3541:: When Gioia became Recall Coordinator, he inherited about 100 active recall campaigns, half of them safety-related. As with most jobs, the enormous workload required him to use standard operating procedures" (SOPs) to organize and manage information for decision-making (d. Kriesberg 1976:1102). SOPs increase organizational efficiency by operating as cognitive scripts that transform decision-making opportunities into largely predetermined action patterns. Existing SOPs required that, to be "recallable," problems needed either high frequency or a directly traceable causal link to a design defect. When reports began to trickle in to Gioia that Pintos were "lighting up" in relatively low-speed accidents, and after viewing the burned wreckage of a Pinto, he initiated a meeting to determine if this represented a recallable problem. His workgroup voted unanimously not to recall the Pinto because the weak data did not meet SOP criteria (Gioia 1996). The workgroup was unaware of any cost-benefit analyses or Pinto crash test results. Reports of Pinto fires continued to trickle in, and eventually, Gioia did become aware of and concerned about the crash test results. Again he wondered if the Pinto had a recallable problem, so he initiated a second meeting to convince his co-workers that crash tests showed a possible design flaw. But others again saw no design flaws—after all, the Pinto met internal company standards, and no contradictory external standard existed. The workgroup conceived the tank leak "problem" not as a defect, but as a fundamental and unalterable design feature: the car's small size, the use of light metals, and unibody construction produced a tendency for Pintos (and others in its class) to "crush up like an accordion" in rear-end collisions (Gioia 1996).
3921:: NHTSA engineer Lee Strickland was assigned to determine if Pinto (and Chevrolet Vega) tank problems warranted a mandatory recall. Strickland's workgroup held the Pinto and Vega to a higher standard than other cars (Strickland 1996). It dispensed with the usual moving barrier. Instead, it intentionally selected a large and particularly rigid "bullet car" to hit the Pinto's rear end. It weighed down the bullet car's nose to slide under the Pinto and maximize gas tank contact. It also turned on the bullet car's headlights to provide a ready source of ignition. It completely filled the gas tanks in both cars with gasoline rather than the non-flammable Stoddard fluid normally used. Strickland justified these actions as approximating real-world worst-case circumstances (Davidson 1983; NHTSA C7-38; Strickland 1996). For NHTSA, the tests seemed an unqualified success: two 1972 Pintos burst into flame upon impact. In the summer of 1978, NHTSA announced that the Pinto gas tank represented a safety defect, leading to the largest recall campaign in automobile history at that time (NHTSA C7-38; Strickland 1996). Ford agreed to "voluntarily" recall 1971–1976 Pintos. Other small cars sold during the 1970s were not recalled, even though most were comparable, or in the case of the AMC Gremlin probably less safe (Schwartz 1991; NHTSA C7-38; Swigert and Farrell 198081:180). Their manufacturers successfully defended them as acceptable risks (see Wallace 1978). When we asked why NHTSA forced a Pinto recall for failing the 35 mile-per-hour test, although most small cars could not withstand such a test, Strickland ( 1996) analogized that, "Just because your friends get away with shoplifting, doesn't mean you should get away with it too."
3952:: Relying on a variety of external sources (including Ford), NHTSA indicated that it was aware of thirty-eight instances in which rear-end impact on Pintos had resulted in fuel-tank leakage or fire; these instances, in turn, resulted in twenty-seven deaths and twenty-four nonfatal burn injuries.66 The NHTSA report also incorporated the data internally provided by NHTSA's own Fatal Accident Reporting System ("FARS"), which had begun operation in 1975. FARS data showed that from January 1975 through the middle of 1977, seventeen people had died in accidents in which Pinto rear-end collisions resulted in fires. 67 In comparing NHTSA's figure of twenty-seven deaths for 1971–77 with the FARS figure of seventeen for 1975–77, 68 one should keep in mind that the number of Pintos on the road was cumulatively increasing every year. The NHTSA figure of twenty-seven fatalities hence seems roughly in the ballpark by way of suggesting the number of people who had died in Pinto rear-end fires. In setting forth this number, however, NHTSA made no effort to estimate how many of these deaths were caused by the Pinto's specific design features. Many fire deaths undeniably result from high-speed collisions that would induce leakage even in state-of-the-art fuel systems;69 Moreover, cars in the subcompact class generally entail a relatively high fatality risk.70 Yet the NHTSA report did not compare the performance results of the Pinto to the results of other cars then on the road, including other subcompacts.
4108:: The Pinto was then struck by a car, which had originally been traveling at about fifty miles per hour but which had braked down to a speed of perhaps thirty miles per hour at the point of impact.9 ... For reasons quite beyond the court's control, its opinion must be treated cautiously as a source of actual facts. Because the defendant was appealing a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiffs, the court was under an obligation to view all the evidence in a way most favorable to the plaintiffs and essentially to ignore evidence in the record that might be favorable to the defendant. See id. at 773, 820, 174 Cal. Rptr. at 359, 388. In fact, Ford's basic position at trial-which the court's opinion at no point mentions was that the approaching car (a Ford Galaxie) had not slowed down at all, and had struck the Gray car at a speed in excess of 50 miles per hour. There was an enormous amount of evidence at trial supporting each of the parties' factual claims as to the Galaxie's closing speed. Had the jury accepted Ford's speed estimate, there would not have been much of an issue of crashworthiness: for the plaintiffs' position throughout the trial was that even a state-of-the-art fuel system could not maintain integrity in a 50 mile-per-hour collision.
3438:: Engineers in the design stage were still trying "to find out how to conduct crash tests" (Feaheny 1997; see also Lacey 1986:613). For example, an internal Pinto test report dated November 1970 listed as its objective "To develop a test procedure to Be used to provide baseline data on vehicle fuel system integrity" (NHTSA C38-Al.5, Final Test Report #T-0738). In this test, a Pinto sedan exhibited "excessive fuel tank leakage" when towed rearward into a fixed barrier at 21.5 miles per hour, considered roughly equivalent to a car-to-car impact At 35 miles per hour. Nothing in this, or any other, Ford test report indicates that participants felt cause for concern or organizational action. Although some Ford engineers were not especially pleased, they felt that the data were inconclusive or the risks acceptable (Feaheny 1997; Strobel 1980), or they kept their concerns to themselves (Camps 1997). Some felt that cars would rarely be subjected to the extreme forces generated In a fixed-barrier test In real-world collisions (Feaheny 1997; Devine 1996). NHTSA agreed and ultimately replaced the proposed fixed barrier test with a less-stringent moving-barrier test In its final standard (U.S. Department of Transportation 1988)
4619:: Paul Weaver worked for the Ford Motor Company from 1978 to 1980 in the corporation's public affairs staff preparing company positions on public policy issues. He criticized Ford for how it dealt with the controversy surrounding the Pinto. According to Weaver (1988, p.94), "he design of its fuel system was essentially the same as that of other cars of its size and generation" and "Pintos had about the same rate of death from fire due to rear-end collision as other small cars." His assertion is that the Pinto was not unusual compared to similar models. Weaver admits that "e should simply have told the truth about the car" and "e did not fight to vindicate ourselves." Thus, by refusing to mount a major publicity campaign, Ford gave the impression that it was guilty. ... These remarks add an interesting dimension to the Pinto case in that one of the clear lessons was to confront issues raised about defective products. This concern illustrates that after the Pinto case, corporations became much more willing and adept at handling images stemming from poor design. In other words, the Pinto case made corporations much more willing to wage public relations battles over design and production flaws.
1477:, initially only considered front impacts. In January 1969, 18 months into the Pinto's development cycle, the NHTSA proposed expanding the standard to cover rear-end collisions. The proposed standard was based on a 20 mph moving-barrier rear impact test. Ford publicly announced it supported the standard. In August 1970, the month the Pinto went into production, the NHTSA changed the proposal to a more stringent 20 mph fixed-barrier standard which car companies were to meet in 18 months. The fixed-barrier standard was seen by the auto industry as a significant increase in test severity. At the same time, the NHTSA announced a long-term goal of setting a 30-mph fixed-barrier standard. Due to the confusion related to the various proposed standards and an expectation that the NHTSA would not select the more stringent 30 mph fixed-barrier standard, Ford elected to voluntarily meet the 20 mph moving-barrier standard for all cars by 1973. Ford and other automobile manufacturers objected to the more stringent fuel system safety standard and filed objections during the required comment periods of the proposed regulations.
4583:: Two main perspectives emerged after the Pinto trial as to how the case outcome would affect future uses of criminal law against corporations for product liability issues. One viewpoint was stated by the then president of the National District Attorneys Association, Robert Johnson, Sr. He is quoted as saying "We'll see more prosecutions like this ... A psychological barrier has been broken, and the big corporations are now vulnerable" (Bodine, 1980, p. 3). The popular idea was that corporate malfeasance would be curtailed if corporations were held accountable for their actions. Thus, the feeling among some legal commentators was that the Pinto case represented a fundamental shift in how the criminal courts would perceive corporations. ... Another perspective was that the case was completely frivolous. Commenting on civil litigation, Harry Philo, then president-elect of the Association of American Trial Lawyers of America, commented that "In my opinion, the Pinto case was a completely irrelevant prosecution" (Stuart, 1980, p.4). However, he also stated that "he verdict won't deter civil lawsuits" (Mleczko, 1980, llA).
4455:: There is little doubt about the importance of State of Indiana v. Ford Motor Company from a legal standpoint. This case was the first time criminal charges were brought against an American corporation for faulty product design. According to attorney Malcolm Wheeler (1981, p. 250), "ewspapers referred to it as the most important economic case of the century ..." The notion that a corporation could be held accountable for its criminal actions was a novel legal concept at the time. Wheeler was not alone in his estimation of the case as influential. Because of the application of criminal law to corporate behavior, others have referred to this litigation as "unprecedented" (Welty, 1982) and as a "landmark case" (Clinard, 1990; Frank & Lynch, 1992; Hills, 1987; Maakestad, 1987). Maakestad (1987, p. 7) stated that the case "eestablished an important precedent: In certain cases involving human health and safety, corporations and their executives could be required to submit not only to the scrutiny and sanctions of traditional federal regulatory agencies, but to state criminal courts as well."
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involved fire, and only 15% of fatal fire crashes are the result of rear-end collisions. When considering the overall safety of the Pinto, subcompact cars as a class had a generally higher fatality risk. Pintos represented 1.9% of all cars on the road in the 1975–76 period. During that time, the car represented 1.9% of all "fatal accidents accompanied by some fire". This implies the Pinto was average for all cars and slightly above average for its class. When all types of fatalities are considered, the Pinto was approximately even with the AMC Gremlin, Chevrolet Vega, and Datsun 510. It was significantly better than the Datsun 1200/210, Toyota
Corolla, and VW Beetle. The safety record of the car in terms of fire was average or slightly below average for compacts, and all cars respectively. This was considered respectable for a subcompact car. Only when considering the narrow subset of a rear impact, fire fatalities for the car were somewhat worse than the average for subcompact cars. While acknowledging this is an important legal point, Schwartz rejected the portrayal of the car as a firetrap.
4505:: In August 1978 - half a year after the verdict in the tort case - a 1973 Pinto was involved in a fatal crash in Ulrich, Indiana. Indiana public officials decided to prosecute Ford for the crime of reckless homicide. Because the reckless homicide statute had been enacted only in 1977, Ford could not be prosecuted for the reckless design of the Pinto; rather, the prosecution needed to show a reckless post-1977 failure by Ford to repair or warn. Largely because of the narrowness of the resulting issue, at trial the prosecution was not able to secure the admission of internal Ford documents on which it had hoped to build its case. Ford's defense effort in this criminal case was vastly more ambitious than the effort the company had previously mounted in defending itself against Grimshaw's tort claim. In March 1980 the Indiana jury found Ford not guilty. The jury seemed ambivalent about the Pinto, but concluded that Ford had avoided recklessness in the conduct of its recall program.
3378:: In August 1970, 1971 model-year Pintos began coming off the assembly line. Just a few days later, NHTSA-which had never acted on its earlier proposal-advanced a more demanding set of proposed regulations. Three months later, Ford officials decided that for purposes of the 1973 model year, Ford would adopt, as its own internal objective, the regulations that NHTSA had suggested in 1969. To respond to NHTSA's more recent proposal, Ford engineers, with actual Pintos now available, stepped up the crash-testing process and identified several design modifications that might improve the Pinto's performance. In October 1971, Ford officials decided against incorporating any of these modifications into the current Pintos; rather, it would wait until NHTSA clarified its position. In 1973, NHTSA promulgated its fuel-tank standard but ruled that this standard would apply only to 1977 models. Ford adopted a 20 mph moving-barrier standard for all 1973 cars.
3517:: Ford whistle-blower Harley Copp's argument - that the Pinto would have been safer had its gas tank been placed above the axle rather than behind it - is often cited in Pinto narratives as an example of safety being sacrificed to profits, or at least trunk space, in the design stage (Cullen, Maakestad and Cavender 1987; Dowie 1977; Strobel1994). Yet Copp did not reach this conclusion until 1977 (Strobel1980). Other engineers were considerably less certain about it, even though the above-the-axle design did perform better in one set of crash tests. The engineer overseeing the Pinto's design, Harold MacDonald (whose father died in a fuel tank fire when his Model A Ford exploded after a frontal collision with a tree), felt that the above-the-axle placement was less safe under real-world conditions because the tank was closer to the passenger compartment and more likely to be punctured by items in the trunk (Strobel1980).
3286:: Conventional wisdom holds that Ford Motor Company decided to rush the Pinto into production in 1970 to compete with compact foreign imports, despite internal pre-production tests that showed gas tank ruptures in low-speed rear-end collisions would produce deadly fires. This decision purportedly derived from an infamous seven-page cost-benefit analysis (the "Grush/Saunby Report" ) that valued human lives at $ 200,000. Settling burn victims' lawsuits would have cost $ 49.5 million, far less than the $ 137 million needed to make minor corrections. According to this account, the company made an informed, cynical, and impressively coordinated decision that "payouts" (Kelman and Hamilton 1989:311) to families of burn victims were more cost-effective than improving fuel tank integrity. This description provides the unambiguous foundation on which the media and academics have built a Pinto gas tank decision-making narrative.
3964:: Beginning in the late 1970s, claims consistent with "Pinto Madness" readily gained public acceptance, but credible contradictory claims did not (e.g., Davidson 1983; Epstein 1980). For instance, Dowie's "conservative" estimate of 500 deaths (1977:18) was accepted, while NHTSA's report that it could document only 27 Pinto fire-related deaths (NHTSA C7-38; Frank 1985) was ignored. A transmission problem that also caused 27 Pinto deaths (and 180 on other Ford products ) never became a social problem. Similarly, the public accepted claims of safety errors leveled by Harley Copp, a Ford engineer who was apparently overseas when early crucial decisions were made (Camps 1997; Strobel 1980) but ignored other safety-conscious Pinto engineers who believed windshield retention was a more important safety problem (Camps 1997), and lack of safety glass caused more deaths (Feaheny 1997).
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and mid-1977 in rear-impact crashes that resulted in a fire. The NHTSA did not indicate if these impacts would have been survivable absent fire or if the impacts were more severe than even a state-of-the-art (for 1977) fuel system could have withstood. In their analysis of the social factors affecting the NHTSA's actions, Lee and Ermann note that 27 is the same number of deaths attributed to a Pinto transmission problem which contributed to collisions after the affected cars stalled. They also note that the NHTSA had two primary incentives in proving a defect existed in the Pinto's fuel system design. The administration was pressured by safety advocates (Center for Auto Safety) as well as the public response. It was also being forced into action due to how both the courts and executive branch were limiting the ability of the NHTSA to address systematic auto safety issues.
2092:: The Pinto was brought from inception to production in the record time of approximately 25 months (compared to the industry average of 43 months), a time frame that suggested the necessity for doing things expediently. In addition to the time pressure, the engineering and development teams were required to adhere to the production "limits of 2000" for the diminutive car: it was not to exceed either $ 2000 in cost or 2000 pounds in weight. Any decisions that threatened these targets or the timing of the car's introduction were discouraged. Under normal conditions design, styling, product planning, engineering, etc., were completed prior to production tooling. Because of the foreshortened time frame, however, some of these usually sequential processes were executed in parallel. As a consequence, tooling was already well underway (thus "freezing" the basic design) ...
3493:: Occupational caution encouraged engineers to view many design adjustments that improved test performance as "unproven" in real-world accidents (Devine 1996; Feaheny 1997; Schwartz 1991; Strickland 1996; Strobel 1980). Engineers, who typically value "uncertainty avoidance" (Allison 1971:72 ), chose to stick with an existing design rather than face uncertainties associated with novel ones (Devine 1996; Strobel 1980). One series of tests, for instance, showed that Pintos equipped with pliable foam-like gas tanks would not leak in 30-mile-per-hour crashes. However, some engineers feared that such a tank might melt and disagreed with others who felt it was safer than the existing metal design (Devine 1996, see also Strobel 1980). Other engineers believed that rubber bladders improved performance in tests, but anticipated problems under real-world conditions (Strobel 1980).
935:
1524:, named for its authors, and as the "Pinto Memo". Cost-benefit analysis was one tool used in the evaluation of safety design decisions accepted by the industry and the NHTSA. The analysis compared the cost of repairs to the societal costs for injuries and deaths related to fires in cases of vehicle rollovers for all cars sold in the US by all manufacturers. The values assigned to serious burn injuries and loss of life were based on values calculated by NHTSA in 1972. In the memo Ford estimated the cost of fuel system modifications to reduce fire risks in rollover events to be $ 11 per car across 12.5 million cars and light trucks (all manufacturers), for a total of $ 137 million. The design changes were estimated to save 180 burn deaths and 180 serious injuries per year, a benefit to society of $ 49.5 million.
4432:: Hence, there was nothing clearly wrong in subjecting Ford to liability for harms resulting from that latter category of fires. The punitive damage award in the Ford Pinto case is, however, much more difficult to justify. To a large extent, it rested on the premise that Ford had behaved reprehensibly when it balanced safety against cost in designing the Pinto. However, the process by which manufacturers render such trade-off design decisions seems not only to be anticipated but endorsed by the prevailing risk-benefit standard for design liability. Accordingly, the Pinto jury's decision that punitive damages were appropriate - a decision that was affirmed by the trial judge and the court of appeal - raises serious questions about the operational viability of the risk-benefit standard itself.
1573:(NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos to address fuel system design defects after reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in rear-end collisions at moderate speeds. The NHTSA found there was not enough evidence to warrant a defect investigation. In August 1977, Dowie's "Pinto Madness" article was published, leveling a series of accusations against Ford, the Pinto and the NHTSA. These included that Ford knew the Pinto was a "firetrap" and said that Ford did not implement design changes because the company's cost-benefit analysis document showed that paying out millions in damages in lawsuits was less expensive than the design changes. The day after the article's release consumer advocate
3976:: By the time of its Pinto investigation, NHTSA had essentially abandoned its original mission of forcing industry-wide safety improvements, in favor of investigating and recalling specific cars (Mashaw and Harfst 1990). NHTSA had two primary incentives in reinforcing the extant Nfocal organization" imagery of the Pinto narrative. First, NHTSA was pressured by specific organizations in its network (e.g., the Center for Auto Safety) and members of the public (see NHTSA C7-38) to take action concerning the Pinto's gas tank. Second, other network actors (e.g., courts, the Nixon administration, and the auto industry) had increasingly limited NHTSA's ability to address systemic auto safety issues.
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4144:: Based on information given to it by lawyers preparing cases against Ford, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned NHTSA in the mid-1970s to investigate the Pinto's rear-end design. According to material presented on the Center's website, Dowie's article is based on that information, made available to him by the Center (www.autosafety.org). "Pinto Madness" is still available on the Mother Jones website along with a video clip showing a Pinto catching fire after being rear-ended. In an interview with Schwartz, Copp asserted that he was also a major source of the information for the Mother Jones story, Schwartz, "The Myth of the Ford Pinto Case," 1027, n.53
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3414:: Page 1015 and Footnote 9, "The court of appeal opinion referred to the Pinto's bumper as the flimsiest of any American car. Grimshaw, 119 Cal. App. 3d at 774, 174 Cal. Rptr. at 360. Mark Robinson, Jr., co-counsel for the plaintiffs, is emphatic that this reference is correct. Telephone interview with Mark Robinson, Jr. (Sept. 12, 1990) [hereinafter Robinson Interview). In the later criminal case, however, Byron Bloch, a prosecution witness, stated in cross-examination that the Pinto's bumper was about the same as those of the Gremlin, Vega, and Dodge Colt. See L. Strobel, supra note 5, at 157 ("I would say they were all bad.")."
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two-tone accent paint offered in red, yellow, silver, and white body colors. This option package was shared with the
Mustang II and Maverick. The other new option package was the Runabout Squire which featured wood-grain vinyl bodysides like the Squire wagon. The interior received the optional Luxury Decor Group which featured new low-back vinyl or plaid cloth bucket seats with matching door trim. A new basic low-cost model was introduced known as the Pinto Pony with less standard equipment and cheaper interior trim. A wagon version of the Pony would later arrive for the 1979 model year.
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3025:"You don't want to talk about the Pinto," said a Ford official. "Leave that one in the cemetery." Apparently, Ford has not forgotten the lawsuits and the public relations disasters forged by its Pinto hatchback and sedan. The Pinto's famous safety flaw, of course, was that it was prone to blowing up if rear-ended. When people talk about how bad American small cars created an opportunity for the Japanese to come in and clean house in the 1970s and '80s, they are referring to vehicles like this (and see Chevrolet Vega, second slide).
3695::To sum up, the Ford document has been assigned an operational significance that it never possessed, and has been condemned as unethical on account of characterizations of the document that are in significant part unwarranted. Of course, the condemnation of Ford's report is linked to the condemnation imposed by the public on the Pinto itself. The common belief is that the Pinto, on account of its fuel-tank design, was a "firetrap." The Mother Jones article derived emotional power from its presentation of the Pinto as a "firetrap,
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legal/regulatory environment reinforced engineers' beliefs that this standard was quite reasonable" since it was the "same one recommended at that time by the federal
General Services Administration; the Canadian equivalent of the GSA; the Society of Automotive Engineers; and a private consulting firm hired by NHTSA ..." and by NHTSA itself in 1969 (Strobel 1980:205). This standard would constrain future debates by certifying the Pinto as safe" to Ford's subunit charged with evaluating potential recallable safety problems.
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2159:: Iacocca ordered a rush program to build the Pinto ... The Pinto quickly became known as "Lee's car." He demanded that it weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and sell for $ 2,000 ... Iacocca was in a hurry. He wanted the car in showrooms for the 1971 model year. That meant one of the shortest production planning periods in modern automotive history: just 25 months when the normal time span was 43 months. That also meant that the Pinto's tooling was developed at the same time as product development.
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3426:: A few months later Ford began crash-testing modified Mavericks In part to prepare a response to NHTSA'S proposed regulations. The results demonstrated the vulnerability of fuel-integrity at fairly low speeds and some modifications were made. In August of 1970, the first model year Pinto, the 1971, went into production. Post-production testing revealed similar results. Still, there were no federal performance standards at the time and the proposed regulations addressed only front-end collisions.
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and
Mercury Bobcats, the largest recall in automotive history at the time. The recall included sedans and hatchbacks, but not the station wagon. Ford disagreed with the NHTSA finding of a defect, and said the recall was to "end public concern that has resulted from criticism of the fuel systems in these vehicles." The Ford recall placed a polyethylene shield between the tank and likely causes of puncture, lengthened the filler tube, and improved the tank filler seal in the event of a collision.
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2135:: The genesis of the Ford Pinto came sometime in 1968 when Ford's then-president Lee Iaccoca decided that his company would not sit idly by as new Japanese competitors dominated the small-car segment. He pushed the board to greenlight the Pinto program, and by August 1968 the program was underway. It would have aggressive targets: no more than 2000 pounds, not a penny over $ 2000, and a delivery deadline of just 25 months, a record at the time and still impressive today.
1668:, decided in February 1978, is one of two important Pinto cases. A 1972 Pinto driven by Lily Gray stalled in the center lane of a California freeway. The car was struck from behind by a vehicle initially traveling at 50 mph and impacted at an estimated between 30 and 50 mph, resulting in a fuel tank fire. Gray died at the time of the impact. Richard Grimshaw, the thirteen-year-old passenger, was seriously burned. The plaintiff's bar collaborated with
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that used on the
Maverick. With the low weight (not much above 2,000 lb (910 kg)) and the SOHC engine it accelerated from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in 10.8 seconds. With the advent of emission control requirements, Ford moved from European-sourced to domestically sourced engines, using new or modified designs. New safety legislation affected bumpers and other parts, adding to the weight of the car and reducing performance.
3505:: As for additional design proposals brought forward by the plaintiffs, several of them-for example, a bladder within the gas tank, and a "tank within the tank"-concerned somewhat innovative technology that had never been utilized in actual auto production. At trial, there was testimony that a bladder would have been feasible in the early 1970s, but also rebuttal testimony that a bladder was at this time beyond the bounds of feasibility.
4156:: after deliberating for eight hours - awarded the Gray family wrongful death damages of $ 560,000; Grimshaw was awarded over $ 2.5 million in compensatory damages and $ 125 million in punitive damages as well. The trial judge reduced the punitive damage award to $ 3.5 million as a condition for denying a new trial. Two years later the court of appeal affirmed these results in all respects; the state supreme court then denied a hearing.
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benefits and costs, jurors will be offended by, or will not fully understand, a comprehensive risk-analysis approach and will focus their assessment more narrowly on the identified victim and the costs of preventing that injury. The fact that these costs would also have been incurred for thousands of consumers who were not injured will not loom as large, as Judge
Easterbrook emphasized. Thus, there is a tendency to exhibit "
1705:, were killed when the 1973 Pinto they were in was involved in a rear-end collision. The driver had stopped in the road to retrieve the car's gas cap which had been inadvertently left on the top of the car and subsequently fell onto the road. While stopped the Pinto was struck by a Chevrolet van. Ford sent the Ulrichs a recall notice for the Pinto in 1979. A grand jury indicted Ford on three counts of reckless homicide.
3988:: Ford could have refused to recall and have chosen instead to defend the Pinto's design in the formal recall hearings at NHTSA." While this tactic could easily have delayed any forced recall for months, if not for more than a year, the cost of the publicized hearings to Ford's reputation could have been substantial, even if Ford had been successful in the end. Ford agreed to "voluntarily recall" the Pinto in June 1978.
4043:: In a prepared statement, Ford Vice President Herbert L. Misch said: "Ford informed NHTSA that it does not agree with the agency's initial determination of May 8 that an unreasonable risk of safety is involved in the design of these cars ..." Misch said Ford decided to offer the modifications "so as to end public concern that has resulted from criticism of the fuel systems in these vehicles".
3643:: Based on the information given to it by lawyers preparing cases against Ford, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned NHTSA in the mid-1970s to investigate the Pinto's rear-end design. According to the material presented on the Center's website, Dowie's article is based on that information, made available to him by the Center (www.autosafety.org). "Pinto Madness" is still available on the
3711:: Dowie (1977) accurately explains in part of his Mother Jones article that Ford employees wrote this document as part of an ongoing lobbying effort to influence NHTSA (24, 28). But his readers have relied exclusively on his other claim, that it was the "internal" (20, 24) memo on which Ford based its decision to market the dangerous Pinto and settle the few inevitable lawsuits (31).
3529:: I began to construct my own files of incoming safety problems. One of these new files concerned reports of Pintos "lighting up" (in the words of a field representative) in rear-end accidents. There were actually very few reports, perhaps because component failure was not initially assumed. These cars simply were consumed by fire after apparently very low-speed accidents.
775:. The hatchback model matched the sedan in all other dimensions and offered 38.1 cubic feet (1.08 m) of cargo space with its seat folded. By 1972, Ford redesigned the hatch itself, with the glass portion of the hatch enlarged to almost the entire size of the hatch itself, ultimately to be supplemented for 1977–1980 with an optional rear hatch that was entirely glass.
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3778:: Ford knows the Pinto is a firetrap, yet it has paid out millions to settle damage suits out of court, and it is prepared to spend millions more lobbying against safety standards ... Ford waited eight years because its internal "cost-benefit analysis," which places a dollar value on human life, said it wasn't profitable to make the changes sooner.
971:
body-side mouldings, and hinges for the standard all-glass third door. The grille and headlamp surrounds were charcoal, the fenders had ESS identification and the styled steel wheels had black wheel trim rings. The Sports
Package (front stabilizer bar, sport steering wheel, full instrumentation, optional axle ratio on 2.3L manual cars) was standard.
3184:: The Pinto story has become a landmark narrative" (Nichols 1997:324), a definitive story used to support the construction of amoral corporate behavior as a pervasive social problem. This narrative was first stated publicly by investigative journalist Mark Dowie (1977) in a scathing Pulitzer Prize-winning exposé, "Pinto Madness," published in
3861:: In May 1978, NHTSA determined that pre-1977 model year Ford Pintos were subject to "fuel tank damage, Fuel leakage and fire occurrences which had resulted in fatalities and non-fatal burn injuries" when impacted at "moderate speeds," and that the "fire threshold" in those vehicles was reached at closing speeds of 30–35 MPH.
3325:: Having reflected on these invocations of the Ford Pinto case, I have arrived at two general observations. One is that several significant factual misconceptions surround the public's understanding of the case. Given the cumulative force of these misconceptions, the case can be properly referred to as "mythical."
3825:: By 1977, the social context had changed. Dowie's (1977:18) article had labeled the Pinto a "firetrap" and accused the agency of buckling to auto-industry pressure. Public interest generated by the article forced a second Pinto investigation and guaranteed that NHTSA would be under a microscope for its duration.
1261:
The Bobcat was offered as a two-door sedan for a limited number of years in Canada. All
Bobcats were restyled with a domed hood and a taller vertical bar grille styled to look like senior Mercury models. Throughout all the model years, Bobcats offered various appearance options that were similar to the Pinto's.
1488:, a standard practice in US subcompact cars at the time. The Pinto's vulnerability to fuel leakage and fire in a rear-end collision was exacerbated by reduced rear "crush space", a lack of structural reinforcement in the rear, and an "essentially ornamental" rear bumper (though similar to other manufacturers).
1728:
in 2003, the indictment was a low point in Ford's reputation. Some saw the suit as a landmark for taking a corporation to task for their actions while others saw the case as frivolous. In 2002, Malcolm
Wheeler, a lawyer working with the Ford defense team, noted that the case was a poor application of
1718:
Prosecuting
Attorney had a budget of about $ 20,000 and volunteer law professors and law students. A former head of the NHTSA, testifying on Ford's behalf, said the Pinto's design was no more or less safe than that of any other car in its class. In 1980 Ford was found not guilty. In 1980 a civil suit
1690:
in 2010, the award "signaled to the auto industry that it would be harshly sanctioned for ignoring known defects." The case has been held up as an example of the disconnection between the use of corporate risk analysis and the tendency of juries to be offended by such analyses. The case is also cited
1636:
Though Ford could have proceeded with the formal recall hearing, fearing additional damage to the company's public reputation, the company agreed to a "voluntary recall" program. On June 9, 1978, days before the NHTSA was to issue Ford a formal recall order, Ford recalled 1.5 million Ford Pintos
1618:
Lee and Ermann noted that NHTSA used a worst-case test to justify the recall of the Pinto, rather than the regular 1977 rear-impact crash test. A large and heavy car was used instead of a standard moving barrier. Weights were placed in the nose of the car to help it slide under the Pinto and maximize
1451:
Scholarly work published in the decades after the Pinto's release has examined the cases and offered summations of the general understanding of the Pinto and the controversy regarding the car's safety performance and risk of fire. These works reviewed misunderstandings related to the actual number of
970:
The Pinto ESS (European Sports Sedan) trim package became available in 2-door Sedan and 3-door Runabout body styles featuring black roof drip mouldings, lower back panel, rocker panels, glass surrounds and door frame trims (incl. black tape along lower side window ledges), dual sport mirrors, premium
845:
For the 1977 model year, the Pinto received its first significant styling updates with slanted back urethane headlamp buckets, parking lamps, and grille. The tail lamps were revised except for the wagons. Runabouts offered an optional all-glass rear hatch for the first time. Pinto wagons were given a
834:
variety of Ford vehicles for 23 years. In 1974, Mercury began selling a rebadged version of the Pinto called Bobcat as a Canada-only model. 544,209 units sold; 1974 became the most popular model year for the Pinto. Steel-belted tires, an anti-theft alarm system, and metallic glow paint were optional.
778:
On October 30, 1970, less than two months after introduction, 26,000 Pintos were recalled to address a possible problem with the accelerator sticking on once engaged at more than halfway. On March 29, 1971, Ford recalled all 220,000 Pintos manufactured before March 19, 1971, to address a problem with
770:
the hatchback went on sale five days later, priced at $ 2,062 ($ 15,513 in 2023 dollars ). The hatch itself featured exposed chrome hinges for the liftgate and five decorative chrome strips, sprung scissor struts to assist in opening the hatch, a rear window approximately as large as the sedan's, and
574:
overlapped with product development, which froze the basic design. Decisions that threatened the schedule were discouraged; the attitude of Ford management was to develop the Pinto as quickly as possible. Iacocca ordered a rush project to build the car, and the Pinto became known internally as "Lee's
2405:
Ford Motor Co. announced today it is recalling 26,000 early production models of its 1971 Pinto equipped with the 1600 cubic centimeter engine because of an accelerator problem ... The company found that when the throttle is opened more than halfway, it is possible that it may not always return
1709:
was a landmark in product liability law as the first time a corporation faced criminal charges for a defective product, and the first time a corporation was charged with homicide. If convicted, Ford faced a maximum fine of $ 30,000 under Indiana's 1978 reckless homicide statute. Ford's legal defense
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as was the normal test procedure. In a later interview, the NHTSA engineer was asked why the NHTSA forced a Pinto recall for failing a 35 mph test given that most small cars of the time would not have passed. "Just because your friends get away with shoplifting, doesn't mean you should get away
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magazine said the memo was one of the automotive industry's "most notorious paper trails". A common misconception is that the document considered Ford's tort liability costs rather than the generalized cost to society and applied to the annual sales of all passenger cars, not just Ford vehicles. The
1427:
The safety of the design of the Pinto's fuel system led to critical incidents and subsequently resulted in a recall, lawsuits, criminal prosecution, and public controversy. The events surrounding the controversy have been described as a "landmark narrative". The Ford Pinto has been cited and debated
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For the 1979 model year, the Pinto featured rectangular headlamps, inboard vertical parking lamps, and a taller slanted back grille. Except for the wagons, the tail lamps were revised. The interior was updated with a new rectangular instrument cluster and a modified dash-pad for vehicles without the
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Based upon the information either developed or acquired during this investigation, the following conlcusions have been reached: 1971–1976 Ford Pintos have experienced moderate speed, rear-end collisions that have resulted in fuel tank damage, fuel leakage, and fire occurrences that have resulted in
1627:
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ultimately directed Ford to recall the Pinto. Initially, the NHTSA did not feel there was sufficient evidence to demand a recall due to incidents of fire. The NHTSA investigation found that 27 deaths were found to have occurred between 1970
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The placement of the car's fuel tank was the result of both conservative industry practice of the time as well as the uncertain regulatory environment during the development and early sales periods of the car. Ford was accused of knowing the car had an unsafe tank placement and then forgoing design
569:
2,000 ($ 16,617 in 2023 dollars). The Pinto product development, from conception through delivery, was completed in 25 months when the automotive industry average was 43 months, the shortest production planning schedule in automotive history at the time. Some development processes usually conducted
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The Court of Appeal's opinion thus suggested that the Court would have been equally willing to have affirmed the trial judge's decision had he either accepted the jury's $ 125 million award or reduced the award to $ 1 million. From a deterrence standpoint, it confounds understanding to permit such
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As part of a response to the NHTSA's proposed regulations, crash testing conducted in 1970 with modified Ford Mavericks demonstrated vulnerability at fairly low crash speeds. Design changes were made, but post-launch tests showed similar results. These tests were conducted to develop crash testing
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For 1979, the Bobcat received a major restyling shared with the Pinto featuring a slanted back front end with rectangular headlamps and inboard vertical parking lamps but distinguished with a large vertical bar grille. Except for the wagons, the tail lamps were revised. The base instrument cluster
1260:
For 1975, the Bobcat was added to the U.S. market and sold initially in upgraded levels of trim as the Runabout hatchback and Villager wagon. Lesser-trimmed versions were offered in subsequent model years. The Bobcat was never offered as a two-door sedan with an enclosed trunk for the U.S. market.
790:
debuted with an overall length of 172.7 in (4,390 mm) and 60.5 cubic feet (1.71 m) of cargo volume. The first 2-door Ford station wagon since the 1965 Falcon, the Pinto wagon was equipped with flip-open rear quarter windows. Along with front disc brakes, the 2.0L engine was standard
2448:
Ford Motor Co. will recall about 204,000 subcompact 1971 Pintos for modification to prevent possible ignition of fuel vapors in the engine air cleaner, it announced yesterday. A Ford spokesman declined to give the cost of the recall, but all Pintos produced thru March 19, including 204,000 in the
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Initial Pinto deliveries in the early years used the English 1,600 cc (98 cu in) and German 2,000 cc (120 cu in) engines tuned for performance (see below). The 2,000 cc (120 cu in) engine used a two-barrel carburetor where just one bore was bigger than
833:
were added to both the front and rear. Unlike most 1970s cars, the addition of larger bumpers to the Pinto did not necessitate major changes to the bodywork. While the underpowered Kent engine was dropped, the optional OHC engine was expanded to 2.3 L; in various forms, this engine powered a
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and $ 2,841,000 in compensatory damages to passenger Richard Grimshaw and $ 665,000 in compensatory damages to the family of the deceased driver, Lily Gray. The jury award was said to be the largest ever in US product liability and personal injury cases. The jury award was the largest against an
1610:
1971–1976 Ford Pintos have experienced moderate speed, rear-end collisions that have resulted in fuel tank damage, fuel leakage, and fire occurrences that have resulted in fatalities and non-fatal burn injuries ... The fuel tank design and structural characteristics of the 1975–1976 Mercury
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Ford also tested several different vehicle modifications that could improve rear impact performance. However, the engineer's occupational caution and aversion to "unproven" solutions, as well as a view that the crash test results were inconclusive, resulted in the use of a conventional fuel tank
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As a minor styling update for 1976, the Pinto received the egg-crate grille and chrome headlamp bezels recycled from the Canada-only 1974 Mercury Bobcat. For one model year only, two new option packages were offered. One was the sporty new Stallion appearance package with blackout trim and black
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The basic problem is that jurors do not undertake a comprehensive risk analysis approach, regardless of its character. Jurors have a tendency to compare the often very small per-unit safety cost with the costs borne by the injured victim. Rather than examine the entire market and the associated
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When a decision was made to produce the Pinto, it was given the shortest production planning schedule in history. Tooling went on at the same time as product development so, when testing revealed a serious defect with the gas tank, the $ 200 million Pinto tooling machines were almost completely
1503:
Beginning in 1973, field reports of Ford Pintos consumed by fire after low-speed rear-end collisions were received by Ford's recall coordinator office. Based on standard procedures used to evaluate field reports, Ford's internal recall evaluation group twice reviewed the field data and found no
837:
In 1975, in a move to better compete with the AMC Gremlin, Ford introduced the 2.8 L V6; while far less powerful than the Gremlin's standard 232 cu in (3.8 L) I6, the V6 gave the Pinto a feature unavailable in the Chevrolet Vega. Sales of the Mercury Bobcat were expanded to
1747:
above), examined the fatality rates of the Pinto and several other small cars of the time. He noted that fires, and rear-end fires, in particular, are a very small portion of overall auto fatalities. At the time only 1% of automobile crashes would result in fire and only 4% of fatal accidents
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of the Pinto as the Mercury Bobcat, beginning with the 1974 model year in Canada. It was produced in all of the same body styles and styled with a unique egg-crate grille and chrome headlamp bezels (which were later recycled for a styling update to the 1976 Pinto). The rear featured modified
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into small cars. This situation changed in the marketing stage (post-1970). Shortly after the 1971 model year Pintos were released, Ford adopted an internal 20 mile-per-hour moving barrier standard for the 1973 model year-the only manufacturer to do so (Gioia 1996; Strobel 1994). The extant
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labeling of the Pinto as a "firetrap" and accusations that the NHTSA was buckling to industry pressure as well as the public interest created by sensationalized news stories "forced a second Pinto investigation and guaranteed that the NHTSA would be under the microscope for its duration."
1829:
The Pinto doesn't seem so bad—that is, until you remember how sexy Fords from the 1960s were. The design devolved into hexagonal headlight housings, a grille that's only a few inches tall yet wide enough to become the car's focal point, and a rear end that apparently melted from the
3813:: Pg 1019, Schwartz noted, "The Mother Jones article had encouraged consumers to write to NHTSA and demand a recall of earlier Pintos. Responding to the wave of consumer complaints it received, NHTSA began a recall proceeding relating to 1971–1976 Pintos." Also see footnote 15.
1681:
automaker at the time. The judge reduced the jury's punitive damages award to $ 3.5 million, which he later said was "still larger than any other punitive damage award in the state by a factor of about five." Ford subsequently decided to settle related cases out of court.
1464:, the applicable safety standards at the time of design, and the nature of the NHTSA investigations and subsequent vehicle recalls. One described the Grimshaw case as "mythical" due to several significant factual misconceptions and their effect on the public's understanding.
3337::'Fixed-barrier' meant that the vehicle was moving (towed backward) into a stationary barrier ... The 20-mph fixed barrier standard was greeted with uniform opposition from the auto industry because it was a much more severe test than the moving-barrier standard.
2449:
United States, 13,000 in Canada, and 2,500 overseas, are involved in the program ... Ford said its investigation of complaints revealed that the possibility of fire existed because the vapors in the air cleaner could be ignited by a backfire thru the carburetor.
4607:: The very fact that there has not been another product liability criminal prosecution since that case tells you one major impact of the case was ... it said the criminal law is a very, very poor tool to use for product litigation. It's just not appropriate
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3361:: In the design stage (1967–1970), no company or government standard on rear-end fuel tank integrity existed to guide the engineers, but their actions were consistent with the taken-for-granted, industry-wide tradition of building lower levels of
2014:: Initial planning on the Pinto, a second-generation subcompact, began in 1967 ... In January 1969, in a victory for Iaccoca, Ford's Board approved the recommendation of the Product Planning Committee (December 1968) to produce the Pinto.
821:, and a deluxe interior with wood-tone trim. There was also a new Luxury Decor Group with bright exterior dress-up mouldings, black bumper rub strips, and a deluxe interior with wood-tone trim. New slotted forged aluminum wheels were offered.
814:, and color-keyed dual sport mirrors. The interior included red, white, and blue cloth and vinyl bucket seats, full carpeting as well as a deluxe steering wheel. The Sprint Decor Group was offered simultaneously on the Maverick and Mustang.
4595:: The important point here is that neither the drama of the case nor its outcome should be allowed to obscure the essential legal and institutional issues. On the record, this criminal prosecution should never have been brought at all.
2121:
built. The directive came from the top, President Lee Iacocca, who emphasized that the Pinto was not to weigh an ounce over 2,000lb and not cost a cent over $ 2,000 and that safety was not a priority, because "safety doesn't sell".
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a "death trap," and a "lethal car."47 The combination of that article, the verdict in the Ford Pinto case, the NHTSA initial determination, and the Pinto recall clearly conveyed this sense of the Pinto-as-firetrap to the general
1472:
The design of the Pinto fuel system was complicated by the uncertain regulatory environment during the development period. The first federal standard for automotive fuel system safety, passed in 1967, known as Section 301 in the
1382:
found the Pinto, when equipped with the larger 2.0L engine and front disc brakes, to be a nimble and powerful commuter car with good visibility and sports-car feel. A review of the 1974 Pinto with an automatic transmission by
1004:
I4 engine was introduced. This engine was updated and modified several times, allowing it to remain in production into 1997. Among other Ford vehicles, a turbocharged version of this engine later powered the performance-based
4548:: A former head of the N.H.T.S.A. testified on Ford's behalf, stating that in his opinion the Pinto's design was no more or less safe than that of any other car in its class, like the Chevrolet Vega or the A.M.C. Gremlin.
3390:: Ford then joined other automakers in an aggressive lobbying campaign that was successful in delaying and softening proposed federal standards on how strong fuel systems must be to resist rupture and potential explosion.
1492:
standards rather than specifically investigating fuel system integrity. Though Ford engineers were not pleased with the car's performance, no reports of the time indicate particular concern. The Pinto was tested by rival
453:. A subsequent analysis of the overall safety of the Pinto suggested it was comparable to other 1970s subcompact cars. The safety issues surrounding the Pinto and the subsequent response by Ford have been cited widely as
4096:: Two important legal cases were central. One was a civil trial that began in August 1977 in Orange County California, Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company. The other was a case involving criminal reckless homicide in Indiana.
3790:: On August 10, 1977, Ralph Nader and Mark Dowie held a press conference to notify the public that unnecessary deaths and injuries were being suffered as a result of the faulty design of the pre-1977 model year Pinto.
2420:: For many of the motorists, it's the second time around ... Last October Ford recalled some 26,000 Pintos because of complaints about accelerator pedals sticking when the throttle was opened more than halfway.
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986:
Except for 1980, the Pinto was available with a choice of two engines. For the first five years of production, only four-cylinder inline engines were offered. Ford changed the power ratings almost every year.
560:
Initial planning for the Pinto began in the summer of 1967, was recommended by Ford's Product Planning Committee in December 1968, and was approved by Ford's board of directors in January 1969. Ford President
448:
Since the 1970s, the safety reputation of the Pinto has generated controversy. Its fuel-tank design attracted both media and government scrutiny after several deadly fires occurred when the tanks ruptured in
4524:
1500:
design and placement. The use of an above-the-axle tank location was considered safer by some, but not all, at Ford. This placement was not a viable option for the hatchback and station wagon body styles.
4490:
An Indiana farm country jury in the 10-week landmark trial found Ford "not guilty" in the deaths of three teen-age girls whose 1973-model Pinto exploded when a speeding van struck it in the rear Aug. 10,
3601:: The National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA, a federal agency) had approved the use of cost-benefit analysis as an appropriate means for establishing automotive safety design standards.
3481:: Ford had crash-tested 11 vehicles; 8 of these cars suffered potentially catastrophic gas tank ruptures. The only 3 cars that survived intact had each been modified in some way to protect the tank.
2653:
817:
For the 1973 model year, more appearance options were offered. There was a new Sport Accent Group offered in white exterior paint with a choice of two-tone orange or avocado accent paint, matching
1855:
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gas tank contact. The vehicle headlights were turned on to provide a possible ignition source. The fuel tank was completely filled with gasoline rather than partially filled with non-flammable
2583:
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article held a news conference in Washington DC on the alleged dangers of the Pinto's design. On the same day, Nader and the Center for Auto Safety re-submitted their petition to the NHTSA.
5975:
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Ford offered new sporty appearance packages similar to those found on the Chevrolet Vega and AMC Gremlin but were strictly cosmetic upgrades that added nothing to vehicle performance.
632:
After structural design on alternate body styles encountered obstacles, Ford offered the Pinto solely as a two-door sedan, with entry-level models priced at $ 1,850, undercutting GM's
425:
from 1975 until 1980 (1974–1980 in Canada). Over three million Pintos were produced over its ten-year production run, outproducing the combined totals of its domestic rivals, the
5139:
3134:
1606:
press conference, the NHTSA initiated an investigation. On May 8, 1978, the NHTSA informed Ford of their determination that the Pinto fuel system was defective. The NHTSA concluded:
651:
The Pinto had sold over 100,000 units by January 1971, and 352,402 for the entire 1971 production run; 1974 saw the most Pintos produced in a single model year, with 544,209 units.
5968:
5159:
1936:
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in 1972 dropped the Pinto's 1.6 L (98 cu in) engine to 54 bhp (40 kW) – and the 2.0 L (120 cu in) engine to 86 hp (64 kW).
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1808:
974:
July 1980 marked the end of the Pinto's production run, with a total production run of 3,150,943 cars. Ford's designated replacement for the Pinto was the front-wheel drive
3076:
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2463:: About 165,000 American owners of Ford's new Pinto are affected by the automaker's announcement that virtually all the mini-cars are being recalled for an engine defect.
1444:
3872:
Investigative Report: Alleged Fuel Tank and Filler Neck Damage in Rear-end Collisions of Subcompact Cars Passenger Cars, 1971–1976 Ford Pinto, 1975–1976 Mercury Bobcat
3849:: But NHTSA, a Department of Transportation agency, informed Ford on May 8 about the results of the new investigation, which concluded that Pintos had a safety defect.
2952:
9488:
417:
The Pinto was marketed in three body styles throughout its production: a two-door fastback sedan with a trunk, a three-door hatchback, and a two-door station wagon.
3683:: According to the Mother Jones article, as of 1977, somewhere between 500 and 900 persons had been killed in fires attributed to the Pinto's unique design features
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as an example of irrational punitive damage awards. While supporting the finding of liability, Schwartz notes that the punitive damage award is hard to justify.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
3909:: A spokesman for NHTSA said that his agency and Ford began a "process of negotiation" after May 8 that led to Ford's announcement in Detroit yesterday.
3563:
1847:
1978:
1543:
article also erroneously claimed that somewhere between 500 and 900 persons had been killed in fires attributed to the Pinto's unique design features.
1496:(AMC) where in addition to crash-testing, engineers specialized in fuel-system performance because of the potential deadly fires in severe collisions.
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The later controversy surrounding the Pinto resulted in a negative legacy associated with the car and Ford's handling of the controversies. In 2004,
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1419:, and NBC News have included the car in lists of most significant recalls. The controversy also resulted in movies referencing the vehicle.
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Also in February 1972, the Sprint Decor Group was made available for the Pinto for one model year only. The Sprint Decor Group included white
536:, the Pinto was introduced on September 11, 1970. It was a completely new platform, but utilized a powertrain from the European-specification
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3671::The Mother Jones article is suffused with outrage at companies that apply a pernicious cost-benefit analysis to achieve "corporate profits".
1645:
Approximately 117 lawsuits were brought against Ford in connection with rear-end accidents in the Pinto. The two most significant cases were
1520:
for submission to the NHTSA in support of Ford's objection to proposed stronger fuel system regulation. The document has become known as the
868:. Nearly two feet shorter than the Pinto, the German-designed Fiesta was the first front-wheel-drive car sold by Ford in the United States.
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and The Center for Auto Safety to publicize damning information about Ford prior to trial. The jury awarded $ 127.8 million in total
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501:, although these cars featured six-cylinder engines and comprised a larger vehicle class. As the popularity of smaller Japanese imports
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Lee, Matthew T; Ermann, M. David (Feb 1999). "Pinto "Madness" as a Flawed Landmark Narrative: An Organizational and Network Analysis".
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Bobcat which render it identical to contemporary Pinto vehicles, also render it subject to like consequences in rear-impact collisions.
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magazine, emphasized the emotional aspects of the Grush/Saunby Report and implied Ford was callously trading lives for profits. The
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website along with a video clip showing a Pinto catching fire after being rear-ended. In an interview with Gary T. Schwartz of the
2749:
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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4927:"Ford Recalls 1.5 Million Small Cars. Ford Recalls 1.5 Million Pintos, Bobcats, Pintos, Bolcats Face Alteration To Cut Fire Risk"
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4571:: The low point for Ford came in 1979 when Indiana authorities charged the automaker with reckless homicide in a criminal trial.
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Graham, John D. (1991). Huber, Peter W.; Litan, Robert E. (eds.). "Does liability promote the safety of motor vehicles?".
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with blue accent paint and red pin-striping, a blacked-out grille, color-keyed wheels with bright trim rings and hubcaps,
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1878:"1971 Ford Pinto 2-door Sedan 1600-cc (man. 4) (model since September 1970 for North America U.S.) car specifications"
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Becker, Paul J.; Jipson, Arthur J.; Bruce, Alan S. (March 2002). "State of Indiana V. Ford Motor Company Revisited".
3613:: In calculating the benefits, the analysis used a figure of $ 200,000 per life. NHTSA developed this figure in 1972.
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766:. In 1971, the Pinto brochure came with a paper cutout Pinto that one could fold to make a 3D model. Marketed as the
414:
in North America from 1971 until 1980. The Pinto was the first subcompact vehicle produced by Ford in North America.
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criminal law. The case also impacted how Ford handled future product liability cases both legally and in the press.
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Rossow, Mark (2015). "Ethics: An Alternative Account of the Ford Pinto Case". Continuing Education and Development.
2975:"Ford Pinto Runabout: The secret to small-car success cannot be found in an options list (Car and Driver magazine)"
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listed the Pinto as one of the "runners up" in a test of six subcompact cars -- better in overall quality than the
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3837:: On August 11, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began an investigation of the claims.
3402:: The tank was positioned between the rear bumper and the rear axle (a standard industry practice for the time).
1970:
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optional sports instrumentation. The variety of sports appearance packages was revised, some with new graphics.
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Kitman, Jamie (March 24, 2011). "Don't Like Government Regulation? How'd You Like Another Pinto?". Cartalk.com.
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The public understanding of the cost-benefit analysis has contributed to the mythology of the Ford Pinto case.
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Schwartz, Gary T. (1982–1983). "Deterrence and Punishment in the Common Law of Punitive Damages: A Comment".
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Gioia, Dennis A. (May 1992). "Pinto fires and personal ethics: A script analysis of missed opportunities".
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Lee, Matthew T. (1998). "The Ford Pinto Case and the Development of Auto Safety Regulations, 1893—1978".
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wanted a 1971 model that weighed under 2,000 lb (907 kg) and that would be priced at less than
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article included a clip out "coupon" that readers could mail to the NHTSA. Lee and Ermann note that the
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Helms, Marilyn M.; Hutchins, Betty A. (1992). "Poor quality products: Is their production unethical?".
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article said the NHTSA investigation of the Pinto was in response to consumer complaints and noted the
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5051:
Stuart, Reginald (June 11, 1980). "Government notifies Ford of possible recall for 16 million autos".
4333:" rather than to consider the expected costs and expected benefits at the time of the safety decision.
978:. For the 1980 model year, the V6 engine was discontinued, leaving the 2.3 L as the sole engine.
8854:
8844:
8829:
7733:
7422:
6658:
6495:
6276:
4861:
3877:(Report). Office of Defects Investigation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. May 1978.
1513:
7728:
6490:
6271:
9513:
9397:
9392:
9215:
8766:
8706:
8011:
7160:
5624:
5619:
5585:
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5516:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5148:
5086:
4516:
3871:
2523:
864:
In 1978, the Pinto was no longer the smallest Ford sold in the U.S., as the company introduced the
490:
8006:
1771:
9508:
9036:
8955:
8874:
8869:
8822:
6485:
6388:
3655:
3186:
2147:: But at the time, management's attitude was to get the product out the door as fast as possible.
1535:
1049:
442:
117:
7622:
6480:
5990:
4737:
Danley, John R. (April 2005). "Polishing up the Pinto: Legal Liability, Moral Blame, and Risk".
4011:"Re: 1971–1976 Pinto and 1975–1976 Bobcat Fuel Systems (Except Station Wagons) Campaign No. 293"
1452:
fire-related deaths related to the fuel system design, "wild and unsupported claims asserted in
1117:
1086:
590:
construction, a longitudinally mounted engine in front driving the rear wheels through either a
9483:
9437:
9414:
9250:
9056:
8276:
8087:
6608:
5107:
3004:
2374:: Soon after the Pinto was introduced, 26,000 were recalled because accelerators were sticking.
2052:
2032:
1757:
1615:
NHTSA scheduled a public hearing for June 1978, and NHTSA negotiated with Ford on the recall.
1566:
595:
384:
8062:
6599:
2432:: 220,000 Pintos were recalled for modifications to prevent possible engine compartment fires.
1929:"Lofty ambition - Developer revs up former Ford factory in Richmond for real live-work spaces"
1710:
was vastly more ambitious than the effort mounted in the Grimshaw case. The effort was led by
1400:
noting that its problems helped create an opening in the US market for small cars from Japan.
9447:
9351:
8935:
8617:
8521:
8271:
8113:
7995:
5147:
3099:
3042:
1183:
1000:
473:
First-generation American subcompacts, left to right: AMC Gremlin, Ford Pinto, Chevrolet Vega
7904:
7723:
4517:"A Local D.A. Charges the Pinto with Murder—and Watergate's James Neal Comes to Its Defense"
3449:
1481:
958:
838:
Lincoln-Mercury dealers in the United States; it was sold as a hatchback and station wagon.
9419:
9402:
9255:
8817:
8302:
8297:
8179:
8172:
7452:
6654:
5367:
2713:
2442:
Mateja, James (March 30, 1971). "Ford Recalls 204,000 Pintos to Prevent Fuel Vapor Fires".
2172:
858:, complete with round side panel "bubble windows" and a choice of optional vinyl graphics.
537:
502:
418:
315:
113:
9154:
2805:
2274:
1533:
plaintiffs before trial, Mark Dowie's investigative article "Pinto Madness", published in
8:
9468:
9316:
9306:
9134:
8884:
8678:
8419:
8307:
8266:
7637:
7347:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
6436:
5856:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
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5824:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
800:
636:
and directly targeting imported models – which included such new competitors as the
591:
552:
438:
291:
134:
5101:
4788:
8673:
8110:
7665:
5998:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5155:
5032:"Ford ignored Pinto fire peril, secret memos show; Tests of gas tank indicated hazards"
4897:
4838:
4779:
4766:
Dardis, Rachel; Zent, Claudia (December 1, 1982). "The Economics of the Pinto Recall".
4754:
4709:
4379:
4305:
3649:
1739:
1586:
1040:
772:
755:
579:
450:
411:
181:
160:
130:
103:
52:
3626:
Frank, Ted. "Rollover Economics: Arbitrary and Capricious Product Liability Regimes".
9220:
8261:
8212:
7137:
7132:
7125:
7120:
7100:
7095:
7088:
7083:
7078:
6418:
4971:
4901:
4758:
4713:
4084:: Ford customers filed 117 lawsuits, according to Peter Wyden in The Unknown Iacocca.
3744:
3213:
2912:
2838:
2736:
Gold, Arron, The History (and Tragedy) of the Ford Pinto: Everything You Need to Know
2625:
2327:
1907:
1686:
1341:
1253:
763:
494:
478:
283:
275:
209:
145:
4167:
4000:: the Pinto was the subject of the largest recall in automobile history at the time.
8756:
8726:
8612:
8526:
8256:
8184:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7225:
7220:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7183:
7105:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
6974:
6967:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
4954:
4889:
4857:
4775:
4746:
4701:
4369:
4361:
4295:
4287:
2931:
2111:
2048:
2028:
1702:
1677:
1620:
1376:
found the fit and finish to be "superior" and were impressed with the car overall.
1368:
1332:
1010:
807:
498:
267:
4958:
4721:
2732:
544:
himself purchased a 1971 Runabout (hatchback) to use as one of his personal cars.
9503:
9164:
8335:
8330:
8246:
8167:
7749:
7242:
7147:
7142:
6915:
6910:
6890:
5570:
5565:
4469:
3362:
2974:
1724:
1548:
1401:
1392:
1358:
779:
fuel vapors in the engine air filter possibly igniting by a backfire through the
754:
The Ford Pinto went on sale on September 11, 1970, in one body style, a fastback
571:
454:
434:
107:
8761:
4053:
3258:
Woodyard, Chris (March 28, 2011). "Case: Lee Iacocca's Pinto: A fiery failure".
1017:. Ford introduced the Cologne-built 2.8 litre V-6 engine as an option in 1975.
509:
increased throughout the 1960s, Ford North America responded by introducing the
9240:
9210:
9001:
8839:
8688:
8511:
8189:
7871:
7670:
7367:
7362:
7338:
7333:
7002:
6993:
6935:
6920:
6873:
6816:
6171:
5614:
5298:
4330:
1715:
1387:
was not as favorable noting significant decreases in mileage and acceleration.
1378:
1366:, calling the latter a "serious deficiency", but praised the proven 1.6 L
1353:
855:
851:
811:
771:
a fold-down seat – a feature which became simultaneously an option on the
633:
615:
526:
518:
514:
426:
407:
187:
172:
165:
8658:
7444:
5112:
2115:
1436:
changes based on an internal cost-benefit analysis. Two landmark legal cases,
1330:
Upon release, the Pinto was received with both positive and negative reviews.
9462:
9371:
9200:
9190:
9169:
8991:
8945:
8925:
8849:
8812:
8741:
8731:
8721:
8668:
8653:
8607:
8516:
8480:
8470:
8370:
8251:
8217:
8162:
7972:
7866:
7808:
7801:
7588:
7318:
7311:
7306:
7192:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
6956:
6947:
6942:
6868:
6859:
6854:
6473:
6378:
6266:
5731:
5722:
5497:
5492:
5472:
5372:
4168:"Chrysler is Told to Pay $ 262.5 Million by Jurors in Minivan-Accident Trial"
4166:
Christian, Nichole M; Henderson, Angelo B; Nomani, Asra Q (October 9, 1997).
3201:
1711:
1349:
787:
637:
541:
469:
193:
1268:
Production of the Bobcat ended in 1980 to make way for its replacement, the
950:
9356:
9086:
9076:
9061:
9026:
9011:
9006:
8905:
8807:
8802:
8736:
8716:
8693:
8648:
8587:
8561:
8501:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8292:
8241:
8227:
8146:
7990:
7929:
7881:
7764:
7680:
7374:
7176:
7169:
6897:
6823:
6311:
5736:
5657:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5590:
5521:
5394:
3653:, Copp asserted that he was also a major source of the information for the
3217:
1485:
1269:
1014:
830:
641:
583:
510:
8506:
6653:
3726:
The Liability Maze: The Impact of Liability Rules on Innovation and Safety
3450:"A look back at the development of American Motors' crash-testing program"
1512:
In 1973, Ford's Environmental and Safety Engineering division developed a
746:
738:
9270:
9159:
9144:
9129:
9108:
9091:
9081:
9071:
8996:
8960:
8950:
8930:
8915:
8910:
8889:
8859:
8797:
8771:
8751:
8746:
8663:
8602:
8566:
8232:
8207:
7899:
7698:
6843:
6208:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5560:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5333:
4750:
3158:"Product misplacement: 20-plus brands given unhelpful movie associations"
1574:
1429:
1337:
1241:†Horsepower and torque ratings are net output after the 1971 model year.
865:
611:
607:
603:
562:
533:
522:
482:
458:
430:
366:
2406:
to the closed position when pressure on the accelerator pedal is removed
9301:
9275:
9265:
9195:
9139:
9103:
9066:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9031:
8920:
8792:
8592:
8531:
8354:
8325:
8222:
8136:
7293:
6561:
5919:
5869:
4893:
4705:
4383:
4309:
1363:
1345:
818:
780:
506:
75:
9336:
9311:
9260:
9225:
9205:
8970:
8879:
8787:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8597:
8582:
8556:
8541:
8496:
8236:
5555:
5487:
5482:
5477:
4374:
4300:
1765:
1175:
759:
599:
332:
199:
5062:"The Top Automotive Engineering Failures: The Ford Pinto Fuel Tanks"
4365:
4291:
4242:"Toyota is just the latest automaker to face auto safety litigation"
9346:
9341:
9235:
9174:
9021:
5526:
2754:
626:
On September 11, 1970, Ford introduced the Pinto under the tagline
9280:
9230:
9149:
8834:
8711:
8551:
8546:
8536:
8384:
8041:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
2750:"Ford 100: Defective Pinto Almost Took Ford's Reputation With It"
1783:
1673:
587:
224:
8079:
2624:. St Paul United States: Motorbooks International. p. 128.
2203:"Meet Ford's new Pinto. The little carefree car (advertisement)"
1701:
On August 10, 1978, three teenage girls of the Ulrich family of
1527:
In August 1977, having been provided with a copy of the memo by
1272:. In total, 224,026 Bobcats were produced from 1975 until 1980.
5090:
3553:
Fatalities Associated With Crash Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires
2067:
1779:
1714:
with a staff of 80 and a budget of about $ 1 million; the
1518:
Fatalities Associated with Crash Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires
521:. American automakers introduced their subcompacts, led by the
257:
3659:
story, Schwartz, "The Myth of the Ford Pinto Case," 1027, n.53
1480:
The Pinto's design positioned its fuel tank between the solid
8698:
7583:
3741:
Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach
1422:
33:
1265:
received a new rectangular design with a modified dash pad.
477:
American automakers had first countered imports such as the
9366:
2672:
2670:
1743:
article by former UCLA law professor Gary T. Schwartz (see
1257:
double-width tail lamps for the sedan and Runabout models.
916:
1977–1978 Ford Pinto Runabout with optional all-glass hatch
566:
4908:
1684:
Reaction to the Grimshaw case was mixed. According to the
1553:
general misunderstanding of the document, as presented by
575:
car". The Pinto's bodywork was styled by Robert Eidschun.
4418:
vast uncertainty as to the level of the expected penalty.
4165:
3628:
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
3131:"Take that back: Famous recalls, from Tylenol to Toyota"
2694:
2682:
2667:
2601:
2234:"Ford Pinto: A Little Carefree Car Gone Very Very Wrong"
2173:"Pinto 2000 Coupe (Super Stock Magazine, December 1970)"
1507:
750:
1973 Pinto Runabout with its large hatch and rear window
1993:
762:
became available on February 20, 1971, debuting at the
6001:
car timeline, United States & Canada, 1980–present
4720:
3799:
1456:
and elsewhere", the facts of the related legal cases,
1842:
1840:
1838:
586:
the Pinto's mechanical design was conventional, with
2888:
2876:
2209:. Washington state. September 10, 1970. p. 12.
1951:
4809:"When Cars Crash: The Automobile's Tort Law Legacy"
3200:Bazerman, Max H.; Tenbrunsel, Ann E. (April 2011).
2909:
American Cars, 1973–1980: Every Model, Year by Year
3199:
2308:. Vol. 3558. August 26, 1970. pp. 26–27.
1835:
1557:gave it an operational significance it never had.
1448:, resulted from fatal accidents involving Pintos.
525:that arrived six months before the Pinto, and the
5158:car timeline, North American market, 1946–1979 —
4691:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4604:
4580:
4557:
4452:
3047:"1971 Ford Pinto – The 50 Worst Cars of All Time"
2622:Automotive Atrocities! - The Cars We Love To Hate
9489:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
9460:
7465:
5108:Ford Pinto Specifications and Production figures
4671:
4190:
2460:
2417:
1732:
1602:On August 11, 1977, the day after the Nader and
1584:Former UCLA law professor Gary T. Schwartz in a
854:version of the Pinto styled to resemble a small
433:. The Pinto and Mercury Bobcat were produced at
5102:Ford Pinto at The Crittenden Automotive Library
4970:. Lincolnwood, IL: Publications International.
4463:
4461:
3037:
3035:
3033:
2733:https://www.motortrend.com/features/ford-pinto/
2584:"1974 Ford Pinto brochure (Rev 10-11) brochure"
2022:
2020:
1146:88 hp (66 kW; 89 PS) (1978–1980)
1106:86 hp (64 kW; 87 PS) (1972–1974)
1068:54 hp (40 kW; 55 PS) (1972–1973)
602:rear end. The suspension was by unequal-length
237:
4622:
3236:
1571:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
998:In 1974, the 2.3 litres (140 cu in)
742:1971–1972 Ford Pinto sedan with enclosed trunk
614:. The rack and pinion steering optionally had
421:offered rebadged versions of the Pinto as the
371:2,015–2,270 lb (914–1,030 kg) (1971)
8095:
7430:
6639:
5976:
5133:
4410:
2832:
2101:
1802:
1800:
1656:
1247:
5104:; includes full 1973 brochure in JPEG format
4920: (California courts of appeal 1981).
4673:"Recall to Affect 165,000 U.S. Pinto Owners"
4458:
3728:. Washington DC: Brookings Institution: 132.
3061:
3030:
2317:
2315:
2167:
2165:
2017:
1694:
1212:102 hp (76 kW; 103 PS) (1979)
1203:103 hp (77 kW; 104 PS) (1976)
1103:100 hp (75 kW; 101 PS) (1971)
4724:. Center for Auto Safety. November 13, 2009
3122:
3098:Huffman, John Pearley (February 12, 2010).
2833:Gunnell, John A.; Lenzke, James T. (1995).
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
1971:"Why Ford keeps using horse names for cars"
1719:was settled for $ 7,500 to each plaintiff.
9443:
8102:
8088:
7437:
7423:
6646:
6632:
5983:
5969:
5140:
5126:
4765:
4347:"Corporate Risk Analysis: A Reckless Act?"
4273:"Corporate Risk Analysis: A Reckless Act?"
3858:
3834:
3787:
2828:
2826:
1906:. Montréal: Syam Publishing. p. 116.
1797:
1423:Fuel system fires, recalls, and litigation
1325:
1209:90 hp (67 kW; 91 PS) (1978)
1206:93 hp (69 kW; 94 PS) (1977)
1200:97 hp (72 kW; 98 PS) (1975)
1143:89 hp (66 kW; 90 PS) (1977)
1140:92 hp (69 kW; 93 PS) (1976)
1137:83 hp (62 kW; 84 PS) (1975)
1134:90 hp (67 kW; 91 PS) (1974)
1065:75 hp (56 kW; 76 PS) (1971)
32:
8497:Model B / BB trucks / Model 18 / Model 40
5009:
4944:
4568:
4470:"Pinto verdict lets US industry off hook"
4373:
4299:
4233:
4141:
4081:
3997:
3973:
3961:
3918:
3822:
3763:
3719:
3717:
3708:
3640:
3544:
3538:
3514:
3490:
3435:
3358:
3346:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3181:
2312:
2162:
2156:
1957:
1344:, but inferior to the "three winners" --
1164:118 lb⋅ft (160 N⋅m) (1978–1979)
570:sequentially were conducted in parallel.
6657:passenger vehicle timeline, 1940–1979 —
4989:
4856:
4806:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4545:
4502:
4429:
4239:
4199:"Retired O.C. judge handled major cases"
4196:
4153:
4129:
4105:
3949:
3924:
3810:
3692:
3680:
3668:
3621:
3619:
3502:
3411:
3375:
3322:
3311:
3257:
3193:
2835:Standard Catalog of Ford Cars, 1903–1990
2326:(Fourth ed.). Krause Publications.
2252:
2047:
2027:
957:
949:
745:
737:
610:while the live rear axle was mounted on
551:
468:
5059:
5029:
4837:
4592:
4514:
4441:
4344:
4270:
3895:fatalities and non-fatal burn injuries.
3550:
3387:
3097:
3002:
2823:
2564:from the original on September 14, 2017
2321:
2195:
2144:
2132:
2070:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1428:in numerous business ethics as well as
529:, introduced the day before the Pinto.
9461:
7476:
7473:
7470:
6822:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
5050:
5012:"Lee Iacocca's Pinto: A fiery failure"
4984:
4736:
4527:from the original on December 25, 2017
4480:from the original on November 11, 2020
4227:
4178:from the original on November 16, 2019
4117:
4093:
3985:
3723:
3714:
3610:
3587:
3447:
3423:
3334:
3300:
3289:
3272:
3266:
3242:
3224:from the original on November 30, 2020
3155:
3137:from the original on November 16, 2019
3110:from the original on November 16, 2019
3100:"5 Most Notorious Recalls of All Time"
3015:from the original on November 16, 2019
2996:
2619:
2474:"1972 Ford Pinto brochure (rev 08-09)"
2441:
2240:from the original on November 25, 2020
2183:from the original on November 16, 2019
2095:
2011:
1939:from the original on November 16, 2019
1806:
1651:State of Indiana v. Ford Motor Company
1560:
1475:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
1462:State of Indiana vs Ford Motor Company
1396:included the Pinto among its fourteen
829:In 1974, to meet federal regulations,
547:
410:that was manufactured and marketed by
8083:
7455:passenger vehicle timeline, 1980–2011
7418:
6674:
6627:
6028:
6011:
5964:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5559:
5554:
5121:
4965:
4924:
4879:
4850:AEI Journal on Government and Society
4786:
4252:from the original on January 15, 2018
4240:Williams, Carol J. (March 14, 2010).
4209:from the original on October 12, 2018
4040:
3906:
3884:from the original on February 2, 2017
3846:
3775:
3738:
3616:
3598:
3569:from the original on February 2, 2017
3526:
3478:
3399:
3128:
3079:from the original on January 29, 2020
2906:
2894:
2882:
2859:"1974 Mercury Bobcat Brochure Canada"
2700:
2688:
2676:
2607:
2499:"1972 Ford (USA) Pinto Station Wagon"
2429:
2395:from the original on February 2, 2017
2371:
2285:from the original on January 25, 2021
2231:
2213:from the original on January 24, 2021
2089:
2068:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1999:
1926:
1508:Cost–benefit analysis, the Pinto Memo
1467:
1372:engine, adapted from European Fords.
621:
7479:
4694:American Journal of Criminal Justice
4467:
3460:from the original on 10 January 2021
3251:
3243:Birsch, Douglas (October 25, 1994).
3041:
2774:
2534:from the original on January 3, 2019
1901:
1858:from the original on August 27, 2011
1362:faulted the suspension and standard
1233:138 lb⋅ft (187 N⋅m) (1979)
1230:143 lb⋅ft (194 N⋅m) (1978)
1227:140 lb⋅ft (190 N⋅m) (1977)
1224:149 lb⋅ft (202 N⋅m) (1976)
1221:139 lb⋅ft (188 N⋅m) (1975)
1167:119 lb⋅ft (161 N⋅m) (1980)
1161:120 lb⋅ft (160 N⋅m) (1977)
1158:121 lb⋅ft (164 N⋅m) (1976)
1155:110 lb⋅ft (150 N⋅m) (1975)
5010:Sherefkin, Robert (June 16, 2003).
4925:Jones, William H. (June 10, 1978).
4515:Leviton, Joyce (February 4, 1980).
4468:Dole, Charles E. (March 14, 1980).
4197:McLellan, Dennis (April 19, 2008).
3930:
1904:Ford and Canada: 100 years together
1809:"Ugliest Cars of the Past 50 Years"
1807:Joseph, Damian (October 30, 2009).
1252:Lincoln-Mercury dealers marketed a
1077:96 lb⋅ft (130 N⋅m) (1971)
928:1977–1978 Ford Pinto Cruising Wagon
289:170.9 cu in (2.8 L)
281:140.4 cu in (2.3 L)
273:122.0 cu in (2.0 L)
13:
5113:Ford Pinto Introduction Commercial
4780:10.1111/j.1745-6606.1982.tb00175.x
4679:. Associated Press. March 30, 1971
2955:from the original on July 15, 2017
1296:1977 Mercury Bobcat Villager wagon
265:97.6 cu in (1.6 L)
14:
9530:
8109:
5080:
5030:Strobel, Lee (October 13, 1979).
4992:"The Myth of the Ford Pinto Case"
4345:Viscusi, W. Kip (February 2000).
4271:Viscusi, W. Kip (February 2000).
3625:
3003:Lienert, Dan (January 27, 2004).
1927:Smith, Charles (March 25, 2006).
1320:1979–1980 Mercury Bobcat Runabout
1308:1975–1978 Mercury Bobcat Runabout
1194:170 cu in (2.8 L)
1128:140 cu in (2.3 L)
1097:122 cu in (2.0 L)
9442:
9433:
9432:
8383:
4649:
4637:
4610:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4551:
4539:
4508:
4496:
4446:
4435:
4423:
4404:
4338:
4264:
4221:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4046:
4034:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3912:
3900:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3156:Semley, John (August 22, 2023).
3129:Spear, Gillian (June 18, 2013).
2748:Sherefkin, Robert (2003-06-17).
2385:"Ford Recalls 26,000 Pinto Cars"
1409:The Fifty Worst Cars of All Time
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1059:98 cu in (1.6 L)
933:
921:
909:
897:
885:
873:
786:On February 24, 1972, the Pinto
556:Ford Pinto design proposal, 1970
4807:Engstrom, Nora Freeman (2018).
4665:
4617:Becker, Jipson & Bruce 2002
4605:Becker, Jipson & Bruce 2002
4581:Becker, Jipson & Bruce 2002
4558:Becker, Jipson & Bruce 2002
4453:Becker, Jipson & Bruce 2002
4393:from the original on 2021-01-24
4319:from the original on 2021-01-24
4064:from the original on 2019-11-16
4023:from the original on 2021-10-02
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3732:
3702:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3634:
3604:
3592:
3581:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3305:
3277:
3175:
3149:
3091:
2985:from the original on 2019-11-16
2967:
2937:
2925:
2900:
2851:
2812:from the original on 2019-11-16
2798:
2787:from the original on 2021-01-24
2768:
2741:
2726:
2706:
2656:from the original on 2021-01-24
2638:
2613:
2576:
2546:
2516:
2491:
2466:
2454:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2377:
2365:
2354:from the original on 2018-10-17
2340:
2297:
2225:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2083:
1745:Section 7.3 NHTSA Investigation
1407:included the Pinto on lists of
846:new option package. Dubbed the
316:C3/"Selectshift/Cruise-O-Matic"
16:Ford subcompact car (1970–1980)
4787:Dowie, Mark (September 1977).
4413:Southern California Law Review
3743:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
2945:"Chevrolet Vega vs Ford Pinto"
2777:"PM Owners Report: Ford Pinto"
2232:Kirkl, Giles (June 11, 2019).
2005:
1963:
1920:
1895:
1870:
1647:Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company
1640:
1458:Grimshaw vs Ford Motor Company
799:trim similar to the full-size
1:
9479:Vehicles discontinued in 1980
8813:E-Series/Econoline/Club Wagon
8336:F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550/F-600
5060:Wojdyla, Ben (May 20, 2011).
4959:10.1525/sp.1999.46.1.03x0240f
4474:The Christian Science Monitor
3933:Business and Economic History
3448:Foster, Pat (February 2021).
2775:Lamm, Michael (August 1974).
2738:, retrieved 22 September 2024
1733:Retrospective safety analysis
981:
962:1979–1980 Ford Pinto Runabout
904:1977–1978 Ford Pinto Runabout
880:1974 Ford Pinto station wagon
464:
385:Ford Cortina (captive import)
4523:. Vol. 13, no. 5.
3005:"The worst cars of all time"
2911:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
2062:American Antiquarian Society
2042:American Antiquarian Society
1340:and about on a par with the
945:
940:1978 Ford Pinto Squire Wagon
824:
733:
353:69.4 in (1,763 mm)
337:94.0 in (2,388 mm)
7:
4768:Journal of Consumer Affairs
3800:Center for Auto Safety 2009
2907:Flory, J. Kelly Jr (2013).
1933:The San Francisco Chronicle
1761:: "Unintended acceleration"
1751:
727:Total production 3,173,491
656:
441:in Southwold, Ontario, and
345:163 in (4,140 mm)
10:
9535:
9408:Crown Victoria Interceptor
8045:
8017:
8001:
7999:
7983:
7976:
7922:
7892:
7890:
7819:
7757:
7755:
7716:
7702:
7691:
7689:
7658:
7630:
7628:
7402:
7357:
7355:
7328:
7303:
7301:
7280:
7250:
7248:
7231:
7141:
7008:
6982:
6980:
6951:
6930:
6905:
6885:
6883:
6851:
6831:
6829:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6594:
6592:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6466:
6426:
6408:
6397:
6371:
6329:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6287:
6242:
6240:
6234:
6217:
6194:
5936:
5864:
5862:
5843:
5744:
5742:
5709:
5695:
5665:
5604:
5445:
5415:
5402:
5400:
5382:
5380:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5339:
5321:
5319:
5306:
5304:
5188:
5185:
5182:
4990:Schwartz, Gary T. (1991).
4912:Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co.
4882:Journal of Business Ethics
3551:Grush, E.S.; Saundy, C.S.
2646:"1976 Ford Pinto brochure"
2554:"1973 Ford Pinto brochure"
2348:"1980 Ford Pinto brochure"
1848:"Ford 1971 Pinto brochure"
1665:Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co.
1658:Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co.
1530:Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co.
1439:Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co.
1248:Mercury Bobcat (1974–1980)
954:1979–1980 Ford Pinto sedan
758:with an enclosed trunk. A
726:
395:Ford Escort / Mercury Lynx
361:50 in (1,270 mm)
70:September 1970 – July 1980
9519:Cars discontinued in 1980
9499:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
9428:
9380:
9329:
9294:
9183:
9117:
8984:
8898:
8780:
8626:
8575:
8489:
8463:
8407:
8392:
8381:
8363:
8318:
8285:
8200:
8155:
8129:
8120:
8068:
8066:
8061:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8047:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8019:
8010:
8005:
8003:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7967:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7933:
7924:
7917:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7894:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7828:
7823:
7821:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7768:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7748:
7744:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7706:
7704:
7697:
7693:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7632:
7626:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7613:
7608:
7606:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7460:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7378:
7366:
7361:
7359:
7353:
7351:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7324:
7317:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7299:
7297:
7292:
7285:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7246:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7180:
7175:
7173:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7146:
7136:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6978:
6973:
6971:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6955:
6946:
6941:
6939:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6901:
6896:
6889:
6887:
6881:
6879:
6872:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6842:
6835:
6833:
6827:
6820:
6668:
6612:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6598:
6596:
6585:
6580:
6560:
6556:
6554:
6549:
6547:
6537:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6404:
6402:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6006:
5941:
5934:
5932:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5873:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5855:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5735:
5728:
5726:
5721:
5704:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5654:
5652:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5599:
5589:
5584:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5515:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5476:
5471:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5398:
5393:
5386:
5384:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5360:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5310:
5308:
5302:
5297:
5179:
5174:
5169:
4739:Business Ethics Quarterly
3739:Weiss, Joseph W. (2014).
2934:, January 1971, pp. 8-17.
2116:10.1108/00251749210015661
1775:: "General Motors v. NBC"
1696:Indiana v. Ford Motor Co.
1631:
1445:Indiana v. Ford Motor Co.
1284:1977 Mercury Bobcat wagon
1240:
1174:
1039:
1013:, and the European-built
445:in Milpitas, California.
390:
380:
375:
365:
357:
349:
341:
331:
326:
301:
256:
251:
230:
220:
208:
171:
159:
154:
144:
93:
74:
66:
58:
48:
43:
31:
26:
9032:Laser/Lynx/Meteor/Tierra
8966:Maverick (North America)
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7487:
7484:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
3069:"Top 10 Product Recalls"
2524:"1972 Ford Pinto Sprint"
2324:Standard Catalog of Ford
1975:jenningsforddirect.co.uk
1790:
1676:; $ 125 million in
892:1976 Ford Pinto Runabout
628:The Little Carefree Car.
9494:Product safety scandals
9474:Cars introduced in 1970
8941:Granada (North America)
4966:Lewis, David L (2003).
4862:"The Engineer's Lament"
4172:The Wall Street Journal
3206:Harvard Business Review
2837:. Krause Publications.
2207:Spokane Daily Chronicle
1398:Worst Cars of All Time,
1326:Reception and criticism
1007:Thunderbird Turbo Coupe
437:in Edison, New Jersey,
9092:Taurus (North America)
9017:Escort (North America)
8865:Falcon (North America)
4843:"Is Pinto a Criminal?"
4818:: 293+. Archived from
4816:Wake Forest Law Review
4722:"Ford Pinto Fuel Tank"
3859:Dardis & Zent 1982
3835:Dardis & Zent 1982
3788:Dardis & Zent 1982
3057:on September 14, 2007.
2503:automobile-catalog.com
2322:Gunnell, John (2008).
2279:auto.howstuffworks.com
2275:"1971–1980 Ford Pinto"
1882:automobile-catalog.com
1813:Bloomberg Businessweek
1613:
1577:and the author of the
1567:Center for Auto Safety
963:
955:
751:
743:
596:automatic transmission
557:
474:
150:Robert Eidschun (1968)
9286:Territory (Australia)
9246:Focus (North America)
8228:Equator/Equator Sport
4142:Lee & Ermann 1999
3998:Lee & Ermann 1999
3974:Lee & Ermann 1999
3962:Lee & Ermann 1999
3919:Lee & Ermann 1999
3823:Lee & Ermann 1999
3764:Lee & Ermann 1999
3709:Lee & Ermann 1999
3641:Lee & Ermann 1999
3539:Lee & Ermann 1999
3515:Lee & Ermann 1999
3491:Lee & Ermann 1999
3436:Lee & Ermann 1999
3359:Lee & Ermann 1999
3347:Lee & Ermann 1999
3284:Lee & Ermann 1999
3182:Lee & Ermann 1999
3045:(September 7, 2007).
2620:Peters, Eric (2004).
2461:Associated Press 1971
2418:Associated Press 1971
1608:
1514:cost–benefit analysis
993:Revised SAE standards
961:
953:
749:
741:
618:, as did the brakes.
555:
472:
8855:Fairmont (Australia)
8845:Fairlane Thunderbolt
8830:Fairlane (Australia)
4918:119 CA3d 757
4751:10.5840/beq200515211
3454:Hemmings Classic Car
3202:"Ethical Breakdowns"
2391:. October 31, 1970.
2304:"Quart in a Pinto".
1981:on November 16, 2019
1902:Mays, James (2003).
1819:on February 20, 2010
1374:Super Stock Magazine
848:Pinto Cruising Wagon
114:Milpitas, California
9216:Explorer Sport Trac
9165:Versailles (Brazil)
8840:Ford Shelby Mustang
8767:Versailles (France)
5096:Ford Pinto Car Club
4931:The Washington Post
4825:on January 27, 2021
4354:Stanford Law Review
4280:Stanford Law Review
3245:The Ford Pinto Case
2703:, pp. 310–315.
2691:, pp. 304–309.
2679:, pp. 289–303.
2610:, pp. 286–290.
2558:oldcarbrochures.com
2104:Management Decision
2002:, pp. 262–231.
1852:oldcarbrochures.com
1565:In April 1974, the
1561:NHTSA investigation
1522:Grush/Saunby Report
797:simulated woodgrain
548:Product development
451:rear-end collisions
439:St. Thomas Assembly
135:St. Thomas Assembly
9037:LTD Crown Victoria
8956:Landau (Australia)
8875:Falcon (Australia)
8870:Falcon (Argentina)
8823:Escort RS Cosworth
6389:LTD Crown Victoria
5053:The New York Times
4999:Rutgers Law Review
4894:10.1007/BF00870550
4839:Epstein, Richard A
4706:10.1007/bf02887826
3650:Rutgers Law Review
2281:. August 9, 2007.
1786:based on the Pinto
1740:Rutgers Law Review
1587:Rutgers Law Review
1504:actionable issue.
1468:Fuel system design
1041:Inline-four engine
964:
956:
752:
744:
622:Production history
580:inline-four engine
558:
475:
412:Ford Motor Company
131:Southwold, Ontario
104:Edison, New Jersey
86:1974–1980 (Bobcat)
9456:
9455:
9325:
9324:
9271:Maverick (Europe)
9251:Fusion (Americas)
9057:Capri (Australia)
8379:
8378:
8319:Commercial trucks
8077:
8076:
8072:
8071:
7449:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7405:
6661:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6615:
5995:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5522:Galaxie Mainliner
5162:
5152:
5066:Popular Mechanics
4968:100 Years of Ford
4858:Gladwell, Malcolm
4246:Los Angeles Times
4203:Los Angeles Times
4054:"1975 FORD PINTO"
3750:978-1-62656-141-0
3212:(4): 58–65, 137.
3104:Popular Mechanics
2951:. November 1971.
2918:978-0-7864-4352-9
2781:Popular Mechanics
2715:Ford Pinto 3-Door
2333:978-0-89689-615-4
2179:. December 1970.
1913:978-0-9733812-0-7
1687:Los Angeles Times
1417:Popular Mechanics
1342:Volkswagen Beetle
1245:
1244:
764:Chicago Auto Show
731:
730:
644:in 1972, and the
495:Chevrolet Corvair
479:Volkswagen Beetle
443:San Jose Assembly
400:
399:
118:San Jose Assembly
83:1971–1980 (Pinto)
9526:
9446:
9445:
9436:
9435:
9388:Concept vehicles
9281:Sportka/Streetka
8936:Granada (Europe)
8618:N-series tractor
8522:Model C (Europe)
8405:
8404:
8387:
8371:E-Series Cutaway
8272:Puma (crossover)
8127:
8126:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8081:
8080:
7463:
7462:
7447:
7439:
7432:
7425:
7416:
7415:
7161:Turnpike Cruiser
6672:
6671:
6659:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6625:
6624:
6009:
6008:
5993:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5172:
5171:
5160:
5150:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5056:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5006:
4996:
4986:
4981:
4962:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4921:
4915:
4905:
4888:(5–6): 379–389.
4876:
4874:
4872:
4853:
4847:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4813:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4783:
4762:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4717:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4634:Footnote pg 1029
4629:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4465:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4377:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4303:
4277:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3197:
3191:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3075:. July 2, 2009.
3065:
3059:
3058:
3053:. Archived from
3039:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2941:
2935:
2932:Consumer Reports
2929:
2923:
2922:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2861:. Archived from
2855:
2849:
2848:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2806:"The Ford Pinto"
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2745:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2586:. Archived from
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2476:. Archived from
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2271:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2045:
2039:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1977:. Archived from
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1815:. Archived from
1804:
1768:– a flying Pinto
1703:Osceola, Indiana
1678:punitive damages
1359:Road & Track
1333:Consumer Reports
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1254:rebadged variant
1026:Years available
1020:
1019:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
877:
654:
653:
578:Offered with an
540:. Ford Chairman
499:Plymouth Valiant
367:Curb weight
155:Body and chassis
76:Model years
59:Also called
36:
24:
23:
9534:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9527:
9525:
9524:
9523:
9514:Subcompact cars
9459:
9458:
9457:
9452:
9424:
9403:Police vehicles
9376:
9321:
9290:
9256:Fusion (Europe)
9179:
9113:
8980:
8951:Landau (Brazil)
8946:L-Series Trucks
8894:
8818:Escort (Europe)
8776:
8622:
8571:
8485:
8459:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8388:
8375:
8359:
8314:
8281:
8201:SUVs/crossovers
8196:
8173:F-150 Lightning
8151:
8122:
8116:
8108:
8078:
8073:
7638:Personal luxury
7456:
7443:
7413:
7408:
7407:
7348:Personal luxury
7106:Monterey Custom
6664:
6652:
6622:
6617:
6437:Personal luxury
6002:
5989:
5959:
5954:
5857:Personal luxury
5701:Galaxie 500 LTD
5165:
5146:
5083:
5070:
5068:
5041:
5039:
5036:Chicago Tribune
5020:
5018:
5016:Automotive News
4994:
4978:
4947:Social Problems
4935:
4933:
4909:
4870:
4868:
4860:(May 4, 2015).
4845:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4811:
4797:
4795:
4789:"Pinto Madness"
4727:
4725:
4682:
4680:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4483:
4481:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4409:
4405:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4366:10.2307/1229473
4349:
4343:
4339:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4292:10.2307/1229473
4275:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4116:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3737:
3733:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3639:
3635:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3363:crashworthiness
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3252:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3198:
3194:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3040:
3031:
3018:
3016:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2788:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2731:
2727:
2720:www.lov2xlr8.no
2712:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2444:Chicago Tribune
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2398:
2396:
2389:Chicago Tribune
2383:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2320:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2049:McCusker, J. J.
2037:
2029:McCusker, J. J.
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1822:
1820:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1754:
1735:
1725:Automotive News
1707:Indiana v. Ford
1699:
1661:
1643:
1634:
1569:petitioned the
1563:
1510:
1494:American Motors
1470:
1425:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1250:
1236:
1215:
1170:
1149:
1109:
1080:
1071:
984:
948:
941:
938:
929:
926:
917:
914:
905:
902:
893:
890:
881:
878:
827:
812:whitewall tires
795:wagon featured
736:
624:
572:Machine tooling
550:
467:
455:business ethics
435:Edison Assembly
322:
297:
247:
243:Ford Mustang II
204:
173:Body style
140:
123:
108:Edison Assembly
89:
39:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9532:
9522:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9509:Station wagons
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9450:
9440:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9400:
9398:Lincoln (list)
9395:
9393:Mercury (list)
9390:
9384:
9382:
9381:Related topics
9378:
9377:
9375:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9333:
9331:
9327:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9317:Taurus (China)
9314:
9309:
9307:Escort (China)
9304:
9298:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9180:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9135:Crown Victoria
9132:
9127:
9121:
9119:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8902:
8900:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8679:Country Squire
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8630:
8628:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8579:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8467:
8465:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8411:
8409:
8402:
8390:
8389:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8367:
8365:
8364:Other vehicles
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8328:
8322:
8320:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8289:
8287:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8267:Mustang Mach-E
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8182:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8170:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8133:
8131:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8107:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8060:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:
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5850:Country Squire
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5840:Country Squire
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5835:Country Squire
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5830:Country Squire
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5081:External links
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4866:The New Yorker
4854:
4841:(April 1980).
4835:
4804:
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4774:(2): 261–277.
4763:
4745:(2): 205–236.
4734:
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4331:hindsight bias
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2236:. Great Cars.
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2157:Sherefkin 2003
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2016:
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1958:Sherefkin 2003
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1716:Elkhart County
1698:
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1660:
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1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:with it too."
1621:Stoddard fluid
1562:
1559:
1509:
1506:
1482:live rear axle
1469:
1466:
1432:case studies.
1424:
1421:
1385:Car and Driver
1379:Car and Driver
1354:Chevrolet Vega
1327:
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856:conversion van
852:sedan delivery
826:
823:
808:exterior paint
801:Country Squire
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657:Calendar year
634:Chevrolet Vega
623:
620:
549:
546:
532:Named for the
527:Chevrolet Vega
519:captive import
515:Ford of Europe
503:Toyota Corolla
485:including the
466:
463:
461:case studies.
427:Chevrolet Vega
423:Mercury Bobcat
408:subcompact car
398:
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311:
310:4-speed manual
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279:
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238:Mercury Bobcat
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188:sedan delivery
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62:Mercury Bobcat
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9484:Ford vehicles
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9372:T17 Deerhound
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8785:
8783:
8779:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8674:Country Sedan
8672:
8670:
8669:Thames Trader
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8625:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8488:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8400:introduction)
8391:
8386:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8362:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8317:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8284:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8156:Pickup trucks
8154:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8142:Mondeo/Taurus
8140:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8125:
8119:
8115:
8112:
8105:
8100:
8098:
8093:
8091:
8086:
8085:
8082:
8064:
8057:
8052:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8016:
8013:
8008:
7997:
7992:
7988:
7979:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7920:
7915:
7906:
7901:
7897:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7867:Station Wagon
7864:
7861:
7860:Grand Marquis
7856:
7855:Grand Marquis
7851:
7850:Grand Marquis
7846:
7845:Grand Marquis
7840:
7835:
7831:
7826:
7815:
7810:
7806:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7766:
7762:
7751:
7747:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7721:
7714:
7709:
7700:
7696:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7663:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7624:
7618:
7611:
7604:
7595:
7590:
7589:Sport compact
7585:
7581:
7483:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7450:
7440:
7435:
7433:
7428:
7426:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7364:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7323:
7320:
7313:
7308:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7253:
7244:
7234:
7227:
7222:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7194:
7193:Station wagon
7190:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7162:
7152:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7127:
7122:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7011:
7004:
6995:
6985:
6976:
6969:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6937:
6925:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6899:
6895:
6892:
6878:
6875:
6870:
6861:
6856:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6825:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6692:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6644:
6642:
6637:
6635:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6610:
6601:
6591:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6540:
6533:
6521:
6516:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6475:
6474:Sport compact
6471:
6462:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6309:
6296:
6292:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6239:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6190:
6185:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6032:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5996:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5879:
5876:
5871:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5818:
5813:
5812:Country Sedan
5808:
5807:Country Sedan
5803:
5802:Country Sedan
5798:
5797:Country Sedan
5793:
5792:Country Sedan
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5747:
5740:
5738:
5733:
5730:
5724:
5723:Station wagon
5720:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5699:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5561:Custom Deluxe
5557:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5442:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5407:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5377:
5374:
5369:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5316:
5313:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4977:0-7853-7988-6
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4805:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4678:
4677:Reading Eagle
4674:
4670:
4669:
4657:
4656:Schwartz 1991
4652:
4645:
4644:Schwartz 1991
4640:
4633:
4632:Schwartz 1991
4628:
4626:
4618:
4613:
4606:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4546:Gladwell 2015
4542:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4503:Schwartz 1991
4499:
4492:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4462:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4430:Schwartz 1991
4426:
4419:
4414:
4407:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4177:
4174:. p. 1.
4173:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4154:Schwartz 1991
4150:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4130:Schwartz 1991
4126:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4106:Schwartz 1991
4102:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4019:
4012:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3950:Schwartz 1991
3946:
3939:(2): 390–401.
3938:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3811:Schwartz 1991
3807:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3694:
3693:Schwartz 1991
3689:
3682:
3681:Schwartz 1991
3677:
3670:
3669:Schwartz 1991
3665:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3584:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3503:Schwartz 1991
3499:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3412:Schwartz 1991
3408:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3376:Schwartz 1991
3372:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3323:Schwartz 1991
3319:
3313:
3312:Schwartz 1991
3308:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3269:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2984:
2981:. June 1974.
2980:
2979:fordpinto.com
2976:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2865:on 2018-10-21
2864:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2844:0-87341-140-4
2840:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2631:0-7603-1787-9
2627:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2590:on 2019-11-16
2589:
2585:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2533:
2529:
2528:fordpinto.com
2525:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2480:on 2019-11-16
2479:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2177:fordpinto.com
2174:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2071:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:According to
1720:
1717:
1713:
1712:James F. Neal
1708:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1555:Mother Jones,
1551:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1484:and the rear
1483:
1478:
1476:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:Pinto Madness
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1350:Toyota Corona
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:Displacement
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:
996:
994:
988:
979:
977:
972:
968:
960:
952:
936:
931:
924:
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
888:
883:
876:
871:
870:
869:
867:
862:
859:
857:
853:
850:, it was the
849:
843:
839:
835:
832:
831:5 mph bumpers
822:
820:
815:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
791:equipment. A
789:
788:station wagon
784:
782:
776:
774:
769:
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761:
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748:
740:
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721:
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649:
647:
643:
640:in 1971, the
639:
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629:
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605:
601:
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593:
589:
585:
581:
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568:
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554:
545:
543:
542:Henry Ford II
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Ford Maverick
488:
484:
480:
471:
462:
460:
456:
452:
446:
444:
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436:
432:
428:
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194:station wagon
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81:
79:
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73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
42:
35:
30:
25:
21:Motor vehicle
19:
9357:M8 Greyhound
9221:Five Hundred
9155:Puma (coupé)
8975:
8700:
8397:
8262:Mondeo Sport
8213:Bronco Sport
7876:
7675:
7466:
7375:Pickup truck
6836:
6675:
6419:Five Hundred
6213:
6012:
5625:Fairlane 500
5586:Fairlane 500
5556:Super Deluxe
5547:Custom (cdn)
5326:
5175:
5071:February 28,
5069:. Retrieved
5065:
5052:
5040:. Retrieved
5035:
5019:. Retrieved
5015:
5005:: 1013–1068.
5002:
4998:
4967:
4953:(1): 30–47.
4950:
4946:
4934:. Retrieved
4930:
4910:
4885:
4881:
4869:. Retrieved
4865:
4849:
4829:December 31,
4827:. Retrieved
4820:the original
4815:
4796:. Retrieved
4793:Mother Jones
4792:
4771:
4767:
4742:
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4697:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4676:
4666:Bibliography
4651:
4639:
4612:
4600:
4593:Epstein 1980
4588:
4576:
4564:
4553:
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4520:
4510:
4498:
4489:
4482:. Retrieved
4473:
4448:
4442:Epstein 1980
4437:
4425:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4395:. Retrieved
4357:
4353:
4340:
4327:
4321:. Retrieved
4283:
4279:
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4245:
4235:
4223:
4211:. Retrieved
4202:
4192:
4180:. Retrieved
4171:
4161:
4149:
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4066:. Retrieved
4057:
4048:
4036:
4025:. Retrieved
4005:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3893:
3886:. Retrieved
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3740:
3734:
3725:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3656:Mother Jones
3654:
3648:
3645:Mother Jones
3644:
3636:
3627:
3606:
3594:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3559:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:. Retrieved
3453:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3388:Strobel 1979
3383:
3371:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3307:
3279:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3228:February 28,
3226:. Retrieved
3209:
3205:
3195:
3187:Mother Jones
3185:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3161:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3133:. NBC News.
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3103:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3072:
3063:
3055:the original
3050:
3024:
3017:. Retrieved
3008:
2998:
2987:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2927:
2908:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2867:. Retrieved
2863:the original
2853:
2834:
2814:. Retrieved
2800:
2789:. Retrieved
2780:
2770:
2759:. Retrieved
2753:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2658:. Retrieved
2650:Paintref.com
2649:
2640:
2621:
2615:
2603:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:the original
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2557:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2527:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:
2493:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:the original
2468:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2404:
2397:. Retrieved
2388:
2379:
2367:
2356:. Retrieved
2342:
2323:
2305:
2299:
2289:December 31,
2287:. Retrieved
2278:
2244:December 31,
2242:. Retrieved
2227:
2217:December 31,
2215:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2176:
2152:
2145:Wojdyla 2011
2140:
2133:Wojdyla 2011
2128:
2119:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2085:
2075:February 29,
2073:. Retrieved
2053:
2033:
2007:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:the original
1974:
1965:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1932:
1922:
1903:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1851:
1828:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1812:
1773:Dateline NBC
1772:
1758:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1670:Mother Jones
1669:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1604:Mother Jones
1603:
1601:
1596:Mother Jones
1595:
1592:Mother Jones
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:Mother Jones
1578:
1564:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1541:Mother Jones
1540:
1536:Mother Jones
1534:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1479:
1471:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1426:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1357:
1331:
1329:
1270:Mercury Lynx
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1184:
1118:
1087:
1048:
1032:Horsepower†
1023:Engine name
1015:Merkur XR4Ti
999:
997:
989:
985:
973:
969:
965:
863:
860:
847:
844:
840:
836:
828:
816:
805:
793:Pinto Squire
792:
785:
777:
767:
753:
650:
631:
627:
625:
616:power assist
612:leaf springs
608:coil springs
604:control arms
584:bucket seats
577:
559:
531:
483:compact cars
476:
447:
422:
416:
403:
401:
314:
303:Transmission
290:
282:
274:
266:
124:
97:
49:Manufacturer
18:
8757:Thunderbird
8727:NAA tractor
8613:Transit Bus
8527:Model C Ten
8464:1910s–1920s
8398:(by date of
8348:F-650/F-750
8343:Medium Duty
8257:Explorer EV
8033:Mountaineer
8028:Mountaineer
8023:Mountaineer
7991:Light truck
7978:Colony Park
7287:Colony Park
7282:Colony Park
7277:Colony Park
7272:Colony Park
7267:Colony Park
7262:Colony Park
6461:Thunderbird
6452:Thunderbird
6447:Thunderbird
6442:Thunderbird
5929:Thunderbird
5911:Thunderbird
5906:Thunderbird
5901:Thunderbird
5896:Thunderbird
5891:Thunderbird
5886:Thunderbird
5875:Thunderbird
5779:Ranch Wagon
5774:Ranch Wagon
5769:Ranch Wagon
5764:Ranch Wagon
5759:Ranch Wagon
5754:Ranch Wagon
5645:Galaxie 500
5640:Galaxie 500
5635:Galaxie 500
5038:. p. 1
4798:January 17,
4228:Danley 2005
4118:Danley 2005
4094:Danley 2005
3986:Danley 2005
3611:Danley 2005
3588:Rossow 2015
3464:31 December
3424:Danley 2005
3349:: pg 36, 43
3335:Rossow 2015
3301:Danley 2005
2508:October 26,
2187:October 19,
2046:1700–1799:
2026:1634–1699:
2012:Danley 2005
1985:October 26,
1943:November 5,
1887:October 19,
1862:December 3,
1641:Legal cases
1575:Ralph Nader
1430:tort reform
1364:drum brakes
1338:AMC Gremlin
1011:Mustang SVO
976:Ford Escort
646:Honda Civic
606:with front
563:Lee Iacocca
523:AMC Gremlin
487:Ford Falcon
459:tort reform
431:AMC Gremlin
381:Predecessor
9469:1980s cars
9463:Categories
8916:Econowagon
8415:Model A/AC
8331:Super Duty
8247:Expedition
8168:Super Duty
7872:Subcompact
7671:Subcompact
7294:Sports car
6817:Subcompact
6562:Sports car
6501:Escort ZX2
6172:Subcompact
5606:Custom 500
5601:Custom 500
5596:Custom 500
5571:Customline
5566:Customline
5512:Custom 300
5507:Custom 300
5406:Falcon 70½
5299:Subcompact
5098:(archived)
5087:Ford Pinto
4397:2016-04-14
4360:(3): 569.
4323:2016-04-14
4286:(3): 569.
4068:2017-05-14
4041:Jones 1978
4027:2021-10-02
3907:Jones 1978
3847:Jones 1978
3776:Dowie 1977
3599:Gioia 1992
3562:(Report).
3527:Gioia 1992
3479:Gioia 1992
3400:Gioia 1992
2989:2016-05-02
2895:Lewis 2003
2883:Lewis 2003
2869:2018-10-20
2816:2016-04-22
2791:2020-10-31
2761:2024-03-17
2701:Lewis 2003
2689:Lewis 2003
2677:Lewis 2003
2660:2018-01-02
2608:Lewis 2003
2594:2018-03-25
2568:January 3,
2538:January 3,
2484:2018-05-31
2430:Jones 1978
2372:Jones 1978
2358:2017-12-24
2090:Gioia 1992
2000:Lewis 2003
1759:60 Minutes
1346:Datsun 510
1191:1975–1979
1125:1974–1980
1094:1971–1974
1056:1971–1973
982:Powertrain
819:vinyl roof
781:carburetor
638:Mazda 1200
507:Datsun 510
465:Background
404:Ford Pinto
376:Chronology
327:Dimensions
292:Cologne V6
252:Powertrain
67:Production
38:Ford Pinto
27:Ford Pinto
9241:Freestyle
9211:Excursion
9002:Bronco II
8788:1960 Ford
8689:Crestline
8644:1957 Ford
8639:1955 Ford
8634:1952 Ford
8598:1949 Ford
8583:1941 Ford
8542:1937 Ford
8512:Rheinland
8277:Territory
8190:Ranger EV
7973:Full-size
7809:Full-size
7138:Park Lane
7133:Park Lane
7126:Park Lane
7121:Park Lane
7101:Montclair
7096:Montclair
7089:Montclair
7084:Montclair
7079:Montclair
6957:Full-size
6515:Fiesta ST
6379:Full-size
5615:Crestline
5473:Full-size
5042:March 12,
4902:189918233
4759:145219885
4714:144364586
4375:1803/6556
4301:1803/6556
3260:USA Today
3190:magazine.
3043:Neil, Dan
2959:April 12,
2306:The Motor
2110:(5): 35.
1766:AVE Mizar
1516:entitled
1176:V6 engine
946:1979–1980
825:1974–1978
768:Runabout,
760:hatchback
734:1971–1973
648:in 1973.
642:Subaru DL
600:live axle
391:Successor
333:Wheelbase
319:automatic
215:FR layout
200:hatchback
9438:Category
9415:Tractors
9330:Military
9201:EcoSport
9170:Windstar
8992:Aerostar
8926:Fairmont
8911:Econovan
8850:D-Series
8742:Ranchero
8732:Parklane
8722:Mainline
8707:Fairlane
8654:C-Series
8608:B-Series
8552:Model 7Y
8547:Model 7W
8537:Model CX
8517:Model 48
8481:Model AA
8471:Model TT
8252:Explorer
8218:Capri EV
8180:Maverick
8163:F-Series
8114:vehicles
8063:Monterey
8056:Villager
8051:Villager
7930:Mid-size
7825:Marauder
7765:Mid-size
7739:Mystique
7448:previous
7397:M series
7392:M series
7387:M series
7382:M series
7312:Capri II
7226:Commuter
7221:Commuter
7214:Commuter
7209:Commuter
7204:Commuter
7184:Marauder
7064:Monterey
7059:Monterey
7054:Monterey
7049:Monterey
7044:Monterey
7039:Monterey
7034:Monterey
6975:Medalist
6968:Medalist
6898:Mid-size
6551:Focus RS
6532:Focus ST
6312:Mid-size
6267:Fairmont
5994:previous
5732:Parklane
5620:Fairlane
5581:Fairlane
5576:Fairlane
5517:Fairlane
5498:Mainline
5493:Mainline
5436:Fairlane
5431:Fairlane
5426:Fairlane
5421:Fairlane
5395:Mid-size
5373:Fairmont
5368:Maverick
5151:previous
5021:March 6,
4936:March 4,
4871:March 3,
4728:March 5,
4683:March 7,
4531:March 3,
4525:Archived
4484:March 3,
4478:Archived
4388:Archived
4314:Archived
4256:March 4,
4250:Archived
4230:: pg 209
4213:March 4,
4207:Archived
4182:March 4,
4176:Archived
4132::pg 1016
4120:: pg 208
4062:Archived
4018:Archived
3888:March 5,
3879:Archived
3573:March 2,
3564:Archived
3458:Archived
3222:Archived
3218:21510519
3141:March 5,
3135:Archived
3114:March 5,
3108:Archived
3083:March 5,
3077:Archived
3019:March 6,
3013:Archived
2983:Archived
2953:Archived
2810:Archived
2785:Archived
2755:Autoweek
2654:Archived
2562:Archived
2532:Archived
2399:March 6,
2393:Archived
2352:Archived
2283:Archived
2238:Archived
2211:Archived
2181:Archived
2051:(1992).
2031:(1997).
1937:Archived
1856:Archived
1823:March 6,
1752:See also
1405:magazine
1035:Torque†
722:185,054
719:199,018
716:188,899
713:225,097
710:290,132
707:223,763
704:544,209
701:484,512
698:480,405
695:352,402
429:and the
313:3-speed
146:Designer
94:Assembly
44:Overview
9125:Contour
9087:Telstar
9077:Scorpio
9027:Festiva
9012:Durango
9007:Del Rey
8906:Courier
8808:Cortina
8803:Corsair
8762:Vendôme
8737:Popular
8717:Galaxie
8701:(brand)
8694:Del Rio
8684:Courier
8649:Abeille
8588:Vedette
8562:Prefect
8502:Model Y
8476:Model A
8455:Model T
8450:Model S
8445:Model R
8440:Model N
8435:Model K
8430:Model F
8425:Model C
8420:Model B
8303:Connect
8298:Courier
8293:Transit
8242:Everest
8147:Mustang
8121:Current
8042:Minivan
8012:Mariner
8007:Mariner
7942:Marquis
7900:Compact
7830:Montego
7814:Marquis
7777:Marquis
7750:Monarch
7699:Compact
7453:Mercury
7446:«
7243:Voyager
7148:Marquis
7143:Marquis
6916:Montego
6911:Montego
6891:Monarch
6844:Compact
6662: »
6655:Mercury
6587:Mustang
6582:Mustang
6577:Mustang
6572:Mustang
6567:Mustang
6319:Granada
6295:Granada
6282:Contour
6209:Compact
6184:Festiva
5992:«
5948:Mustang
5943:Mustang
5938:Mustang
5737:Del Rio
5658:Galaxie
5630:Galaxie
5591:Galaxie
5388:Granada
5334:Compact
5163: »
5149:«
4658:pg 1033
4646:pg 1031
4415:: 134.
4384:1229473
4310:1229473
3698:public.
3167:June 2,
3162:Av Club
1784:kit car
1674:damages
1185:Cologne
588:unibody
511:Cortina
419:Mercury
268:Kent I4
231:Related
225:Unibody
221:Chassis
198:3-door
192:2-door
186:2-door
180:2-door
125:Canada:
9504:Sedans
9420:Trucks
9337:GP/GPW
9191:Activa
9160:Royale
9145:Galaxy
9130:Cougar
9109:Verona
9082:Sierra
9072:Trader
9062:Pronto
8997:Bantam
8961:LTD II
8931:Fiesta
8890:Torino
8860:Futura
8798:Corcel
8772:Zephyr
8752:Taunus
8747:Squire
8699:Edsel
8664:Consul
8659:Comète
8603:Custom
8567:Anglia
8395:models
8393:Former
8308:Custom
8233:Escape
8223:Edge L
8208:Bronco
8185:Ranger
8123:models
7937:Cougar
7919:Tracer
7914:Tracer
7905:Zephyr
7887:Tracer
7877:Bobcat
7772:Cougar
7724:Zephyr
7713:Tracer
7708:Tracer
7686:Tracer
7676:Bobcat
7653:Cougar
7648:Cougar
7643:Cougar
7610:Cougar
7480:2010s
7477:2000s
7474:1990s
7471:1980s
7368:Cougar
7363:Cougar
7339:Cougar
7334:Cougar
7003:Meteor
6994:Custom
6936:Meteor
6921:Cougar
6874:Zephyr
6837:Bobcat
6689:1970s
6686:1960s
6683:1950s
6680:1940s
6428:Taurus
6423:Taurus
6366:Taurus
6361:Taurus
6356:Taurus
6351:Taurus
6340:Fusion
6335:Fusion
6229:Escort
6224:Escort
6219:Escort
6200:Fiesta
6189:Aspire
6177:Fiesta
6029:2020s
6026:2010s
6023:2000s
6020:1990s
6017:1980s
5920:Sports
5542:Custom
5537:Custom
5532:Custom
5503:Custom
5488:Deluxe
5478:Deluxe
5466:LTD II
5461:Torino
5456:Torino
5451:Torino
5353:Falcon
5348:Falcon
5343:Falcon
5312:Fiesta
5189:1970s
5186:1960s
5183:1950s
5180:1940s
5091:Curlie
4974:
4916:,
4900:
4757:
4712:
4521:People
4382:
4308:
3766::pg 41
3747:
3216:
3009:Forbes
2915:
2841:
2628:
2330:
1910:
1780:Pangra
1632:Recall
1486:bumper
1393:Forbes
866:Fiesta
692:Units
592:manual
538:Escort
358:Height
342:Length
284:L23 I4
276:EAO I4
258:Engine
210:Layout
9352:M1918
9302:B-Max
9295:2010s
9276:S-Max
9266:i-Max
9196:C-Max
9184:2000s
9140:Freda
9118:1990s
9104:Tempo
9067:RS200
9052:Probe
9047:Pampa
9042:Orion
8985:1980s
8976:Pinto
8921:Elite
8899:1970s
8793:Capri
8781:1960s
8627:1950s
8593:Pilot
8576:1940s
8532:Eifel
8490:1930s
8408:1900s
8355:F-Max
8326:Cargo
8137:Focus
7962:Sable
7957:Sable
7952:Sable
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