1312:, there was a voievode in Hungary, called Voievod Radu the Black, great duke of Almaș and Făgăraș. He set out from there, together with his whole household and with many other people, Romanians, papists, Saxons, and all kind of men. They descended towards the waters of Dâmbovița, starting this way to establish a new country. First they founded the town called Câmpulung where a large, beautiful and lofty church was built. Afterwards, they settled at Argeş where another large town was founded. By building stone castles, princely houses and a large and beautiful church, the prince's seat was also established there. Some of the people, who had come down together with him, went farther along the foothills as far as the waters of the Siret and towards
1359:
898:
47:
1235:
1267:
1644:
514:
1473:
1590:
994:
1154:, literally ‘dismounting’) refers to this alleged settling in Wallachia. But the word's exact meaning is debated, since there had been Romanians living in Wallachia before Radu Negru's arrival; thus the term likely refers simply to the unification of the lands under one ruler. Moreover, this account of Radu Negru's ‘dismounting’ may merely be a legend subsequently invented to parallel the circumstances by which
1302:, who are of noble families, gathered. In order to have their own leaders (that is great bans), a family, named Basarab, was appointed to the banship. The first seat was decided to be at Turnu Severin, the second seat to be set up farther, at Strehaia, and the third seat to be set up even farther, at Craiova; and it happened like that. Much time went by and they were governing that region.
1613:(1386–1418) accepted the suzerainty of Poland in 1387 and that of Hungary in 1395, and Wallachia was paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire from 1417. When accepting Hungarian suzerainty, the princes of Wallachia usually also received the district of Făgăraş in Transylvania from the Hungarian monarchs, for example in 1366 King
1586:. The boyars were the members of the privileged landed aristocracy. However, the origin of the Romanian boyar class is problematic: it may have evolved naturally from the heads of the Vlach villages and communities, but it is also possible that the princes created it by granting privileges to certain favored persons.
958:
of the Cumans’) took place in 1237–1238. The development of the battles was not recorded in the sources, but the Cuman's subsequent migration to
Hungary, Bulgaria and other neighboring territories is eloquent enough. Although some Cuman groups survived the Mongol invasion, the Cuman aristocracy was
911:
a part of the
Kingdom of Hungary, and King Andrew II adopted the title of "king of Cumania" in 1233. There can be no doubt that the king also placed garrisons at key points on the southern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains in northeastern Wallachia. But the military outposts in the region of the
1406:
In short time, however, Basarab refused to accept the suzerainty of the king, for neither
Basarab's growing power nor the active foreign policy he was conducting on his own account to the south could be acceptable in Hungary. In a new diploma, dated June 18, 1325, King Charles I mentions him as
1281:
But earlier the
Romanians arrived who had separated from the Romans and wandered to the north. With their chiefs Trajan and with his son-in-law Siverie. Having crossed the waters of the Danube, they dismounted at Turnu Severin, others in Hungary, by the waters of the Olt, by the waters of the
1212:, Basarab's father, explaining his nickname by his alleged Cuman descent: he appeared to have a dark skin color for the Romanians. In an interview, historian Ioan-Aurel Pop stated, Djuvara "is not a specialist in the field of medieval history" and his "Cumanian theory" is questionable.
1024:
to the region and granted to them a number of territories in the "land of
Severin". The knights’ mission, however, proved to be a total failure (there is even no report whether they occupied their posts), but the royal charter for the knights, dated June 2, 1247, lists four autonomous
1483:
As a way of solemnizing his secession from the
Kingdom of Hungary, Basarab's son, Nicolae Alexandru also sought Byzantine approval for the creation of an Orthodox see for his territories. In 1359 Byzantium acceded to his request that the displaced metropolitan of
638:. The Golden Horde's domination decreased in the region at the end of the 13th century, and at that time the Kingdom of Hungary also underwent a strong political crisis. These events enabled the incipient states of the territory to consolidate their autonomy.
1294:. Those who had dismounted at Turnu Severin spread all along the foot of the mountains towards the waters of the Olt; others went downward all along the Danube. Having this way all the places been filled with them, they arrived as far as the outskirts of
1180:
Radu Negru's personality is surrounded by legend; no details about him can be proved by other historical sources. Some chronicles identify him with the founder of various churches, such as the monastery at Curtea de Argeș, but they mistake him for later
1426:
for the costs of the army, and showed himself ready to continue paying tribute to the king and send his son as a hostage to the royal court. But the king refused and advanced with his host into
Wallachia where everything seemed to have been laid waste.
833:
to be held from the king of
Hungary. According to a royal charter of 1222, the knights’ military power stretched across the Carpathians all the way to the Danube. That the Teutonic Knights won several victories "beyond the snowy mountains"
793:
between the Balkan
Mountains and the Danube (to the south of the future Wallachia). The new state was called "Bulgaria and Vlachia" in Western sources. For example, in 1204 the pope elevated the head of the Bulgarian church to the rank of
1456:
The international prestige of
Wallachia increased considerably after Basarab's victory over King Charles I. Only a few months after his great victory, in February 1331, Basarab contributed to the establishment of his son-in-law,
1430:
Unable to subdue Basarab, the king ordered the retreat through the mountains. But in a long and narrow valley, the Hungarian army was attacked by the Romanians, who had taken up positions on the heights. The battle, called the
275:
1435:, lasted for four days (November 9–12, 1330) and was a disaster for the Hungarians whose defeat was devastating. The king was only able to escape with his life by exchanging his royal coat of arms with one of his retainers.
1131:(‘land of the Vlachs’) on the territory later called Făgăraș is an early 13th-century property register which mentions the order of King Andrew II of Hungary that estates previously in Vlach hands be transferred to the
2377:"Ioan Aurel Pop despre "Prințul Negru" de la Curtea de Argeș: "Numele nu garantează etnia nimănui" [Ioan Aurel Pop on the "Black Prince" of Curtea de Argeș: "The name does not guarantee someone's ethnicity"]"
962:
But the Mongols left no garrisons or military detachments in the lower Danube region and did not take direct political control of it. Although theoretically part of the Golden Horde, the steppe corridor between the
668:
Basarab I (c. 1310–1352) who broke off with the Kingdom of Hungary and refused to accept the king's suzerainty. Basarab I received international support and the recognition of the autonomy of Wallachia due to
1056:
were exempted from the grant, and the royal charter expressly stipulated that they were to be left "to the Vlachs as they had owned it until now". On the other hand, the royal charter also describes that
1084:
After the failure and disappearance of the Hospitallers, the history of the region is shrouded in obscurity for decades. But the trend toward the unification of the Romanian polities seems to begin with
1492:
for the blessing and spiritual direction of himself, his children and all his lordship". At the same time, Byzantium also agreed to the creation of a metropolitan see, after Hyakinthos’ death, for "all
1251:
2376:
1165:
The origin of Oltenia is given by some of the chronicles differently: according to these chronicles Oltenia was colonized by Romanians from Turnu Severin, who founded two other capitals, at
2416:
1442:
s of Wallachia more than one time, but they could only succeed temporarily. Thus Basarab's victory irretrievably opened the way to independence for the Principality of Wallachia.
1575:" from the 14th century. Wallachian sovereigns were host commanders and supreme judges, they patronized the church and made decisions that became laws. In theory, the
1438:
The Battle of Posada was a turning point in Hungarian-Wallachian relations: though in the course of the 14th century, the kings of Hungary still tried to regulate the
764:
were controlled by them. But this vast territory was never politically united by a strong central power. The different Cuman groups were under independent rulers or
3088:"From the Foundation of the Principalities, between the Middle of the Thirteenth and of the Fourteenth Centuries to the Accession of Michael the Brave, A.D. 1593."
789:, rose up in arms against the Byzantine Empire. They created, with the help of the Cumans and the Vlachs living on the left bank of the Danube, a new state, the
950:
and set forth to the west, in one of the greatest invasions in world's history. The Mongols’ most devastating attacks against the western territories of the
332:
3087:
2384:
2448:"Istoria Țării Rumînești de cînd au descălecat pravoslavnicii creștini (History of Wallachia from the time when the Orthodox Christians dismounted there)"
1204:, considering that 'Negru Vodă' is simply a nickname that could have been given to Basarab I, the real founder of Wallachia. Other view is represented by
1375:
Basarab was the son of Thocomerius whose status cannot be specified. There is no direct clue in the sources to the date when Basarab took the office of
876:, was established in 1228. A significant presence of the Vlachs within the newly established bishopric is documented in the correspondence between the
1418:
Hoping to punish Basarab, King Charles I mounted a military campaign against him in 1330. The king marched to Severin and took it from Basarab. The
842:
letters. However, the Teutonic Knights were forced out of the territory in 1225 by King Andrew II, who claimed that they had ignored his authority.
1337:
from the fathers and forefathers of the Romanians who had come from Rome, in the days of Emperor Trajan decided to move his seat on the other side
1089:
Litovoi. He (or his namesake son) was at war with the Hungarians and killed in battle sometime between 1270 and 1280. In the battle, his brother,
571:
principality, was achieved at the beginning of the 14th century, through the unification of smaller political units that had existed between the
1316:. Others went downward establishing towns and villages, and they reached all the places as far as the banks of the Danube and all along the Olt.
737:('Oghuz Khan's Tale'), preserved in a 17th-century text, which narrates the battles of the Cumans against several peoples, including the Vlachs
3081:
853:). Some Cuman groups, after their defeat of the Mongols, became willing to adopt Christianity. As early as 1227, one of the Cuman chieftains,
1556:
of Hungary in the entire 14th century. The terminology of the Hungarian chancellery was also used in the Latin documents of the Wallachian
542:
205:
2447:
2424:
919:
In parallel with the emergence of the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary also persuaded an active expansionist policy in the
678:
653:
with "a great many following him". Jean W. Sedlar wrote that "more credible" is the report that some Romanian lords in the Olt and
1579:
s were considered proprietors of all the lands in the country, but in fact they were devoid of extensive personal land holdings.
1488:, Hyakinthos – whom Nicolae Alexander had been hosting at his court for some time – should become the "legitimate pastor of all
3023:
2956:
2941:
2903:
2827:
2760:
2737:
2715:
1391:(1323–1330) against the Byzantines. In a diploma, dated July 26, 1324, King Charles I of Hungary refers to Basarab as "our
1582:
The monarchy was also dynastic: the princes were to be elected by boyars from among the members of the ruling family, the
1518:
of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1370. In the diploma, the ruler of Wallachia, Nicolae Alexandru is styled "great
422:
317:
1510:) in Byzantine sources which reflects that it bordered on the Kingdom of Hungary. This name is first encountered in a
3067:
3038:
3009:
2986:
2971:
2918:
2842:
2797:
2782:
1667:
3112:
694:
535:
327:
307:
134:
1387:
narrates that in 1323 Basarab's armies joined in the fighting between Bulgaria and Byzantium and supported Tzar
682:
432:
312:
64:
1139:. Radu Negru and his followers crossed the Carpathians to Muntenia and founded Wallachia with its capitals in
959:
slain. The steppes of eastern Europe were conquered by Batu Khan's army and became parts of the Golden Horde.
3107:
1622:
1219:
by the Hungarian monarchy, with its capital at Câmpulung, probably in the last decade of the 13th century. A
446:
383:
351:
260:
677:(1301–1342) at Posada on November 12, 1330. The Metropolitan See of Wallachia, directly subordinated to the
1388:
810:
as an exonym for northern Bulgaria only disappeared from the sources after the middle of the 13th century.
412:
359:
280:
255:
2949:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century
46:
3102:
1662:
1515:
1215:
The legendary traditions may also be in connection with the establishment of a trans-Carpathian frontier
1123:
of Wallachia. These texts state that Radu Negru, together with some colonists ("Romanians, Catholics and
711:, probably from the first centuries of the second millennium, which refers to an "unknown country called
708:
528:
427:
417:
402:
26:
1008:, but the Vlach (Romanian) population remained there under the leadership of their local chiefs, called
163:
1597:
Multiple vassalage became an important aspect of Romanian diplomacy after the Christian Balkan states (
1553:
1458:
1451:
997:
The political situation in the Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space in the year 1246 AD, as described in the
130:
79:
1065:
region, but the king removed this territory from Litovoi's authority in 1247; thenceforward Litovoi's
913:
846:
1077:
Seneslau held the territories of central and southern Muntenia on the banks of the rivers Argeș and
1618:
1227:, dating from the year 1300, may provide a solid chronological reference point. On the other hand,
998:
829:. The knights were given all the territory they could conquer beyond the Carpathian Mountains as a
148:
727:). Another 11th-century reference to the Vlachs’ country appears to be the section of the ancient
1598:
1563:
The Romanian rulers chose the Byzantine model of government, and Wallachia was from the start an
1462:
790:
494:
337:
225:
158:
143:
116:
106:
474:
2455:
1349:
778:. In attacking the Byzantine Empire, the Cumans were also assisted by the Vlachs living in the
658:
302:
153:
1299:
2770:(Thocomerius – Negru Vodă: A Voivode of Cuman Origin at the Origins of Wallachia). Humanitas.
1568:
1544:(‘Lesser Wallachia’) for Oltenia (first recorded in 1377). The new country was identified as
1408:
1380:
1093:
was captured. Bărbat was forced not only to pay ransom but also to recognize Hungarian rule.
932:
888:
270:
74:
56:
2805:
Fontes Latini Historiae Bulgaricae, IV. In aedibus Academiae litterarum Bulgaricae, Serdicae
1127:") arrived from the region of Făgăraş in Transylvania. The first documentary evidence for a
858:
703:(early Romanians) on the left side of the Danube, there is a quotation of a passage from an
1657:
1159:
1124:
1078:
1021:
814:
674:
584:
572:
250:
245:
192:
173:
93:
8:
1572:
1186:
1010:
782:(now in Bulgaria) who showed them the mountain paths where no imperial guard was set up.
407:
364:
1358:
1119:, named Radu Negru (‘Radu the Black’) or Negru Vodă (‘The Black Voivode’) was the first
1621:(1364–1377), with the title of duke, and Prince Mircea the Elder received it from King
1614:
1242:
1004:
After the Mongol invasion, a great many (if not most) of the Cuman population left the
869:
650:
615:
294:
210:
35:
2807:(Latin Sources for the History of Bulgaria, IV, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia).
1144:
3063:
3034:
3019:
3005:
2982:
2967:
2952:
2937:
2914:
2899:
2838:
2823:
2793:
2778:
2768:
Thocomerius – Negru Vodă. Un voivod de origine cumană la începuturile Țării Românești
2756:
2733:
2711:
1564:
1295:
1216:
1136:
854:
631:
560:
2874:
Considerations Regarding the Urbanization Process in Wallachia (13th–15th Centuries)
2725:(The Historical Tradition of the Founding of the Romanian States). Editura Eminescu.
1061:
Litovoi's rule had extended on the northern side of the Transylvanian Alps into the
761:
2880:
Medieval and Early Modern Studies for Central and Eastern Europe I. (2009), No. 1-4
1610:
1477:
1432:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1062:
1005:
920:
818:
799:
779:
775:
728:
670:
69:
3046:Политическа география на средновековната българска държава, Втора част (1186–1396)
1255:
897:
884:
771:
685:(1352–1364). The first silver and bronze coins were minted in Wallachia in 1365.
635:
322:
200:
1334:
1276:
History of Wallachia from the time when the Orthodox Christians dismounted there
1238:
838:, that is to the south and to the east of the Carpathians, is also confirmed by
646:
1649:
1606:
1511:
1466:
1223:
belonging to one of the leaders of this formation, Count Lawrence of Câmpulung
1190:
931:. The centre of the new province (the Banate of Severin) was Fort Severin (now
866:
749:
595:
518:
265:
178:
1283:
654:
606:– rode across the territory. The territory became a frontier area between the
3096:
1485:
1205:
1197:
967:
and the lower Danube was only a "region of hegemony", not of direct control.
964:
927:
was put under the control of a Hungarian governor, who received the title of
611:
1632:
also became part of Wallachia before it was annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
1423:
1234:
880:
826:
766:
753:
607:
215:
2979:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365
1593:
The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space in 1330 AD, after the Battle of Posada.
1472:
1333:, there was a voievode called Voievod Radu the Black, who had his seat at
1291:
1140:
946:
In 1236 a large Mongol army was collected under the supreme leadership of
1209:
1132:
1037:
928:
641:
One Romanian tradition records that Wallachia was founded when a certain
580:
220:
111:
770:
who meddled in the political life of the surrounding areas, such as the
756:
shortly after 1064–1065, and from 1068 the entire territory between the
2708:
Eastern Christianity (The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 5.)
1540:(‘Greater Wallachia’) for Muntenia (which first appeared in 1373), and
1330:
1309:
1220:
1102:
940:
877:
786:
716:
642:
1266:
459:
1231:
may have been a one-time leader of the Saxon community in Câmpulung.
1196:
Due to lack of any actual contemporary evidence, the Roman historian
1070:
947:
825:
in order to put an end to the frequent incursions of the Cumans into
733:
704:
623:
591:
568:
499:
1476:
14th century coat of arms of Wallachia, used during the rule of the
1313:
1090:
1041:
988:
861:, converted to Christianity and agreed to pay an annual tax and the
822:
2417:"(PDF) Istoria Tarii Romanesti 1290 1690 Letopisetul Cantacuzinesc"
1166:
1155:
1147:. The chronicles narrate these events under the year 1290 or 1292.
1053:
984:
873:
757:
724:
619:
484:
479:
464:
2898:; Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies).
1116:
1629:
1583:
1170:
1049:
1016:
980:
936:
924:
907:
891:
850:
627:
603:
489:
469:
2775:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
1609:
in the course the second half of the 14th century. For example,
1589:
993:
2857:Създаването на Втората българска държава и участието на власите
2423:(in Romanian). Editura Academiei RSR. p. 4. Archived from
1602:
1400:
1107:
Romanian chronicles written in the 17th century narrate that a
955:
745:
700:
626:, had to pay tribute to the Mongols; and west of the river, in
599:
576:
2888:
Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries)
2280:
2278:
1529:
1505:
1287:
901:
Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot
862:
454:
101:
970:
2812:
A Broken Mirror: The Kipçak World in the Thirteenth Century
2275:
1112:
839:
830:
3018:(The History of the Romanians). Librairie Artheme Fayard.
1552:(‘parts beyond the mountains’) in documents issued by the
688:
2934:
East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages
2820:
East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages
1571:. Their correspondence and records used the expression "
847:
they defeated a joint Rus’-Cuman army at the river Kalka
2723:
Tradiția istorică despre întemeierea statelor românești
657:
valleys chose as leader one of their number, a certain
912:
bishopric are only first mentioned in relation to the
699:
Among the oldest attestations of the countries of the
567:), that is the establishment of the first independent
2671:
2669:
2667:
872:, located in northeastern Wallachia and southwestern
333:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1639:
1445:
857:
subjected himself and his people to the future King
2134:
2132:
1422:asked for a truce, offering to refund 7,000 silver
2664:
2164:
2162:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2001:
1999:
681:, was set up during the reign of Basarab I's son,
2911:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500
2864:Българо-румънски връзки и отношения през вековете
2331:
2329:
3094:
3053:Възстановяване на българската държава, 1185–1197
2730:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
2129:
1407:"Basarab of Wallachia, unfaithful to the king's
1399:which indicates that at that time Basarab was a
1044:were given to the Knights Hospitallers. But the
2753:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
2600:
2598:
2596:
2159:
2076:
1996:
1339:– Chronicle of Radu Popescu (Cronica Balenilor)
923:from the end of the 12th century. To that end,
3082:"The Cumans in Romania’s History (10.09.2007)"
2445:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2310:
2308:
2268:
2266:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1096:
943:. Its first ban, Luke, was mentioned in 1233.
785:In 1185, the Balkan Vlachs, together with the
2577:
2575:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2414:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2122:
2120:
1567:. The princes' absolute power was held to be
1413:(Bazarab Transalpinum regie corone infidelem)
707:book of geography. The passage represents an
536:
2593:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2185:
2183:
1773:
1771:
2338:
2305:
2263:
2033:
2031:
2029:
1989:
1987:
1911:
1909:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1780:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1703:
1177:, these Romanians swore allegiance to him.
1069:was restricted to the Oltenian part of the
1020:. In 1247, King Béla IV tried to bring the
2926:The Cuman Bishopric: Genesis and Evolution
2572:
2547:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2231:
2117:
1461:(1331–1371) on the throne of the tzars of
1173:. After the arrival of Radu Negru and his
887:(1227–1241), as the pope complained about
543:
529:
2882:; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University Press.
2612:
2610:
2529:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2180:
1932:
1930:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1768:
1617:(1342–1382) granted the region to Prince
939:), on the Danube, in the vicinity of the
679:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
3058:Treptow, Kurt W.; Bolovan, Ioan (1996).
2026:
1984:
1906:
1798:
1743:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1588:
1471:
1357:
1343:
1265:
1233:
992:
896:
845:The Mongols entered Europe in 1223 when
715:", situated in the neighborhood of the "
2962:Treptow, Kurt W.; Popa, Marcel (1996).
2894:Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (2005);
689:Last centuries of the Early Middle Ages
649:region in the 1290s after crossing the
3095:
2835:Romanians and Romania: A Brief History
2607:
2201:
1927:
1823:
1628:During the reign of Mircea the Elder,
1270:The Princely Church in Curtea de Argeş
1162:according to the earliest chronicles.
1150:The Romanian term for the "founding" (
1679:
2936:; The University of Michigan Press.
2822:; The University of Michigan Press.
2454:. www.bmb-on-line.ro. Archived from
1029:s) in Oltenia and western Muntenia.
645:(‘Radu the Black’) arrived from the
2374:
2356:Treptow, Popa 1996, pp. xvii–xviii.
13:
2994:
2913:. University of Washington Press.
1158:, the other Romanian principality
1025:territorial-administrative units (
14:
3124:
3074:
1668:Bulgarian lands across the Danube
1548:(‘land beyond the mountains’) or
1446:Aftermath of the Battle of Posada
1225:(comes Laurentius de Longo Campo)
2964:Historical Dictionary of Romania
2852:, Ed. Militară, București, 1975.
1642:
1200:doubted the existence of such a
695:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
512:
45:
3031:Romania: An Illustrated History
2792:. Ohio State University Press.
2693:Engel 2001, pp. 165, 232., 442.
2687:
2678:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2584:
2563:
2520:
2469:
2439:
2408:
2399:
2375:Pop, Florina (29 August 2015).
2368:
2359:
2350:
2317:
2296:
2287:
2254:
2245:
2192:
2171:
2150:
2141:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2017:
2008:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1918:
1903:Spinei 2009, pp. 114., 116–117.
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1814:
1397:(woiuodam nostrum Transalpinum)
1208:who identifies Negru Vodă with
894:active among the local Vlachs.
2981:. Cambridge University Press.
2896:History of Romania: Compendium
2868:Изследвания, т. І (ХІІ-ХІХ в.)
2810:Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2005).
2743:Dimitrov, Ivan Zhelev (2007).
2732:. Cambridge University Press.
2721:Brătianu, Gheorghe I. (1980).
2710:. Cambridge University Press.
1759:
1734:
1725:
590:Prior to the consolidation of
1:
2837:. Columbia University Press.
2699:
2383:(in Romanian). Archived from
1500:The new state was denoted as
630:, they were oppressed by the
618:after 1242. The Romanians in
610:(the westernmost part of the
598:– the last of them being the
352:Socialist Republic of Romania
3062:. East European Monographs.
3014:Durandin, Catherine (1995).
3004:. East European Monographs.
2966:. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
2684:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. xvii.
2415:Grecesu, C.; Simionescu, D.
2284:Brătianu 1980, pp. 93., 102.
1673:
916:by Roger of Torre Maggiore.
565:descălecatul Țării Românești
206:Principality of Transylvania
7:
3000:Castellan, Georges (1989).
2335:Brătianu 1980, pp. 102–103.
2323:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 135.
1731:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 218.
1635:
1097:'Dismounting' by Radu Negru
905:The Diocese of Cumania was
10:
3129:
3002:A History of the Romanians
2872:Rădvan, Laurenţiu (2009).
2777:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
2675:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 89.
2634:Treptow, Popa 1996, p. 46.
2590:Georgescu 1991, pp. 33–34.
2177:Korobeinikov 2005, p. 406.
2138:Korobeinikov 2005, p. 390.
2064:Spinei 2005, pp. 426., 436
2023:Korobeinikov 2005, p. 388.
1765:Vásáry 2005, pp. 144, 148.
1506:
1452:Romania in the Middle Ages
1449:
1389:Michael Šišman of Bulgaria
1347:
1100:
978:
692:
671:his great military victory
261:1848 Wallachian Revolution
80:Prehistory of Transylvania
65:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
16:Aspect of Romanian history
3086:Samuelson, James (1882).
3044:Коледаров, Петър (1989).
3033:. Hippocrene Books, Inc.
3029:Klepper, Nicolae (2005).
2803:Gjuzelev, Vassil (1981).
2452:Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc
1972:Engel 2001, pp. 90., 431.
1605:) one by one fell to the
1286:and by the waters of the
256:1848 Moldavian Revolution
2951:. Koninklijke Brill NV.
2909:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994).
2886:Sălăgean, Tudor (2006):
2848:Popescu, Petru Demetru.
2833:Pop, Ioan Aurel (1999).
2790:The Romanians: A History
2788:Georgescu, Vlad (1991).
2755:; Blackwell Publishing;
2706:Angold, Michael (2006).
2251:Curta 2006, pp. 407–408.
1619:Vladislav I of Wallachia
1532:documents used the term
1403:of the king of Hungary.
1185:s of Wallachia, such as
999:Diploma of the Joannites
817:(1205–1235) settled the
164:Voivodeship of Maramureș
149:Banat in the Middle Ages
3113:Romanian principalities
3080:Lambru, Steliu (2007).
2977:Vásáry, István (2005).
2947:Spinei, Victor (2009).
2924:Spinei, Victor (2005).
2766:Djuvara, Neagu (2007).
1945:Vásáry 2005, pp. 29–30.
1876:Spinei 2009, pp. 50–51.
1663:Balkan–Danubian culture
975:s in medieval documents
914:Mongol invasion of 1241
802:) "of all Bulgaria and
791:Second Bulgarian Empire
318:Union with Transylvania
226:Danubian Principalities
159:Second Bulgarian Empire
144:History of Transylvania
117:Origin of the Romanians
3051:Петров, Петър (1985).
2932:Curta, Florin (2005);
2818:Curta, Florin (2005);
2745:Bulgarian Christianity
2728:Curta, Florin (2006).
2661:Georgescu 1991, p. 48.
2652:Georgescu 1991, p. 47.
2604:Georgescu 1991, p. 34.
2526:Sălăgean 2006, p. 195.
2260:Georgescu 1991, p. 16.
1858:Georgescu 1991, p. 27.
1849:Georgescu 1991, p. 33.
1795:Sălăgean 2006, p. 193.
1722:Georgescu 1991, p. 17.
1594:
1514:diploma issued by the
1480:
1372:
1350:Basarab I of Wallachia
1341:
1325:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1246:
1189:(c. 1377–c. 1383) and
1001:
902:
564:
154:First Bulgarian Empire
3016:Historie des Roumains
2855:Примов, Боян (1965).
2347:Brătianu 1980, p. 90.
2314:Brătianu 1980, p. 93.
2272:Brătianu 1980, p. 87.
1954:Dimitrov 2007, p. 52.
1592:
1478:Basarab royal dynasty
1475:
1381:Ioannes Kantakouzenos
1361:
1344:Basarab I the Founder
1326:
1322:Cantacuzino Chronicle
1290:, reaching as far as
1273:
1269:
1237:
996:
933:Drobeta-Turnu Severin
900:
836:(ultra montes nivium)
557:founding of Wallachia
308:Union with Bessarabia
271:United Principalities
169:Founding of Wallachia
75:Bronze Age in Romania
3108:History of Wallachia
3060:A History of Romania
2625:Sedlar 1994, p. 260.
2581:Vásáry 2005, p. 143.
2560:Vásáry 2005, p. 142.
2517:Vásáry 2005, p. 154.
2499:Vásáry 2005, p. 150.
2487:Vásáry 2005, p. 149.
2446:Stoica Ludescu (?).
2242:Vásáry 2005, p. 147.
2198:Vásáry 2005, p. 144.
2168:Spinei 2009, p. 167.
2147:Spinei 2009, p. 166.
2126:Vásáry 2005, p. 146.
2114:Spinei 2005, p. 421.
2105:Vásáry 2005, p. 136.
2096:Vásáry 2005, p. 138.
2087:Spinei 2005, p. 432.
2055:Spinei 2005, p. 423.
2046:Spinei 2005, p. 427.
2014:Spinei 2005, p. 418.
2005:Spinei 2005, p. 417.
1981:Spinei 2009, p. 146.
1777:Vásáry 2005, p. 148.
1658:Founding of Moldavia
1022:Knights Hospitallers
815:Andrew II of Hungary
675:Charles I of Hungary
573:Carpathian Mountains
447:By historical region
246:Transylvanian School
174:Founding of Moldavia
2773:Engel, Pál (2001).
2751:Parry, Ken (2007);
2643:Sedlar 1994, p. 59.
2569:Rădvan 2009, p. 47.
2544:Angold 2006, p. 26.
2475:Popescu 1975, p. 13
2427:on 25 November 2023
2405:Rădvan 2009, p. 50.
2302:Engel 2001, p. 119.
2293:Curta 2006, p. 354.
2228:Curta 2006, p. 407.
2189:Curta 2006, p. 413.
2156:Spinei 2009, p. 38.
2073:Curta 2006, p. 352.
1963:Vásáry 2005, p. 31.
1924:Vásáry 2005, p. 21.
1894:Curta 2006, p. 306.
1885:Spinei 2009, p. 81.
1867:Spinei 2009, p. 50.
1820:Engel 2001, p. 434.
1811:Rădvan 2009, p. 48.
1756:Sedlar 1994, p. 24.
1573:By the Grace of God
1550:partes transalpinae
772:Rus’ principalities
634:, appointed by the
413:Historical timeline
313:Union with Bukovina
281:War of Independence
3103:Medieval Wallachia
2037:Engel 2001, p. 95.
1993:Engel 2001, p. 90.
1915:Vásáry 2005, p. 7.
1615:Louis I of Hungary
1595:
1522:and master of all
1481:
1373:
1272:
1264:
1002:
903:
870:Diocese of Cumania
859:Béla IV of Hungary
719:’ country" and of
651:Transylvanian Alps
616:Kingdom of Hungary
519:Romania portal
384:Romania since 1989
295:Kingdom of Romania
239:National Awakening
211:Eyalet of Temesvar
193:Early Modern Times
3024:978-2-213-59425-5
2957:978-90-04-17536-5
2942:978-0-472-11498-6
2904:978-973-7784-12-4
2828:978-0-472-11498-6
2761:978-0-631-23423-4
2738:978-0-521-89452-4
2716:978-0-521-81113-2
1569:divinely ordained
1565:absolute monarchy
1554:Royal Chancellery
1546:terra transalpina
1032:Two of them, the
821:in the region of
683:Nicolae Alexandru
575:, and the Rivers
553:
552:
408:Romanian language
360:Soviet occupation
3120:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2616:Pop 1999, p. 51.
2614:
2605:
2602:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2545:
2542:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2500:
2497:
2488:
2485:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2387:on 15 March 2017
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2336:
2333:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2273:
2270:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2229:
2226:
2215:
2214:Pop 1999, p. 44.
2212:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2127:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1994:
1991:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:Pop 1999, p. 40.
1934:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1840:Pop 1999, p. 46.
1838:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1793:
1778:
1775:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1741:
1740:Pop 1999, p. 30.
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1701:
1700:Pop 1999, p. 45.
1698:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1611:Mircea the Elder
1509:
1508:
1433:Battle of Posada
1369:Chronicon Pictum
1364:Battle of Posada
1354:Battle of Posada
1323:
1254:
1229:comes Laurentius
1006:Wallachian Plain
952:Desht-i Quipchaq
921:Balkan Peninsula
819:Teutonic Knights
780:Balkan Mountains
776:Byzantine Empire
636:Kings of Hungary
545:
538:
531:
517:
516:
515:
418:Military history
403:Economic history
70:Hamangia culture
49:
39:
21:
20:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3093:
3092:
3077:
2997:
2995:Further reading
2992:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2688:
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2679:
2674:
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2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2381:www.historia.ro
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2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1992:
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1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
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1643:
1641:
1638:
1542:Wallachia minor
1538:Wallachia maior
1454:
1448:
1356:
1348:Main articles:
1346:
1324:
1321:
1250:
1145:Curtea de Argeș
1115:of Făgăraș and
1105:
1099:
991:
979:Main articles:
977:
885:Pope Gregory IX
752:approached the
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691:
632:Bans of Severin
596:nomadic peoples
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378:Post-Revolution
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328:Fascist Kingdom
323:Greater Romania
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3075:External links
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1650:Romania portal
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1607:Ottoman Empire
1459:Ivan Alexander
1450:Main article:
1447:
1444:
1395:of Wallachia"
1345:
1342:
1319:
1239:Făgăraș Castle
1191:Neagoe Basarab
1129:terra Blacorum
1101:Main article:
1098:
1095:
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867:Roman Catholic
813:In 1211, King
693:Main article:
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2458:on 2011-07-27
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1990:
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1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
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1625:(1387–1437).
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1524:Oungrovlachia
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1502:Oungrovlachia
1498:
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1495:Oungrovlachia
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1206:Neagu Djuvara
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1198:Nicolae Iorga
1194:
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965:Dnieper River
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2471:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:the original
2451:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2425:the original
2421:dokumen.tips
2420:
2410:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2385:the original
2380:
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2365:Djuvara 2007
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2019:
2010:
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1968:
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1920:
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1507:Οὐγγροβλαχία
1501:
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881:crown prince
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827:Transylvania
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807:
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784:
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762:lower Danube
754:Danube Delta
750:Turkic tribe
743:
738:
732:
720:
712:
698:
665:
663:
640:
608:Golden Horde
589:
556:
554:
495:Transylvania
423:Christianity
338:World War II
216:Varat Eyalet
168:
18:
2431:25 November
1298:. Then the
1210:Thocomerius
1160:was founded
594:, waves of
303:World War I
221:Phanariotes
131:Middle Ages
112:Roman Dacia
107:Dacian Wars
36:History of
3097:Categories
2700:References
2462:2010-04-25
1409:Holy Crown
1221:tomb stone
1175:descălecat
1152:descălecat
1133:Cistercian
1103:Radu Negru
941:Iron Gates
787:Bulgarians
731:chronicle
717:Sarmatians
673:over King
643:Radu Negru
614:) and the
365:Revolution
57:Prehistory
2850:Basarab I
2391:29 August
1674:Footnotes
1623:Sigismund
1534:Wallachia
1296:Nicopolis
1292:Maramureș
1260:Fogarasch
1252:‹See Tfd›
1243:Hungarian
1141:Câmpulung
1135:abbey at
1079:Dâmbovița
1063:Hunedoara
973:voivodate
971:Earliest
948:Batu Khan
878:Hungarian
734:Oghuzname
624:Olt River
592:Wallachia
500:Wallachia
475:Maramureș
94:Antiquity
1636:See also
1599:Bulgaria
1584:Basarabs
1463:Bulgaria
1329:In 6798
1320:—
1308:In 6798
1167:Strehaia
1156:Moldavia
1073:valley.
1067:kenezate
1054:Seneslau
1048:s under
1046:kenezate
1038:Johannes
1034:kenezate
1027:kenezate
1017:voivodes
985:Seneslau
892:prelates
889:Orthodox
874:Moldavia
855:Boricius
849:(now in
774:and the
760:and the
758:Aral Sea
725:Bulgaria
721:"Zagura"
705:Armenian
620:Muntenia
602:and the
569:Romanian
561:Romanian
485:Muntenia
480:Moldavia
465:Bukovina
396:By topic
27:a series
25:Part of
1630:Dobruja
1577:voivode
1558:voivode
1520:voivode
1467:Tarnovo
1440:voivode
1420:voivode
1393:voivode
1385:History
1383:in his
1377:voivode
1366:in the
1335:Făgăraș
1247:Fogaras
1202:voivode
1183:voivode
1171:Craiova
1121:voivode
1087:Voivode
1075:Voivode
1059:Voivode
1050:Litovoi
981:Litovoi
937:Romania
925:Oltenia
908:de jure
851:Ukraine
808:Vlachia
804:Vlachia
800:primate
666:Voivode
664:It was
659:Basarab
647:Făgăraș
628:Oltenia
604:Mongols
490:Oltenia
470:Dobruja
460:Crișana
433:Judaism
38:Romania
3066:
3037:
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3008:
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2970:
2955:
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2917:
2902:
2841:
2826:
2796:
2781:
2759:
2736:
2714:
1603:Serbia
1486:Vicina
1401:vassal
1379:. But
1314:Brăila
1300:boyars
1256:German
1187:Radu I
1125:Saxons
1109:herțeg
1091:Bărbat
1042:Farcaş
1011:knezes
989:Bărbat
987:, and
956:steppe
954:(‘the
865:. The
823:Brașov
796:primas
746:Cumans
739:(Ulak)
729:Turkic
701:Vlachs
600:Cumans
585:Milcov
577:Danube
29:on the
3048:. БАН
1530:Latin
1516:synod
1512:Greek
1424:marks
1284:Mureș
1137:Cârța
1117:Almaș
1036:s of
863:tithe
840:papal
767:khans
713:Balak
655:Argeș
581:Siret
455:Banat
428:Islam
276:ASTRA
135:Early
102:Dacia
3064:ISBN
3035:ISBN
3020:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2968:ISBN
2953:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2839:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2794:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2433:2023
2393:2015
1362:The
1352:and
1288:Tisa
1217:mark
1169:and
1143:and
1113:duke
1052:and
1040:and
1014:and
883:and
831:fief
748:, a
744:The
583:and
555:The
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