154:, the father sends with his child a certain number of cows, to which the same number is added by the fosterer. The father appropriates a proportionable extent of ground, without rent, for their pasturage. If every cow brings a calf, half belongs to the fosterer, and half to the child; but if there be only one calf between two cows, it is the child's, and when the child returns to the parent, it is accompanied by all the cows given, both by the father and by the fosterer, with half of the increase of the stock by propagation. These beasts are considered as a portion, and called Macalive cattle, of which the father has the produce, but is supposed not to have the full property, but to owe the same number to the child, as a portion to the daughter, or a stock for the son.
33:
517:
1660:
1684:
175:. Original family ties and rights of inheritance were not affected, nor was it required for the fostered child to be an orphan or for the biological father to be deceased. Moreover, the fostering of another man's child was regarded as a source of honor to the birth father; and conventionally the fostering party was of inferior social status to the biological father. An exception to this convention is found in
1672:
162:
Dalt, however, at his return, brought back a considerable number of
Macalive cattle, and of the friendship so formed there have been good effects. When Macdonald raised his rents, Macsweyn was, like other tenants, discontented, and, resigning his farm, removed from Sky to Col, and was established at Grissipol.
161:
Fosterage is, I believe, sometimes performed upon more liberal terms. Our friend, the young Laird of Col, was fostered by
Macsweyn of Grissipol. Macsweyn then lived a tenant to Sir James Macdonald in the Isle of Sky; and therefore Col, whether he sent him cattle or not, could grant him no land. The
157:
Children continue with the fosterer perhaps six years, and cannot, where this is the practice, be considered as burdensome. The fosterer, if he gives four cows, receives likewise four, and has, while the child continues with him, grass for eight without rent, with half the calves, and all the milk,
120:
In medieval
Highland society there was a system of fosterage among clan leaders, where boys and girls would leave their parents' house to be brought up in that of other chiefs, creating a fictive bond of kinship that helped cement alliances and mutual bonds of obligation.
19:
This article is about the (sometimes historical) social practice of children being raised by families not their own. For the modern child welfare system of placing children in state custody in the homes of temporary caregivers, see
150:, or tenant, to be fostered. It is not always his own tenant, but some distant friend that obtains this honour; for an honour such a trust is very reasonably thought. The terms of fosterage seem to vary in different islands. In
1526:
452:
McCutcheon, James, 2010. "Historical
Analysis and Contemporary Assessment of Foster Care in Texas: Perceptions of Social Workers in a Private, Non-Profit Foster Care Agency". Applied Research Projects.
190:
and the
Hebrides were ruled for long periods of time by Norse invaders during the Middle Ages; but it is unknown which culture was the original source of the custom of fosterage.
206:
taught children either for payment or for no compensation. Children were taught a particular trade and treated like family; their original family ties were often severed.
101:
can be organised by the state to care for children with troubled family backgrounds, usually on a temporary basis. In many pre-modern societies fosterage was a form of
1531:
424:
Parkes, Peter. "Alternative Social
Structures and Foster Relations in the Hindu Kush. Milk Kinship Allegiance in Former Mountain Kingdoms of Northern Pakistan."
404:
43:
506:
1582:
445:
Parkes, Peter. "Milk
Kinship in Southeast Europe. Alternative Social Structures and Foster Relations in the Caucasus and the Balkans."
126:
219:
1641:
1688:
1564:
1602:
1536:
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1646:
97:
in that the child's parents, not the foster-parents, remain the acknowledged parents. In many modern western societies
1541:
689:
77:
874:
1243:
1066:
840:
499:
461:
105:, whereby influential families cemented political relationships by bringing up each other's children, similar to
410:
Smith, Llinos
Beverley. "Fosterage, adoption and God-parenthood. Ritual and fictive kinship in medieval Wales."
529:
386:
267:
1624:
1592:
1490:
1725:
1715:
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1485:
823:
183:, a very prominent man, fosters Hoskuld, the son of Thrain Sigfusson, after the death of Thrain in battle.
1098:
1041:
605:
431:
Parkes, Peter. "Fostering Fealty. A Comparative
Analysis of Tributary Allegiances of Adoptive Kinship."
1664:
1629:
1619:
659:
541:
492:
359:, ed. by Patrick J. Duffy, David Edwards and Elizabeth FitzPatrick. Dublin: Four Courts, 2001. 138–49.
158:
for which he pays only four cows when he dismisses his Dalt, for that is the name for a foster child.
1422:
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1634:
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355:
Fitzsimons, Fiona. "Fosterage and
Gossiprid in late medieval Ireland. Some new evidence." In
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399:
Parkes, Peter. "Celtic Fosterage: Adoptive Kinship and Clientage in Northwest Europe."
238:
1417:
1336:
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263:
106:
381:
McAll, C. "The normal paradigms of a woman's life in the Irish and Welsh texts." In
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438:
Parkes, Peter. "Fosterage, Kinship, and Legend: When Milk was Thicker than Blood?"
51:
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55:
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The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
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146:, a man of wealth and eminence, sends his child, either male or female, to a
176:
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151:
93:, the practice of a family bringing up a child not their own, differs from
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1026:
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98:
21:
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Ní Chonaill, Bronagh. "Fosterage. Child-rearing in medieval Ireland."
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Fosterage or "fostering" is frequently referred to in the medieval
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112:
This practice was once common in Ireland, Wales, and Scotland.
481:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999. Especially pp. 122–38.
1065:
600:
551:
203:
143:
142:, though it is passing fast away, the custom of fosterage. A
357:
Gaelic Ireland, c.1250-c.1650. Land, lordship and settlement
1270:
1081:
1532:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
134:
described the fosterage custom as he saw it practised.
1222:
328:. The Question of Fosterage in High Medieval Wales."
401:
Society for Comparative Study of Society and History
260:
Kinship and Clientage: Highland Clanship, 1451–1609
109:, also based on dynastic or alliance calculations.
514:
1702:
166:
209:
500:
318:
40:The examples and perspective in this article
1583:International Center for Research on Women
507:
493:
440:Comparative Studies in Society and History
433:Comparative Studies in Society and History
426:Comparative Studies in Society and History
280:A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland
127:A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland
389:and Morfydd E. Owen. Cardiff, 1980. 7-22.
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
346:. The manners and morals of the Welsh."
115:
330:North American Journal of Welsh Studies
1703:
471:
1302:
488:
193:
1671:
1565:Office of Research on Women's Health
26:
1683:
1603:Society for Women's Health Research
1537:International Day of the Girl Child
459:http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/332
13:
1647:Birth control in the United States
313:
14:
1737:
1542:Commission on the Status of Women
552:External female genitalia (vulva)
282:by Samuel Johnson. 1775 edition.
1682:
1670:
1659:
1658:
875:Assisted reproductive technology
515:
479:Childhood in Anglo-Saxon England
418:
376:Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies
339:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
214:There was similar custom in the
31:
841:Breastfeeding and mental health
297:"Fosterage in Ancient Ireland"
289:
273:
252:
231:
16:Raising another family's child
1:
1491:Social determinants of health
337:Early Irish and Welsh Kinship
225:
167:Fosterage in Medieval Iceland
1486:Gender disparities in health
824:Mother-to-child transmission
7:
1099:Pelvic inflammatory disease
1042:Hormone replacement therapy
606:Reproductive system disease
210:Fosterage in other cultures
138:There still remains in the
54:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1742:
1593:Black Women's Health Study
660:Complications of pregnancy
342:Davies, Sir Robert Rees. "
319:Medieval Ireland and Wales
18:
1654:
1611:
1570:Women's Health Initiative
1555:
1517:
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1423:Major depressive disorder
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335:Charles-Edwards, Thomas.
1159:Gynaecological disorders
975:Culture and menstruation
942:Contraceptive prevalence
834:Compulsory sterilization
1442:Urinary tract infection
1234:Abuse during childbirth
1359:Cardiovascular disease
947:Contraceptive security
880:In vitro fertilization
791:Postpartum confinement
665:Hyperemesis gravidarum
455:Texas State University
383:The Welsh law of women
344:Buchedd a moes y Cymry
324:Anderson, Katharine. "
164:
1481:Healthcare inequality
1283:Gender discrimination
1087:Human papilloma virus
762:Vesicovaginal fistula
403:48.2 (2006): 359–95.
286:accessed May 23, 2008
186:Portions of Ireland,
136:
116:Fosterage in Scotland
1588:Nurses' Health Study
1496:Reproductive justice
1447:Urinary incontinence
1067:Sexually transmitted
922:Intrauterine devices
767:Rectovaginal fistula
757:Obstetrical fistulae
685:Gestational diabetes
680:Obstetrical bleeding
655:Adolescent pregnancy
640:Gravidity and parity
635:Unintended pregnancy
412:Welsh History Review
405:PDF available online
349:Welsh History Review
60:create a new article
52:improve this article
42:may not represent a
1726:Adoption in Ireland
1716:Culture of Scotland
1501:Women's empowerment
1369:Alzheimer's disease
1000:Cloth menstrual pad
957:Fertility awareness
927:Oral contraceptives
809:Perinatal mortality
472:Anglo-Saxon England
447:Social Anthropology
442:46 (2004): 587–615.
374:of the Ulstermen."
173:Sagas of Icelanders
1598:Cartwright Inquiry
1509:Politics, research
1327:Endometrial cancer
1181:Sexual intercourse
952:Planned parenthood
937:Male contraceptive
464:2012-03-18 at the
449:12 (2004): 341–58.
435:45 (2003): 741–82.
414:16:1 (1992): 1-35.
396:5:1 (1997): 28–31.
352:12 (1984): 155–79.
218:, called Atalik -
194:Literary fosterage
107:arranged marriages
1698:
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1578:
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1403:
1402:
1354:
1353:
1337:Papanicolaou test
1293:Non-communicable
1261:Sexual harassment
1239:Domestic violence
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1208:
1052:
1051:
849:
848:
752:Retained placenta
670:Ectopic pregnancy
477:Crawford, Sally.
332:4:1 (2004): 1-11.
299:. Library Ireland
241:. Merriam-Webster
181:Njál Thorgeirsson
88:
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80:
62:, as appropriate.
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1214:Non-reproductive
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980:Feminine hygiene
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742:Obstructed labor
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428:43:4 (2001): 36.
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262:(Brill, 2006),
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132:Samuel Johnson
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1376:Bone health
1312:Lung cancer
1149:Dyspareunia
1092:HPV vaccine
1032:Amenorrhoea
1027:Menorrhagia
865:Infertility
814:Stillbirths
675:Miscarriage
457:Paper 332.
364:Cú Chulainn
270:, pp. 81–2.
239:"Fosterage"
99:foster care
22:Foster care
1711:Family law
1705:Categories
1614:by country
1418:Depression
1069:infections
774:Episiotomy
714:Childbirth
645:Obstetrics
303:2012-06-16
268:9004150455
245:2012-06-16
226:References
177:Njáls saga
1244:Pregnancy
1224:Violence
1164:Vaginitis
1037:Menopause
897:Fostering
887:Parenting
857:life plan
722:Midwifery
700:Eclampsia
627:Pregnancy
616:Maternal
385:, ed. by
103:patronage
91:Fosterage
68:July 2010
56:talk page
1665:Category
1625:Ethiopia
1547:UN Women
1364:Dementia
1295:diseases
1278:Femicide
1256:Misogyny
1176:Polygamy
1077:Safe sex
985:Menarche
892:Adoption
819:Abortion
737:Oxytocin
557:Clitoris
462:Archived
216:Caucasus
188:Scotland
179:, where
148:tacksman
95:adoption
50:You may
1677:Commons
1466:Poverty
1460:factors
1437:Urethra
1413:Anxiety
1395:Anaemia
1191:Puberty
1171:Leblouh
1057:Sexual
932:Condoms
140:Islands
124:In his
1642:Russia
1304:Cancer
1216:health
1186:Orgasm
1059:health
1010:Tampon
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586:Cervix
581:Vagina
532:health
368:gormac
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204:ollams
1630:India
1620:China
911:&
601:Ovary
544:tract
372:dalta
144:Laird
58:, or
1271:Rape
370:and
264:ISBN
152:Mull
1082:HIV
198:In
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