24:
2618:
958:
413:
claimed that before the law was passed, the lack of such legislation was the reason it was common for children to languish in care for years with no permanent living situation identified. In conjunction with the passage of the
Adoption and Safe Families Act, the National Foster Care Awareness Project as created. The project is a group created with the shared goal of supporting foster youth, and the Foster Care Independence Act was instituted in part by the National Foster Care Awareness Project.
1200:
2611:
910:
with mentors and dedicated adults to provide personal and emotional support to foster youth. With the passage of the act, federal funding for the
Independent Living Program was doubled from $ 70 million to $ 140 million a year. However, states must contribute a 20 percent state match for Independent Living Program funds and use federal training funds to help foster parents address issues confronting adolescents preparing for independent living.
922:
The Act requires that states receiving funds develop outcome measures to assess the performance of independent living programs. States must measure data that includes educational attainment, high school graduation rates, employment, homelessness, non-marital childbirth, and incarceration. States must
215:
in the United States in obtaining and maintaining independent living skills. Youth aging out of foster care, or transitioning out of the formal foster care system, are one of the most vulnerable and disadvantaged populations. As youth age out of the foster care system at age 18, they are expected to
1170:
that entitles certain World War II veterans to a monthly SSI benefit. "Every individual who is a qualified individual... shall, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this title, be entitled to a monthly benefit paid by the
Commissioner of Social Security for each month after September
227:
With the passage of the Foster Care
Independence Act of 1999, funding was increased to enable states to design, conduct, and evaluate independent living programs with the purpose of assisting youth as they transition out of foster care. States are encouraged to create programs that support youth by
918:
States may apply funds for a period of five consecutive years through an application process that requires submission of a plan that meets requirements of a program that supports transitioning foster youth. Applications for funding must include plans including how the state will design and deliver
412:
agencies to identify cases where "aggravated circumstances" make permanent separation of child from the birth family the best option for the safety and well-being of the child. One of the main components of ASFA is the imposition of stricter time limits on reunification efforts. Proponents of ASFA
948:
incentive payments, which are bonuses to states for increasing the number of children adopted from public foster care, as opposed to youth remaining in foster care. Additional funding for adoption incentive payments enables States to receive the full amount of the earned bonuses due to increasing
909:
Program funding is used to provide independent living support services to youth both before and after aging out of foster care. Funding supports financial, housing, counseling, employment, educational, and other supportive programs for transitioning youth. Additional funding promotes interactions
1271:
Hillary and I are very pleased that the
Congress today approved H.R. 3443, "Foster Care Independence Act of 1999." This legislation helps ensure that young people in foster care get the tools they need to make the most of their lives. It builds on proposals in my budget to empower those leaving
399:
Policy reform to aid foster youth was initiated in the 1980s by service providers and researchers who realized early on the poor outcomes associated with foster youth. The first policy impacting youth aging out of the foster system was the
Federal Independent Living Initiative of 1986. The next
374:
issues, become parents soon after aging out of care, or end up incarcerated. One study reports that 56% of youth used "street drugs" while in foster care and 33% of youth report experiencing drug or alcohol problems since leaving care. Children who age out of foster care are at a high risk for
395:
and 1 in 6 youth have a chronic mental illness. In one study concerning foster youth, the rate of PTSD in adults who were in foster care for one year between the ages of 14 and 18 was found to be higher than that of combat veterans, with 25 percent of those in the study meeting the diagnostic
421:
The purpose of the Foster Care
Independence Act is to provide states with flexible funding that will enable children likely to "age out" of foster care at age 18 to obtain employment, continue their education, accept personal responsibility, and prepare for the transition from adolescence to
935:
law permitting states to provide
Medicaid coverage to youth upon aging out of foster care, up to the age of 21. Provisions also allow for former foster youth who are considered low income to be provided with Medicaid coverage by permitting foster youths to have assets up to $ 10,000 without
396:
criteria as compared to 12–13 percent of Iraq War veterans and 15 percent of
Vietnam War veterans, and a rate of 4% in the general population. More than half the study participants reported clinical levels of mental illness, compared to less than a quarter of the general population.
1396:
919:
programs, ensure that youth in various stages of transition will be served, and involve both public and private agencies in planning for independent living. State agencies are expected to administer, supervise, and oversee the programs carried out under the plan.
317:
programs. 12% of all foster youth report being homeless at least once since their discharge from foster care and 41% of homeless young people report having spent time in foster care. One-third of foster youth earn below $ 6,000 per year, which is well below the
762:
1036:
Application of the provision to include trust contributions can be waived in cases of "undue hardship," to ensure that SSI beneficiaries who lose their SSI benefits because of assets held in trust will not automatically lose
Medicaid
3018:
304:
Over 20,000 youth age out of foster care each year and many are not prepared to live independently. Many youth are discharged from care with no social supports or assistance, resulting in lack of basic education, high rates of
2568:
1272:
foster care by providing them access to health care, better educational opportunities, training, housing assistance, counseling, and other support and services. We cannot let these young people walk their tough road alone.
1208:
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sponsor of the legislation. Senator Chafee recognized the need for special support and assistance for youth transitioning out of foster care. Senator Chafee was also a vocal advocate for abused and neglected children.
3013:
965:
Title II of the Act includes provisions relating to OASDI and SSI provisions. Provisions aim to reduce overpayment and fraud. The Act also contains provisions authorizing a study to determine reasons why
228:
addressing finances, housing, health, education, and employment. The bill also increases support to youth aging out of foster care in other ways, such as broadening the eligibility requirements to obtain
3054:
422:
adulthood. The program aims to help foster youth transition out of foster care by encouraging self-sufficiency through funding that will allow for States to design and conduct programs that include:
3023:
3008:
1171:
2000 (or such earlier month, if the Commissioner determines is administratively feasible) the individual resides outside the United States." Qualified individuals are considered individuals who:
1060:
Deletes the provision that denies benefits for 10 years to any individual convicted of making a fraudulent statement in order to simultaneously collect assistance payments in two or more States.
757:
2598:
1655:
Casey Family Programs, Harvard Medical School (2005.04.05). "Former Foster Children in Oregon and Washington Suffer Posttraumatic Stress Disorder at Twice the Rate of U.S War Veterans"
1229:
of 1997, which made it easier to adopt foster children; the Foster Care Independence Act was intended to ease the transition into adulthood of foster children who did not get adopted.
2972:
2658:
1157:
The study would include whether the policies discriminate against family farmers, and the number family farmers who have been denied benefits in each of the past 10 years.
3042:
1698:
1117:
Requires that the SSA include in its annual budget an itemization of the amount of funds required to support efforts to combat fraud by applicants and beneficiaries .
296:
veterans by providing special cash benefits. Title I of the bill includes the foster care provisions and Title II of the bill includes the OASDI and SSI provisions.
3267:
2504:
714:
1030:
For SSI purposes, the assets of any trust containing property transferred from an individual or an individual's spouse, will be included as countable resources.
2741:
1528:
Courtney, M. E.; Piliavin, I.; Grogan-Kaylor, A. & Nesmith, A. (2001). "Foster youth transitions to adulthood: A Longitudinal View of Youth Leaving Care".
669:
1625:
1141:
Provides that SSI applicants and beneficiaries may be required to provide authorization to the SSA to obtain financial records from any financial institution.
3084:
3037:
2977:
1249:
134:
2787:
2736:
2403:
1943:
2967:
354:
1.8% complete a bachelor's degree, 2.7% for over 25, the completion rate for the general population in the same age group is 24%, a sizable difference.
3257:
2563:
2512:
3236:
1810:
363:*The study reviewed case records for 659 foster care alumni in Northwest USA, and interviewed 479 of them between September 2000 and January 2002.
3122:
2593:
1245:
1100:
130:
2947:
2942:
2632:
1057:
For individuals who made a "statement or representation of material fact" for use in determining SSI or OASDI benefits, a penalty is imposed.
3032:
2957:
2746:
2700:
2573:
2523:
1403:
822:
1070:
If representatives and/or healthcare providers are found to have helped committed fraud, they are barred from the OASDI and SSI programs.
3000:
2766:
1835:
3262:
2483:
2343:
2257:
334:
56% completed high school compared to 82% of the general population, although an additional 29% of former foster children received a
1591:
2992:
2163:
3059:
2324:
2178:
1000:
SSI overpayments must be recovered from SSI lump sum amounts by withholding 50 percent of the lump sum amount of the overpayment.
2812:
2543:
2388:
2183:
1660:
2673:
2378:
679:
1702:
1276:
With the passage of the Foster Care Independence Act of 1999, the name of the Independent Living Program was changed to the
1047:
Provides a penalty of loss of SSI benefits for up to 36 months for the disposal of resources at less than fair market value.
2925:
2348:
1728:
1073:
The bar would last 5 years for a first offense, 10 years for a second offense, and permanent exclusion for a third offense.
923:
report data regarding the success of independent living program to Congress, or be subject to penalties for noncompliance.
870:
292:
on December 14, 1999. The Act includes provisions relating to foster care and the OASDI and SSI programs. It also assists
3047:
2982:
2637:
2222:
2200:
2817:
2234:
1221:
was instrumental in passage of the bill, first holding a youth conference on the issues involved and then lobbying the
2684:
2678:
2588:
2057:
1781:
1564:
Mendes, P (2006). "From Dependence to Interdependence: Towards Better Outcomes for Young People Leaving State Care".
2864:
2663:
2515:
2329:
2269:
2062:
1632:
116:
1020:
Prisoner information must be reported to Federal or federally assisted cash, food, or medical assistance programs.
3094:
3089:
2838:
2731:
2535:
2333:
2128:
1974:
1895:
1215:
335:
277:
236:
196:
85:
77:
1154:
Requires a study to determine the reasons why family farmers with resources under $ 100,000 are denied benefits.
2715:
2705:
2578:
2228:
2216:
1940:
1756:
1348:
1299:
1226:
971:
401:
3205:
2476:
2118:
2026:
1233:
752:
380:
1870:
1280:
Foster Care Independence Program as a testimonial to the late Senator Chafee (R-RI). Senator Chafee was the
1144:
Refusal to provide authorization to the SSA to obtain financial records may result in ineligibility for SSI.
2896:
2843:
2373:
837:
319:
240:
35:
1934:
983:
Makes representative payees liable for any OASDI or SSI overpayment made to a beneficiary who is deceased.
273:
192:
70:
3229:
2695:
2642:
2173:
2168:
2021:
1677:
827:
1499:
3163:
2756:
2415:
1922:
1814:
1190:
Are in compliance with all requirements imposed by the Commissioner of Social Security under this title
931:
The Act also increases health care options for youth aging out of foster care by making changes to the
659:
261:
180:
58:
2252:
2138:
2093:
1128:
792:
747:
742:
404:(ASFA) was passed. This reduced the time children remained in foster care before being available for
1184:
Have a total benefit income that is less than 75 percent of the Federal benefit rate under title XVI
3099:
2888:
2469:
2338:
2301:
2274:
2263:
2047:
1104:
863:
817:
737:
1931:
1592:"Barriers Facing Foster Care Youth: Local and National Statistics about Emancipating Foster Youth"
270:
189:
67:
3187:
3175:
2904:
2446:
2031:
634:
1836:"Bill Summary & Status: 106th Congress (1999 - 2000): H.R.3443: Major Congressional Actions"
2856:
2761:
2436:
2143:
2078:
1873:. The National Resource Center for Youth Services at the University of Oklahoma. Archived from
1222:
987:
689:
674:
578:
1896:"Foster Care Independence Act of 1999 and the John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program"
3181:
2872:
2822:
2133:
2052:
2011:
2001:
1486:
1344:
654:
629:
606:
1849:
1252:, and was passed on the House floor without objection. On November 19, it was passed in the
97:
23:
3064:
2280:
2195:
2153:
2148:
1281:
842:
684:
504:
499:
474:
1083:
Require that the SSA's privacy standards for data sharing meet the State Privacy Standard.
1010:
Extends the debt collection practices available for OASDI overpayments to the SSI program.
8:
3130:
2098:
2088:
2083:
1967:
1845:
1598:
1167:
856:
568:
464:
3211:
2848:
2782:
2006:
1786:
1527:
812:
601:
509:
449:
1093:
Requires that a study be completed to identify measures to reduce OASDI and SSI fraud.
2431:
2240:
2158:
2016:
1537:
1257:
802:
518:
384:
348:
314:
153:
143:
1656:
2583:
2527:
2393:
2113:
1573:
1232:
Passage of the bill itself was non-controversial: H.R. 3443 was introduced in the
1161:
1127:
Requires periodic matches with Medicare and Medicaid data held by the Secretary of
905:
Preventative health; such as smoking cessation, nutrition, and pregnancy prevention
732:
583:
573:
538:
528:
494:
217:
1225:
in support of legislation. It followed in the wake of her support for the earlier
3169:
2912:
2794:
2492:
2368:
2123:
1947:
1757:"Statement on Congressional Action on the "Foster Care Independence Act of 1999""
1664:
1218:
1096:
Includes study to improve processing of beneficiaries reporting change or income.
832:
371:
1732:
3138:
2409:
2353:
1960:
1033:
An earnings or additions to a trust will be counted as the individual's income.
709:
644:
593:
391:, and attachment disorders. 15% of foster youth have attempted or contemplated
376:
957:
3251:
2751:
2363:
2358:
2190:
1678:"One in four foster children suffers from post-traumatic stress, study finds"
1345:"President Clinton Signs H.R. 3443, The Foster Care Independence Act of 1999"
1237:
797:
704:
664:
639:
624:
533:
514:
409:
221:
112:
3157:
3116:
2880:
2690:
2398:
1952:
1541:
1264:
1207:
487:
454:
310:
306:
293:
289:
244:
163:
1166:
The Foster Care Independence Act also establishes a new title VIII of the
326:
Educational outcomes of ex-foster children in the Northwest Alumni Study*
3199:
3193:
2668:
2441:
2108:
1987:
1294:
1277:
1253:
1241:
1064:
967:
787:
694:
469:
459:
281:
212:
200:
120:
89:
1181:
Are eligible for a supplemental security income benefit under title XVI
970:
are denied SSI benefits. The following are summary descriptions of the
699:
428:
2383:
2306:
2103:
1304:
1148:
986:
Requires the SSA to create a record under the representative payee's
523:
208:
1577:
1397:"United States Public Laws The Foster Care Independence Act of 1999"
1014:
1983:
945:
932:
649:
563:
405:
229:
2461:
1121:
1874:
1326:
What Happens to Kids When They Age out of the Foster Care System?
588:
558:
551:
392:
388:
1162:
Provisions for special benefits to certain World War II veterans
1840:
1513:"Dependent Youth Aging Out of Foster Care:A Guide for Judges".
1051:
807:
782:
435:
1731:. Child Welfare League of America. 1999-11-23. Archived from
344:
20.6% completed any degree or certificate beyond high school.
1099:
Requires a report of recommendations from the study to the
1199:
285:
224:
are not expected to reach self-sufficiency until age 26.
204:
2599:
UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict
1762:. Administration on William J. Clinton, 1990. 1999-11-20
1187:
Have filed an application for benefits under this title
715:
List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention
338:
compared to an additional 5% of the general population.
1626:"Findings from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study"
1203:
Clinton reads to a child during a school visit (1998).
1065:
Exclusion of representatives and health care providers
1937:, Foster Care Independence Act at Library of Congress
1723:
1721:
1719:
977:
243:(SSI) programs and provides special cash benefits to
1087:
1024:
2404:
Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1941:
The John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program
1923:
1716:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1521:
1149:Study of denial of SSI benefits for family farmers
913:
341:42.7% completed some education beyond high school.
262:
181:
59:
1871:"John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program"
1015:Requirement to provide state prisoner information
939:
220:immediately, even though on average youth in the
3249:
1813:. National First Ladies' Library. Archived from
416:
232:and increasing funding for adoption incentives.
3268:United States federal child welfare legislation
1782:"Campaigns Soft-Pedal On Children and the Poor"
1584:
1548:
1122:Computer matches with institutionalization data
1101:United States House Committee on Ways and Means
1901:. University of Michigan School of Social Work
2505:11th Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast
2477:
1968:
864:
235:The Act also included provisions relating to
2747:Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families
2574:Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review
1982:
1751:
1749:
1597:. Honoring Emancipated Youth. Archived from
1404:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1052:Penalties for false or misleading statements
400:landmark legislation came in 1997, when the
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
994:
952:
2579:Foreign policy of the Obama administration
2484:
2470:
1975:
1961:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1263:Upon signing the bill into law, President
884:Assistance obtaining a high school diploma
871:
857:
260:The Foster Care Independence Act of 1999 (
2701:State Children's Health Insurance Program
2344:Canadian Indian residential school system
1773:
1746:
1563:
896:Budgeting and financial management skills
3258:Acts of the 106th United States Congress
2818:"Women's Rights Are Human Rights" (1995)
2710:
1779:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1323:
1206:
1198:
1135:
1041:
956:
2325:List of international adoption scandals
1811:"First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton"
1805:
1803:
1620:
1618:
1416:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1236:on November 18, 1999, by Congresswoman
1077:
3250:
2389:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
1729:"Foster Care Independence Act of 1999"
1194:
926:
899:Training in activities of daily living
2465:
2379:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom
1956:
1888:
1863:
1506:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1211:Senator John Chafee from Rhode Island
370:Foster youth are more likely to have
1800:
1691:
1675:
1615:
1362:
1317:
444:Marriage and other unions and status
177:Foster Care Independence Act of 1999
17:Foster Care Independence Act of 1999
2948:2006 US Senate election in New York
2943:2000 US Senate election in New York
2638:Family Entertainment Protection Act
2594:UN Security Council Resolution 1888
2491:
2258:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
2223:Adoption Information Disclosure Act
2201:History of children in the military
1699:"Public Law 105-89, 105th Congress"
1111:
288:) was signed into law by President
13:
2425:Historical criticism of orphanages
2316:Controversial violations of rights
1928:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1332:
1004:
978:Liability of representative payees
758:Hague Convention (child abduction)
267:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
186:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
64:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
3279:
2742:Tenures as First Lady of Arkansas
2349:Tennessee Children's Home Society
1916:
1246:House Committee on Ways and Means
1088:Study to improve fraud prevention
1025:Treatment of assets held in trust
990:to establish overpayment control.
3263:Foster care in the United States
2866:An Invitation to the White House
2616:
2609:
2516:United States Secretary of State
2330:American Indian boarding schools
2270:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
22:
2536:First Lady of the United States
2334:American Indian outing programs
2129:Cultural variations in adoption
1828:
1780:Sengupta, Somini (2000-10-29).
1669:
1649:
1216:First Lady of the United States
936:compromising their assistance.
914:Use of independent living funds
2823:"Basket of deplorables" (2016)
2737:Career in corporate governance
2716:White House Millennium Council
2706:Adoption and Safe Families Act
2229:Adoption and Safe Families Act
2217:Access to Adoption Records Act
1349:Social Security Administration
1300:Adoption and Safe Families Act
1227:Adoption and Safe Families Act
972:Social Security Administration
944:The Act increases funding for
940:Adoption assistance provisions
763:Hague Convention (maintenance)
402:Adoption and Safe Families Act
1:
2993:2016 US presidential election
2119:Political abuse of psychiatry
1310:
1234:U.S. House of Representatives
753:International child abduction
417:Independent living provisions
381:posttraumatic stress disorder
2788:State Department controversy
2711:Foster Care Independence Act
2374:Forced adoption in Australia
2318:in adoption or child custody
2247:Foster Care Independence Act
1676:Cook, Rebecca (2005-04-07).
1175:Are 65 years of age or older
838:Paternal rights and abortion
241:Supplemental Security Income
36:106th United States Congress
7:
3019:screen and stage performers
2643:Flag Protection Act of 2005
1680:. Seattletimes.nwsource.com
1324:Stangler, Shirk M. (2004).
1288:
1250:House Committee on Commerce
893:Job placement and retention
748:Hague Convention (adoption)
250:
152:on November 19, 1999 (
142:on November 18, 1999 (
10:
3284:
2767:Cattle futures controversy
2757:Legal Services Corporation
2685:Vast right-wing conspiracy
2607:
2416:Jewish orphans controversy
2253:Hague Adoption Convention
1663:February 21, 2007, at the
1328:. Boulder: Westview Press.
902:Substance abuse prevention
607:Parenting coordinator (US)
351:; 21.9% for those over 25.
299:
255:
3221:
3150:
3108:
3077:
2991:
2956:
2935:
2924:
2831:
2803:
2775:
2724:
2674:Travel office controversy
2651:
2625:
2554:
2499:
2424:
2315:
2297:
2290:
2235:Christian law of adoption
2209:
2139:Genealogical bewilderment
2094:Adoption reunion registry
2071:
2040:
1994:
1178:Are World War II veteran;
1129:Health and Human Services
775:Family and criminal code
733:Private international law
727:Private international law
408:. The law requires state
104:
95:
76:
54:
49:
41:
30:
21:
3100:Clinton National Airport
3060:General election debates
2696:Save America's Treasures
2339:Indian Placement Program
2302:Adoption in ancient Rome
2275:Putative father registry
2264:Indian Child Welfare Act
1659:. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
1475:Social Security Bulletin
1105:Senate Finance Committee
995:Recovery of overpayments
953:OASDI and SSI provisions
818:Parental child abduction
665:Contact & visitation
552:Dissolution of marriages
2906:The Book of Gutsy Women
2664:1993 health care reform
207:) aims to assist youth
127:Committee consideration
3043:running mate selection
2960:presidential primaries
2858:Dear Socks, Dear Buddy
2762:Whitewater controversy
2546:(1979–1981, 1983–1992)
2544:First Lady of Arkansas
2437:Mount Cashel Orphanage
2144:International adoption
2079:Adopted child syndrome
2041:Foster care by country
1701:. 1997. Archived from
1274:
1223:United States Congress
1212:
1204:
988:Social Security Number
962:
680:UN Rights of the Child
675:Grandparent visitation
602:Custody evaluator (US)
579:Matrimonial Causes Act
320:national poverty level
123:) on November 18, 1999
3237:Activities after 2016
3182:Dorothy Howell Rodham
3055:Democratic opposition
2679:FBI files controversy
1269:
1210:
1202:
1136:Access to information
1042:Disposal of resources
960:
660:Filial responsibility
655:Tender years doctrine
630:DNA paternity testing
488:Validity of marriages
3065:Hillary Victory Fund
3033:Democratic primaries
2936:Senatorial elections
2844:Senior thesis (1969)
2659:Tenure as First Lady
2447:St. John's Orphanage
2281:Uniform Adoption Act
2196:Sealed birth records
2154:Language of adoption
2149:Interracial adoption
1735:on February 10, 2001
1078:State data exchanges
843:Right to family life
505:Prenuptial agreement
500:Marriage certificate
475:Domestic partnership
313:, and dependence on
166:on December 14, 1999
3132:Hillary and Clinton
3124:Saturday Night Live
2850:It Takes a Village
2813:Political positions
2564:Tenure as Secretary
2099:Adoption tax credit
2089:Adoption home study
2084:Adoption disclosure
1995:Adoption by country
1846:Library of Congress
1515:Juvenile Law Center
1195:Legislative history
1168:Social Security Act
927:Medicaid provisions
890:Vocational training
569:Grounds for divorce
465:Common-law marriage
327:
98:Legislative history
18:
3142:(2020 documentary)
2783:Clinton Foundation
1946:2012-04-14 at the
1787:The New York Times
1566:Child Abuse Review
1213:
1205:
974:(SSA) provisions:
963:
887:Career exploration
813:Legality of incest
519:Voidable marriages
510:Matrimonial regime
450:Types of marriages
347:16.1% completed a
325:
16:
3245:
3244:
3233:(2011 photograph)
3085:Awards and honors
3073:
3072:
3024:other celebrities
2890:Stronger Together
2589:Email controversy
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2432:Duplessis Orphans
2241:Dima Yakovlev Law
2159:Same-sex adoption
1657:Jimcaseyyouth.org
1494:Missing or empty
1258:unanimous consent
961:Official SSA Seal
881:
880:
803:Domestic violence
777:(or criminal law)
685:Children's rights
619:Children's issues
368:
367:
349:vocational degree
315:public assistance
286:December 14, 1999
205:December 14, 1999
173:
172:
154:Unanimous consent
150:Passed the Senate
144:Without objection
111:in the House by
79:Statutes at Large
45:December 14, 1999
3275:
2933:
2932:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2584:Hillary Doctrine
2547:
2539:
2531:
2519:
2508:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2394:Tianjin Massacre
2295:
2294:
2114:Child laundering
1977:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1929:
1925:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1848:. Archived from
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1667:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1631:. Archived from
1630:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1561:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1471:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1393:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1112:Annual reporting
949:adoption rates.
873:
866:
859:
584:Legal separation
574:No-fault divorce
539:Amatonormativity
529:Marriageable age
495:Marriage licence
425:
424:
328:
324:
287:
268:
264:
206:
187:
183:
140:Passed the House
100:
80:
65:
61:
26:
19:
15:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3217:
3170:Chelsea Clinton
3146:
3109:Popular culture
3104:
3069:
2987:
2959:
2958:2008 Democratic
2952:
2927:
2920:
2914:State of Terror
2827:
2805:
2799:
2795:Onward Together
2771:
2720:
2647:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2556:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2522:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2493:Hillary Clinton
2490:
2460:
2451:
2420:
2369:Michael A. Hess
2317:
2311:
2286:
2205:
2124:Closed adoption
2067:
2036:
1990:
1981:
1948:Wayback Machine
1927:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1665:Wayback Machine
1654:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1578:10.1002/car.932
1562:
1549:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1291:
1219:Hillary Clinton
1197:
1164:
1151:
1138:
1124:
1114:
1090:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1044:
1027:
1017:
1007:
1005:Debt collection
997:
980:
955:
942:
929:
916:
877:
848:
847:
833:Paternity fraud
828:Parents' rights
823:Parental duties
778:
776:
768:
767:
728:
720:
719:
620:
612:
611:
554:
544:
543:
490:
480:
479:
445:
419:
372:substance abuse
364:
357:
302:
266:
258:
253:
237:Social Security
218:self-sufficient
185:
169:
160:Signed into law
96:
78:
63:
31:Enacted by
12:
11:
5:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3230:Situation Room
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3176:Hugh E. Rodham
3173:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2874:Living History
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2520:
2509:
2507:(2020–present)
2500:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2410:Postremo mense
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Baby Scoop Era
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2179:United Kingdom
2176:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2058:United Kingdom
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1932:106–169 (text)
1918:
1917:External links
1915:
1912:
1911:
1887:
1862:
1827:
1799:
1772:
1745:
1715:
1690:
1668:
1648:
1614:
1583:
1572:(2): 110–125.
1547:
1536:(6): 685–717.
1520:
1505:
1415:
1361:
1331:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1278:John H. Chafee
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:
992:
991:
984:
979:
976:
968:family farmers
954:
951:
941:
938:
928:
925:
915:
912:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
712:
710:Paper abortion
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
645:Legal guardian
642:
637:
632:
627:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
604:
599:
596:
594:Parenting plan
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
555:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
432:
431:
418:
415:
377:mental illness
366:
365:
362:
359:
358:
356:
355:
352:
345:
342:
339:
331:
301:
298:
271:106–169 (text)
257:
254:
252:
249:
190:106–169 (text)
171:
170:
168:
167:
157:
147:
137:
131:Ways and Means
124:
105:
102:
101:
93:
92:
82:
74:
73:
68:106–169 (text)
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
32:
28:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3280:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:non-political
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:Endorsements
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2898:What Happened
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:Philanthropic
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Rose Law Firm
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Senate career
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Foreign trips
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Home Children
2362:
2360:
2359:Sixties Scoop
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Open adoption
2189:
2185:
2184:United States
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2063:United States
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:United States
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1897:
1891:
1877:on 2015-09-11
1876:
1872:
1866:
1852:on 2016-01-23
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1817:on 2012-04-14
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1705:on 2012-04-14
1704:
1700:
1694:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1638:on 2014-06-03
1634:
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2973:Endorsements
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2882:Hard Choices
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2839:Bibliography
2806:and policies
2732:Legal career
2691:Vital Voices
2408:
2399:Mortara case
2246:
1903:. Retrieved
1890:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:the original
1865:
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1487:cite journal
1478:
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1407:. Retrieved
1353:. Retrieved
1351:. 1999-12-17
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1265:Bill Clinton
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690:Emancipation
455:Cohabitation
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311:homelessness
307:unemployment
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294:World War II
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245:World War II
239:(OASDI) and
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164:Bill Clinton
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108:
3214:(residence)
3194:Tony Rodham
3188:Hugh Rodham
3134:(2016 play)
3090:Books about
2669:Hillaryland
2538:(1993–2001)
2530:(2001–2009)
2518:(2009–2013)
2442:Mary Norris
2109:Child abuse
2032:South Korea
2022:Philippines
1988:foster care
1295:Foster Care
1254:U.S. Senate
1242:Connecticut
788:Child abuse
695:Foster care
470:Civil union
460:Concubinage
276:, 113
213:foster care
195:, 113
3252:Categories
3212:Whitehaven
3172:(daughter)
3164:presidency
3048:convention
2983:Convention
2652:First Lady
2626:US senator
2524:US Senator
2134:Disruption
1905:2012-04-15
1881:2015-09-16
1856:2012-04-17
1821:2006-08-22
1793:2008-03-15
1766:2012-04-15
1739:2015-09-16
1709:2012-04-15
1684:2011-11-01
1642:2012-04-15
1608:2012-04-15
1481:(4). 1999.
1409:2012-04-15
1355:2008-03-15
1311:References
1244:, via the
635:Legitimacy
598:Residence
429:Family law
385:depression
284:, enacted
247:veterans.
203:, enacted
109:Introduced
55:Public law
3196:(brother)
3190:(brother)
3009:political
2926:Electoral
2555:Secretary
2384:Devshirme
2307:Fosterage
2225:(Ontario)
2219:(Ontario)
2164:Australia
2104:Aging out
2048:Australia
2012:Guatemala
2002:Australia
1305:Aging out
1037:benefits.
625:Paternity
524:Annulment
209:aging out
84:113
50:Citations
42:Effective
3184:(mother)
3178:(father)
3160:(husband
3126:parodies
3001:Campaign
2968:Campaign
2832:Writings
2804:Speeches
2725:Arkansas
2557:of State
2528:New York
2243:(Russia)
1984:Adoption
1944:Archived
1661:Archived
1542:11817658
1289:See also
1267:stated:
1248:and the
1103:and the
946:adoption
933:Medicaid
793:CPS (US)
743:Marriage
670:CAFCASS
650:Adoption
564:Adultery
406:adoption
383:(PTSD),
251:Overview
230:Medicaid
135:Commerce
3140:Hillary
3038:debates
2978:Debates
2928:history
2291:History
2260:(India)
2237:(India)
1924:Pub. L.
1517:. 2003.
738:Divorce
589:Alimony
559:Divorce
393:suicide
389:anxiety
300:History
263:Pub. L.
256:General
216:become
182:Pub. L.
60:Pub. L.
3151:Family
3078:Legacy
2916:(2021)
2908:(2019)
2900:(2017)
2892:(2016)
2884:(2014)
2876:(2003)
2868:(2000)
2860:(1998)
2852:(1996)
2174:Europe
2169:Brazil
2072:Issues
2053:Canada
2007:France
1930:
1841:THOMAS
1540:
1282:Senate
1131:(HHS).
808:Incest
783:Bigamy
436:Family
336:G.E.D.
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2526:from
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274:(PDF)
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2277:(US)
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2249:(US)
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2210:Laws
1986:and
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1500:help
700:Ward
517:and
515:Void
282:1882
201:1882
175:The
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