatment of children with severe acute malnutrition"
4858:
Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN, Dowswell T, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (July 2015).
8000:
1511:
787:
6889:
Obeid R, Koletzko B, Pietrzik K (April 2014). "Critical evaluation of lowering the recommended dietary intake of folate".
4354:
Showell MG, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Jordan V, Hart RJ, et al. (Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group) (August 2020).
146:. Dietary supplements can also contain substances that have not been confirmed as being essential to life, and so are not
5492:
2440:"Effects of whey protein supplement in the elderly submitted to resistance training: systematic review and meta-analysis"
1733:
Limited human research has been conducted on the potential for dietary supplementation to affect disease risk. Examples:
1645:
1196:
3684:
2380:
2362:
4553:
Matthews A, Haas DM, O'Mathúna DP, Dowswell T, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (September 2015).
3260:
1831:, scientists, and policymakers. Future demonstration of efficacy from use of dietary supplements requires high-quality
594:"Adequate calcium and vitamin D throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis."
4907:
Hofmeyr GJ, Manyame S, Medley N, Williams MJ, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (September 2019).
3382:
7222:"Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
4909:"Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy"
4604:"Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy and Childhood Allergic Disease Outcomes: A Question of Timing?"
2491:
Nutrition Working Group of the Medical and Scientific Commission of the International Olympic Committee (June 2016).
2183:
1269:
1184:
1081:
There is low quality and insufficient evidence for the use of oral antioxidant supplements as a viable treatment for
352:
in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when it cannot be
170:
for example. These are also sold individually and in combination, and may be combined with nutrient ingredients. The
7681:
1674:
1649:
1237:
1167:. In 2006, the World Health Organization endorsed the recommendation for women of child-bearing age to consume 400
6307:
1388:
that are needed to maintain normal body processes and functions. The incidence of adverse effects reported to the
8244:
6083:
6025:
Diet Cults: The Surprising Fallacy at the Core of Nutrition Fads and a Guide to Healthy Eating for the Rest of US
5421:
5041:
Dietary Supplements: FDA May Have Opportunities to Expand Its Use of Reported Health Problems to Oversee Products
5007:
2721:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids
1985:
17:
7589:
5827:"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases"
8135:
7063:
Schwingshackl L, Boeing H, Stelmach-Mardas M, Gottschald M, Dietrich S, Hoffmann G, Chaimani A (January 2017).
2056:
1637:
867:
174:
has also established harmonized rules to help insure that food supplements are safe and appropriately labeled.
63:
6646:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 21 November 2016
372:, but not for other mammals. Vitamin D is not an essential nutrient for people who get sufficient exposure to
8616:
1641:
681:
634:
183:
6160:
5444:
4702:
Palacios C, Trak-Fellermeier MA, Martinez RX, Lopez-Perez L, Lips P, Salisi JA, et al. (October 2019).
579:
worded allowed health claims. An initial ruling allowing a health claim for calcium dietary supplements and
30:"Food supplement" redirects here. For food additions that alter the flavor, color or longevity of food, see
9278:
7995:
4964:
1943:
1592:
1389:
923:
751:
432:
428:
198:
8140:
5372:
4837:
4213:
Salas-Huetos A, Rosique-Esteban N, Becerra-Tomás N, Vizmanos B, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J (November 2018).
3758:
Zhang J, Wider B, Shang H, Li X, Ernst E (2012). "Quality of herbal medicines: challenges and solutions".
2028:
1677:
published the results of a review of herbal supplements to determine if any were suitable for coverage by
9181:
9161:
8293:
7674:
2439:
2013:
1741:
1561:
1337:
874:
for ALA and LA over various stages of life, but there are no intake levels specified for EPA and/or DHA.
588:"Adequate calcium throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis."
207:
5395:
5066:
4056:
Guo Q, Goldenberg JZ, Humphrey C, El Dib R, Johnston BC, et al. (Cochrane IBD Group) (April 2019).
3335:
9191:
8676:
8646:
6105:
1759:
multiple supplements – no evidence of benefit to lower risk of death, cardiovascular diseases or cancer
767:
6106:"European Commission website: Food Safety – Labelling & Nutrition – Health & Nutrition Claims"
5306:
5115:
3560:
Siscovick DS, Barringer TA, Fretts AM, Wu JH, Lichtenstein AH, Costello RB, et al. (April 2017).
1702:
deficiency in malnutrition of children, and for women taking folate supplements to reduce the risk of
972:. Products bearing promotional claims of health benefits are sold without requiring a prescription in
6965:
Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, et al. (February 2017).
6138:
5756:, Russell RM (July 2005). "Essential nutrients: food or supplements? Where should the emphasis be?".
1682:
1565:
1277:
708:
373:
6793:"Higher dietary folate intake reduces the breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5898:
5447:. Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration
5424:. Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration
5398:. Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration
5140:
3225:"Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methyl Butyrate (HMB): From Experimental Data to Clinical Evidence in Sarcopenia"
3065:
Charles EJ, Johnston LE, Herbert MA, Mehaffey JH, Yount KW, Likosky DS, et al. (October 2017).
1521:
Substances which the FDA regulates as food are subdivided into various categories, including foods,
9166:
8110:
2892:
Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. (March 2018).
2292:
1776:
1596:
1360:
1213:
1032:
677:
603:
496:
5803:
2313:"Food Labeling: Health Claims; Calcium and Osteoporosis, and Calcium, Vitamin D, and Osteoporosis"
9206:
8537:
8509:
7711:
7112:
Bagheri, Amir; Naghshi, Sina; Sadeghi, Omid; Larijani, Bagher; Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad (2021-03-03).
6050:
5328:
4506:"Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects"
1864:
1288:
A study of dietary supplements sold between 2007 and 2016 identified 776 that contained unlisted
743:
737:
5661:
Bersani FS, Coviello M, Imperatori C, Francesconi M, Hough CM, Valeriani G, et al. (2015).
3733:
3357:
Whitney E, Rolfes SR (2008). "Chapter 5: The Lipids: Triglyerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols".
9176:
8606:
8418:
8115:
6437:. Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate, Government of Canada. 14 March 2013
6256:
5893:
1942:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 24 June 2011. Archived from
1750:
1515:
1507:
1180:
890:
886:
310:
6586:"Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance"
6329:
4759:
2312:
1968:
1681:. Establishing guidelines to assess safety and efficacy of botanical supplement products, the
37:
This article is about supplemental nutrients and similar substances. For herbal medicine, see
9234:
9084:
8692:
8636:
8568:
8397:
7741:
7636:
6553:] substances of possible concern for human health when used in food and food supplements"
5998:
5981:
5907:
5753:
2263:
2246:
1212:
In 2020, the American market for dietary supplements was valued at $ 140.3 billion, with the
928:
878:
852:
812:
779:
715:
resulted in a modest (0.99 kg) increase in lean body mass. The non-essential amino acid
489:
6525:. Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate, Government of Canada. 4 May 2015
5536:
2073:
992:
organizations, and the internet. While most of these products have a long history of use in
336:
Pharmacies and supermarkets in the U.S. sell a large variety of vitamin dietary supplements.
9114:
9089:
8722:
8621:
8428:
8364:
8130:
7726:
7552:
6924:
Wilson RD, Wilson RD, Audibert F, Brock JA, Carroll J, Cartier L, et al. (June 2015).
5575:
4305:"Dietary Antioxidants in the Treatment of Male Infertility: Counteracting Oxidative Stress"
4264:"The influence of omega-3 fatty acids on semen quality markers: a systematic PRISMA review"
3609:
Jasani B, Simmer K, Patole SK, Rao SC, et al. (Cochrane Neonatal Group) (March 2017).
2291:, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies, 2004, archived from
1894:
1484:
1480:
1445:
1293:
1249:
1173:
1049:
A meta-analysis provided preliminary evidence that men treated with supplements containing
856:
840:
282:
258:
51:
2520:
Stonehouse W, Wycherley T, Luscombe-Marsh N, Taylor P, Brinkworth G, Riley M (July 2016).
2438:
Colonetti T, Grande AJ, Milton K, Foster C, Alexandre MC, Uggioni ML, Rosa MI (May 2017).
495:
The essential nutrient minerals for humans, listed in order by weight needed to be at the
8:
9119:
8586:
8237:
8010:
1874:
1828:
1652:
of Australia. Together with public and private research groups, these agencies construct
1449:
1325:
1289:
1220:
and dietary supplement products would reach $ 196.6 billion by 2028, where the growth in
1201:
1050:
835:
829:
194:
182:
are the most commonly used product among types of dietary supplements. The United States
171:
9240:
4679:
4655:"Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes"
4654:
3796:
Coghlan ML, Haile J, Houston J, Murray DC, White NE, Moolhuijzen P, et al. (2012).
3658:
1410:, and the most common supplement ingredients attributed to these injuries are green tea
1316:. Despite these findings, fewer than half of the adulterated supplements were recalled.
189:
In the United States, it is against federal regulations for supplement manufacturers to
9054:
8760:
8501:
8433:
8369:
8181:
8095:
8070:
8040:
8035:
7897:
7781:
7761:
7736:
7652:
7529:
7504:
7395:
7370:
7346:
7321:
7302:
7246:
7221:
7197:
7170:
7169:
Veronese N, Dominguez LJ, Pizzol D, Demurtas J, Smith L, Barbagallo M (November 2021).
7146:
7113:
7089:
7064:
7040:
7015:
6991:
6966:
6866:
6841:
6817:
6792:
6768:
6741:
6717:
6692:
6411:
6384:
6023:
5962:
5919:
5861:
5826:
5781:
5689:
5662:
5638:
5613:
5584:
5559:
5283:
5258:
5234:
5201:
4933:
4908:
4884:
4859:
4806:
4781:
4728:
4703:
4630:
4603:
4579:
4554:
4530:
4505:
4478:
4453:
4429:
4404:
4403:
Schwarze JE, Canales J, Crosby J, Ortega-Hrepich C, Villa S, Pommer R (November 2018).
4380:
4355:
4331:
4304:
4239:
4214:
4190:
4165:
4141:
4106:
4082:
4057:
4033:
4006:
3942:
3824:
3797:
3635:
3610:
3586:
3561:
3456:
3307:
3282:
3145:
3091:
3066:
3008:
2918:
2893:
2874:
2831:
2788:
2692:
2665:
2646:
2603:
2548:
2521:
2470:
2222:
2197:
2155:
1812:
1746:
1722:
1624:
1529:
1453:
1345:
1341:
1221:
1164:
1093:
fertilization series may increase pregnancy rates and decrease miscarriage likelihood.
1058:
953:
848:
818:
759:
670:
620:
444:
274:
266:
115:
6942:
6925:
6691:
Dwyer JT, Wiemer KL, Dary O, Keen CL, King JC, Miller KB, et al. (January 2015).
5217:
3240:
3030:
2664:
Lam FC, Bukhsh A, Rehman H, Waqas MK, Shahid N, Khaliel AM, et al. (April 2019).
2095:
687:
The same protein ingredients marketed as dietary supplements can be incorporated into
9250:
9124:
9079:
8973:
8085:
7819:
7534:
7485:
7444:
7400:
7351:
7306:
7294:
7286:
7251:
7202:
7151:
7133:
7094:
7045:
6996:
6947:
6906:
6871:
6822:
6773:
6722:
6416:
6030:
6003:
5954:
5911:
5866:
5773:
5728:
5694:
5643:
5589:
5288:
5239:
5221:
4938:
4889:
4811:
4733:
4684:
4635:
4584:
4535:
4483:
4434:
4385:
4336:
4303:
Torres-Arce E, Vizmanos B, Babio N, Márquez-Sandoval F, Salas-Huetos A (March 2021).
4285:
4244:
4195:
4146:
4128:
4087:
4038:
3987:
3964:
Rijkers GT, de Vos WM, Brummer RJ, Morelli L, Corthier G, Marteau P (November 2011).
3870:"US Sales of Herbal Supplements Increase by 8.6% in 2019 –American Botanical Council"
3829:
3775:
3640:
3591:
3542:
3537:
3520:
3501:
3448:
3362:
3312:
3252:
3244:
3181:
3137:
3096:
3082:
3000:
2964:
2923:
2866:
2823:
2780:
2734:
2697:
2638:
2595:
2553:
2474:
2462:
2417:
2268:
2227:
2179:
2141:
1832:
1784:
1588:
1265:
1225:
1107:
1102:
119:
38:
9244:
8222:
3460:
3149:
3012:
2878:
2835:
2792:
2650:
2607:
1779:
of liver injury from use of herbal and dietary supplements, particularly those with
1240:(GAO) of the United States received 6,307 reports of health problems (identified as
9074:
8981:
8765:
8697:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8611:
8601:
8547:
8542:
8423:
8413:
8384:
8348:
8273:
8020:
7828:
7524:
7516:
7480:
7475:
7463:
7434:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7278:
7241:
7233:
7192:
7182:
7141:
7125:
7084:
7076:
7035:
7027:
6986:
6978:
6937:
6898:
6861:
6853:
6812:
6804:
6763:
6753:
6712:
6704:
6564:
6406:
6396:
6133:
5993:
5966:
5946:
5923:
5903:
5856:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5785:
5765:
5720:
5684:
5674:
5633:
5625:
5612:
Navarro VJ, Khan I, Björnsson E, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Hoofnagle JH (January 2017).
5579:
5571:
5351:"Dietary Supplement Labeling Guide: Chapter I. General Dietary Supplement Labeling"
5278:
5270:
5229:
5213:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4723:
4715:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4625:
4615:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4473:
4465:
4424:
4416:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4326:
4316:
4275:
4234:
4226:
4185:
4177:
4136:
4118:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4028:
4018:
3977:
3819:
3809:
3767:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3581:
3573:
3532:
3491:
3483:
3440:
3302:
3294:
3281:
Navarro VJ, Khan I, Björnsson E, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Hoofnagle JH (January 2017).
3236:
3173:
3127:
3086:
3078:
2992:
2954:
2913:
2905:
2858:
2815:
2770:
2726:
2687:
2677:
2630:
2587:
2543:
2533:
2454:
2407:
2394:
Liao CD, Tsauo JY, Wu YT, Cheng CP, Chen HC, Huang YC, et al. (October 2017).
2338:
2258:
2217:
2209:
1678:
1620:
1502:
Regulation of food and dietary supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1476:
1415:
1301:
1253:
1160:
897:
896:
Manufacturers have begun to include long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and
889:
or stroke, although it reaffirmed supplementation for people who have a history of
795:
688:
453:
341:
246:
6643:
6478:
3338:. US National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. 2 November 2016
2458:
2379:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 19 June 2009. FDA-2008-Q-0323. Archived from
8817:
8785:
8702:
8631:
8626:
8481:
8448:
8392:
8253:
8080:
7755:
7731:
6456:
3966:"Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: bridging science and marketing"
3814:
3577:
2909:
2849:
Lemon, PW (June 1995). "Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids?".
2819:
2719:
2634:
1913:
1557:
1304:
that can lead to health complications affecting the kidney, the heart, and cause
1145:
909:
871:
637:, and to people who want to increase muscle size for performance and appearance.
500:
150:
per se, but are marketed as having a beneficial biological effect, such as plant
131:
111:
7555:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. December 2017
6230:
6204:
6178:
4212:
4005:
Slashinski MJ, McCurdy SA, Achenbaum LS, Whitney SN, McGuire AL (October 2012).
9224:
9186:
8909:
8770:
8519:
8514:
8230:
8165:
8120:
7864:
7505:"The proposed rule for U.S. clinical trial registration and results submission"
7129:
7105:
6902:
4420:
3771:
3611:"Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term"
2213:
1553:
1542:
1472:
1423:
1398:
1353:
1309:
1009:
1005:
989:
755:
607:
102:, one of the first dietary supplement products manufactured in the 18th century
70:
7282:
6500:
5712:
4957:"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia"
4719:
4503:
4230:
3982:
3965:
3444:
3199:
3177:
3132:
3115:
2996:
2591:
1564:(ANH) had a legal challenge to the Food Supplements Directive referred to the
9272:
8899:
8859:
8849:
8795:
8712:
8596:
8476:
8471:
8458:
8374:
8201:
8030:
8015:
7750:
7617:
7290:
7137:
6758:
6569:
6548:
5724:
5274:
5225:
4132:
3248:
2682:
2343:
2326:
1879:
1703:
1612:
1576:
1522:
1373:
1313:
1241:
941:
915:
844:
823:
357:
135:
110:
is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a
99:
87:
31:
7237:
7062:
7031:
6857:
6063:
5084:
4469:
4321:
4023:
3224:
2959:
2942:
2775:
2758:
2412:
2395:
1344:
are used to notify manufacturers of impending enforcement action, including
817:
Fish oil is a commonly used fatty acid supplement because it is a source of
8641:
8591:
8486:
8257:
8206:
7716:
7538:
7489:
7448:
7404:
7355:
7298:
7255:
7206:
7155:
7098:
7049:
7000:
6951:
6910:
6875:
6826:
6777:
6726:
6420:
6007:
5958:
5950:
5915:
5870:
5777:
5769:
5698:
5647:
5593:
5292:
5243:
5008:"Vitamins and Supplements Market Size & Industry Report [2028]"
4942:
4893:
4815:
4737:
4701:
4688:
4639:
4588:
4539:
4487:
4438:
4389:
4340:
4289:
4248:
4199:
4150:
4091:
4058:"Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea"
4042:
3991:
3833:
3779:
3644:
3595:
3546:
3505:
3487:
3452:
3316:
3256:
3185:
3141:
3100:
3004:
2968:
2927:
2784:
2701:
2642:
2599:
2557:
2466:
2421:
2272:
2231:
1889:
1800:
1546:
1465:
1333:
1305:
1297:
1062:
863:
791:
747:
692:
658:
654:
638:
580:
353:
254:
250:
190:
179:
7520:
7371:"Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis"
7080:
6708:
6549:"Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring [
5679:
5537:"New Dietary Ingredients in Dietary Supplements - Background for Industry"
5040:
2870:
2862:
2827:
940:
from plants, animals, algae, fungi or lichens, including such examples as
9254:
9013:
8737:
8727:
8563:
8318:
8125:
8105:
8100:
8060:
6808:
5663:"Adverse Psychiatric Effects Associated with Herbal Weight-Loss Products"
4181:
4107:"Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review"
1856:
1608:
1172:
supplementation improves prenatal outcomes in hypertensive disorders and
1126:
1001:
985:
977:
965:
961:
799:
763:
666:
650:
646:
381:
332:
262:
7423:"Should comparative effectiveness research ignore industry-funded data?"
5851:
5825:
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (March 2012).
4302:
2016:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 2017.
1008:
countries were leading consumers of botanical supplements in 2016, with
851:. ALA can be elongated in the body to create other omega-3 fatty acids:
9109:
9099:
8989:
8965:
8924:
8894:
8879:
8844:
8826:
8732:
8666:
8196:
8150:
7952:
7947:
7837:
7810:
7796:
7721:
7187:
6503:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 2018
6401:
5491:. Federal Trade Commission, US Government. 25 July 2017. Archived from
4280:
4263:
4123:
3496:
2941:
Cermak NM, Res PT, de Groot LC, Saris WH, van Loon LJ (December 2012).
2519:
2245:
Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP (December 2013).
2116:"Guidance for Industry: Frequently Asked Questions About Medical Foods"
1670:
of botanical ingredients used in manufacturing of dietary supplements.
1667:
1604:
1457:
1427:
1403:
1349:
1115:
1082:
981:
704:
630:
624:
552:
520:
477:
377:
365:
278:
239:
227:
202:
155:
143:
139:
75:
7666:
7439:
7422:
6982:
6672:. US National Institute of Standards and Technology. 21 September 2016
6051:"Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs) for Dietary Supplements"
5629:
5038:
4857:
4620:
3298:
2538:
82:
9201:
9094:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
8952:
8919:
8874:
8864:
8803:
8780:
8775:
8717:
8707:
8671:
8308:
8288:
8211:
8160:
8090:
8065:
8005:
7957:
7942:
7937:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7791:
7746:
3336:"Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
3067:"Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Cardiac Surgery Volume and Outcomes"
2288:
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals
1737:
1699:
1168:
1163:. Folate is also an essential nutrient for pregnant women to prevent
1141:
1137:
1133:
1069:
1044:
1027:
1021:
993:
949:
919:
771:
662:
536:
524:
504:
450:
306:
302:
58:
5660:
4780:
Rumbold A, Ota E, Hori H, Miyazaki C, Crowther CA (September 2015).
2805:
9129:
9064:
9059:
8957:
8929:
8854:
8839:
8752:
8463:
8343:
8045:
8025:
7962:
7922:
7907:
7801:
6385:"Dietary Supplements: Regulatory Challenges and Research Resources"
5144:
5119:
5067:"Herbal Supplement Sellers Dispense Dangerous Advice, False Claims"
4402:
3027:"Regulatory Issues: Meal Replacements – Convenience or Compromise?"
2730:
1869:
1824:
1653:
1616:
1582:
1572:
1411:
1407:
1159:
can lower the risk of early pregnancy loss and relieve symptoms of
973:
969:
945:
783:
775:
724:
716:
556:
548:
508:
481:
469:
461:
349:
345:
298:
270:
159:
123:
7320:
Visser ME, Durao S, Sinclair D, Irlam JH, Siegfried N (May 2017).
6840:
Kantor ED, Rehm CD, Du M, White E, Giovannucci EL (October 2016).
6353:"FTC to marketers: Stop making unsupported COVID treatment claims"
5200:
Tucker J, Fischer T, Upjohn L, Mazzera D, Kumar M (October 2018).
5173:"New York Attorney General Targets Supplements at Major Retailers"
4704:"Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy"
4353:
2140:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. ES-1–ES-3.
2059:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health.
158:. Animals can also be a source of supplement ingredients, such as
9196:
9156:
9046:
8944:
8904:
8884:
8869:
8834:
8438:
8328:
8313:
8283:
8278:
8191:
8145:
8075:
8055:
7902:
7776:
7766:
7576:
6842:"Trends in Dietary Supplement Use Among US Adults From 1999-2012"
5936:
5515:"Three Dietary Supplement Marketers Settle FTC, Maine AG Charges"
4552:
4105:
Dale, HF; Rasmussen, SH; Asiller, ÖÖ; Lied, GA (September 2019).
4004:
1780:
1419:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1261:
1257:
1217:
1149:
957:
937:
720:
712:
572:
516:
485:
327:
231:
223:
163:
151:
127:
7602:"Questions to Ask Before Taking Vitamin and Mineral Supplements"
7262:
6964:
5824:
2763:
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
1986:"Dietary Supplements Market Size & Trends Report, 2021–2028"
936:
Dietary supplements can be manufactured using intact sources or
9104:
9069:
9005:
8997:
8934:
8914:
8889:
8298:
8186:
8050:
7972:
7967:
7927:
7917:
7912:
7855:
7846:
7368:
7168:
6459:. Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australian Government. 2018
6064:
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (16 August 2019).
4986:"Supplement Industry Contributes $ 122 Billion To U.S. Economy"
3894:"Herbal Supplements Post Strongest Sales Growth in Two Decades"
3274:
3052:"Medical Foods Guidance Documents & Regulatory Information"
2121:(Second ed.). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. May 2016.
1769:
1765:
1122:
1004:
and mushroom product sales as the highest. Italy, Germany, and
882:
697:
642:
560:
544:
540:
512:
473:
465:
457:
294:
290:
46:
7220:
Li Y, Huang T, Zheng Y, Muka T, Troup J, Hu FB (August 2016).
6666:"Measurements and Standards for Botanical Dietary Supplements"
6591:. Australian Government – Department of Health. Archived from
6546:
3941:. Food Safety Authority of Ireland. 5 May 2017. Archived from
3064:
2891:
2094:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
1231:
833:; if there are two or more double bonds (C=C=C), it is called
7111:
3361:(11th ed.). California: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 154.
1754:
1719:
1600:
1518:
about both the composition and the health benefits of foods.
1111:
568:
484:. There are dietary supplements that provide sulfur, such as
361:
286:
7369:
Grobler L, Nagpal S, Sudarsanam TD, Sinclair D (June 2016).
7322:"Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection"
4906:
4602:
McStay CL, Prescott SL, Bower C, Palmer DJ (February 2017).
2359:"Qualified Health Claims: Letters of Enforcement Discretion"
1971:. European Food Safety Authority, European Commission. 2009.
1850:
9134:
8491:
8443:
8303:
8155:
7977:
7932:
5560:"Adverse Effects of Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements"
5469:. Federal Trade Commission, US Government. 15 December 2010
4055:
3963:
3473:
3413:. Institute of Medicine, National Academies. Archived from
2437:
2086:
1623:, among others. By August 2020, the FDA and FTC had issued
1483:, salt and sugar and to get exercise daily, and to abandon
1245:
1054:
1031:
probiotics for the alleviation of symptoms associated with
746:
are dietary supplements commonly used by those involved in
641:
is a popular ingredient, but products may also incorporate
532:
528:
235:
167:
7268:
5883:
5199:
4555:"Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy"
3917:"Dietary Supplements in Europe Poised for Profound Growth"
3559:
3113:
1560:. In 2004, along with two British trade associations, the
932:
St. John's wort petals used in natural product supplements
6923:
6286:"Fraudulent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) products"
5611:
5517:. Federal Trade Commission, US Government. 23 August 2017
5043:(Report). Government Accountability Office, US Government
4601:
3795:
3521:"Clinical trial evidence and use of fish oil supplements"
3280:
1796:
1640:, the Office of Dietary Supplements of the United States
1281:
369:
7659:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
7319:
6693:"Fortification and health: challenges and opportunities"
6066:"Information for Consumers on Using Dietary Supplements"
5039:
U. S. Government Accountability Office (18 March 2013).
4104:
2981:
2759:"A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans"
1687:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
1646:
Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate
1035:. Probiotic supplements are generally regarded as safe.
5713:"Herbal and Dietary Supplement Interactions with Drugs"
4653:
Lassi ZS, Salam RA, Haider BA, Bhutta ZA (March 2013).
2725:. Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press. 2005.
2315:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 29 September 2008.
7579:"Dietary Supplements: General Resources for Consumers"
6791:
Chen P, Li C, Li X, Li J, Chu R, Wang H (April 2014).
6161:"Food supplements – Food Safety – European Commission"
4779:
4652:
2940:
2570:
2377:"Selenium and a Reduced Risk of Site-specific Cancers"
2244:
1248:
and 80% containing other chemical contaminants. Using
700:– are available in regular and high protein versions.
8252:
6888:
5116:"Marketplace: Some protein powders fail fitness test"
3608:
3054:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 6 December 2017.
2138:
Dietary supplements a framework for evaluating safety
6739:
4261:
3405:
2663:
2620:
2447:
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
1846:
1012:
market growth forecast to be $ 8.7 billion by 2020.
6740:Iannotti LL, Trehan I, Manary MJ (September 2013).
6690:
5752:
5489:"Dietary supplement concerns? Tell the FTC and FDA"
5331:. US Food and Drug Administration. 12 December 2017
4262:Falsig AL, Gleerup CS, Knudsen UB (November 2019).
3114:Komar B, Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G (April 2015).
2361:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from
2130:
2128:
1885:
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
220:
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
7277:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 22.
6022:
5802:. dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov. Archived from
5614:"Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements"
5375:. US Food and Drug Administration. 29 January 2019
5093:"Are protein shakes the weight-loss magic bullet?"
4860:"Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy"
3283:"Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements"
2718:
360:(vitamin C) is a vitamin for anthropoid primates,
7461:
6839:
6620:. European Medicines Agency. 2017. Archived from
5557:
4454:"Safety and efficacy of supplements in pregnancy"
3757:
2713:
2711:
9270:
7219:
6382:
5353:. US Food and Drug Administration. 21 March 2018
5259:"Prohibited Contaminants in Dietary Supplements"
3375:
3162:
2433:
2431:
2393:
2125:
1716:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
1583:Fraudulent products during the COVID-19 outbreak
1426:. Weight loss supplements have also had adverse
1308:. Multiple bodybuilding products also contained
392:). The list: vitamins A, C, D, E, K, Thiamine (B
7502:
7124:(4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1196–1210.
6355:. NutraIngredients.com – USA, William Reed, Inc
6310:. US Federal Trade Commission. 10 February 2020
6288:. US Food and Drug Administration. 7 April 2020
5113:
2756:
2198:"The genetics of vitamin C loss in vertebrates"
2195:
2110:
2108:
754:for the purpose of facilitating an increase in
7881:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
6383:Dwyer JT, Coates PM, Smith MJ (January 2018).
6330:"FTC coronavirus warning letters to companies"
5558:Ronis MJ, Pedersen KB, Watt J (January 2018).
5539:. US Food and Drug Administration. August 2016
5365:
3707:"Natural and Non-prescription Health Products"
3685:"U.S. Herbal Supplement Sales Up 7.7% in 2016"
2708:
2080:
1085:woman. A review provided evidence that taking
122:, powder, or liquid. A supplement can provide
8238:
7682:
7464:"The potential impact of unpublished results"
7427:Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research
7013:
6542:
6540:
6280:
6278:
5195:
5193:
3356:
2571:Naclerio F, Larumbe-Zabala E (January 2016).
2428:
1940:"Dietary Supplements: Background Information"
1603:of fraudulent supplement products, including
7416:
7414:
6930:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
6308:"Coronavirus: Scammers follow the headlines"
5800:"Vitamin E – Health Professional Fact Sheet"
5564:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
5387:
5170:
4752:"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy"
4695:
4163:
3840:
3222:
3120:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
2623:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
2160:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2105:
1980:
1978:
1675:Australian Government's Department of Health
1285:wheat, that were not listed as ingredients.
7503:Zarin DA, Tse T, Sheehan J (January 2015).
7375:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7326:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6547:European Food Safety Authority (May 2012).
6523:"Licensed Natural Health Products Database"
6332:. US Federal Trade Commission. 29 July 2020
6129:"Controversial EU vitamins ban to go ahead"
5831:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5818:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5445:"Warning letter: Independent Nutrition Inc"
5422:"Warning letter: Maine Natural Health, Inc"
4913:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4864:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4786:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4708:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4659:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4559:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4510:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4451:
4360:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4062:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3615:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3518:
3512:
3430:
2799:
1232:Adulteration, contamination and mislabeling
1179:Iron supplementation can lower the risk of
827:; with one double bond (C=C), it is called
730:
614:
285:and non-nutrient substances extracted from
8245:
8231:
7689:
7675:
7645:United States National Library of Medicine
7545:
7420:
7020:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
6790:
6537:
6493:
6300:
6275:
6053:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2007.
6020:
5982:"Can we say what diet is best for health?"
5979:
5190:
5166:
5164:
5162:
4499:
4497:
4445:
3848:"Quality of Natural Health Products Guide"
3791:
3789:
3721:
2947:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2885:
2614:
2400:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2196:Drouin G, Godin JR, Pagé B (August 2011).
1811:A review of clinical trials registered at
1775:A 2017 academic review indicated a rising
7528:
7479:
7462:Knottnerus JA, Tugwell P (October 2013).
7438:
7411:
7394:
7345:
7245:
7226:Journal of the American Heart Association
7196:
7186:
7145:
7088:
7039:
6990:
6941:
6865:
6816:
6767:
6757:
6716:
6568:
6410:
6400:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6350:
6322:
5997:
5897:
5860:
5850:
5688:
5678:
5637:
5583:
5436:
5321:
5282:
5233:
5060:
5058:
4932:
4883:
4805:
4727:
4678:
4629:
4619:
4578:
4529:
4477:
4428:
4379:
4330:
4320:
4279:
4238:
4189:
4140:
4122:
4081:
4032:
4022:
3981:
3896:. Nutraceuticals World. 23 September 2019
3823:
3813:
3678:
3676:
3634:
3585:
3536:
3495:
3306:
3131:
3090:
2958:
2917:
2774:
2752:
2750:
2691:
2681:
2547:
2537:
2411:
2342:
2262:
2221:
2168:
2089:"Dietary Supplement Labels: Key Elements"
2051:
2049:
2008:
2006:
1975:
750:, weightlifting, mixed martial arts, and
6583:
6479:"Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database"
5999:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182351
5908:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00011
5600:
5459:
5343:
4830:"Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy"
4782:"Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy"
3753:
3751:
3399:
2851:International Journal of Sport Nutrition
2657:
2264:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729
2238:
1709:
1552:The dietary supplements industry in the
1319:
1268:in several protein powder products. The
927:
806:
456:indispensable for life. Four minerals –
331:
93:
81:
69:
57:
45:
7696:
7577:Food and Nutrition Information Center.
7056:
6257:"EU court backs health supplements ban"
5877:
5442:
5256:
5159:
5114:Griffith-Greene M (November 13, 2015).
4494:
3786:
3727:
3467:
2351:
14:
9271:
6636:
6577:
6367:
6126:
6120:
5576:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052844
5415:
5413:
5393:
5299:
5090:
5064:
5055:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
4356:"Antioxidants for female subfertility"
3914:
3908:
3699:
3682:
3673:
3661:. European Food Safety Authority. 2018
3651:
3330:
3328:
3326:
2747:
2486:
2484:
2046:
2003:
1963:
1961:
1932:
1433:
27:Product providing additional nutrients
8226:
7670:
6471:
6014:
5973:
5792:
5719:, CRC Press, pp. 273–308, 2003,
3748:
3395:from the original on August 28, 2017.
3229:Current Protein & Peptide Science
2848:
2842:
2068:
2066:
1790:
1692:
563:(the last as a component of vitamin B
9230:
5529:
5419:
4988:. Nutraceuticals World. 10 June 2016
2757:Bilsborough S, Mann N (April 2006).
2174:Lieberman, S and Bruning, N (1990).
2087:Office of Inspector General (2003).
1512:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
9172:Fruits & Veggies – More Matters
7509:The New England Journal of Medicine
6231:"Vitamin controls backed by Europe"
6205:"EU health foods crackdown 'wrong'"
5410:
5107:
5025:
3760:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
3323:
2481:
2279:
2176:The Real Vitamin & Mineral Book
2029:"Half of Americans use supplements"
2014:"Dietary Supplement Label Database"
1958:
1728:
1490:
1336:subject to compliance with current
1300:supplements were contaminated with
1197:hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
903:
24:
7653:"Using Dietary Supplements Wisely"
7570:
7014:O'Brien KO, Ru Y (December 2017).
5717:Handbook of Food-Drug Interactions
4452:Brown B, Wright C (October 2020).
3886:
3850:. Government of Canada. 1 May 2015
3408:"Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)"
2898:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2063:
1366:
1236:Over the period 2008 to 2011, the
1190:
843:(ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, and
25:
9290:
7629:
7622:NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
6179:"Court victory for vitamin firms"
5218:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3337
5141:"Supplements: Company statements"
3241:10.2174/1389203718666170529105026
3223:Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J. (2018).
3029:. Food Processing. Archived from
1906:
1806:
1536:
1448:, and preventing conditions like
1270:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
768:branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)
261:. Products intended for use as a
9249:
9239:
9229:
9220:
9219:
7618:"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets"
7496:
7468:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
7455:
7362:
7313:
7213:
7162:
7007:
6958:
6917:
6882:
6833:
6784:
6733:
6684:
6658:
6610:
6515:
6501:"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets"
6449:
6427:
6344:
6249:
6223:
6197:
6171:
6153:
6098:
6076:
6057:
6043:
5930:
5746:
5705:
5654:
5551:
5507:
5481:
4164:Doron S, Snydman DR (May 2015).
3970:The British Journal of Nutrition
3538:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12765
3519:Grey A, Bolland M (March 2014).
3083:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.079
2026:
1849:
1650:Therapeutic Goods Administration
1495:
1438:
1238:Government Accountability Office
736:This section is an excerpt from
275:nutritionally essential minerals
7421:Dunn AG, Coiera E (July 2014).
6435:"About Natural Health Products"
5250:
5133:
5012:www.fortunebusinessinsights.com
5000:
4978:
4949:
4900:
4851:
4822:
4773:
4744:
4646:
4595:
4546:
4396:
4347:
4296:
4255:
4206:
4166:"Risk and safety of probiotics"
4157:
4098:
4049:
3998:
3957:
3931:
3862:
3602:
3553:
3424:
3350:
3263:from the original on 2021-07-29
3216:
3192:
3156:
3107:
3058:
3044:
3019:
2975:
2934:
2564:
2513:
2500:International Olympic Committee
2387:
2369:
2319:
2305:
2189:
1256:also reported unsafe levels of
7553:"ODS Strategic Plan 2017-2021"
7481:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.08.001
7387:10.1002/14651858.CD006086.pub4
7338:10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub4
6351:Masterson D (17 August 2020).
5986:Annual Review of Public Health
5843:10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2
5396:"Warning letter: Vitalife Inc"
5171:O'Connor A (3 February 2015).
5095:. The Globe and Mail (Toronto)
4925:10.1002/14651858.CD011192.pub3
4876:10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub5
4798:10.1002/14651858.CD004069.pub3
4671:10.1002/14651858.cd006896.pub2
4571:10.1002/14651858.CD007575.pub4
4522:10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub3
4372:10.1002/14651858.CD007807.pub4
4074:10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5
3728:Barrett S (23 November 2013).
3683:Prince J (13 September 2017).
3627:10.1002/14651858.CD000376.pub4
3200:"the definition of amino acid"
3071:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
2020:
1638:European Food Safety Authority
1155:Sufficient intake of vitamin B
868:European Food Safety Authority
584:at least 260 mg/serving.
384:, vitamin K includes vitamin K
13:
1:
7586:National Agricultural Library
6943:10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30230-9
5939:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
5667:BioMed Research International
5443:Burbach MR (31 August 2018).
2808:Journal of Applied Physiology
2459:10.1080/09637486.2016.1232702
2057:"FAQs on Dietary Supplements"
1900:
1642:National Institutes of Health
1599:(FTC) warned consumers about
1568:by the High Court in London.
1015:
980:, specialist shops, military
682:Recommended Dietary Allowance
676:According to US and Canadian
635:protein-sparing modified fast
497:Recommended Dietary Allowance
433:tolerable upper intake levels
213:
184:National Institutes of Health
6584:Baggoley C (November 2015).
5420:Pace RM (18 December 2017).
4170:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3815:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002657
3732:. Quackwatch. Archived from
3709:. Government of Canada. 2018
3578:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000482
2910:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608
2820:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.1986
2635:10.1080/07315724.2013.875365
1742:respiratory tract infections
1660:
1338:Good Manufacturing Practices
1038:
924:Traditional Chinese medicine
208:good manufacturing practices
199:Food and Drug Administration
7:
9182:Latin American Diet Pyramid
9162:Dairy Council of California
8617:Gluten-free and casein-free
5886:Annals of Internal Medicine
5373:"FDA Warning Letters, 2018"
5309:. European Commission. 2019
2251:Annals of Internal Medicine
2074:"Structure/Function Claims"
1842:
1787:, or multiple ingredients.
1768:alone or with B vitamins –
1753:and adverse effects on the
1631:
1562:Alliance for Natural Health
1487:and a sedentary lifestyle.
1479:of whole foods, minimizing
1207:
1096:
438:
321:
10:
9295:
9192:Mediterranean Diet Pyramid
8647:Low-fiber/low-residue diet
8001:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
7891:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
7271:Current Cardiology Reports
6903:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.12.013
6127:Knight, S (12 July 2005).
5980:Katz DL, Meller S (2014).
5394:Porter SE (20 June 2016).
5091:McGinn D (26 March 2017).
4421:10.5935/1518-0557.20180046
4409:JBRA Assisted Reproduction
3919:. Natural Products Insider
3772:10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004
3433:Current Cardiology Reports
3406:Food and Nutrition Board.
2214:10.2174/138920211796429736
1714:In the United States, the
1591:in the United States, the
1499:
1100:
1042:
1026:Claimed benefits of using
1019:
913:
907:
810:
735:
709:branched-chain amino acids
618:
442:
429:U.S. Institute of Medicine
325:
218:In the United States, the
36:
29:
9258:Health and fitness portal
9215:
9147:
9045:
8943:
8825:
8816:
8794:
8751:
8685:
8577:
8556:
8528:
8500:
8457:
8406:
8383:
8357:
8336:
8327:
8264:
8174:
7986:
7876:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
7775:
7704:
7283:10.1007/s11886-020-1270-1
6797:British Journal of Cancer
6457:"Complementary medicines"
5065:Harmon, K (28 May 2010).
4720:10.1002/14651858.CD013446
3983:10.1017/S000711451100287X
3939:"Probiotic Health Claims"
3915:Becker M (8 March 2016).
3445:10.1007/s11886-017-0856-8
3178:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.09.012
3133:10.1007/s12603-014-0559-4
2997:10.1007/s40279-014-0269-4
2670:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2592:10.1007/s40279-015-0403-y
1818:
1683:European Medicines Agency
1566:European Court of Justice
1278:New York Attorney General
8538:Bodybuilding supplements
7130:10.1093/advances/nmab001
6759:10.1186/1475-2891-12-125
6570:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2663
5725:10.1201/9780203490242-17
5275:10.1177/1941738117727736
2683:10.3389/fphar.2019.00317
2493:"Nutrition for Athletes"
2344:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1609
1597:Federal Trade Commission
1444:successes in preventing
1361:Federal Trade Commission
1033:irritable bowel syndrome
744:Bodybuilding supplements
731:Bodybuilding supplements
680:guidelines, the protein
678:Dietary Reference Intake
669:, and reduced perceived
615:Proteins and amino acids
316:
301:, or in the instance of
9207:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
8510:Ovo-lacto vegetarianism
7712:Bodybuilding supplement
7637:"Herbs and Supplements"
7238:10.1161/JAHA.116.003768
7032:10.3945/ajcn.117.155986
6858:10.1001/jama.2016.14403
4322:10.3390/biology10030241
4231:10.1093/advances/nmy057
4024:10.1186/1472-6939-13-28
3359:Understanding Nutrition
2960:10.3945/ajcn.112.037556
2776:10.1123/ijsnem.16.2.129
2413:10.3945/ajcn.116.143594
1918:Encyclopædia Britannica
1865:Bodybuilding supplement
1628:risk for serious harm"
1452:by supplementation and
738:Bodybuilding supplement
703:Proteins are chains of
9177:Healthy eating pyramid
8723:Time Restricted Eating
8607:Fluid restriction diet
7886:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
7026:(Suppl 6): 1647S–54S.
5951:10.1038/nrendo.2016.54
5770:10.1001/jama.294.3.351
3730:"The herbal minefield"
3525:JAMA Internal Medicine
3488:10.1001/jama.295.4.403
3166:American Heart Journal
2178:. NY: Avery Group, 3,
1751:iron deficiency anemia
1549:and nutrition claims.
1508:United States Congress
1406:damage with resulting
1185:hypertensive disorders
1181:iron deficiency anemia
1087:dehydroepiandrosterone
933:
891:coronary heart disease
887:cardiovascular disease
602:calcium, selenium and
404:), Pantothenic Acid (B
337:
103:
91:
86:As a softgel capsule (
79:
67:
55:
8677:Specific carbohydrate
8569:Very-low-calorie diet
7521:10.1056/NEJMsr1414226
7118:Advances in Nutrition
7081:10.3945/an.116.013516
7069:Advances in Nutrition
6709:10.3945/an.114.007443
6697:Advances in Nutrition
6021:Fitzgerald M (2014).
5329:"Dietary Supplements"
4470:10.1093/nutrit/nuz101
4219:Advances in Nutrition
3687:. Nutritional Outlook
2863:10.1123/ijsn.5.s1.s39
1710:Population monitoring
1485:Western pattern diets
1475:urge people to eat a
1320:Regulatory compliance
931:
853:eicosapentaenoic acid
813:Essential fatty acids
807:Essential fatty acids
780:essential fatty acids
490:methylsulfonylmethane
335:
311:risk–benefit analysis
283:essential fatty acids
97:
85:
73:
61:
49:
8622:Intermittent fasting
8086:Japanese honeysuckle
6809:10.1038/bjc.2014.155
4176:(Suppl 2): S129–34.
2365:on 26 November 2013.
2101:on 18 November 2004.
1895:Alternative medicine
1829:health professionals
1609:cannabidiol products
1605:homeopathic remedies
1481:ultra-processed food
1446:vitamin deficiencies
1294:erectile dysfunction
1290:pharmaceutical drugs
1174:gestational diabetes
857:docosahexaenoic acid
841:alpha-linolenic acid
259:pharmaceutical drugs
9279:Dietary supplements
8587:Calorie restriction
8011:Chondroitin sulfate
7829:Pantothenic acid (B
7792:Retinol (Vitamin A)
7762:Protein supplements
7698:Dietary supplements
6644:"Herbs at a Glance"
6624:on 26 February 2017
6086:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
5680:10.1155/2015/120679
5257:Mathews NM (2018).
5147:. November 13, 2015
5071:Scientific American
2295:on January 18, 2017
1992:. San Francisco, CA
1990:Grand View Research
1875:Megavitamin therapy
1723:neural tube defects
1648:of Canada, and the
1450:neural tube defects
1434:Society and culture
1428:psychiatric effects
1354:financial penalties
1342:FDA warning letters
1326:European Commission
1202:potassium gluconate
1165:neural tube defects
1089:before starting an
1059:omega-3 fatty acids
819:omega-3 fatty acids
760:high protein drinks
604:chromium picolinate
195:scientific evidence
172:European Commission
8502:Semi-vegetarianism
8182:Codex Alimentarius
8071:Grape seed extract
7732:Herbal supplements
7188:10.3390/nu13114074
6891:Clinical Nutrition
6402:10.3390/nu10010041
5495:on 23 January 2018
5307:"Food supplements"
5177:The New York Times
4967:on January 2, 2015
4281:10.1111/andr.12649
4182:10.1093/cid/civ085
4124:10.3390/nu11092048
4011:BMC Medical Ethics
3874:www.herbalgram.org
1969:"Food Supplements"
1837:CONSORT guidelines
1813:clinicaltrials.gov
1791:Absence of benefit
1693:Quality and safety
1510:. Pursuant to the
1454:food fortification
1378:allergic reactions
1346:search and seizure
934:
849:omega-6 fatty acid
671:exercise intensity
621:Protein (nutrient)
445:Mineral (nutrient)
338:
108:dietary supplement
104:
92:
80:
68:
56:
9266:
9265:
9143:
9142:
8812:
8811:
8385:Sustainable diets
8220:
8219:
7865:Cyanocobalamin (B
7782:chemical elements
7440:10.2217/cer.14.31
6983:10.1136/bmj.i6583
6746:Nutrition Journal
6185:. 30 January 2004
6036:978-1-60598-560-2
6029:. Pegasus Books.
5806:on 13 August 2009
5734:978-0-429-20832-4
5630:10.1002/hep.28813
5206:JAMA Network Open
4762:on March 30, 2014
4621:10.3390/nu9020123
4458:Nutrition Reviews
3736:on 18 August 2018
3572:(15): e867–e884.
3368:978-0-495-11669-1
3299:10.1002/hep.28813
2857:(Suppl): S39–61.
2740:978-0-309-08525-0
2539:10.3390/nu8070394
2337:(5): 1609. 2010.
2147:978-0-309-09206-7
1946:on 14 August 2020
1833:clinical research
1785:green tea extract
1589:COVID-19 pandemic
1418:, and the herbal
1416:anabolic steroids
1302:anabolic steroids
1195:Individuals with
1108:Prenatal vitamins
1103:Prenatal vitamins
665:, average power,
454:chemical elements
449:Minerals are the
374:ultraviolet light
247:meal replacements
39:Herbal supplement
16:(Redirected from
9286:
9253:
9243:
9233:
9232:
9223:
9222:
8823:
8822:
8657:Monotrophic diet
8637:Low-carbohydrate
8602:Elimination diet
8548:Therapeutic food
8543:Meal replacement
8530:Supplement diets
8398:Planetary health
8334:
8333:
8270:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8224:
8223:
8175:Related articles
8081:Iron supplements
8021:Copper gluconate
7691:
7684:
7677:
7668:
7667:
7663:
7648:
7625:
7613:
7608:. Archived from
7596:
7594:
7588:. Archived from
7583:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7532:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7483:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7442:
7418:
7409:
7408:
7398:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7349:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7249:
7217:
7211:
7210:
7200:
7190:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7149:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7092:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7043:
7011:
7005:
7004:
6994:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6945:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6869:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6820:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6761:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6720:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6597:
6590:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6544:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6414:
6404:
6380:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6137:. Archived from
6134:The Times Online
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6028:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6001:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5901:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5854:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5682:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5609:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5286:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5168:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5036:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4963:. Archived from
4953:
4947:
4946:
4936:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:on July 30, 2021
4836:. Archived from
4826:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4758:. Archived from
4748:
4742:
4741:
4731:
4714:(10): CD013446.
4699:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4623:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4516:(12): CD007950.
4501:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4366:(11): CD007807.
4351:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4324:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4126:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4026:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3817:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3332:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3135:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3023:
3017:
3016:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2778:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2502:. Archived from
2497:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2202:Current Genomics
2193:
2187:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1910:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1729:Clinical studies
1679:health insurance
1621:colloidal silver
1491:Legal regulation
1477:plant-based diet
1254:Consumer Reports
1226:population aging
1161:morning sickness
1006:Eastern European
904:Natural products
898:arachidonic acid
872:Adequate Intakes
689:meal replacement
396:), Riboflavin (B
342:organic compound
340:A vitamin is an
21:
9294:
9293:
9289:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9211:
9149:
9139:
9041:
9017:
9009:
9001:
8993:
8985:
8977:
8969:
8961:
8939:
8808:
8790:
8747:
8681:
8579:
8573:
8557:Non-solid diets
8552:
8524:
8496:
8482:Milk substitute
8461:
8453:
8407:Religious diets
8402:
8379:
8353:
8323:
8268:
8260:
8254:Human nutrition
8251:
8221:
8216:
8170:
7988:
7982:
7868:
7859:
7850:
7841:
7832:
7823:
7814:
7805:
7783:
7780:
7771:
7756:Bifidobacterium
7700:
7695:
7651:
7635:
7632:
7616:
7600:
7592:
7581:
7573:
7571:Further reading
7568:
7558:
7556:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7501:
7497:
7474:(10): 1061–63.
7460:
7456:
7419:
7412:
7381:(6): CD006086.
7367:
7363:
7332:(5): CD003650.
7318:
7314:
7267:
7263:
7218:
7214:
7167:
7163:
7110:
7106:
7061:
7057:
7012:
7008:
6963:
6959:
6922:
6918:
6887:
6883:
6852:(14): 1464–74.
6838:
6834:
6789:
6785:
6738:
6734:
6689:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6627:
6625:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6601:
6599:
6598:on 26 June 2016
6595:
6588:
6582:
6578:
6545:
6538:
6528:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6462:
6460:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6440:
6438:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6381:
6368:
6358:
6356:
6349:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6313:
6311:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6291:
6289:
6284:
6283:
6276:
6266:
6264:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6240:
6238:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6142:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6062:
6058:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6019:
6015:
5978:
5974:
5935:
5931:
5899:10.1.1.668.4335
5882:
5878:
5837:(3): CD007176.
5823:
5819:
5809:
5807:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5754:Lichtenstein AH
5751:
5747:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5659:
5655:
5610:
5601:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5255:
5251:
5198:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5169:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5063:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5037:
5026:
5017:
5015:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4970:
4968:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4919:(9): CD011192.
4905:
4901:
4870:(7): CD004736.
4856:
4852:
4843:
4841:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4792:(9): CD004069.
4778:
4774:
4765:
4763:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4700:
4696:
4665:(3): CD006896.
4651:
4647:
4600:
4596:
4565:(9): CD007575.
4551:
4547:
4502:
4495:
4450:
4446:
4401:
4397:
4352:
4348:
4301:
4297:
4260:
4256:
4211:
4207:
4162:
4158:
4103:
4099:
4068:(4): CD004827.
4054:
4050:
4003:
3999:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3945:on 10 July 2017
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3808:(4): e1002657.
3794:
3787:
3766:(1–2): 100–06.
3756:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3621:(3): CD000376.
3607:
3603:
3558:
3554:
3517:
3513:
3472:
3468:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3161:
3157:
3112:
3108:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2985:Sports Medicine
2980:
2976:
2939:
2935:
2890:
2886:
2847:
2843:
2804:
2800:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2662:
2658:
2619:
2615:
2580:Sports Medicine
2575:
2569:
2565:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2392:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2243:
2239:
2194:
2190:
2173:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1914:"Cod liver oil"
1912:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1821:
1809:
1793:
1731:
1712:
1695:
1663:
1634:
1625:warning letters
1601:marketing scams
1585:
1558:consumer choice
1539:
1530:Warning Letters
1504:
1498:
1493:
1441:
1436:
1369:
1367:Adverse effects
1322:
1310:antidepressants
1298:Muscle building
1234:
1214:economic impact
1210:
1193:
1191:Pharmacotherapy
1158:
1130:
1119:
1105:
1099:
1076:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1024:
1018:
954:St. John's wort
926:
912:
910:Natural product
906:
836:polyunsaturated
830:monounsaturated
815:
809:
804:
803:
741:
733:
627:
619:Main articles:
617:
566:
501:Adequate Intake
447:
441:
423:
420:) and Vitamin B
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
344:required by an
330:
324:
319:
230:, constituent,
216:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Food supplement
15:
12:
11:
5:
9292:
9282:
9281:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9260:
9247:
9237:
9227:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9187:French paradox
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9153:
9151:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9051:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8949:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8910:Selenocysteine
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8831:
8829:
8820:
8814:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8806:
8800:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8771:Master Cleanse
8768:
8763:
8757:
8755:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8689:
8687:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8583:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8571:
8566:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8534:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8506:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8389:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8361:
8359:
8358:Regional diets
8355:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8346:
8340:
8338:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8250:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8227:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8168:
8166:Zinc gluconate
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8141:St John's wort
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8121:Red yeast rice
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7992:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7862:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7835:
7830:
7826:
7821:
7817:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7753:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7708:
7706:
7702:
7701:
7694:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7649:
7631:
7630:External links
7628:
7627:
7626:
7614:
7612:on 2017-06-22.
7598:
7595:on 2008-12-16.
7572:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7544:
7495:
7454:
7410:
7361:
7312:
7261:
7232:(8): e003768.
7212:
7161:
7104:
7055:
7006:
6957:
6916:
6881:
6832:
6803:(9): 2327–38.
6783:
6732:
6683:
6657:
6635:
6609:
6576:
6536:
6514:
6492:
6470:
6448:
6426:
6366:
6343:
6321:
6299:
6274:
6263:. 12 July 2005
6248:
6237:. 12 July 2005
6222:
6211:. 5 April 2005
6196:
6170:
6152:
6119:
6108:. Ec.europa.eu
6097:
6075:
6056:
6042:
6035:
6013:
5972:
5929:
5892:(12): 850–51.
5876:
5817:
5791:
5745:
5733:
5704:
5653:
5624:(1): 363–373.
5599:
5570:(1): 583–601.
5550:
5528:
5506:
5480:
5458:
5435:
5409:
5386:
5364:
5342:
5320:
5298:
5249:
5212:(6): e183337.
5189:
5158:
5132:
5106:
5083:
5054:
5024:
4999:
4977:
4948:
4899:
4850:
4821:
4772:
4743:
4694:
4645:
4594:
4545:
4493:
4464:(10): 813–26.
4444:
4395:
4346:
4295:
4274:(6): 794–803.
4254:
4205:
4156:
4097:
4048:
3997:
3976:(9): 1291–96.
3956:
3930:
3907:
3885:
3861:
3839:
3785:
3747:
3720:
3698:
3672:
3650:
3601:
3552:
3511:
3466:
3423:
3420:on 2018-09-11.
3398:
3374:
3367:
3349:
3322:
3293:(1): 363–373.
3273:
3235:(7): 668–672.
3215:
3204:Dictionary.com
3191:
3155:
3106:
3077:(4): 1251–58.
3057:
3043:
3018:
2974:
2953:(6): 1454–64.
2933:
2884:
2841:
2814:(5): 1986–95.
2798:
2746:
2739:
2731:10.17226/10490
2707:
2656:
2613:
2563:
2512:
2509:on 2018-01-22.
2480:
2427:
2406:(4): 1078–91.
2386:
2383:on 2017-11-14.
2368:
2350:
2318:
2304:
2278:
2257:(12): 824–34.
2237:
2188:
2167:
2146:
2124:
2104:
2079:
2062:
2045:
2019:
2002:
1974:
1957:
1931:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1844:
1841:
1820:
1817:
1808:
1807:Reporting bias
1805:
1792:
1789:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1744:
1730:
1727:
1711:
1708:
1694:
1691:
1662:
1659:
1633:
1630:
1613:essential oils
1584:
1581:
1554:United Kingdom
1543:European Union
1538:
1537:European Union
1535:
1523:food additives
1500:Main article:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1473:healthy eating
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1404:hepatocellular
1368:
1365:
1321:
1318:
1314:antihistamines
1242:adverse events
1233:
1230:
1209:
1206:
1192:
1189:
1156:
1128:
1117:
1101:Main article:
1098:
1095:
1074:
1064:
1043:Main article:
1040:
1037:
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
1010:European Union
990:direct selling
908:Main article:
905:
902:
866:extracts. The
811:Main article:
808:
805:
756:lean body mass
742:
734:
732:
729:
616:
613:
608:bladder cancer
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
564:
443:Main article:
440:
437:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
326:Main article:
323:
320:
318:
315:
215:
212:
98:Production of
62:As a capsule (
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9291:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9259:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9236:
9228:
9226:
9218:
9217:
9214:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9146:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9012:
9010:
9004:
9002:
8996:
8994:
8988:
8986:
8980:
8978:
8972:
8970:
8964:
8962:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8900:Phenylalanine
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8860:Glutamic acid
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8850:Aspartic acid
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8796:List of diets
8793:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8743:U.S. military
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8597:Diabetic diet
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8576:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8499:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8477:Meat analogue
8475:
8473:
8472:Fruitarianism
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8460:
8459:Vegetarianism
8456:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8382:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8370:Mediterranean
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8269:Main articles
8267:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8258:healthy diets
8255:
8248:
8243:
8241:
8236:
8234:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8202:Nutraceutical
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8173:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8031:Dietary fiber
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8016:Cod liver oil
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7987:Other common
7985:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7870:
7863:
7861:
7856:Folic acid (B
7854:
7852:
7845:
7843:
7838:Pyridoxine (B
7836:
7834:
7827:
7825:
7818:
7816:
7811:Riboflavin (B
7809:
7807:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7751:Lactobacillus
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7687:
7685:
7680:
7678:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7661:
7660:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7633:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7606:nutrition.gov
7603:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7580:
7575:
7574:
7554:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7515:(2): 174–80.
7514:
7510:
7506:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7458:
7450:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7433:(4): 317–20.
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7415:
7406:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7365:
7357:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7265:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7216:
7208:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7051:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7010:
7002:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6936:(6): 534–52.
6935:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6897:(2): 252–59.
6896:
6892:
6885:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6836:
6828:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6736:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6703:(1): 124–31.
6702:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6645:
6639:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6571:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6543:
6541:
6524:
6518:
6502:
6496:
6480:
6474:
6458:
6452:
6436:
6430:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6354:
6347:
6331:
6325:
6309:
6303:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6262:
6258:
6252:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6167:. 2016-10-17.
6166:
6162:
6156:
6141:on 2015-05-10
6140:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6123:
6107:
6101:
6085:
6079:
6071:
6067:
6060:
6052:
6046:
6038:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6017:
6009:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5945:(7): 407–20.
5944:
5940:
5933:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5888:(Editorial).
5887:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5764:(3): 351–58.
5763:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5736:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5538:
5532:
5516:
5510:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5468:
5462:
5446:
5439:
5423:
5416:
5414:
5397:
5390:
5374:
5368:
5352:
5346:
5330:
5324:
5308:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5263:Sports Health
5260:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5094:
5087:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5059:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5013:
5009:
5003:
4987:
4981:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4415:(4): 369–74.
4414:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4225:(6): 833–48.
4224:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3918:
3911:
3895:
3889:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3849:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:PLOS Genetics
3799:
3792:
3790:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3708:
3702:
3686:
3679:
3677:
3660:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3531:(3): 460–52.
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:(4): 403–15.
3481:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:(6): 959–65.
3171:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3126:(4): 437–46.
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3033:on 2013-08-15
3032:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:(2): 245–55.
2990:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:(6): 376–84.
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2769:(2): 129–52.
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:(2): 163–75.
2628:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:(1): 125–37.
2585:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:(3): 257–64.
2452:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:(5): 371–78.
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2184:0-89529-769-8
2181:
2177:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Nutraceutical
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1704:breast cancer
1701:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:In 2015, the
1671:
1669:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1577:public health
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1547:health claims
1544:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1496:United States
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1439:Public health
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:liver disease
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:food products
1329:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:ginkgo biloba
939:
930:
925:
921:
917:
916:Phytochemical
911:
901:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:heart attacks
875:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:linoleic acid
842:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
820:
814:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
626:
622:
612:
609:
605:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
576:
574:
570:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
446:
436:
434:
430:
425:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:ascorbic acid
355:
351:
347:
343:
334:
329:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:preservatives
252:
251:medical foods
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
211:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
180:Multivitamins
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
100:cod liver oil
96:
89:
88:cod liver oil
84:
77:
74:As a tablet (
72:
65:
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
32:Food additive
19:
9255:Food portal,
9167:Food pyramid
9148:Nutritional
8592:Cardiac diet
8580:restrictions
8564:Liquid diets
8529:
8207:Multivitamin
8131:Saw palmetto
8111:Milk thistle
7784:("minerals")
7717:Energy drink
7697:
7656:
7640:
7621:
7610:the original
7605:
7590:the original
7557:. Retrieved
7547:
7512:
7508:
7498:
7471:
7467:
7457:
7430:
7426:
7378:
7374:
7364:
7329:
7325:
7315:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7229:
7225:
7215:
7181:(11): 4074.
7178:
7174:
7164:
7121:
7117:
7107:
7075:(1): 27–39.
7072:
7068:
7058:
7023:
7019:
7009:
6974:
6970:
6960:
6933:
6929:
6919:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6849:
6845:
6835:
6800:
6796:
6786:
6749:
6745:
6735:
6700:
6696:
6686:
6674:. Retrieved
6669:
6660:
6648:. Retrieved
6638:
6626:. Retrieved
6622:the original
6612:
6600:. Retrieved
6593:the original
6579:
6560:
6557:EFSA Journal
6556:
6550:
6527:. Retrieved
6517:
6505:. Retrieved
6495:
6483:. Retrieved
6473:
6461:. Retrieved
6451:
6439:. Retrieved
6429:
6392:
6388:
6357:. Retrieved
6346:
6334:. Retrieved
6324:
6312:. Retrieved
6302:
6290:. Retrieved
6265:. Retrieved
6260:
6251:
6239:. Retrieved
6234:
6225:
6213:. Retrieved
6208:
6199:
6187:. Retrieved
6182:
6173:
6164:
6155:
6143:. Retrieved
6139:the original
6132:
6122:
6110:. Retrieved
6100:
6088:. Retrieved
6078:
6069:
6059:
6045:
6024:
6016:
5989:
5985:
5975:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5852:10138/136201
5834:
5830:
5820:
5808:. Retrieved
5804:the original
5794:
5761:
5757:
5748:
5738:, retrieved
5716:
5707:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5621:
5617:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5541:. Retrieved
5531:
5519:. Retrieved
5509:
5497:. Retrieved
5493:the original
5483:
5471:. Retrieved
5461:
5449:. Retrieved
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5400:. Retrieved
5389:
5377:. Retrieved
5367:
5355:. Retrieved
5345:
5333:. Retrieved
5323:
5311:. Retrieved
5301:
5269:(1): 19–30.
5266:
5262:
5252:
5209:
5205:
5180:. Retrieved
5176:
5151:December 11,
5149:. Retrieved
5135:
5125:December 11,
5123:. Retrieved
5109:
5097:. Retrieved
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5070:
5045:. Retrieved
5016:. Retrieved
5011:
5002:
4990:. Retrieved
4980:
4969:. Retrieved
4965:the original
4960:
4951:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4842:. Retrieved
4838:the original
4833:
4824:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4764:. Retrieved
4760:the original
4755:
4746:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4513:
4509:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3943:the original
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3910:
3900:25 September
3898:. Retrieved
3888:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:
3864:
3852:. Retrieved
3842:
3805:
3801:
3763:
3759:
3738:. Retrieved
3734:the original
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3663:. Retrieved
3659:"Botanicals"
3653:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3415:the original
3401:
3377:
3358:
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3290:
3286:
3276:
3265:. Retrieved
3232:
3228:
3218:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:
3194:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3046:
3035:. Retrieved
3031:the original
3021:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2766:
2762:
2720:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2583:
2579:
2566:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2504:the original
2499:
2450:
2446:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2381:the original
2371:
2363:the original
2353:
2334:
2331:EFSA Journal
2330:
2321:
2307:
2297:, retrieved
2293:the original
2287:
2281:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2175:
2170:
2137:
2096:the original
2082:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2022:
1994:. Retrieved
1989:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1917:
1908:
1890:Multivitamin
1822:
1810:
1801:tuberculosis
1794:
1774:
1732:
1713:
1696:
1672:
1664:
1635:
1586:
1570:
1551:
1540:
1527:
1520:
1505:
1470:
1466:antioxidants
1462:
1442:
1399:liver injury
1395:
1370:
1358:
1330:
1323:
1306:gynecomastia
1296:medication.
1287:
1274:
1235:
1211:
1194:
1178:
1154:
1106:
1090:
1080:
1048:
1025:
999:
986:buyers clubs
982:commissaries
978:supermarkets
935:
895:
876:
864:marine algae
861:
834:
828:
822:
816:
792:whey protein
748:bodybuilding
702:
693:medical food
686:
675:
659:rice protein
639:Whey protein
628:
600:
581:osteoporosis
577:
494:
448:
426:
416:), Folate (B
408:), Vitamin B
400:), Niacin (B
382:tocotrienols
339:
244:
217:
188:
176:
147:
107:
105:
43:
8827:Amino acids
8766:Macrobiotic
8738:Raw foodism
8728:Liquid diet
8698:Cotton ball
8693:Entomophagy
8686:Other diets
8652:Low-protein
8612:Gluten-free
8520:Pollotarian
8515:Pescetarian
8349:Plant-based
8337:Basic types
8319:Staple food
8126:Royal jelly
8106:Lipoic acid
8101:Linseed oil
8061:Glucosamine
7989:ingredients
7802:Thiamine (B
7727:Fatty acids
7641:MedlinePlus
6650:24 February
6628:25 February
6563:(5): 2663.
6165:Food Safety
4117:(9): 2048.
3566:Circulation
3497:10919/79706
1924:18 February
1857:Food portal
1749:– maternal
1587:During the
1264:, lead and
1222:market size
1002:cannabidiol
966:glucosamine
962:resveratrol
800:weight loss
764:pre-workout
705:amino acids
667:muscle mass
412:, Biotin (B
378:tocopherols
366:guinea pigs
354:synthesized
348:as a vital
279:amino acids
263:nasal spray
156:polyphenols
144:amino acids
140:fatty acids
50:As a pill (
9110:Phosphorus
9100:Molybdenum
8925:Tryptophan
8895:Methionine
8880:Isoleucine
8845:Asparagine
8733:Ninja diet
8667:Renal diet
8632:Low-FODMAP
8627:Low-sodium
8393:Low carbon
8197:Herbal tea
8151:Wheatgrass
8051:Folic acid
7953:Phosphorus
7948:Molybdenum
7797:B vitamins
7747:Probiotics
7742:Prebiotics
7722:Energy bar
7559:3 February
6676:3 February
6602:3 February
6529:3 February
6507:3 February
6485:3 February
6463:3 February
6441:3 February
6267:5 December
6241:5 December
6215:5 December
6189:5 December
6145:5 December
6112:5 December
6090:5 December
5992:: 83–103.
5810:5 February
5740:2021-07-29
5673:: 120679.
5618:Hepatology
5543:2 February
5521:2 February
5499:2 February
5451:31 January
5428:3 February
5402:31 January
5379:31 January
5357:31 January
5335:31 January
5313:31 January
5182:1 February
5099:2 February
5076:2 February
5047:2 February
5018:2021-07-30
4992:1 February
4971:2021-07-30
4844:2021-07-30
4766:2021-07-30
4614:(2): 123.
4315:(3): 241.
3949:4 February
3923:1 February
3879:2021-07-30
3854:1 February
3740:1 February
3713:1 February
3691:1 February
3665:1 February
3287:Hepatology
3267:2021-07-29
3209:2017-02-22
3037:2018-01-22
2532:(7): 394.
2299:2009-06-09
1996:2021-07-30
1950:2 February
1901:References
1668:compendium
1458:folic acid
1350:injunction
1250:undercover
1169:micrograms
1083:subfertile
1070:carnitines
1063:coenzyme Q
1016:Probiotics
974:pharmacies
914:See also:
855:(EPA) and
631:sarcopenia
625:Amino acid
553:molybdenum
521:phosphorus
478:methionine
303:probiotics
240:antibiotic
228:metabolite
214:Definition
76:B vitamins
9202:MyPyramid
9115:Potassium
9095:Manganese
9090:Magnesium
9037:Vitamin K
9032:Vitamin E
9027:Vitamin D
9022:Vitamin C
9014:Vitamin B
9006:Vitamin B
8998:Vitamin B
8990:Vitamin B
8982:Vitamin B
8974:Vitamin B
8966:Vitamin B
8958:Vitamin B
8953:Vitamin A
8920:Threonine
8875:Histidine
8865:Glutamine
8818:Nutrition
8804:Diet food
8786:Slow-Carb
8781:Superfood
8776:Junk food
8761:Cambridge
8753:Fad diets
8672:Soft diet
8578:Specific
8487:Raw vegan
8444:Rastafari
8419:Christian
8309:Nutrition
8289:Dietitian
8212:Nutrition
8161:Yohimbine
8156:Wolfberry
8136:Spirulina
8116:Melatonin
8091:Krill oil
8066:Glutamine
8036:Echinacea
8006:Carnitine
7958:Potassium
7943:Manganese
7938:Magnesium
7847:Biotin (B
7820:Niacin (B
7307:211139054
7291:1523-3782
7175:Nutrients
7138:2161-8313
6977:: i6583.
6395:(1): 41.
6389:Nutrients
6359:18 August
6336:15 August
5894:CiteSeerX
5226:2574-3805
4608:Nutrients
4268:Andrology
4133:2072-6643
4111:Nutrients
3439:(6): 47.
3249:1875-5550
2526:Nutrients
2475:205659209
2156:cite book
2038:3 October
1777:incidence
1738:vitamin D
1700:vitamin A
1661:Databases
1654:databases
1617:tinctures
1412:catechins
1359:The U.S.
1045:Fertility
1039:Fertility
1028:probiotic
1022:Probiotic
994:herbalism
950:cranberry
920:Herbalism
847:(LA), an
824:saturated
772:glutamine
752:athletics
663:endurance
537:manganese
525:magnesium
505:potassium
451:exogenous
307:melatonin
267:topically
148:nutrients
124:nutrients
64:spirulina
9273:Category
9245:Cookbook
9225:Category
9130:Vanadium
9120:Selenium
9065:Chromium
9060:Chlorine
9047:Minerals
8945:Vitamins
8930:Tyrosine
8855:Cysteine
8840:Arginine
8464:veganism
8414:Buddhist
8375:Atlantic
8344:Omnivore
8046:Fish oil
8026:Creatine
7963:Selenium
7923:Fluorine
7908:Chromium
7777:Vitamins
7767:Vitamins
7737:Minerals
7539:25539444
7490:23993310
7449:25275226
7405:27355911
7356:28518221
7299:32067177
7256:27528407
7207:34836329
7156:33684200
7099:28096125
7050:29070557
7001:28202713
6952:26334606
6911:24503418
6876:27727382
6827:24667649
6778:24028603
6727:25593151
6421:29300341
6261:Guardian
6235:BBC News
6209:BBC News
6183:BBC News
6008:24641555
5959:27150288
5916:24490268
5871:22419320
5778:16030280
5699:26457296
5648:27677775
5594:28992429
5293:28850291
5244:30646238
5145:CBC News
5120:CBC News
4943:31523806
4894:26198451
4816:26343254
4738:31581312
4689:23543547
4680:10069458
4640:28208798
4589:26348534
4540:26662928
4488:31925443
4439:30125071
4390:32851663
4341:33804600
4290:31116515
4249:30462179
4200:25922398
4151:31480656
4092:31039287
4043:23110633
3992:21861940
3834:22511890
3780:22305255
3645:28281303
3596:28289069
3547:24352849
3506:16434631
3461:23585060
3453:28432658
3390:Archived
3388:. 2017.
3317:27677775
3261:Archived
3257:28554316
3186:22137067
3150:24759289
3142:25809808
3101:28552372
3013:31362761
3005:25355074
2969:23134885
2928:28698222
2879:27679614
2836:46188182
2793:10339366
2785:16779921
2702:31068804
2651:19434136
2643:24724774
2608:31140351
2600:26403469
2558:27376321
2467:27653283
2422:28814401
2273:24217421
2232:22294879
2027:Park M.
1870:Nutrient
1843:See also
1825:database
1781:steroids
1740:– acute
1698:such as
1632:Research
1611:, teas,
1573:vitamins
1516:labeling
1424:aegeline
1408:jaundice
1386:minerals
1382:vitamins
1218:vitamins
1208:Industry
1097:Prenatal
1091:in vitro
1051:selenium
970:collagen
946:curcumin
938:extracts
784:creatine
776:arginine
766:blends,
725:cysteine
717:arginine
557:selenium
549:chromium
509:chlorine
482:cysteine
470:nitrogen
462:hydrogen
439:Minerals
350:nutrient
346:organism
322:Vitamins
299:bacteria
271:vitamins
210:(GMPs).
164:chickens
160:collagen
152:pigments
132:minerals
128:vitamins
9235:Commons
9197:MyPlate
9157:5 A Day
9055:Calcium
8905:Proline
8885:Leucine
8870:Glycine
8835:Alanine
8642:Low-fat
8429:Islamic
8365:Western
8329:Dieting
8314:Obesity
8284:Cuisine
8279:Dieting
8192:Hadacol
8146:Taurine
8096:Lingzhi
8076:Guarana
8056:Ginseng
8041:Ephedra
7903:Choline
7898:Calcium
7530:4344313
7396:4981643
7347:5458097
7247:5015297
7198:8619199
7147:8321838
7090:5227980
7041:5701721
6992:5310969
6867:5540241
6818:4007237
6769:3850897
6752:: 125.
6718:4288271
6412:5793269
6314:1 March
6292:8 April
5967:8722286
5924:8623113
5862:8407395
5786:2896499
5690:4589574
5639:5502701
5585:6380172
5284:5753965
5235:6324457
4934:6745517
4885:8918165
4807:8406700
4729:6776191
4631:5331554
4580:7196889
4531:8783750
4479:7558284
4430:6210617
4381:8094745
4332:8003818
4309:Biology
4240:6247182
4191:4490230
4142:6769995
4083:6490796
4034:3512494
3825:3325194
3636:6464574
3587:6903779
3342:5 April
3308:5502701
3092:5610068
2919:5867436
2871:7550257
2828:1474076
2693:6491698
2676:: 317.
2549:4963870
2223:3145266
1420:extract
1266:mercury
1262:cadmium
1258:arsenic
1150:calcium
958:ginseng
883:strokes
859:(DHA).
721:Taurine
713:leucine
573:silicon
517:calcium
486:taurine
328:Vitamin
291:animals
232:extract
224:tobacco
116:capsule
9150:advice
9125:Sodium
9105:Nickel
9080:Iodine
9075:Copper
9070:Cobalt
8935:Valine
8915:Serine
8890:Lysine
8439:Jewish
8299:Leptin
8294:Hunger
8187:Enzyte
7973:Sulfur
7968:Sodium
7928:Iodine
7918:Copper
7913:Cobalt
7537:
7527:
7488:
7447:
7403:
7393:
7354:
7344:
7305:
7297:
7289:
7254:
7244:
7205:
7195:
7154:
7144:
7136:
7097:
7087:
7048:
7038:
6999:
6989:
6950:
6909:
6874:
6864:
6825:
6815:
6776:
6766:
6725:
6715:
6419:
6409:
6033:
6006:
5965:
5957:
5922:
5914:
5896:
5869:
5859:
5784:
5776:
5731:
5697:
5687:
5646:
5636:
5592:
5582:
5291:
5281:
5242:
5232:
5224:
5014:. 2021
4941:
4931:
4892:
4882:
4814:
4804:
4736:
4726:
4687:
4677:
4638:
4628:
4587:
4577:
4538:
4528:
4486:
4476:
4437:
4427:
4388:
4378:
4339:
4329:
4288:
4247:
4237:
4198:
4188:
4149:
4139:
4131:
4090:
4080:
4041:
4031:
4017:: 28.
3990:
3832:
3822:
3778:
3643:
3633:
3594:
3584:
3545:
3504:
3459:
3451:
3365:
3315:
3305:
3255:
3247:
3184:
3148:
3140:
3099:
3089:
3011:
3003:
2967:
2926:
2916:
2877:
2869:
2834:
2826:
2791:
2783:
2737:
2700:
2690:
2649:
2641:
2606:
2598:
2556:
2546:
2473:
2465:
2420:
2271:
2230:
2220:
2182:
2144:
1920:. 2018
1819:Future
1770:stroke
1766:folate
1644:, the
1376:, and
1352:, and
1123:folate
922:, and
798:, and
698:Ensure
643:casein
561:cobalt
545:iodine
541:copper
513:sodium
474:Sulfur
468:, and
466:oxygen
458:carbon
362:humans
287:plants
142:, and
120:tablet
52:iodine
8713:Inuit
8424:Hindu
7705:Types
7657:U.S.
7593:(PDF)
7582:(PDF)
7303:S2CID
6596:(PDF)
6589:(PDF)
5963:S2CID
5920:S2CID
5782:S2CID
5473:9 May
3457:S2CID
3418:(PDF)
3411:(PDF)
3393:(PDF)
3386:(PDF)
3146:S2CID
3009:S2CID
2875:S2CID
2832:S2CID
2789:S2CID
2647:S2CID
2604:S2CID
2576:(PDF)
2507:(PDF)
2496:(PDF)
2471:S2CID
2443:(PDF)
2119:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
2092:(PDF)
1799:, or
1755:fetus
1720:fetal
1456:with
1112:fetus
569:boron
431:sets
388:and K
317:Types
295:fungi
265:, or
191:claim
162:from
136:fiber
9135:Zinc
9085:Iron
8718:MIND
8708:DASH
8703:Pica
8492:Tofu
8462:and
8449:Sikh
8434:Jain
8304:Meal
8274:Diet
8256:and
7996:AAKG
7978:Zinc
7933:Iron
7561:2018
7535:PMID
7486:PMID
7445:PMID
7401:PMID
7379:2016
7352:PMID
7330:2017
7295:PMID
7287:ISSN
7252:PMID
7203:PMID
7152:PMID
7134:ISSN
7095:PMID
7046:PMID
6997:PMID
6948:PMID
6907:PMID
6872:PMID
6846:JAMA
6823:PMID
6774:PMID
6723:PMID
6678:2018
6670:NIST
6652:2017
6630:2017
6604:2018
6531:2018
6509:2018
6487:2018
6465:2018
6443:2018
6417:PMID
6361:2020
6338:2020
6316:2020
6294:2020
6269:2012
6243:2012
6217:2012
6191:2012
6147:2012
6114:2012
6092:2012
6031:ISBN
6004:PMID
5955:PMID
5912:PMID
5867:PMID
5835:2012
5812:2015
5774:PMID
5758:JAMA
5729:ISBN
5695:PMID
5671:2015
5644:PMID
5590:PMID
5545:2018
5523:2018
5501:2018
5475:2017
5453:2019
5430:2018
5404:2019
5381:2019
5359:2019
5337:2019
5315:2019
5289:PMID
5240:PMID
5222:ISSN
5184:2018
5153:2015
5127:2015
5101:2018
5078:2018
5049:2018
4994:2018
4939:PMID
4917:2019
4890:PMID
4868:2015
4812:PMID
4790:2016
4734:PMID
4712:2019
4685:PMID
4663:2013
4636:PMID
4585:PMID
4563:2015
4536:PMID
4514:2015
4484:PMID
4435:PMID
4386:PMID
4337:PMID
4286:PMID
4245:PMID
4196:PMID
4147:PMID
4129:ISSN
4088:PMID
4039:PMID
3988:PMID
3951:2018
3925:2018
3902:2019
3856:2018
3830:PMID
3776:PMID
3742:2018
3715:2018
3693:2018
3667:2018
3641:PMID
3619:2017
3592:PMID
3543:PMID
3502:PMID
3476:JAMA
3449:PMID
3363:ISBN
3344:2017
3313:PMID
3253:PMID
3245:ISSN
3182:PMID
3138:PMID
3097:PMID
3001:PMID
2965:PMID
2924:PMID
2867:PMID
2824:PMID
2781:PMID
2735:ISBN
2698:PMID
2639:PMID
2596:PMID
2554:PMID
2463:PMID
2418:PMID
2269:PMID
2228:PMID
2180:ISBN
2162:link
2142:ISBN
2040:2013
1952:2018
1926:2018
1747:iron
1619:and
1595:and
1541:The
1324:The
1312:and
1246:lead
1148:and
1146:iron
1055:zinc
968:and
691:and
655:hemp
623:and
571:and
559:and
533:zinc
529:iron
503:are
488:and
480:and
427:The
380:and
370:bats
368:and
236:drug
203:drug
168:fish
112:pill
8662:NPO
7779:and
7525:PMC
7517:doi
7513:372
7476:doi
7435:doi
7391:PMC
7383:doi
7342:PMC
7334:doi
7279:doi
7242:PMC
7234:doi
7193:PMC
7183:doi
7142:PMC
7126:doi
7085:PMC
7077:doi
7036:PMC
7028:doi
7024:106
6987:PMC
6979:doi
6975:356
6971:BMJ
6938:doi
6899:doi
6862:PMC
6854:doi
6850:316
6813:PMC
6805:doi
6801:110
6764:PMC
6754:doi
6713:PMC
6705:doi
6565:doi
6551:sic
6407:PMC
6397:doi
6070:FDA
5994:doi
5947:doi
5904:doi
5890:159
5857:PMC
5847:hdl
5839:doi
5766:doi
5762:294
5721:doi
5685:PMC
5675:doi
5634:PMC
5626:doi
5580:PMC
5572:doi
5279:PMC
5271:doi
5230:PMC
5214:doi
4961:WHO
4929:PMC
4921:doi
4880:PMC
4872:doi
4834:WHO
4802:PMC
4794:doi
4756:WHO
4724:PMC
4716:doi
4675:PMC
4667:doi
4626:PMC
4616:doi
4575:PMC
4567:doi
4526:PMC
4518:doi
4474:PMC
4466:doi
4425:PMC
4417:doi
4376:PMC
4368:doi
4327:PMC
4317:doi
4276:doi
4235:PMC
4227:doi
4186:PMC
4178:doi
4137:PMC
4119:doi
4078:PMC
4070:doi
4029:PMC
4019:doi
3978:doi
3974:106
3820:PMC
3810:doi
3768:doi
3631:PMC
3623:doi
3582:PMC
3574:doi
3570:135
3533:doi
3529:174
3492:hdl
3484:doi
3480:295
3441:doi
3303:PMC
3295:doi
3237:doi
3174:doi
3170:162
3128:doi
3087:PMC
3079:doi
3075:104
2993:doi
2955:doi
2914:PMC
2906:doi
2859:doi
2816:doi
2771:doi
2727:doi
2688:PMC
2678:doi
2631:doi
2588:doi
2544:PMC
2534:doi
2455:doi
2408:doi
2404:106
2339:doi
2259:doi
2255:159
2218:PMC
2210:doi
2033:CNN
1839:).
1797:HIV
1593:FDA
1390:FDA
1384:or
1282:DNA
1068:or
881:or
796:ZMA
788:HMB
657:or
651:pea
647:soy
499:or
297:or
293:or
289:or
257:or
249:),
166:or
154:or
9275::
9016:12
7867:12
7655:.
7643:.
7639:.
7620:.
7604:.
7584:.
7533:.
7523:.
7511:.
7507:.
7484:.
7472:66
7470:.
7466:.
7443:.
7429:.
7425:.
7413:^
7399:.
7389:.
7377:.
7373:.
7350:.
7340:.
7328:.
7324:.
7301:.
7293:.
7285:.
7275:22
7273:.
7250:.
7240:.
7228:.
7224:.
7201:.
7191:.
7179:13
7177:.
7173:.
7150:.
7140:.
7132:.
7122:12
7120:.
7116:.
7093:.
7083:.
7071:.
7067:.
7044:.
7034:.
7022:.
7018:.
6995:.
6985:.
6973:.
6969:.
6946:.
6934:37
6932:.
6928:.
6905:.
6895:33
6893:.
6870:.
6860:.
6848:.
6844:.
6821:.
6811:.
6799:.
6795:.
6772:.
6762:.
6750:12
6748:.
6744:.
6721:.
6711:.
6699:.
6695:.
6668:.
6561:10
6559:.
6555:.
6539:^
6415:.
6405:.
6393:10
6391:.
6387:.
6369:^
6277:^
6259:.
6233:.
6207:.
6181:.
6163:.
6131:.
6068:.
6002:.
5990:35
5988:.
5984:.
5961:.
5953:.
5943:12
5941:.
5918:.
5910:.
5902:.
5865:.
5855:.
5845:.
5833:.
5829:.
5780:.
5772:.
5760:.
5727:,
5715:,
5693:.
5683:.
5669:.
5665:.
5642:.
5632:.
5622:65
5620:.
5616:.
5602:^
5588:.
5578:.
5568:58
5566:.
5562:.
5412:^
5287:.
5277:.
5267:10
5265:.
5261:.
5238:.
5228:.
5220:.
5208:.
5204:.
5192:^
5175:.
5161:^
5143:.
5118:.
5069:.
5057:^
5027:^
5010:.
4959:.
4937:.
4927:.
4915:.
4911:.
4888:.
4878:.
4866:.
4862:.
4832:.
4810:.
4800:.
4788:.
4784:.
4754:.
4732:.
4722:.
4710:.
4706:.
4683:.
4673:.
4661:.
4657:.
4634:.
4624:.
4610:.
4606:.
4583:.
4573:.
4561:.
4557:.
4534:.
4524:.
4512:.
4508:.
4496:^
4482:.
4472:.
4462:78
4460:.
4456:.
4433:.
4423:.
4413:22
4411:.
4407:.
4384:.
4374:.
4362:.
4358:.
4335:.
4325:.
4313:10
4311:.
4307:.
4284:.
4270:.
4266:.
4243:.
4233:.
4221:.
4217:.
4194:.
4184:.
4174:60
4172:.
4168:.
4145:.
4135:.
4127:.
4115:11
4113:.
4109:.
4086:.
4076:.
4064:.
4060:.
4037:.
4027:.
4015:13
4013:.
4009:.
3986:.
3972:.
3968:.
3872:.
3828:.
3818:.
3804:.
3800:.
3788:^
3774:.
3764:20
3762:.
3750:^
3675:^
3639:.
3629:.
3617:.
3613:.
3590:.
3580:.
3568:.
3564:.
3541:.
3527:.
3523:.
3500:.
3490:.
3478:.
3455:.
3447:.
3437:19
3435:.
3325:^
3311:.
3301:.
3291:65
3289:.
3285:.
3259:.
3251:.
3243:.
3233:19
3231:.
3227:.
3202:.
3180:.
3168:.
3144:.
3136:.
3124:19
3122:.
3118:.
3095:.
3085:.
3073:.
3069:.
3007:.
2999:.
2989:45
2987:.
2963:.
2951:96
2949:.
2945:.
2922:.
2912:.
2902:52
2900:.
2896:.
2873:.
2865:.
2853:.
2830:.
2822:.
2812:73
2810:.
2787:.
2779:.
2767:16
2765:.
2761:.
2749:^
2733:.
2710:^
2696:.
2686:.
2674:10
2672:.
2668:.
2645:.
2637:.
2627:33
2625:.
2602:.
2594:.
2584:46
2582:.
2578:.
2552:.
2542:.
2528:.
2524:.
2498:.
2483:^
2469:.
2461:.
2451:68
2449:.
2445:.
2430:^
2416:.
2402:.
2398:.
2333:.
2329:.
2267:.
2253:.
2249:.
2226:.
2216:.
2206:12
2204:.
2200:.
2158:}}
2154:{{
2127:^
2107:^
2065:^
2048:^
2031:.
2005:^
1988:.
1977:^
1960:^
1916:.
1803:.
1783:,
1725:.
1706:.
1615:,
1607:,
1422:,
1414:,
1348:,
1260:,
1228:.
1204:.
1187:.
1152:.
1144:,
1140:,
1136:,
1132:,
1129:12
1125:,
1121:,
1075:10
1065:10
1061:,
1057:,
1053:,
988:,
984:,
976:,
964:,
960:,
956:,
952:,
948:,
944:,
918:,
893:.
794:,
790:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
774:,
770:,
762:,
727:.
673:.
653:,
649:,
645:,
565:12
555:,
551:,
547:,
543:,
539:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
507:,
492:.
464:,
460:,
422:12
364:,
281:,
277:,
273:,
253:,
238:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
118:,
114:,
106:A
9008:9
9000:7
8992:6
8984:5
8976:3
8968:2
8960:1
8246:e
8239:t
8232:v
7869:)
7860:)
7858:9
7851:)
7849:7
7842:)
7840:6
7833:)
7831:5
7824:)
7822:3
7815:)
7813:2
7806:)
7804:1
7758:)
7749:(
7690:e
7683:t
7676:v
7662:.
7647:.
7624:.
7563:.
7541:.
7519::
7492:.
7478::
7451:.
7437::
7431:3
7407:.
7385::
7358:.
7336::
7309:.
7281::
7258:.
7236::
7230:5
7209:.
7185::
7158:.
7128::
7101:.
7079::
7073:8
7052:.
7030::
7003:.
6981::
6954:.
6940::
6913:.
6901::
6878:.
6856::
6829:.
6807::
6780:.
6756::
6729:.
6707::
6701:6
6680:.
6654:.
6632:.
6606:.
6573:.
6567::
6533:.
6511:.
6489:.
6467:.
6445:.
6423:.
6399::
6363:.
6340:.
6318:.
6296:.
6271:.
6245:.
6219:.
6193:.
6149:.
6116:.
6094:.
6072:.
6039:.
6010:.
5996::
5969:.
5949::
5926:.
5906::
5873:.
5849::
5841::
5814:.
5788:.
5768::
5723::
5701:.
5677::
5650:.
5628::
5596:.
5574::
5547:.
5525:.
5503:.
5477:.
5455:.
5432:.
5406:.
5383:.
5361:.
5339:.
5317:.
5295:.
5273::
5246:.
5216::
5210:1
5186:.
5155:.
5129:.
5103:.
5080:.
5051:.
5021:.
4996:.
4974:.
4945:.
4923::
4896:.
4874::
4847:.
4818:.
4796::
4769:.
4740:.
4718::
4691:.
4669::
4642:.
4618::
4612:9
4591:.
4569::
4542:.
4520::
4490:.
4468::
4441:.
4419::
4392:.
4370::
4364:8
4343:.
4319::
4292:.
4278::
4272:7
4251:.
4229::
4223:9
4202:.
4180::
4153:.
4121::
4094:.
4072::
4066:4
4045:.
4021::
3994:.
3980::
3953:.
3927:.
3904:.
3882:.
3858:.
3836:.
3812::
3806:8
3782:.
3770::
3744:.
3717:.
3695:.
3669:.
3647:.
3625::
3598:.
3576::
3549:.
3535::
3508:.
3494::
3486::
3463:.
3443::
3371:.
3346:.
3319:.
3297::
3270:.
3239::
3212:.
3188:.
3176::
3152:.
3130::
3103:.
3081::
3040:.
3015:.
2995::
2971:.
2957::
2930:.
2908::
2881:.
2861::
2855:5
2838:.
2818::
2795:.
2773::
2743:.
2729::
2704:.
2680::
2653:.
2633::
2610:.
2590::
2560:.
2536::
2530:8
2477:.
2457::
2424:.
2410::
2347:.
2341::
2335:8
2275:.
2261::
2234:.
2212::
2186:.
2164:)
2150:.
2042:.
1999:.
1954:.
1928:.
1157:6
1142:E
1138:D
1134:C
1127:B
1118:6
1116:B
1073:Q
740:.
418:9
414:7
410:6
406:5
402:3
398:2
394:1
390:2
386:1
90:)
78:)
66:)
54:)
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.