Fort Ticonderoga - Knowledge

1346: 646: 1105: 579: 905: 1575: 1512: 817: 1416: 1302:, and had his troops haul cannons to the top of Mount Defiance. Faced with bombardment from the heights (although no shots had yet been fired), General St. Clair ordered Ticonderoga abandoned on July 5, 1777. Burgoyne's troops moved in the next day, with advance guards pursuing the retreating Patriot Americans. Washington, on hearing of Burgoyne's advance and the retreat from Ticonderoga, stated that the event was "not apprehended, nor within the compass of my reasoning". News of the abandonment of the "Impregnable Bastion" without a fight, caused "the greatest surprise and alarm" throughout the colonies. After public outcry over his actions, General St. Clair was 805: 107: 4487: 62: 1214: 132: 931: 1677: 793: 82: 139: 114: 89: 330: 4993: 4388: 5013: 5003: 4494: 528:, and it ceased to be of military value after 1781. The United States allowed the fort to fall into ruin, and local residents stripped it of much of its usable materials. It was purchased by a private family in 1820 and became a stop on tourist routes of the area. Early in the 20th century, its private owners restored the fort. The Fort Ticonderoga Association now operates it as a tourist attraction, museum, and research center. 1665: 841: 853: 1367:. At this point Brown's men dragged two captured six-pound guns up to the lines, and began firing on the fort. The men who had captured Mount Defiance began firing a twelve-pounder from that site. The column that was to attack Mount Independence was delayed, and its numerous defenders were alerted to the action at the fort below before the attack on their position began. Their musket fire, as well as 829: 1689: 1068:. Allen claimed to have said, "Come out you old Rat!" to the fort's commander, Captain William Delaplace. He also later said that he demanded that the British commander surrender the fort "In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!"; however, his surrender demand was made to Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham and not the fort's commander, who did later appear and surrender his sword. 888:, in his exhaustive analysis of the Battle of Carillon, notes additional problems with the fort's construction. The fort was small for a Vauban-style fort, about 500 feet (150 m) wide, with a barracks capable of holding only 400 soldiers. Storage space inside the fort was similarly limited, requiring the storage of provisions outside the fort's walls in exposed places. Its 1233:, who had never been to Ticonderoga (his only visit was to be in 1783), believed that an overland attack from the north was unlikely, because of the alleged impregnability of Ticonderoga. This, combined with continuing incursions up the Hudson River valley by British forces occupying New York City, led Washington to believe that any attack on the 966:, who had only arrived at Carillon in late June, engaged his troops in a flurry of work to improve the fort's outer defenses. They built, over two days, entrenchments around a rise between the fort and Mount Hope, about three-quarters of a mile (one kilometer) northwest of the fort, and then constructed an 1224:

In March 1777, American generals were strategizing about possible British military movements and considered an attempt on the Hudson River corridor a likely possibility. General Schuyler, heading the forces stationed at Ticonderoga, requested 10,000 troops to guard Ticonderoga and 2,000 to guard the

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was of poor quality. The critics apparently failed to notice the fort's significant strategic weakness: several nearby hills overlooked the fort and made it possible for besiegers to fire down on the defenders from above. Lotbinière, who may have won the job of building the fort only because he was

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could be pulled up the sides. As the garrison was too small to properly defend all the existing works in the area, Mount Defiance was left undefended. Anthony Wayne left Ticonderoga in April 1777 to join Washington's army; he reported to Washington that "all was well", and that the fort "can never

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arrived in June 1775. Because of a series of political maneuvers and miscommunications, Arnold was never notified that Hinman was to take command. After a delegation from Massachusetts (which had issued Arnold's commission) arrived to clarify the matter, Arnold resigned his commission and departed,

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The not-for-profit Living History Education Foundation conducts teacher programs at Fort Ticonderoga during the summer that last approximately one week. The program trains teachers how to teach Living History techniques, and to understand and interpret the importance of Fort Ticonderoga during the

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Between 1900 and 1950, the foundation acquired the historically important lands around the fort, including Mount Defiance, Mount Independence, and much of Mount Hope. The fort was rearmed with fourteen 24-pound cannons provided by the British government. These cannons had been cast in England for

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in November 1777, destroying both as best they could prior to their withdrawal. The fort was occasionally reoccupied by British raiding parties in the following years, but it no longer held a prominent strategic role in the war. It was finally abandoned by the British for good in 1781, following

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Early on September 18, Brown's troops surprised a British contingent holding some prisoners near the Lake George landing, while a detachment of his troops sneaked up Mount Defiance, and captured most of the sleeping construction crew. Brown and his men then moved down the portage trail toward the

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In 1775, Fort Ticonderoga, in disrepair, was still manned by a token British force. They found it extremely useful as a supply and communication link between Canada (which they had taken over after their victory in the Seven Years' War) and New York. On May 10, 1775, less than one month after the

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protected an area outside the fort between the southern wall and the lake shore. This area contained the main landing for the fort and additional storage facilities and other works necessary for maintenance of the fort. When it became apparent in 1756 that the fort was too far to the west of the

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The French built the fort to control the south end of Lake Champlain and prevent the British from gaining military access to the lake. Consequently, its most important defenses, the Reine and Germaine bastions, were directed to the northeast and northwest, away from the lake, with two demi-lunes

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area would be from the south, which, as it was part of the supply line to Ticonderoga, would necessitate a withdrawal from the fort. As a result, no significant actions were taken to further fortify Ticonderoga or significantly increase its garrison. The garrison, about 2,000 men under General

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to design and construct a fortification at this militarily important site, which the French called Fort Carillon. The name "Carillon" has variously been attributed to the name of a former French officer, Philippe de Carrion du Fresnoy, who established a trading post at the site in the late 17th

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further extending the works on the land side. The Joannes and Languedoc bastions overlooked the lake to the south, providing cover for the landing area outside the fort. The walls were seven feet (2.1 m) high and fourteen feet (4.3 m) thick, and the whole works was surrounded by a

989:, the British were soundly defeated by the 4,000 French defenders. The battle took place far enough away from the fort that its guns were rarely used. The battle gave the fort a reputation for impregnability, which affected future military operations in the area, notably during the 882:

related to Governor Vaudreuil, had lost a bid to become Canada's chief engineer to Nicolas Sarrebource de Pontleroy, one of the two surveying engineers, in 1756, all of which may explain the highly negative report. Lotbinière's career suffered for years afterwards.

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since 1998, because of the poor condition of some of the walls and of the 19th-century pavilion constructed by William Ferris Pell. The pavilion was being restored in 2009. In 2008, the powder magazine, destroyed by the French in 1759, was reconstructed by

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by the Department of Interior, the fort is now operated by the foundation as a tourist attraction, early American military museum, and research center. The fort opens annually around May 10, the anniversary of the 1775 capture, and closes in late October.

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in an action launched from Fort Carillon. This, and a string of other French victories in 1757, prompted the British to organize a large-scale attack on the fort as part of a multi-campaign strategy against French Canada. In June 1758, British General

1093:. With Dorchester Heights secured by the Patriots, the British were forced to evacuate the city in March 1776. The capture of Fort Ticonderoga by the Patriots made communication between the British Canadian and American commands much more difficult. 970:(felled trees with sharpened branches pointing out) below these entrenchments. They conducted the work unimpeded by military action, as Abercromby failed to advance directly to the fort on July 7. Abercromby's second-in-command, Brigadier General 1375:

persisted, with regular exchanges of cannon fire, until September 21, when 100 Hessians, returning from the Mohawk Valley to support Burgoyne, arrived on the scene to provide reinforcement to the besieged fort. Brown eventually sent a

997:(named for the engineers under whose direction they were constructed) to the northeast of the fort. However, the British did not attack again in 1758, so the French withdrew all but a small garrison of men for the winter in November. 1491:

to restore the fort and formally opened it to the public in 1909 as an historic site. The ceremonies, which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain by European explorers, were attended by President

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border, were nearing completion of boats to launch onto Lake Champlain, Montgomery launched the invasion, leading 1,200 troops down the lake. Ticonderoga continued to serve as a staging base for the action in Quebec until the

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surveyed the works in 1758 and found something to criticize in almost every aspect of the fort's construction; the buildings were too tall and thus easier for attackers' cannon fire to hit, the powder magazine leaked, and the

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party to the fort to open negotiations; the party was fired on, and three of its five members were killed. Brown, realizing that the weaponry they had was insufficient to take the fort, decided to withdraw. Destroying many

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and seizing a ship on Lake George, he set off to annoy British positions on that lake. His action resulted in the freeing of 118 Americans and the capture of 293 British troops, while suffering fewer than ten casualties.

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or dumped cannons that they did not take with them. Although the British worked in 1759 and 1760 to repair and improve the fort, it was not part of any further significant action in the war. After the war, the British

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five feet (1.5 m) deep and fifteen feet (4.6 m) wide. When the walls were first erected in 1756, they were made of squared wooden timbers, with earth filling the gap. The French then began to

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had pointed this out as early as 1776, when a shot fired from the fort was able to reach Defiance's summit, and several officers inspecting the hill noted that there were approaches to its summit where

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The fort conducts other seminars, symposia, and workshops throughout the year, including the annual War College of the Seven Years' War in May and the Seminar on the American Revolution in September.

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fort, surprising more troops and releasing prisoners along the way. The fort's occupants were unaware of the action until Brown's men and British troops occupying the old French lines

804: 4947: 4850: 4996: 4873: 4845: 4710: 1566:, one of the most famous American landscape architects of the period. In 1995, the gardens were restored and later opened for public visiting; they are known as the King's Garden. 5087: 4026: 1533: 993:. Following the French victory, Montcalm, anticipating further British attacks, ordered additional work on the defenses, including the construction of the Germain and Pontleroy 1160:

in mid-October, but snow was already falling, so the British retreated to winter quarters in Quebec. About 1,700 troops from the Continental Army, under the command of Colonel

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that was protected by land batteries on both sides. The works on Mount Hope, the heights above the site of Montcalm's victory, were improved to include a star-shaped fort.

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in America. The fort was of strategic importance during the 18th-century colonial conflicts between Great Britain and France, and again played an important role during the

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Following the British capture of Ticonderoga, it and the surrounding defenses were garrisoned by 700 British and Hessian troops under the command of Brigadier General

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fired from ships anchored nearby, intimidated the Americans sufficiently that they never launched an assault on the defensive positions on Mount Independence. A

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troops withdrawing from the fort and its surrounding defenses. The only direct attack on the fort during the Revolution took place in September 1777, when

4971: 3565: 2170: 5102: 4476: 4466: 1407:. In the years following the war, area residents stripped the fort of usable building materials, even melting some of the cannons down for their metal. 1148:'s siege. The British chased the American forces back to Ticonderoga in June and, after several months of shipbuilding, moved down Lake Champlain under 792: 742:

about one mile (1.6 km) away, although this work was never fully completed. When the main defenses became ready for use, the fort was armed with

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The terrain amplified the importance of the site. Both lakes were long and narrow and oriented north–south, as were the many ridge lines of the

3703: 1124:, men and materiel for the invasion were accumulated there through July and August. On August 28, after receiving word that British forces at 559:. One strategically important place on the route lies at a narrows near the southern end of Lake Champlain, where Ticonderoga Creek, known in 1452:

brought tourists to the area, so he converted his summer house, known as The Pavilion, into a hotel to serve the tourist trade. In 1848, the

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built a small wooden fort at the Ticonderoga point on the western shore of the lake. These colonial conflicts reached their height in the

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By 1758, the fort was largely complete; the only ongoing work thereafter consisted of dressing the walls with stone. Still, General

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century, or (more commonly) to the sounds made by the rapids of La Chute River, which were said to resemble the chiming bells of a

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were built, as well as a sawmill on La Chute. Work slowed in 1757, when many of the troops prepared for and participated in the

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led the troops on the west side, with instructions to release prisoners if possible, and attack the fort if it seemed feasible.

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against the hastily assembled French works. Abercromby tried to move rapidly against the few French defenders, opting to forgo

3952: 3371:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination: Fort Ticonderoga / Mount Independence National Historic Landmark" 1605:

in 1960. Included in the landmarked area are Mount Independence and Mount Defiance, as well as the fort. It was added to the

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was the first white man to traverse the portage at Ticonderoga while escaping a battle between the Iroquois and members of the

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at the summit, and redoubts armed with cannons surrounding the summit area. These defenses were linked to Ticonderoga with a

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The Pell family estate is located north of the fort. In 1921, Sarah Pell undertook reconstruction of the gardens. She hired

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long before the arrival of European colonists. The route was relatively free of obstacles to navigation, with only a few

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to the west of the site that provided additional coverage of La Chute River. During the next year, the four main

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Pell first used the property as a summer retreat. Completion of railroads and canals connecting the area to

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During the summer of 1776, the Americans, under the direction of General Schuyler, and later under General

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The work in 1755 consisted primarily of beginning construction on the main walls and on the Lotbinière

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Benedict Arnold remained in control of the fort until 1,000 Connecticut troops under the command of

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lake, the French constructed an additional redoubt to the east to enable cannon to cover the lake's

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as La Chute River, because it was named by French colonists, enters the lake, carrying water from

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from the fort. The British controlled the fort at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, but the

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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766

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in the area, Lincoln decided to test the British defenses. On September 13, he sent 500 men to

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The Pell family, a politically important clan with influence throughout American history (from

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in March 1776. The Americans held the fort until June 1777, when British forces under General

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led 500 Americans in an unsuccessful attempt to capture it from about 100 British defenders.

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Afable, Patricia O.; Beeler, Madison S. (1996). "Place Names". In Goddard, Ives (ed.).

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during the winter of 1775–1776. Ticonderoga's cannons were instrumental in ending the

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the fort with a small number of troops and allowed it to fall into disrepair. Colonel

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Store room and powder magazine (now Mars Education Center); soldiers' barracks at right

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Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony: Canada, and the American Revolution, Volume 2

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Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony: Canada, and the American Revolution, Volume 1

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use during the American Revolution, but the war ended before they were shipped over.

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In 1785, the fort's lands became the property of the state of New York. The state

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Restored manuscript map, dated May 29, 1759, for the British plan of attack at the

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to "divide and distract the enemy". Aware that the British were housing American

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German Submarine Activities on the Atlantic Coast of the United States and Canada

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they were constructing on top of Mount Defiance. George Washington sent General

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beneath the Joannes bastion. All the construction within the fort was of stone.

630: 488: 329: 3907: 3197: 1345: 1264:"Where a goat can go, a man can go; and where a man can go, he can drag a gun." 4207: 4149: 3796: 1693: 1537: 1484: 1218: 1203: 1164:, wintered at Ticonderoga. The British offensive resumed the next year in the 978: 766:. One bastion held a bakery capable of producing 60 loaves of bread a day. A 650: 607: 578: 536: 453:. The mountains created nearly impassable terrains to the east and west of the 427: 426:

The site controlled a river portage alongside the mouth of the rapids-infested

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and relying instead on the numerical superiority of his 16,000 troops. In the

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Inside the first wall; officers' barracks at left, soldiers' barracks at right

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forces obtained a large supply of cannons and other armaments, much of which

934: 893: 685:, which Lotbinière based on designs of the renowned French military engineer 507: 388: 204: 191: 3521: 3416: 3342: 3188: 3159: 3055: 2966: 2937: 2725:"Tonetti Associates Architects' Historic Reconstruction at Fort Ticonderoga" 1021:, in command of the fort in 1773, wrote that it was in "ruinous condition". 590:

Native Americans had occupied the area for centuries before French explorer

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directed up the Champlain Valley. These forces landed at the north end of

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Nearing, Brian (December 18, 2008). "Fort Ticonderoga art sale scrapped".

3275: 3246: 3132: 3017: 2983: 1640:, Scottish officer of the British Army, subject of a legend about the fort 4432: 4348: 1549: 1541: 1511: 1419: 1299: 1141: 1061: 484: 3614: 2167:"Intelligence Throughout History: The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga, 1775" 1048:, the British garrison of 48 soldiers was surprised by a small force of 4275: 3937: 3669: 1364: 1319: 1112:

Beginning in July 1775, Ticonderoga was used as a staging area for the

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Fortress America: The Forts that Defended America, 1600 to the Present

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Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)

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The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet

3426:"Fort Ticonderoga Rededicates Green Replica of Building Lost in 1759" 3285:

Encyclopedia of the French and Indian War in North America, 1754–1763

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Stamp issued in 1955 marking Fort Ticonderoga's 200th anniversary

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General Gates, who oversaw the northern defenses, was aware that

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Guns for General Washington: A Story of the American Revolution.

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American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places

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forces south from Quebec in June 1777. After occupying nearby

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to the south, began contesting the area as early as 1691, when

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National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New York

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valley to the north, and the English, who had taken over the

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in October. The British destroyed a small fleet of American

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first arrived there in 1609. Champlain recounted that the

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together formed an important travel route that was used by

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American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society (1913).

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during the action in the "North American theater" of the

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The British abandoned the fort after the failure of the

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activities were successful enough to prevent the sale.

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Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)

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Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War

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The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763

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in 1966. The Ticonderoga pencil, manufactured by the

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led a party to transport many of the fort's cannon to

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Fort Ticonderoga, Fort Ticonderoga, Essex County, NY

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Ashton, Charles H; Hunter, Richard W (August 1983).

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colleges in 1803. The colleges sold the property to

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Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière

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History of the National Register of Historic Places

1952: 1556:French and Indian War and the American Revolution. 1108:

Ethan Allen, demanding that the fort be surrendered

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Officers' barracks, right; soldiers' barracks, left

367: 5053:Buildings and structures in Essex County, New York 3491:Thorpe, F.J.; Nicolini-Maschino, Sylvette (1979). 3388:Accompanying 40 photos, from 1983, 1967, and 1980. 3064: 3012:. Ticonderoga, New York: Fort Ticonderoga Museum. 2922:. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. 1981: 1540:, to consider selling one of its major art works, 598:, with whom he was traveling, battled a group of 3097:Montreal, 1535–1914, Under British Rule, Volume 1 2041: 1190:, added substantial defensive works to the area. 224:21,950 acres (34.3 sq mi; 88.8 km) 5029: 2357: 2355: 1229:valley against British invasion from the north. 502:to assist in the siege against the British, who 5113:National Historic Landmarks in New York (state) 2683: 2228: 2029: 2005: 1993: 1140:In May 1776, British troops began to arrive at 664:, the French decided to construct a fort here. 3516:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 3510:United States Office of Naval Records (1920). 3501:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). 3397:Bauer, Karl Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). 3202:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 2553: 2551: 2526: 2524: 2522: 1290:without opposition on June 30, he prepared to 531: 333:Detail of a 1758 map showing the fort's layout 4418: 3654: 2471: 2444: 2442: 2415: 2403: 2352: 2132: 2084: 2074: 2072: 1886: 1874: 483:and other state militia under the command of 5098:Military and war museums in New York (state) 2945:Kaufmann, J. E.; Idzikowski, Tomasz (2004). 2454: 2304: 2268: 2017: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1783: 1004:captured the fort the following year in the 586:of a Native American battle near Ticonderoga 299:Military engagements at Ticonderoga-Carillon 5017:National Register of Historic Places Portal 2951:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. 2659: 2647: 2599: 2575: 2548: 2536: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2316: 2292: 2280: 2240: 2216: 2194: 2192: 2177: 2108: 2096: 1910: 1862: 1771: 5103:Military installations established in 1757 5002: 4425: 4411: 3661: 3647: 3635:at Thrilling Incidents in American History 3566:"NHL summary webpage for Fort Ticonderoga" 3432:. National Trust for Historic Preservation 2829: 2439: 2427: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2340: 2328: 2257: 2255: 2144: 2120: 2069: 1934: 1922: 1898: 1850: 1759: 1273:, as his men brought cannon to the top of 1024: 4434:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 3287:. Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books. 3199:The Epic Battles of the Ticonderoga, 1758 3026: 2864: 2745: 2707: 2695: 1969: 1957: 1831: 1819: 1807: 1306:in 1778. He was cleared on all charges. 1259:be carried, without much loss of blood". 1242:, was too small to man all the defenses. 539:, which forms part of the border between 40:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 3401:. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2261:These events are recounted in detail in 2204: 2189: 2053: 1747: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1573: 1510: 1414: 1344: 1212: 1103: 929: 915: 903: 644: 577: 328: 138: 113: 88: 5058:Champlain Valley National Heritage Area 3568:. National Park Service. Archived from 3173:. New York: New York University Press. 2883: 2853: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2563: 2252: 1735: 1515:A view of the restored Fort Ticonderoga 1464:, depicting the condition of the fort. 1282:General Burgoyne led 7,800 British and 5030: 3446:"National Register Information System" 2734: 2671: 2587: 2161: 2159: 977:On July 8, 1758, Abercromby ordered a 716:were not completed until spring 1758. 460:The name "Ticonderoga" comes from the 16:Historic French fort in New York State 4406: 3903:List of French forts in North America 3642: 3062: 2752:Albany Times Union, December 18, 2008 2023: 1801: 1717: 1633:List of French forts in North America 1410: 1137:that resulted in Montgomery's death. 1052:, along with militia volunteers from 753: 719: 296: 3451:National Register of Historic Places 2976:Fort Ticonderoga, Key to a Continent 2841: 2838:, pp. 36, 65, 67, 118, 119, 217, 218 1946: 1713:National Register Information System 1613:Corporation, is named for the fort. 1607:National Register of Historic Places 1586:has given the name 'Ticonderoga' to 1527:The fort has been on a watchlist of 1175: 1101:leaving the fort in Hinman's hands. 96:Show map of New York Adirondack Park 3684:French colonization of the Americas 3170:Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero 2156: 1706: 899: 602:nearby. In 1642, French missionary 399:at a narrows near the south end of 13: 5093:Living museums in New York (state) 5063:Colonial forts in New York (state) 3611:Historic American Buildings Survey 3550:"Fort Ticonderoga Hours and Rates" 3325:Handbook of North American Indians 2991:Lonergan, Carroll Vincent (1959). 2813:. Fort Ticonderoga. Archived from 1590:, as well as to entire classes of 1309: 1071:With the capture of the fort, the 582:Engraving after a 1609 drawing by 14: 5139: 5108:Museums in Essex County, New York 5083:French forts in the United States 5038:1757 establishments in New France 3586: 3495:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 3424:Foster, Margaret (July 3, 2008). 3033: 3010:Fort Ticonderoga: A Short History 2047: 2035: 2011: 1999: 1987: 438:Valley and the French-controlled 5048:American Revolutionary War forts 5011: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4492: 4485: 4387: 4386: 4312:Military history of the Acadians 4060:Seigneurial system of New France 3498:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 3311: 3260:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 3231:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 3094:Atherton, William Henry (1914). 1687: 1675: 1663: 1182:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777) 1046:battles of Lexington and Concord 950:began amassing a large force at 937:of the ruins of Fort Ticonderoga 851: 839: 827: 815: 803: 791: 342: 137: 130: 112: 105: 87: 80: 60: 3736:History of the French-Americans 3356:. Albany, New York: J.B. Lyon. 2895:. New York: Osprey Publishing. 2803: 2778: 2756: 2718: 1135:battle and siege at Quebec City 846:View of the lake from the front 640: 49:U.S. National Historic Landmark 4065:Criminal justice in New France 3694:Timeline of New France history 3668: 3552:. Fort Ticonderoga Association 3548: 3528: 3349: 3253: 2890: 2870: 2713: 2274: 2262: 2090: 2059: 1916: 1795: 1389: 1217:Fort Ticonderoga as seen from 259: 1: 4055:Custom of Paris in New France 3462: 3282: 3224: 3112: 3093: 2993:Ticonderoga, Historic Portage 2990: 2973: 2944: 2878: 2871:Dixon Ticonderoga Corporation 2751: 2729:Traditional Building Magazine 2689: 2665: 2653: 2605: 2581: 2557: 2542: 2530: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2448: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2361: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2246: 2234: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2078: 1940: 1928: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1813: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1546:Gelyna, View near Ticonderoga 1534:Tonetti Associates Architects 1424:Gelyna, View near Ticonderoga 1355:Surrender of General Burgoyne 674:Michel Chartier de Lotbinière 668:, the governor of the French 513:; the threat resulted in the 511:occupied high ground above it 449:which extend as far south as 146:Show map of the United States 4968:National Historic Landmarks 3627:Battle of Ticonderoga – 1758 3368: 3167:Martin, James Kirby (1997). 3140:Ketchum, Richard M. (1999). 3139: 2859: 1975: 1825: 1569: 1128:, not far from the New York– 926:Battle of Ticonderoga (1759) 710:attack on Fort William Henry 21:United States historic place 7: 5078:French and Indian War forts 3564: 3503:University of Toronto Press 3471: 3423: 3318: 3283:Stoetzel, Donald I (2008). 3195: 3166: 3117:. New York: Stein and Day. 3071:. New York: Vintage Books. 2740: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2183: 2063: 1963: 1844: 1741: 1730: 1638:Duncan Campbell (died 1758) 1616: 1529:National Historic Landmarks 1487:), hired English architect 1031:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 943:captured Fort William Henry 941:In August 1757, the French 885: 863: 532:Geography and early history 10: 5144: 4002:Governor of Trois-Rivières 3613:(HABS) No. NY-3212, " 3396: 3100:. Montreal: S. J. Clarke. 2917: 2848:US Office of Naval Records 2835: 2786:"Workshops & Seminars" 2677: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2569: 1628:Battle on Snowshoes (1758) 1623:Battle on Snowshoes (1757) 1603:National Historic Landmark 1521:National Historic Landmark 1179: 1091:fortify Dorchester Heights 1028: 1006:1759 Battle of Ticonderoga 1000:The British under General 991:American Revolutionary War 919: 910:1759 Battle of Ticonderoga 736:dress the walls with stone 421:American Revolutionary War 391:, is a large 18th-century 5068:Forts in New York (state) 4987: 4956: 4836: 4501: 4483: 4444: 4382: 4354:Expulsion of the Acadians 4299: 4263: 4168: 4145:Company of 100 Associates 4115: 4047: 3971: 3958:Fort St. Louis (Illinois) 3895: 3805: 3744: 3676: 3509: 3113:Furneaux, Rupert (1971). 3037:The War that made America 3007: 2978:. Boston: Little, Brown. 2974:Hamilton, Edward (1964). 2847: 2701: 2593: 1712: 1462:Ruins of Fort Ticonderoga 1294:. Burgoyne realized the 1035:Invasion of Canada (1775) 758:The fort contained three 457:that the site commanded. 305: 283: 275: 270: 258:NRHP reference 257: 246: 236: 228: 220: 183: 169: 155: 74: 59: 55: 46: 37: 30: 26: 4721:Richmond (Staten Island) 4349:French and Iroquois Wars 3621:Fort Ticonderoga history 3254:Smith, Justin H (1907). 3225:Smith, Justin H (1907). 3196:Nester, William (2008). 2891:Chartrand, Rene (2008). 2091:ASHPS Annual Report 1913 1700: 1601:The fort was declared a 1198:part way up the side, a 1158:Battle of Valcour Island 964:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm 455:Great Appalachian Valley 247:Architectural style 4359:Great Peace of Montreal 4160:Compagnie de l'Occident 3731:History of the Acadians 3472:Polmar, Norman (2001). 3376:. National Park Service 3144:. New York: Macmillan. 3063:Anderson, Fred (2000). 3034:Anderson, Fred (2005). 2918:Crego, Carl R. (2004). 1469:William C. C. Claiborne 1144:, where they broke the 1089:when they were used to 1025:Early Revolutionary War 750:and Fort St. Frédéric. 660:In 1755, following the 4457:Keeper of the Register 4307:Military of New France 4233:Gens de couleur libres 3963:Fort St. Louis (Texas) 3948:Fortress of Louisbourg 3772:(1682–1763, 1801–1803) 3689:French colonial empire 3633:Capture of Ticonderoga 3115:The Battle of Saratoga 3027:Battle history sources 3008:Pell, Stephen (1966). 1596:aircraft carriers 1588:five different vessels 1579: 1516: 1426: 1359: 1269:British Major General 1266: 1221: 1210:remained unfortified. 1109: 938: 912: 770:was hacked out of the 681:. Construction on the 657: 587: 334: 66:Fort Ticonderoga from 4977:Outside New York City 4472:National Park Service 4452:Contributing property 3456:National Park Service 3430:Preservation magazine 2766:. Livinghistoryed.org 1577: 1514: 1473:Governor of Louisiana 1418: 1405:surrender at Yorktown 1394:Following Burgoyne's 1348: 1262: 1249:threatened the fort. 1216: 1107: 1044:was ignited with the 954:in preparation for a 933: 916:French and Indian War 907: 896:was supposedly poor. 858:Back view of the fort 662:Battle of Lake George 649:A 1777 map depicting 648: 635:French and Indian War 581: 575:) overlook the area. 447:Appalachian Mountains 417:French and Indian War 332: 241:Marquis de Lotbinière 205:43.84167°N 73.38750°W 4661:New York (Manhattan) 4007:Governor of Montreal 3913:Fort Michilimackinac 3721:1763 Treaty of Paris 3572:on November 18, 2007 3040:. New York: Viking. 2884:Fort history sources 1650:Clarion Books, 2001. 1564:Marian Cruger Coffin 1352:'s depiction of the 666:Marquis de Vaudreuil 627:Province of New York 619:Saint Lawrence River 613:The French, who had 440:Saint Lawrence River 121:Show map of New York 4964:Bridges and tunnels 4155:Mississippi Company 3530:"Dixon Ticonderoga" 3458:. January 23, 2007. 3353:Annual Report, 1913 2811:"The King's Garden" 2275:Smith (1907), Vol 2 2263:Smith (1907), Vol 2 2247:Smith (1907), Vol 1 1731:NHL summary webpage 1494:William Howard Taft 1454:Hudson River School 1443:William Ferris Pell 1316:Henry Watson Powell 1292:besiege Ticonderoga 1050:Green Mountain Boys 1019:Frederick Haldimand 892:was small, and the 712:. The barracks and 592:Samuel de Champlain 481:Green Mountain Boys 284:Designated NHL 210:43.84167; -73.38750 201: / 4327:King William's War 4322:Intercolonial Wars 3629:at British Battles 3465:Albany Times Union 1580: 1517: 1502:Robert M. Thompson 1498:Stephen Hyatt Pell 1427: 1411:Tourist attraction 1396:defeat at Saratoga 1360: 1222: 1192:Mount Independence 1122:Richard Montgomery 1114:invasion of Quebec 1110: 987:Battle of Carillon 952:Fort William Henry 939: 922:Battle of Carillon 913: 874:military engineers 754:Inside and outside 720:Walls and bastions 672:, sent his cousin 670:Province of Canada 658: 588: 573:Mount Independence 504:evacuated the city 473:Battle of Carillon 335: 5025: 5024: 4462:Historic district 4400: 4399: 4337:King George's War 4317:Acadian Civil War 4264:Missionary groups 4255:Intellectual life 3992:Sovereign Council 3726:History of Quebec 3623:at Historic Lakes 3534:Dixon Ticonderoga 3483:978-1-55750-656-6 3408:978-0-313-26202-9 3334:978-0-16-048774-3 3294:978-0-7884-4517-0 3209:978-0-7914-7321-4 3180:978-0-8147-5560-0 3151:978-0-8050-6123-9 3124:978-0-8128-1305-0 3078:978-0-375-70636-3 3047:978-0-670-03454-3 2958:978-0-306-81294-1 2929:978-0-7385-3502-9 2902:978-1-84603-255-4 1611:Dixon Ticonderoga 1298:advantage of the 1231:George Washington 1176:Saratoga campaign 1166:Saratoga campaign 1042:Revolutionary War 956:military campaign 834:Front of the fort 693:and from Canada. 691:Fort St. Frédéric 623:Dutch settlements 526:Saratoga campaign 494:on May 10, 1775. 326: 325: 291: 290: 271:Significant dates 5135: 5015: 5005: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4626:Kings (Brooklyn) 4496: 4489: 4488: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4390: 4389: 4369:Schenectady Raid 4342:Seven Years' War 4332:Queen Anne's War 4198:King's Daughters 4150:Crozat's Company 4133:Coureur des bois 4075:Superior Council 3997:Bishop of Quebec 3982:Governor General 3923:Fort de Chartres 3782:Illinois Country 3663: 3656: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3617:", 5 photos 3598: 3597: 3595:Official website 3581: 3579: 3577: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3525: 3506: 3487: 3468: 3459: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3420: 3393: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3375: 3365: 3346: 3306: 3279: 3250: 3221: 3192: 3163: 3136: 3109: 3090: 3070: 3059: 3021: 3004: 2987: 2970: 2941: 2920:Fort Ticonderoga 2914: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2817:on June 28, 2013 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2790:Fort Ticonderoga 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2760: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2722: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2259: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2173:on May 25, 2011. 2169:. Archived from 2163: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2067: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1728: 1715: 1710: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1519:Designated as a 1433:the property to 1400:Fort Crown Point 1324:Benjamin Lincoln 1288:Fort Crown Point 1278: 1271:William Phillips 1240:Arthur St. Clair 1146:Continental Army 948:James Abercromby 900:Military history 855: 843: 831: 819: 807: 795: 683:star-shaped fort 625:that became the 553:Native Americans 515:Continental Army 471:During the 1758 413:Seven Years' War 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 338:Fort Ticonderoga 300: 294: 293: 279:October 15, 1966 261: 216: 215: 213: 212: 211: 206: 202: 199: 198: 197: 194: 147: 141: 140: 134: 122: 116: 115: 109: 97: 91: 90: 84: 64: 32:Fort Ticonderoga 24: 23: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 4983: 4952: 4904:Above 110th St. 4838: 4832: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4440: 4431: 4401: 4396: 4378: 4295: 4271:Jesuit missions 4259: 4208:Casquette girls 4164: 4111: 4080:Admiralty court 4043: 3967: 3891: 3808: 3801: 3740: 3699:Beginnings–1533 3672: 3667: 3603:18th & 19th 3593: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3555: 3553: 3539: 3537: 3484: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3409: 3391: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3335: 3314: 3309: 3295: 3268: 3239: 3210: 3181: 3152: 3125: 3079: 3048: 3029: 3024: 2959: 2930: 2903: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2735: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2690:Lonergan (1959) 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2654:Lonergan (1959) 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2582:Lonergan (1959) 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2353: 2347:Lonergan (1959) 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2323:Lonergan (1959) 2321: 2317: 2311:Lonergan (1959) 2309: 2305: 2299:Lonergan (1959) 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2151:Lonergan (1959) 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2127:Lonergan (1959) 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2070: 2058: 2054: 2048:Anderson (2005) 2046: 2042: 2036:Anderson (2005) 2034: 2030: 2024:Anderson (2000) 2022: 2018: 2012:Anderson (2005) 2010: 2006: 2000:Anderson (2005) 1998: 1994: 1988:Anderson (2005) 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1947: 1941:Lonergan (1959) 1939: 1935: 1929:Lonergan (1959) 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1905:Lonergan (1959) 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1881:Lonergan (1959) 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1857:Lonergan (1959) 1855: 1851: 1843: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1814:Lonergan (1959) 1812: 1808: 1802:Anderson (2000) 1800: 1796: 1790:Lonergan (1959) 1788: 1784: 1778:Lonergan (1959) 1776: 1772: 1766:Lonergan (1959) 1764: 1760: 1754:Lonergan (1959) 1752: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1718: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1654: 1619: 1572: 1538:budget deficits 1413: 1392: 1312: 1310:One last attack 1304:court-martialed 1280: 1268: 1184: 1178: 1126:Fort Saint-Jean 1118:Philip Schuyler 1098:Benjamin Hinman 1087:siege of Boston 1066:Benedict Arnold 1037: 1029:Main articles: 1027: 1002:Jeffery Amherst 928: 920:Main articles: 918: 902: 872:and two of his 866: 859: 856: 847: 844: 835: 832: 823: 820: 811: 808: 799: 796: 768:powder magazine 756: 722: 643: 631:Pieter Schuyler 534: 489:Benedict Arnold 415:, known as the 345: 341: 327: 322: 301: 298: 287:October 9, 1960 253:-style fortress 209: 207: 203: 200: 195: 192: 190: 188: 187: 151: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 143: 142: 125: 124: 123: 120: 119: 118: 117: 100: 99: 98: 95: 94: 93: 92: 70: 51: 42: 33: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5141: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5009: 4999: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4899:59th–110th St. 4896: 4891: 4889:Below 14th St. 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4860:New York City 4858: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4477:Property types 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4430: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4374:Deerfield Raid 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 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2802: 2777: 2755: 2744: 2733: 2731:, October 2008 2717: 2706: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2547: 2535: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2453: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2188: 2176: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2068: 2052: 2040: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1830: 1818: 1806: 1794: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1716: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1684: 1672: 1652: 1651: 1641: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1615: 1571: 1568: 1485:Claiborne Pell 1412: 1409: 1391: 1388: 1311: 1308: 1275:Mount Defiance 1261: 1247:Mount Defiance 1219:Lake Champlain 1208:Mount Defiance 1204:pontoon bridge 1180:Main article: 1177: 1174: 1168:under General 1080:transported to 1026: 1023: 979:frontal attack 917: 914: 901: 898: 886:William Nester 865: 862: 861: 860: 857: 850: 848: 845: 838: 836: 833: 826: 824: 821: 814: 812: 809: 802: 800: 797: 790: 755: 752: 721: 718: 653:and the upper 651:Lake Champlain 642: 639: 569:Mount Defiance 561:colonial times 537:Lake Champlain 533: 530: 428:La Chute River 401:Lake Champlain 324: 323: 306: 303: 302: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 277: 273: 272: 268: 267: 262: 255: 254: 248: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 185: 181: 180: 171: 167: 166: 157: 153: 152: 136: 135: 129: 128: 127: 126: 111: 110: 104: 103: 102: 101: 86: 85: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 68:Mount Defiance 65: 57: 56: 53: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5140: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5008: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4972:New York City 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4918:Niagara Falls 4916: 4910: 4909:Minor islands 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894:14th–59th St. 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4879:Staten Island 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 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4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3943:Fort Duquesne 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3933:Fort Carillon 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918:Fort de Buade 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3576:September 13, 3571: 3567: 3563: 3551: 3547: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3312:Other sources 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3267:9780306706332 3263: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2888: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2715: 2710: 2704:, pp. 108–109 2703: 2698: 2692:, pp. 125–127 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2480:, pp. 215–216 2479: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2462:James Thacher 2457: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2243: 2237:, pp. 252–270 2236: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2050:, pp. 135–138 2049: 2044: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1990:, pp. 109–115 1989: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1682:North America 1673: 1671: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1644:Reit, Seymour 1642: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1489:Alfred Bossom 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1458:Russell Smith 1455: 1451: 1450:New York City 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1350:John Trumbull 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1257: 1256:gun carriages 1252: 1251:John Trumbull 1248: 1243: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:Horatio Gates 1183: 1173: 1171: 1170:John Burgoyne 1167: 1163: 1162:Anthony Wayne 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:Massachusetts 1051: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 936: 935:Daguerreotype 932: 927: 923: 911: 906: 897: 895: 894:water quality 891: 887: 883: 880: 875: 871: 854: 849: 842: 837: 830: 825: 818: 813: 806: 801: 794: 789: 788: 787: 785: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 728: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 671: 667: 663: 656: 652: 647: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 585: 580: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 529: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 509: 508:John Burgoyne 505: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 466:tekontaró:ken 463: 458: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 395:built by the 394: 390: 389:Fort Carillon 384: 339: 331: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 295: 286: 282: 278: 276:Added to NRHP 274: 269: 266: 263: 256: 252: 249: 245: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 186: 182: 179: 175: 172: 168: 165: 161: 158: 154: 133: 108: 83: 73: 69: 63: 58: 54: 50: 45: 41: 36: 29: 25: 19: 4928:Poughkeepsie 4856:New Rochelle 4756:St. Lawrence 4364:Lachine Raid 4101:Maréchaussée 4099: 4023:Terre-Neuve 3932: 3928:Fort Detroit 3908:Fort Rouillé 3881:Terre-Neuve 3787:Ohio Country 3574:. Retrieved 3570:the original 3554:. Retrieved 3538:. Retrieved 3512: 3496: 3473: 3464: 3449: 3434:. Retrieved 3429: 3398: 3378:. Retrieved 3352: 3320: 3284: 3256: 3227: 3198: 3169: 3141: 3114: 3096: 3066: 3036: 3009: 2992: 2975: 2947: 2919: 2892: 2866: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819:. Retrieved 2815:the original 2805: 2793:. Retrieved 2789: 2780: 2768:. Retrieved 2758: 2747: 2736: 2728: 2720: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2538: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2464:, quoted in 2456: 2429: 2417: 2412:, pp. 49, 57 2405: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2242: 2235:Smith, Vol 1 2230: 2218: 2206: 2179: 2171:the original 2146: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2055: 2043: 2031: 2019: 2007: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1821: 1809: 1797: 1792:, pp. 15, 18 1785: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1737: 1708: 1647: 1600: 1581: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1548:. However, 1545: 1526: 1518: 1506: 1481:Rhode Island 1471:, the first 1466: 1461: 1447: 1428: 1423: 1393: 1361: 1353: 1313: 1281: 1267: 1263: 1244: 1227:Mohawk River 1223: 1185: 1150:Guy Carleton 1139: 1111: 1095: 1070: 1038: 999: 983:field cannon 976: 940: 884: 867: 776: 757: 746:hauled from 723: 695: 659: 655:Hudson River 641:Construction 612: 604:Isaac Jogues 589: 549:Hudson River 535: 523: 470: 465: 459: 444: 436:Hudson River 425: 403:in northern 387:), formerly 337: 336: 170:Nearest city 18: 5128:Pell family 4957:Other lists 4806:Westchester 4736:Schenectady 4531:Cattaraugus 4218:Amerindians 4181:1666 census 4090:Officiality 4085:Provostship 3972:Governments 3953:Castle Hill 3875:New Orleans 3851:Île Royale 3830:Quebec City 3778:(1713–1763) 3766:(1662–1713) 3764:Terre-Neuve 3760:(1608–1763) 3754:(1604–1713) 3556:January 10, 3536:Corporation 3436:February 9, 3380:January 10, 2795:January 31, 2770:November 8, 2424:, pp. 65–67 2364:, pp. 54–55 2313:, pp. 97–99 2225:, pp. 80–97 2186:, pp. 70–72 2141:, pp. 90–91 1895:, pp. 75–76 1883:, pp. 19–25 1804:, pp. 11–12 1550:fundraising 1542:Thomas Cole 1420:Thomas Cole 1390:Abandonment 1358:at Saratoga 1300:high ground 1142:Quebec City 1062:Ethan Allen 1058:Connecticut 972:George Howe 960:Lake George 764:storehouses 565:Lake George 492:captured it 485:Ethan Allen 432:Lake George 208: / 184:Coordinates 160:Ticonderoga 5123:Star forts 5032:Categories 4796:Washington 4716:Rensselaer 4651:Montgomery 4636:Livingston 4541:Chautauqua 4291:Sulpicians 4248:card money 4176:Population 4070:Intendancy 4033:Louisiane 3938:Fort Condé 3861:Louisiane 3855:Louisbourg 3820:Port Royal 3776:Île Royale 3670:New France 2879:References 2714:Fort Hours 1780:, pp. 9–10 1365:skirmished 1340:John Brown 1336:Skenesboro 1320:blockhouse 1077:Henry Knox 1015:garrisoned 729:and a dry 714:demi-lunes 596:Algonquins 547:, and the 519:John Brown 496:Henry Knox 196:73°23′15″W 193:43°50′30″N 174:Burlington 4938:Rochester 4933:Rhinebeck 4923:Peekskill 4884:Manhattan 4741:Schoharie 4621:Jefferson 4504:by county 4286:Ursulines 4281:Grey Nuns 4276:Récollets 4193:Canadiens 4188:Habitants 4138:Voyageurs 4128:Fur trade 4107:Code Noir 3987:Intendant 3885:Plaisance 3807:Towns and 3770:Louisiana 3714:1663–1759 3709:1608–1662 3704:1534–1607 3601:Timeline 3321:Languages 3303:243602289 3218:105469157 3087:253943947 2911:191891156 2060:Chartrand 1917:Chartrand 1768:, pp. 5–8 1584:U.S. Navy 1570:Memorials 1445:in 1820. 1373:stalemate 1369:grapeshot 1332:prisoners 1060:, led by 777:A wooden 762:and four 615:colonized 584:Champlain 393:star fort 237:Architect 232:1755–1758 4997:Category 4943:Syracuse 4869:Brooklyn 4816:Southern 4811:Northern 4781:Tompkins 4771:Sullivan 4746:Schuyler 4731:Saratoga 4726:Rockland 4676:Onondaga 4616:Herkimer 4611:Hamilton 4591:Franklin 4576:Dutchess 4571:Delaware 4566:Cortland 4561:Columbia 4551:Chenango 4516:Allegany 4438:New York 4392:Category 4243:Currency 4203:Acadians 4037:Governor 4027:Governor 4017:Governor 3840:Montreal 3809:villages 3745:Colonies 3540:April 1, 3522:50058251 3417:24010356 3343:43957746 3189:36343341 3160:41397623 3056:60671897 2967:56912995 2938:56032864 2850:, p. 106 2821:June 18, 2668:, p. 230 2666:Hamilton 2656:, p. 124 2608:, p. 226 2606:Hamilton 2584:, p. 122 2560:, p. 222 2558:Hamilton 2545:, p. 220 2543:Hamilton 2533:, p. 219 2531:Hamilton 2516:, p. 218 2514:Hamilton 2504:, p. 217 2502:Hamilton 2492:, p. 216 2490:Hamilton 2478:Hamilton 2466:Furneaux 2449:Furneaux 2434:Furneaux 2422:Furneaux 2410:Furneaux 2398:Furneaux 2386:Furneaux 2374:Furneaux 2362:Furneaux 2335:Furneaux 2325:, p. 123 2301:, p. 101 2289:, p. 165 2287:Hamilton 2277:, p. 316 2249:, p. 320 2139:Kaufmann 2117:, p. 419 2115:Atherton 2105:, p. 453 2103:Stoetzel 2093:, p. 619 2079:Furneaux 2038:, p. 135 2026:, p. 242 2014:, p. 132 2002:, p. 126 1966:, p. 111 1893:Kaufmann 1871:, p. 297 1869:Stoetzel 1847:, p. 110 1744:, p. 193 1617:See also 1592:cruisers 1460:painted 1435:Columbia 1296:tactical 1154:gunboats 995:redoubts 870:Montcalm 864:Analysis 779:palisade 760:barracks 748:Montreal 706:bastions 679:carillon 600:Iroquois 557:portages 541:New York 477:garrison 462:Iroquois 442:Valley. 405:New York 318: – 314: – 310: – 265:66000519 164:New York 156:Location 4948:Yonkers 4851:Buffalo 4839:by city 4823:Wyoming 4766:Suffolk 4761:Steuben 4691:Orleans 4681:Ontario 4666:Niagara 4641:Madison 4601:Genesee 4556:Clinton 4546:Chemung 4238:Alcohol 4228:Plaçage 4223:Slavery 4169:Society 4116:Economy 4095:Bailiff 4013:Acadie 3978:Canada 3845:Détroit 3826:Canada 3816:Acadie 3677:History 3605:century 3362:1480703 3106:6683395 3001:2000876 2764:"Index" 2680:, p. 6. 2644:, p. 75 2632:, p. 73 2620:, p. 76 2596:, p. 91 2572:, p. 70 2468:, p. 88 2451:, p. 88 2436:, p. 74 2400:, p. 47 2388:, p. 58 2376:, p. 55 2349:, p. 99 2337:, p. 52 2213:, p. 73 2201:, p. 71 2153:, p. 59 2129:, p. 56 2081:, p. 51 1978:, p. 28 1976:Ketchum 1943:, p. 26 1931:, p. 25 1919:, p. 36 1907:, p. 19 1859:, p. 22 1828:, p. 29 1826:Ketchum 1816:, p. 17 1694:History 1656:Portals 1477:Senator 1475:, to a 1456:artist 1431:donated 1383:bateaux 1328:Vermont 1284:Hessian 1277:in 1777 1200:citadel 1196:battery 1156:in the 1073:Patriot 890:cistern 879:masonry 784:narrows 772:bedrock 744:cannons 738:from a 702:outwork 698:redoubt 610:tribe. 545:Vermont 451:Georgia 178:Vermont 4874:Queens 4846:Albany 4791:Warren 4786:Ulster 4751:Seneca 4711:Queens 4706:Putnam 4701:Otsego 4696:Oswego 4686:Orange 4671:Oneida 4656:Nassau 4646:Monroe 4606:Greene 4596:Fulton 4536:Cayuga 4526:Broome 4511:Albany 4445:Topics 3870:Biloxi 3865:Mobile 3758:Canada 3752:Acadia 3520: 3480: 3415: 3405: 3390: 3360: 3341: 3331: 3301: 3291: 3276:259236 3274: 3264: 3247:259236 3245: 3235: 3216: 3206: 3187: 3177: 3158: 3148: 3133:134959 3131: 3121: 3104: 3085: 3075: 3054: 3044: 3018:848305 3016: 2999: 2984:965281 2982: 2965: 2955: 2936: 2926: 2909: 2899: 2860:Ashton 2741:Foster 2223:Martin 2211:Martin 2199:Martin 2184:Martin 2064:Nester 1964:Nester 1953:Thorpe 1845:Nester 1756:, p. 2 1742:Afable 1670:France 1403:their 1235:Albany 1130:Quebec 1083:Boston 1010:spiked 968:abatis 740:quarry 727:glacis 687:Vauban 500:Boston 397:French 251:Vauban 4864:Bronx 4837:Lists 4828:Yates 4801:Wayne 4776:Tioga 4631:Lewis 4586:Essex 4521:Bronx 4502:Lists 4213:Métis 3896:Forts 3374:(PDF) 2836:Bauer 2678:Crego 2642:Crego 2630:Crego 2618:Crego 2570:Crego 1701:Notes 1479:from 1439:Union 1378:truce 1326:into 700:, an 608:Huron 464:word 229:Built 5007:List 4581:Erie 4300:Wars 4048:Laws 3578:2007 3558:2009 3542:2009 3518:OCLC 3478:ISBN 3438:2009 3413:OCLC 3403:ISBN 3386:and 3382:2009 3358:OCLC 3339:OCLC 3329:ISBN 3299:OCLC 3289:ISBN 3272:OCLC 3262:ISBN 3243:OCLC 3233:ISBN 3214:OCLC 3204:ISBN 3185:OCLC 3175:ISBN 3156:OCLC 3146:ISBN 3129:OCLC 3119:ISBN 3102:OCLC 3083:OCLC 3073:ISBN 3052:OCLC 3042:ISBN 3014:OCLC 2997:OCLC 2980:OCLC 2963:OCLC 2953:ISBN 2934:OCLC 2924:ISBN 2907:OCLC 2897:ISBN 2823:2013 2797:2018 2772:2012 2702:Pell 2594:Pell 2460:Dr. 2062:and 1594:and 1582:The 1437:and 1120:and 1064:and 1056:and 1033:and 924:and 731:moat 617:the 543:and 487:and 320:1777 316:1775 312:1759 308:1758 221:Area 4436:in 1646:. 1544:'s 1422:'s 260:No. 5034:: 3532:. 3454:. 3448:. 3428:. 3411:. 3337:. 3323:. 3297:. 3270:. 3241:. 3212:. 3183:. 3154:. 3127:. 3081:. 3050:. 2961:. 2932:. 2905:. 2788:. 2727:, 2550:^ 2521:^ 2441:^ 2354:^ 2254:^ 2191:^ 2158:^ 2071:^ 1833:^ 1719:^ 1598:. 1496:. 1483:, 1172:. 786:. 423:. 374:oʊ 350:aɪ 176:, 162:, 4426:e 4419:t 4412:v 3662:e 3655:t 3648:v 3580:. 3560:. 3544:. 3524:. 3505:. 3486:. 3467:. 3440:. 3419:. 3384:. 3364:. 3345:. 3305:. 3278:. 3249:. 3220:. 3191:. 3162:. 3135:. 3108:. 3089:. 3058:. 3020:. 3003:. 2986:. 2969:. 2940:. 2913:. 2825:. 2799:. 2774:. 2265:. 1658:: 383:/ 380:ə 377:ɡ 371:r 368:ˈ 365:ə 362:d 359:n 356:ɒ 353:k 347:t 344:/ 340:(

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