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to withdraw, it and a companion vessel ran aground off
Ogdensburg. Later in the morning, both vessels were freed and drifted downriver, past the incredulous sentries at Fort Wellington, and landed two miles downriver at Windmill Point, a promontory on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. Windmill Point was the site of a hamlet called Newport and—most prominently—a tall, stone windmill. The Hunters disembarked and occupied the village and windmill. Their commanding officer returned by ship to Ogdensburg, promising that a larger force of Hunters would be embarked there and brought as reinforcements. He left a Swedish immigrant named
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793:. Having appreciated that the windmill structure would be impervious to small arms and light artillery fire, heavy artillery was brought by ship from Kingston. A detachment of Highlanders from the 93rd Regiment arrived from Montreal just as the second assault was about to begin on 16 November. More small naval gunboats also arrived to shell the Hunters from the River while the
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to only recruit veterans into the Royal
Canadian Rifle Regiment, offer them a better rate of pay as well as pension benefits and the possibility of land grants upon the completion of their service. Consistent with the Duke of Wellington's suggestion that light infantry and rifle units would be most useful in Canada, the Regiment was also raised as an elite, rifle-armed unit.
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that the Upper
Canadians were not going to join the insurgency and that the promised reinforcements from Ogdensburg had more pressing matters to attend to safely across the border. Surrounded by wounded men, running short of supplies, ammunition and food, Von Schoultz surrendered unconditionally. The survivors were taken to
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The
Patriots' attempt to land at Prescott proved farcical. The local militia commander had been warned that trouble was afoot. When a Hunter vessel attempted to land early on the morning of 12 November at a wharf in Prescott, it was challenged and fired upon by alert Canadian militiamen. Attempting
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who volunteered to serve in the border fortifications in Canada. Because of the close proximity of the United States, the
British garrison in Canada suffered from high rates of desertion. British deserters who could reach the United States were not deported back to Canada. The Army's solution was
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During the second assault, the
Hunters were quickly driven from the outlying buildings in Newport and forced back into the windmill itself. The heavy artillery opened fire against this building, but were unable to penetrate the thick stone walls. Nonetheless, Von Schoultz and his men now realized
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Meanwhile, sufficient numbers of militia and a small party of
British regulars had arrived in Prescott to allow an assault on Windmill Point, and this was attempted on 13 November. The militia were successful in driving in the Patriot outposts and capturing many of the outlying farm buildings, but
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and burned it. Although officially opposed to the actions of the
Patriot Hunters, the United States government soon found that most of its local agents and officials were either themselves members of the Lodges or complicit in their activities. For example, the New York State militia "lost" several
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Unusually for a fortification of its age in
Ontario, Fort Wellington was never directly attacked. The military historian Robert D. Bradford later argued that, despite a naturally defensible position, it is unlikely that the fort's palisade could have stood up to bombardment, and that the main value
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During the summer, Fort
Wellington is open daily from the Victoria Day weekend until Labour Day (But closed on Tuesdays and Wednesdays in May, June, September and October). The buildings are restored, and uniformed guides conduct tours of the fortifications and buildings, including the storerooms
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With no regular British forces in the area, the local commander of the Upper Canadian militia summoned all available militiamen in Grenville, Leeds and Dundas Counties and began preparations to assault. He established a cordon of militiamen around Newport and Windmill Point. He also opened
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the Hunters held the windmill and some of the surrounding buildings. Casualties on both sides had been significant, and the British commander elected to await regular reinforcements. He reestablished the cordon around the Point while the main body of militia withdrew to Fort Wellington.
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and then travelled downriver on civilian vessels to Ogdensburg. They planned to seize the militia strongpoint at Fort Wellington and organize the disaffected citizens of Upper Canada into a Patriot-led insurgent army with the goal of deposing the British Governor of the Colony.
330:, the British commissioned the construction of the fortification in 1813 to protect the head of the Gallop Rapids in the St. Lawrence. Completed in 1814, the fort was abandoned by the British shortly after the war, although it formally remained the property of the British
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under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Macdonell. On February 22, 1813, Macdonell led the approximately 500 men under his command in a drill exercise on the frozen St. Lawrence River. The British troops then streamed across the frozen river to attack the town of
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descended the St. Lawrence River in an attempt to capture Montreal. Wilkinson feared Fort Wellington's guns enough that he unloaded his army upriver from Ogdensburg and marched it through the town at night while his boats slipped past, empty of passengers.
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The fort was used by the British until 1863, when British units left the area, making the militia the fort's sole occupant. The militia continued to use the fort until 1923, when it handed over the property to the Dominion Parks Branch, the predecessor to
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On 28 June 1985 Canada Post issued 'Fort Wellington, Ont.' one of the 20 stamps in the "Forts Across Canada Series" (1983 & 1985). The stamps are perforated 12½ x 13 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited based on the designs by Rolf P. Harder.
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Fort Wellington retained a regular garrison of British soldiers after the Rebellion. Visitors today can see the Fort restored to its condition in 1846, when the garrison comprised a modest detachment of Royal Artillery and a company of riflemen from
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would be "forwarded" to smaller bateaux which could travel through the rapids. Likewise, freight travelling upriver from Montreal would be unloaded from smaller bateaux and loaded onto larger lake ships for carriage upriver. At the time, the
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The task of the Fort's garrison was to occupy the Fort and prevent it from being seized by surprise by insurgents or other belligerents. The Fort's main purpose was to hold the military stores of the Upper Canadian militia for the region.
770:. In what may have been the last naval action on the St. Lawrence River, the helmsman of the Patriot Hunter vessel was decapitated by a British cannonball, and the Hunters withdrew into Ogdensburg Harbour, where their vessel was interned.
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was quickly mobilized and Fort Wellington became the main depot for the militia in the Prescott area. The Crown commissioned a reconstruction of the fort using the original earthworks from 1813, and work commenced in the spring of 1838.
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and barracks in the blockhouse. A military museum is located on the third floor of the blockhouse. A new Visitor Centre was completed in 2012 and showcases a gunboat wreck along with exhibits about the fort's history.
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During the War of 1812, Prescott remained an important communications point. Fort Wellington served as the rallying point for the local militia, and in early 1813 was also a base of operations for members of the
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line from Ottawa, and this was the point where travellers from the north joined the main railway line between Toronto and Montreal. Many Canadian soldiers on their way to Europe stayed temporarily at the Fort.
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The original 24-pounder cannon first installed in 1813 were remounted on the southeast and southwest corners of the ramparts, as were two 12-pounder cannon on the northeast and northwest corners, a 36-pounder
552:. Following the war, the garrison was reduced due to lack of necessity during peacetime. Gradually, the fortifications were allowed to deteriorate, and the fort was abandoned by the British army in 1833.
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and four American ships frozen in the ice, and returned to Prescott with significant amounts of food, ammunition, cannon and prisoners. This winter raid was in direct response to prior raids on
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The British Army left Fort Wellington in 1863, when the Fort became the sole responsibility of the militia. It was a regular site of militia operations, and was garrisoned during the
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447:. A masonry gate on the north facade of the fort was the only entryway. Inside the fort, timber buildings were constructed and designed to be concealed behind the ramparts.
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After their defeat at York in the autumn of 1837, many of the Upper Canadian political dissidents fled to the United States. Among the citizens of the northern states of
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for most of the 19th century, and by the militia in the 20th century, until 1923, when the property was handed over to the Dominion Parks Commission, the predecessor to
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Battle of the Windmill NHS is also open during the summer months, and visitors can climb the interior staircase to enjoy the building's commanding views of the River.
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Like all Parks Canada National Historic Sites, Fort Wellington has a series of "Commemorative Integrity Statements" that state its cultural significance. They are:
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in Kingston, where they were tried. Von Schoultz and several others were convicted and hanged, while the rest were either pardoned or transported to Australia.
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mounted on the southeast and southwest corners of the ramparts. These guns had a range which permitted them to fire on buildings across the river in
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were being oppressed by undemocratic British government, and were simply waiting for the intervention of liberty-loving American sympathizers.
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communications with the American military commander at Ogdensburg, who had arrived on the scene and had begun to restore order in that town.
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was constructed in the dry ditch outside the palisade on the south facade. This was accessed through a tunnel from the interior of the fort.
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reinforced with horizontal frieze pickets. The ramparts were surrounded on the east, west and south facades by a dry ditch with a vertical
852:, the Fort was used as a depot for military personnel travelling between Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal. Prescott was the terminus of the
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had not been constructed and the colony's road network was primitive. The only means of shipping heavy cargo and passengers into the
334:. The British commissioned the construction of a new fort, on top of the earthwork of the first fort in 1838, during the onset of the
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889:. In 1923, the Fort was transferred from the Ministry of Militia to the Dominion Parks Branch, the national park service now called
674:, these exiles found much sympathy and anti-British sentiment. Overnight, an army of sympathizers was organized. Calling themselves
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was completed in 1839, as was the officer's quarters, latrine, cookhouse, and guardhouse. The 1839 improvements were in response to
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2. At this place troops assembled for the attack on and defeat of the forces at Ogdensburg, New York, 22 February 1813;
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1. It was the main post for the defence of the communication line between Montreal and Kingston during the War of 1812;
370:'s shoreline looking east towards the Galop Rapids. Fort Wellington was built to protect the head of the Galop Rapids.
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of the fort's presence was in holding territory and providing a sense of security to the local civilian population.
1099:"Parks Canada — Battle of the Windmill National Historic Site — Natural Wonders & Cultural Treasures"
893:. It operates Fort Wellington National Historic Site, as well as the windmill at Windmill Point, itself designated
1077:"Fort Wellington National Historic Site of Canada — Natural Wonders & Cultural Treasures — History"
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4. It was the assembly point for the troops that repelled the invasion at Windmill Point, November 1838.
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The fortifications were completed in 1814, coinciding with the peace negotiations which resulted in the
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The end of the War of 1812 in December 1814 led to a rapid demobilization of British fortications in
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Once Wilkinson passed Ogdensburg, Prescott's garrison followed along the King's Highway (the modern
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A small American naval vessel arrived to cooperate with an even smaller British naval vessel, HMSV
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to protect the head of the Galop Rapids in the St. Lawrence River. Prior to the creation of the
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564:. Fort Wellington was quickly abandoned, although the land itself remained the property of the
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3. When rebellion threatened Upper Canada, the fort again assumed an important defensive role;
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The buildings in the modern Fort Wellington survive from this period. The three-storey stone
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The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies
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The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies
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and soldiers of the U.S. 1st Rifle Regiment, who in February 1813 were based in Ogdensburg.
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A 12-pounder gun was placed at the northwest corner over the main gate of the fort in 1839.
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machine convinced many Americans in the northern states that the citizens of Upper and
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529:) along the north shore of the river. On November 11, 1813, the two armies fought the
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Regular reinforcements arrived on 14 November in the form of British regulars of the
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on the parade behind the southern rampart facade. In addition, an enclosed, stone
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Tensions escalated when a force of Upper Canada militia seized a Hunter vessel,
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were tunnelled into the inside of the ramparts and these were used for storage.
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relied, the town had to be defended. The fort was built on land owned by Major
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1135:"Fort Wellington National Historic Site of Canada — Attraction Overview"
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572:. Built quickly, the buildings and casemates inside the fort deteriorated.
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A postcard of Fort Wellington, c. 1930, several years after it was named
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537:. Wilkinson's army was decisively defeated by a much smaller British and
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350:. As a National Historic Site, Fort Wellington operates as a historical
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608:). With few British regular soldiers in the Colony, the Upper Canadian
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422:, a prominent Loyalist from Connecticut who founded Prescott in 1784.
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338:. Completed in 1839, the fort was used by the British Army, and the
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Early in 1838, these hunters conducted insurgent operations in the
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The fort's guns and garrison again saw action in November, when an
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Fort Wellington: A Narrative and Structural History, 1812 to 1838
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Fort Wellington's blockhouse and latrine from the southwest, 2006
414:. As a communications hub upon which the rest of the colony of
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in the 1950s, a series of rapids ran downriver from Prescott to
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Buildings and structures in Leeds and Grenville United Counties
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Fort Wellington: A Narrative and Structural History, 1838–1870
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kept the rest of the Hunters bottled up on the American side.
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cannons from its armouries in New York State and Michigan.
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1192:(Report). Vol. Manuscript Report Number 296. Ottawa:
545:. The attack on Montreal was abandoned, and Canada saved.
410:, it was especially vulnerable to military action by the
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depicting a War of 1812 era skirmish at Fort Wellington.
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Guns Across the River: The Battle of the Windmill, 1838
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Since Prescott is located only a mile from the town of
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In November, 1838, a force of Patriot Hunters met at
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from the lower St. Lawrence was by way of Prescott.
885:On 30 January 1920, Fort Wellington was named as a
16:For the 1827 settlement in northern Australia, see
1210:Field of Glory: the Battle of Crysler's Farm, 1813
973:"Fort Wellington National Historic Site of Canada"
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1123:. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 584.
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270:Fort Wellington National Historic Site of Canada
1055:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 271–272.
185:Location of Fort Wellington in Southern Ontario
1531:History of Leeds and Grenville United Counties
1526:Museums in Leeds and Grenville United Counties
829:This Regiment was composed of veterans of the
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895:Battle of the Windmill National Historic Site
307:. The military fortification was used by the
1121:The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812
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1030:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 273.
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861:Establishment of a National Historic Site
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431:Initial construction and the War of 1812
374:Fort Wellington was commissioned by the
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682:organizational structure with militant
454:The fort's main armament was a pair of
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154:pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/wellington/index
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1204:, Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1983 and 1995.
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293:Fort Wellington National Historic Site
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299:located on the north shore of the
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1278:National Historic Sites of Canada
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824:the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment
781:and the 83rd Regiment as well as
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1002:. Mika Publishing. p. 136.
887:National Historic Site of Canada
871:National Historic Site of Canada
435:The fort was built with earthen
321:National Historic Site of Canada
260:National Historic Site of Canada
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25:Historic site in Ontario, Canada
881:Fort Wellington, Prescott, 1953
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636:over the gate, and two 14-inch
576:Construction of the second fort
319:. The fort was earlier named a
1221:. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio.
1212:. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio.
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1536:1813 establishments in Canada
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998:Bradford, Robert D. (1988).
751:in command at the windmill.
188:Show map of Southern Ontario
131:George R. J. Macdonnell and
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490:, where they destroyed the
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10:
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1217:Graves, Donald E. (2001).
1208:Graves, Donald E. (1999).
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326:Built in the midst of the
18:Fort Wellington, Australia
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1501:Military forts in Ontario
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1185:Burns, Robert J. (1979).
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1119:Lossing, Benson (1868).
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817:Fort Wellington in 1860.
740:Sackets Harbor, New York
543:Fort Covington, New York
531:Battle of Crysler's Farm
483:Glengarry Light Infantry
241:Fort Wellington (Canada)
336:Rebellions of 1837–1838
1101:. Pc.gc.ca. 2012-03-02
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648:Battle of the Windmill
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506:, Ontario) by Captain
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456:24-pounder iron cannon
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297:military fortification
112:Military fortification
1393:Northwest Territories
1051:Taylor, Alan (2010).
1026:Taylor, Alan (2010).
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1355:Prince Edward Island
979:. Parks Canada. 2019
460:Ogdensburg, New York
408:Ogdensburg, New York
115:(1813–14; 1838–1923)
1157:"Canada Post stamp"
600:, including at the
588:In 1837, political
535:Morrisburg, Ontario
533:, near present-day
384:St. Lawrence Seaway
216:Show map of Ontario
84:44.7129°N 75.5085°W
80: /
1451:History portal
1200:Burns, Robert J.,
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795:United States Navy
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378:government during
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244:Show map of Canada
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1463:Canada portal
1062:978-1-4000-4265-4
1037:978-1-4000-4265-4
977:HistoricPlaces.ca
749:Nils von Schoultz
709:, Ontario and on
566:Board of Ordnance
519:General Wilkinson
492:military barracks
332:Board of Ordnance
323:in January 1920.
305:Prescott, Ontario
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108:Original use
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1474:WikiProject
1386:Territories
1370:Quebec City
1318:Nova Scotia
1280:by location
1141:12 February
848:During the
715:Navy Island
707:Amherstburg
680:neo-Masonic
596:launched a
594:the Canadas
556:Abandonment
517:army under
401:Great Lakes
328:War of 1812
87: /
63:Coordinates
1490:Categories
1167:2019-12-19
1105:2012-07-06
950:References
803:Fort Henry
787:Royal Navy
768:Experiment
760:Experiment
688:propaganda
618:blockhouse
590:dissidents
504:Brockville
488:Ogdensburg
311:, and the
275:Designated
75:75°30′31″W
72:44°42′46″N
1286:Provinces
845:of 1866.
785:from the
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598:rebellion
527:Highway 2
496:Gananoque
449:Casemates
128:Architect
123:1838–1839
103:1813–1814
1438:Category
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1328:Hamilton
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686:. Their
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604:(modern
539:Canadian
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392:Kingston
388:Montreal
368:Prescott
366:View of
358:Location
58:, Canada
52:Prescott
48:Location
1398:Nunavut
1348:Toronto
1338:Niagara
1323:Ontario
1293:Alberta
703:Windsor
638:mortars
626:steamer
610:militia
606:Toronto
568:of the
426:History
376:British
150:Website
120:Rebuilt
56:Ontario
1419:France
1360:Quebec
1343:Ottawa
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983:22 May
941:Legacy
445:glacis
1403:Yukon
1190:(PDF)
100:Built
1143:2013
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1057:ISBN
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
