Forest restoration

527:(FAO) has identified diverse financial mechanisms that tailor to different stages of the FLR process and cover the transaction and the scaling-up of enterprises for sustainable restoration. Several options are available to finance restoration. To meet the unique demands of individual FLR projects, it is critical to identify the best landscape financing strategy. Financial options that generate diverse incentives for local actors may either be for-profit mechanisms, such as debt or loans, or not-for-profit mechanisms which include grants, fiscal policies, or expenses by the public sector. According to FAO, bridging the gap between smallholders and investors, coordinating investment, promoting local ownership of FLR financing strategies, and the development of bankable projects and blended financial mechanisms generate positive outcomes for FLR impact at scale. 34: 3052: 163:. While 61 countries have, together, pledged to restore 170 million hectares of degraded forest lands under the Bonn Challenge, progress to date is slow. Forest restoration, when implemented appropriately, helps restore habitats and ecosystems, create jobs and income and is an effective nature-based solution to climate change. Moreover, according to FAO, forest and landscape restoration yields many benefits for the climate, including greenhouse gas emissions sequestration and reduction. The United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030, announced in March 2019, aims to accelerate ecosystem restoration action worldwide. 595: 26: 17: 211:. Such tree species are not usually those that comprise climax forests, but they can foster recolonization of the site by shade-tolerant climax forest tree species, via natural seed dispersal from remnant forest. Because this is a slow process, biodiversity recovery can usually be accelerated by planting some climax forest tree species, especially large-seeded, poorly dispersed species. It is not feasible to plant all the tree species that may have formerly grown in the original primary forest and it is usually unnecessary to do so, if the 172: 191:" (FLR), defined as a "planned process to regain ecological integrity and enhance human well-being in deforested or degraded landscapes". FLR recognizes that forest restoration has social and economic functions. It aims to achieve the best possible compromise between meeting both conservation goals and the needs of rural communities. As human pressure on landscapes increases, forest restoration will most commonly be practiced within a mosaic of other forms of forest management, to meet the economic needs of local people. 3080: 3120: 3038: 3130: 286:

watershed. The primary stakeholders in this cooperative restoration effort are the U.S. Forest Service, the City of Ashland, Lomakatsi Restoration Project, and The Nature Conservancy. The project was launched with initial funding from the Economic Recovery stimulus, and received funding from the Forest Service Hazardous Fuels program and the Joint Chiefs Landscape Restoration Partnerships program to back the project through 2016.

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young samplings are easily accessible. Over-grazing is particularly problematic in this case as the samplings and other young plants may be damaged beyond the point of recovery, resulting in a decrease in biodiversity. Care must be taken to use "deer fencing" to protect the regeneration area, or where not financially possible, to plant trees which prioritize structural growth and recovery.

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circumstances, but degraded sites within protected areas are a high priority, especially where some climax forest remains as a seed source within the landscape. Even in protected areas, there are often large deforested sites: logged over areas or sites formerly cleared for agriculture. If protected areas are to act as Earth's last wildlife refuges, restoration of such areas will be needed.

119:) of species characteristic of the target ecosystem. Tree species planted (or encouraged to establish) are those that are typical of, or provide a critical ecological function in, the target ecosystem. However, wherever people live in or near restoration sites, restoration projects often include economic species amongst the planted trees, to yield subsistence or cash-generating products. 315:

pulp were applied to a 3 hectare segment of the former pastures. This addition of biomass to the soil allowed for a 176% increase in woody plant growth, increased species richness, tripled tree evenness (measured through the Shannon Index), and significantly elevated soil nutrient levels, measured at 2 and 16 years following the application (Truer

294:(WUI). Historically, the forests of this region experienced a relatively frequent fire return interval, which prevented buildup of heavy fuel loads. A century of fire exclusion and suppression on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest has led to increased forest density and fuel loads, and thus a more persistent threat of devastating wildfire. 202:

Tree planting is not always essential to restore forest ecosystems. A lot can be achieved by studying how forests regenerate naturally, identifying the factors that limit regeneration and devising methods to overcome them. These can include weeding and adding fertilizer around natural tree seedlings,

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Forest in the process of restoration face many challenges, such as seed and nutrient availability, but are notable susceptible to browsing animals. Although browsing animals are necessary in maintaining the understory of forests, they can easily over-graze a freshly replanted swath of forest, where

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a range of forest functions at the landscape level. It includes actions to strengthen the resilience and ecological integrity of landscapes and thereby keep future management options open. The participation of local communities is central to the concept, because they play a critical role in shaping

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In 1998, Costa Rican initiatives were set to regenerate deforested areas, formerly used as cattle pasture. This land was compacted and the soil was depleted, making natural regeneration more difficult. As a partnership with agricultural waste disposals, approximately 12 000 Mg of orange peels and

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in dry, mixed-conifer forests of the Pacific Northwest. The approach involves a combination of fuels reduction, thinning small-diameter trees, and carrying out prescribed burns. Priority is given to maintaining ecological function and complexity by retaining the largest and oldest trees, preserving

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and recommends that "local communities need to have a stake in what is growing, if restoration is to sustain." A recent FAO publication reports that Indigenous Peoples are among those facing the greatest risk to their well-being and livelihoods from the effects of climate change, and therefore must

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In large parts of the world, forest fires cover a heavy toll on forests. That can be because of provoked deforestation in order to substitute forests by crop areas, or in dry areas, because of wild fires occurring naturally or intentionally. A whole section of forest landscape restoration in linked

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provides the opportunity to restore hundreds of millions of hectares of degraded forests and other ecosystems. Successful ecosystem restoration requires a fundamental understanding of the ecological characteristics of the component species, together with knowledge of how they assemble, interact and

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In the 1980s, conservation organizations warned that, once destroyed, tropical forests could never be restored. Thirty years of restoration research now challenge this: a) This site in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, N. Thailand was deforested, over-cultivated and then burnt. The black tree stump was

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landscapes". It comprises tools and procedures to integrate site-level forest restoration actions with desirable landscape-level objectives, which are decided upon via various participatory mechanisms among stakeholders. The concept has grown out of collaboration among some of the world's major

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etc. within a clear and consistent evaluation and learning framework. An FLR program may comprise various forestry practices on different sites within the landscape, depending on local environmental and socioeconomic factors. These may include protection and management of secondary and degraded

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The Ashland Forest Resiliency Stewardship Project (AFR) is a decade long, science-based project launched in 2010 with the intent of reducing severe wildfire risk, but also protecting water quality, old-growth forest, wildlife, people, property, and the overall quality of life within the Ashland

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Since its inception in 2010, the AFR project has provided educational experiences to thousands of students and has benefitted the local community by creating jobs and providing workforce training. About 13,000 acres treated in the AFR project was in maintenance status as of February 2022, and

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Forest restoration is appropriate wherever biodiversity recovery is one of the main goals of reforestation, such as for wildlife conservation, environmental protection, eco-tourism or to supply a wide variety of forest products to local communities. Forests can be restored in a wide range of

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Forest restoration is an inclusive process, which depends on collaboration among a wide range of stakeholders including local communities, government officials, non-government organizations, scientists and funding agencies. Its ecological success is measured in terms of increased biological

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Treuer, Timothy L. H.; Choi, Jonathan J.; Janzen, Daniel H.; Hallwachs, Winnie; Peréz-Aviles, Daniel; Dobson, Andrew P.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Shanks, Laura C.; Werden, Leland K.; Wilcove, David S. (2018). "Low-cost agricultural waste accelerates tropical forest regeneration".

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A study finds that almost 300 million people live on tropical forest restoration opportunity land in the Global South, constituting a large share of low-income countries' populations, and argues for prioritized inclusion of "local communities" in forest restoration projects.

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may result in changing restoration aims. Additionally, the potential impacts of climate change on restoration goals must be taken into account, as changes in temperature and precipitation patterns may alter the composition and distribution of climax forests.

135:, characteristic of the target ecosystem. However, according to FAO, restoration activities face economic barriers ranging from a lack of large-scale funding available on behalf of governments to the limited resources and technical capacity of smallholders. 924:

Martínez de Aragón, Juan; Fischer, Christine; Bonet, Jose-Antonio; Olivera, Antoni; Oliach, Daniel; Colinas, Carlos (2012). "Economically profitable post fire restoration with black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) producing plantations".

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Located in the dry forests of southern Oregon, the threat of wildfire is a reality for land managers and property owners alike. The boundaries of the city of Ashland intersect with the surrounding forest in what is referred to as the

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Elliott S, Navakitbumrung P, Kuarak C, Zankum S, Anusarnsunthorn V, Blakesley D, 2003. Selecting framework tree species for restoring seasonally dry tropical forests in northern Thailand based on field performance. For Ecol Manage

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and forest products can provide strong incentives for local people to implement restoration projects. Active restoration has been shown to accelerate the carbon recovery of human-modified tropical forests by as much as 50%.

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Economic indices of success include the value of forest products and ecological services generated (e.g. watershed protection, carbon storage etc.), which ultimately contribute towards poverty reduction.

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Toman, E., Stidham, M., Shindler, B., McCaffrey, S. 2011. Reducing fuels in the wildland-urban interface: community perceptions of agency fuel treatments. Intl. Journal of Wildland Fire 20 (3):340-349

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Hagmann, R.K., Franklin, J.F., Johnson, N.K. 2013. Historical structure and composition of ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests in south-central Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management 304: 492-504

176: 479: 319:. 2018). A significant increase in canopy closure was also observed using hemispheric topography, further suggesting that agricultural waste may play a larger role in future forest restoration. 247:

to this particular problem, as in many cases, the net loss of ecosystem value is very high and can open the drop to an accelerated further degradation of the soil conditions through erosion and

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could offset the carbon emitted during the fires due to a change in tree species if the trees persist, prove to become part of resilient biomes and are about as numerous as the former forests'.

59:. Climax forest is therefore the target ecosystem, which defines the ultimate aim of forest restoration. Since climate is a major factor that determines climax forest composition, global 111:

Forest restoration may include simply protecting remnant vegetation (fire prevention, cattle exclusion etc.) or more active interventions to accelerate natural regeneration, as well as

251:. This indeed has dire consequences on both the quality of the habitats and their related fauna. Nevertheless, in some specific cases, wild fires do actually allow to increase the bio 1078:; Wilson, Sarah; Strassburg, Bernardo B. N.; Reid, J. Leighton; Goetz, Scott; Aronson, James; Baccini, Alessandro; Zambrano, Angelica M. Almeyda; Barros, Felipe S. M. (2019-07-01). 194:

A recent focal area for forest restoration efforts is within the urban context, where both people and biodiversity will benefit, however this context presents unique challenges.

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is defined as "actions to re-instate ecological processes, which accelerate recovery of forest structure, ecological functioning and biodiversity levels towards those typical of

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Wallace, K. J.; Laughlin, Daniel C.; Clarkson, Bruce D. (2017). "Exotic weeds and fluctuating microclimate can constrain native plant regeneration in urban forest restoration".

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Mansourian, S., D. Vallauri, and N. Dudley (eds.) (in co-operation with WWF International), 2005. Forest Restoration in Landscapes: Beyond Planting Trees. Springer, New York

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Shono, K., E. A. Cadaweng and P. B. Durst, 2007. Application of Assisted Natural Regeneration to Restore Degraded Tropical Forestlands. Restoration Ecology, 15(4): 620–626.

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Sgró, C.M., A. J. Lowe and A. A. Hoffmann, 2011. Building evolutionary resilience for conserving biodiversity under climate change. Evolutionary Applications 4 (2): 326-337

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Oregon's Landscape Resiliency Program, established through Senate Bill 762, is funding brush cutting and low-intensity burns to ecologically benefit a fire-adapted forest.

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Burney, Owen T.; Jacobs, Douglass F. (2018). "Species selection – A fundamental silvicultural tool to promote forest regeneration under high animal browsing pressure".

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FLR combines several existing principles and techniques of development, conservation and natural resource management, such as landscape character assessment,

2438: 504: 52:. Climax forests are relatively stable ecosystems that have developed the maximum biomass, structural complexity and species diversity that are possible 1280:

Mack, Michelle C.; Walker, Xanthe J.; Johnstone, Jill F.; Alexander, Heather D.; Melvin, April M.; Jean, Mélanie; Miller, Samantha N. (16 April 2021).

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b) Fire prevention, nurturing natural regeneration and planting framework tree species resulted in trees growing above the weed canopy within a year.

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Franklin, J.F., and Johnson, K.N. 2012. A restoration framework for federal forests in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Forestry 110 (8): 429-439

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established the Forest and Landscape Restoration Mechanism. The Mechanism supports countries to implement FLR as a contribution to achieving the

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Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is defined as a process that aims to regain ecological functionality and enhance human well-being in

2477: 90:. FLR has been developed as a response to the growing degradation and loss of forest and land, which resulted in declined biodiversity and 1831: 2146: 365:

the landscape and gain significant benefits from restored forest resources. Therefore, FLR activities are inclusive and participatory.

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The desirable outcomes of an FLR program usually comprise a combination of the following, depending on local needs and aspirations:

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Erbaugh, J. T.; Pradhan, N.; Adams, J.; Oldekop, J. A.; Agrawal, A.; Brockington, D.; Pritchard, R.; Chhatre, A. (24 August 2020).

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Forest landscape restoration (FLR) is defined as "a planned process to regain ecological integrity and enhance human well-being in

1436:"Unraveling the relative importance of factors driving post-fire regeneration trajectories in non-serotinous Pinus nigra forests" 1238: 2013: 1972: 1844: 1817: 1051: 908: 799: 723: 2448: 1234:

Goosem, S. and N. I. J. Tucker, 1995. Repairing the Rainforest. Wet Tropics Management Authority, Cairns, Australia. Pp 72.

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Elliott, S., D. Blakesley and K. Hardwick, in press. Restoring Tropical Forests: a Practical Guide. Kew Publications, London

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Reitbergen-McCraken, J., S. Maginnis A. Sarre, 2007. The Forest Landscape Restoration Handbook. Earthscan, London, 175 pp.

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The concept of FLR was conceived to bring about compromises between meeting the needs of both humans and wildlife, by

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Pywell, Richard F.; Bullock, James M.; Roy, David B.; Warman, Liz; Walker, Kevin J.; Rothery, Peter (February 2003).

524: 148: 2125: 2045: 1878: 603: 207:. It is simple and cost-effective, but it can only operate on trees that are already present, mostly light-loving 3159: 2443: 855: 825:"Plant traits as predictors of performance in ecological restoration: Plant traits as predictors of performance" 3028: 1486: 437: 140: 1998:

Local financing mechanisms for forest and landscape restoration: A review of local-level investment mechanisms

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The AFR project has implemented restoration techniques and prescriptions that aim to replicate the process of

45: 2516: 1807: 1002: 451: 156: 95: 1967:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Global Mechanism of the UNCCD. June 2015. 1948:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and the Global Mechanism of the UNCCD. June 2015. 2054: 582: 291: 188: 1961:

Sustainable Financing for Forest and Landscape Restoration - Opportunities, challenges and the way forward

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Sustainable Financing for Forest and Landscape Restoration – Opportunities, challenges and the way forward

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of the burnt area, in which case the Forest Restoration Strategies tend to look for a different land-use.

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To finance the planning and implementation of forest and landscape restoration (FLR) activities, the

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a sustainable supply of a diverse range of forest products including foods, medicines, firewood etc.,

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wildlife habitat and riparian areas, and protecting erodible soils and maintaining slope stability.

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one of the original forest trees. Local people teamed up with scientists to repair their watershed.

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provides an overview of funding sources and financial instruments available for FLR activities.

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Regos, Adrian; D'Amen, M; Titeux, Nicolas; Herrando, Sergi; Guisan, A; Brotons, Lluis (2016).

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Mansourian, S., D. Vallauri, and N., Dudley (eds.) (in co-operation with WWF International),

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Sustainable Financing for Forest and Landscape Restoration. The Role of Public Policy Makers

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Sustainable Financing for Forest and Landscape Restoration: The Role of Public Policy Makers

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primary forests, standard forest restoration techniques such as "assisted" or "accelerated"

2932: 2672: 2613: 2583: 2453: 2241: 1722: 1550: 1450: 1398: 1359: 1293: 1282:"Carbon loss from boreal forest wildfires offset by increased dominance of deciduous trees" 1172: 1091: 981: 934: 659: 567: 460: 399: 273: 204: 160: 124: 54:

within the limits imposed by climate and soil and without continued disturbance from humans

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Goosem, Stephen; Tucker, Nigel; Wet Tropics Management Authority, (issuing body.) (2013),

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The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief

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services (e.g. reduced soil erosion, lower landslide risk, flood/drought mitigation etc.),

8: 3133: 2504: 2321: 2289: 1664: 557: 493:—the restoration of 150 million hectare of deforested and degraded lands by 2020—and the 455: 128: 1837:

Trees on the Atherton Tableland : remnants, regrowth and opportunities for planting

1835:; Australian National University. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies (1986), 1726: 1554: 1454: 1402: 1363: 1297: 1176: 1095: 985: 938: 824: 663: 3084: 2603: 2598: 2428: 2346: 2299: 2206: 2196: 2019: 1738: 1582: 1416: 1325: 1122: 1079: 1057: 1015: 970:"Active restoration accelerates the carbon recovery of human-modified tropical forests" 950: 805: 691: 378: 265: 1281: 647: 3123: 2884: 2406: 2386: 2376: 2361: 2266: 2083: 2023: 2009: 1968: 1840: 1813: 1586: 1574: 1566: 1538: 1329: 1317: 1309: 1198: 1127: 1109: 1061: 1047: 1019: 1007: 904: 840: 809: 795: 719: 695: 683: 675: 385: 268:

lists the restoration of tropical forests as one of the most important solutions for

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positive engagement of people in the planning of forest restoration, resolution of

361: 332: 132: 56: 71:, but it differs from conventional tree plantations in that its primary goals are 3009: 2867: 2852: 2708: 2655: 2638: 2341: 2309: 2279: 2231: 2216: 2191: 1839:, Australian National University, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 1462: 1371: 1242: 1035:

The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people –In brief

713: 252: 248: 208: 1632: 1539:"Global forest restoration and the importance of prioritizing local communities" 203:

preventing fire, removing cattle and so on. This is "accelerated" or "assisted"

3070: 2994: 2989: 2922: 2830: 2818: 2783: 2741: 2689: 2684: 2608: 2526: 2418: 2261: 2251: 1562: 577: 507:, FAO released two discussion papers on sustainable financing for FLR in 2015. 490: 429: 415: 116: 60: 2039: 1902: 1812:(2 ed.), Wet Tropics Management Authority; : Biotropica Australia, 1487:"Global forest restoration and the importance of empowering local communities" 946: 888: 3148: 3098: 3079: 3004: 2964: 2917: 2756: 2728: 2593: 2531: 2470: 2465: 2274: 2226: 2050: 1859: 1570: 1313: 1113: 1075: 751: 679: 552: 222: 112: 83: 68: 1633:"City of Ashland, Oregon - Ashland Forest Resiliency Project - What is AFR?" 1305: 993: 671: 405:

delivery of a range of utilitarian benefits to local communities including:

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Garrett, L.; Lévite, H.; Besacier, C.; Alekseeva, N.; Duchelle, M. (2022).

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Many restoration projects are now being implemented under the umbrella of "

72: 2979: 2959: 2952: 2912: 2879: 2460: 2211: 1881:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from 1471: 467:

to restore degraded areas, as well as conventional tree plantations and

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c) After 12 years, the restored forest overwhelmed the black tree stump.

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provides recommendations and examples of FLR financing for countries.

232: 2857: 2835: 2736: 2678: 2294: 2160: 2042:– More information on global initiatives to restore forest ecosystems 2005: 1184: 1043: 923: 900: 791: 1959: 1940: 1080:"Global restoration opportunities in tropical rainforest landscapes" 2937: 2907: 2902: 2862: 2808: 2798: 2718: 2106: 1033: 890: 779: 607: 392: 226: 1657:"Ashland Forest Resilency Project - Lomakatsi Restoration Project" 892:

The key role of forest and landscape restoration in climate action

482:, which co-ordinates development of the concept around the world. 2927: 2823: 2793: 2788: 2776: 2766: 2751: 2304: 3107: 1904: 538: 280: 2761: 2499: 2336: 2284: 2183: 1512:"300 million world over can have their forests restored: study" 648:"The Impact of Climate Change on the World's Marine Ecosystems" 395:

trade-offs that are acceptable to the majority of stakeholders,

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and water-holding capacity, as well as the return of rare and

3093: 2813: 1384: 1860:"The Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration" 1279: 2872: 2847: 2521: 2075: 1074: 2040:

The Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration

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The Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration

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Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United.

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United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030)

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

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Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

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Accelerating forest regeneration with Agricultural Waste

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Forest Restoration in Landscapes: Beyond Planting Trees

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http://www.wettropics.gov.au/media/med_landholders.html

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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international conservation organizations including the

166: 155:, large-scale forest restoration is needed to meet the 822: 750:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 3–11. Archived from 1794:

Elliott, S., D. Blakesley and K. Hardwick, in press.

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Reitbergen-McCraken, J., S. Maginnis A. Sarre, 2007.

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Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration.

534: 500:—related to ecosystem conservation and restoration. 94:. Effective FLR will support the achievement of the 645: 505:

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

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Protecting regeneration areas from browsing animals

2051:Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program 646:Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove; Bruno, John F. (2010-06-18). 480:Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration 1911:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 1003:20.500.11820/92ca2b1b-c663-4892-88a3-18d16abc3152 3146: 1433: 503:In partnership with the Global Mechanism of the 602:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 471:systems to meet more immediate monetary needs. 438:payments for other environmental services (PES) 322: 2071:The Forest and Landscape Restoration Mechanism 338:International Union for Conservation of Nature 258: 2091: 1796:Restoring Tropical Forests: a Practical Guide 281:Ashland Forest Resiliency Stewardship Project 218:In some exceptional cases, particularly some 1879:"Forest and Landscape Restoration Mechanism" 1434:Martín-Alcón, Santiago; Coll, Lluis (2016). 1349: 612:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. 598: This article incorporates text from a 67:Forest restoration is a specialized form of 748:Restoration of boreal and temperate forests 141:Payments for such ecological services (PES) 2098: 2084: 856:"Assisted natural regeneration of forests" 737: 735: 424:monetary income from various sources e.g. 350:International Tropical Timber Organization 1801: 1757:The Forest Landscape Restoration Handbook 1470: 1410: 1192: 1121: 1103: 1001: 967: 388:and agreement on benefit-sharing systems, 241: 2061:Forest and Landscape Restoration Project 741: 718:. 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(John Geoffrey) 1661:Lomakatsi Restoration Project 1608:"Tropical Forest Restoration" 1443:Forest Ecology and Management 1352:Forest Ecology and Management 744:"What is forest restoration?" 615: 452:participatory rural appraisal 445: 157:Sustainable Development Goals 96:Sustainable Development Goals 2105: 2055:United States Forest Service 1924:"Aichi Biodiversity Targets" 1463:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.006 1372:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.10.037 604:license statement/permission 583:International Day of Forests 518: 323:Forest landscape restoration 189:forest landscape restoration 7: 1759:. Earthscan, London, 175 pp 1391:Diversity and Distributions 530: 259:Forest restoration projects 10: 3181: 2483:Growth and yield modelling 1798:. Kew Publications, London 1563:10.1038/s41559-020-01282-2 829:Journal of Applied Ecology 742:Stanturf, John A. (2005). 588: 498:Aichi Biodiversity Targets 463:(ANR) and the planting of 342:World Wide Fund for Nature 3057:Earth sciences portal 3043:Climate change portal 3018: 2895: 2727: 2624:Great Green Wall (Africa) 2569: 2260: 2170: 2113: 2065:World Resources Institute 1770:Regreening the Bare Hills 947:10.1007/s11056-012-9316-x 715:Regreening the Bare Hills 346:World Resources Institute 270:climate change mitigation 2629:Great Green Wall (China) 2202:Close to nature forestry 1810:Repairing the rainforest 412:environmental protection 292:wildland–urban interface 213:framework species method 106: 103:function as communities 77:environmental protection 2663:Million Tree Initiative 1306:10.1126/science.abf3903 1165:Ecological Applications 994:10.1126/science.aay4490 672:10.1126/science.1189930 606:). Text taken from 355: 57:(more explanation here) 3160:Ecological restoration 3085:Environment portal 2517:Sustainable management 2412:Trillion Tree Campaign 1105:10.1126/sciadv.aav3223 465:framework tree species 242:Post-fire regeneration 180: 38: 30: 22: 3010:Wood process engineer 2714:Urban forest inequity 1785:. Springer, New York. 299:ecological succession 174: 115:and/or sowing seeds ( 36: 28: 19: 2673:Shifting cultivation 2614:Forest fragmentation 2584:Carbon sequestration 2454:Woodland Carbon Code 2419:Forest certification 2327:Even-aged management 2242:Sustainable forestry 1905:"The Bonn Challenge" 712:Lamb, David (2011). 568:Mangrove restoration 461:natural regeneration 400:biological diversity 205:natural regeneration 198:Natural regeneration 179:, Syracuse, New York 161:loss of biodiversity 125:primary productivity 123:diversity, biomass, 2478:Formally designated 2322:Ecological thinning 2232:Plantation forestry 2140:Research institutes 1727:2018ResEc..26..275T 1715:Restoration Ecology 1555:2020NatEE...4.1472E 1455:2016ForEM.361...13M 1403:2016DivDi..22...83R 1364:2018ForEM.408...67B 1298:2021Sci...372..280M 1177:2017EcoAp..27.1268W 1096:2019SciA....5.3223B 986:2020Sci...369..838P 939:2012NewFo..43..615M 664:2010Sci...328.1523H 658:(5985): 1523–1528. 558:Restoration ecology 456:adaptive management 436:mechanism and from 129:soil organic matter 88:degraded landscapes 3071:Ecology portal 2604:Forest degradation 2599:Ecosystem services 2207:Community forestry 1909:The Bonn Challenge 1241:2012-06-12 at the 386:land-use conflicts 379:forest degradation 369:Desirable outcomes 274:sequestrate carbon 181: 92:ecosystem services 42:Forest restoration 39: 31: 23: 3165:Forest management 3142: 3141: 3099:Plants portal 2885:green woodworking 2015:978-92-5-134102-5 1974:978-92-5-108992-7 1846:978-0-86740-253-7 1819:978-1-921591-66-2 1772:. Springer 547pp. 1735:10.1111/rec.12565 1637:www.ashland.or.us 1549:(11): 1472–1476. 1412:10.1111/ddi.12375 1292:(6539): 280–283. 1076:Chazdon, Robin L. 1053:978-92-5-132707-4 980:(6505): 838–841. 910:978-92-5-137044-5 801:978-92-5-133506-2 725:978-90-481-9870-2 391:compromises over 3172: 3132: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3113:Trees portal 3111: 3110: 3097: 3096: 3083: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3026: 3025: 2747:Forest gardening 2704:Timber recycling 2651:Invasive species 2539:Tree measurement 2100: 2093: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2067:, Washington, DC 2057:, Washington, DC 2028: 2027: 2006:10.4060/cb3760en 1994: 1979: 1978: 1966: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1805: 1799: 1792: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1768:Lamb, D., 2011. 1766: 1760: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1663:. Archived from 1653: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1612:Project Drawdown 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1518:. 25 August 2020 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1440: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1414: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1254:Sawal, Ibrahim. 1251: 1245: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1196: 1185:10.1002/eap.1520 1171:(4): 1268–1279. 1160: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1125: 1107: 1084:Science Advances 1072: 1066: 1065: 1044:10.4060/ca8985en 1030: 1024: 1023: 1005: 965: 959: 958: 933:(5–6): 615–630. 921: 915: 914: 901:10.4060/cc2510en 886: 875: 874: 872: 871: 862:. 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