Banat in the Middle Ages

1655: 716: 1680: 1326:, about 50-80 per cent of the settlements in the lowlands of Banat were abandoned during the Mongol invasion. He refers to a 1232 royal charter that listed 19-20 villages, out of which only 4 settlements were mentioned in documents written after the Mongol invasion. Archaeological research also evidences that many cemeteries were abandoned in the mid-13th-century, although the opening of new cemeteries at other places during the same period is also documented. Most royal fortresses, which were made of earth and timber, were abandoned and new stone forts were erected. Érdsomlyó (near Vršac) was first mentioned in 1255, and Caransebeș in 1290. Orșova and Timișoara developed into important centers of commerce. 1091: 1812:

of them had been abandoned by the first decade of the 16th century. Out of the 168 settlements where Catholic parishes were documented in the 14th century, only about 115 survived till the mid-16th century. Most of the surviving villages were inhabited by Serbs. Serbs came to the southern region in five major waves during the reigns of Sigismund and Matthias Corvinus. They settled in the lowlands of Keve, Krassó, Temes and Torontal Counties where Catholic peasants had lived a century earlier, according to papal registers. During Corvinus's reign, thousands of mainly Serbian peasants were granted the status of

1087:, Byzantine style went out of fashion in Banat: both burial assemblages of the "second South Danubian horizon" and Byzantine coins disappeared. Neither can elements of the "Bijelo Brdo" burial assemblages be detected after around 1200. The graves of the "Late Arpadian burial horizon" did not contain weapons and food offerings. Instead of ornamented belt mounts, finger rings decorated with lilies or double crosses became important symbols of social status both in the lowlands and the mountains. Many 13th-century cemeteries developed in places that had not been previously occupied. 827: 1288: 1499: 849:. Lock rings with S-shaped ends were its featuring items, but typical objects of the "steppe horizon" also survived, and the graves also yielded artefacts made after Byzantine patterns. The first cemeteries of this horizon, with their graves arranged in rows, appeared around 975, especially in the northwestern lowlands. In the large "Bijelo Brdo" cemeteries, graves of warriors (men buried with sabers or swords) were surrounded by hundreds of graves that did not yield weapons. 28: 751:" type bracelets, pendants, collar ornaments and buttons were found. The earliest graves of this "steppe burial horizon" were found near the confluence of the Tisza and Mureș. They yielded no artefacts of Byzantine provenance. From the 930s, artifacts which either represented a new style emerging in the Carpathian Basin, or were copied after Byzantine patterns were placed in the graves. The "steppe burial horizon" can archaeologically be detected till the last decades of the 575: 1271: 935: 595:. No contemporaneous source explicitly substantiates this idea, but the Bulgars' attempts to conquer their neighbors' territories are documented. The envoys of the Praedenecenti "complained about vicious aggression by the Bulgars and asked for help against them" during their visit in Aachen in 824. A Bulgar military commander, Onegavonais, drowned in the Tisza around 830, according to an inscription found at 433: 1633:). According to historian Ion-Aurel Pop, these acts of violence demonstrate the knezes' attempt to protect their ancient property rights against the Hungarian noblemen. Historian István Petrovics writes that the pastoralist way of life of the Vlachs, who were newcomers in Banat, gave rise to their conflicts with their more settled neighbors. 1827:, who was elected king of Hungary after the death of Corvinus in 1490. The Ottomans made regular incursions against southern Hungary during the following years, but they could not capture important fortresses. Hungary and the Ottoman Empire signed a peace treaty in 1503, which was renewed in 1510 and in 1511. 775:. Both the custom of "Charon's obol" and the graves of the "South Danubian burial horizon" were attributed to the Vlachs (whose presence in Banat is mentioned in later sources), but neither hypotheses have been universally accepted. Historians, who say that the Vlachs were present in the region already in the 1054:. Most semi-sunken huts had simple open fireplaces in the center or near the wall, but ovens were also found in some buildings. The local inhabitants used wheel-made vessels, especially jars, which were decorated by simple incisions and impressions. Bishop Gerard's hagiographies referred to the use of 1006:

Bishop Gerard's legends claim that the Christianization of Banat occurred peacefully. Many people visited Gerard, bringing horses, cattle, sheep, carpets, golden rings and necklaces (the most valuable goods of a nomadic society) to the saintly bishop, to receive baptism from him. However, the burying

1811:

Being exposed to raids from the Ottoman Empire, the settlement structure of Banat underwent significant changes from the beginning of the 15th century. The Cseri domain in Temes County included more than 70 villages inhabited by Hungarian or Vlach peasants in the early 15th century, but more than 50

1740:

Ottoman documents from the 1570s mention seven Eastern Orthodox monasteries in the mountainous region. The existence of four of them can also be archaeologically evidenced. The simple tri-clone plan of the churches (which appeared in Serbia in the 14th century and also spread in Wallachia) show that

1474:

can be dated to the same century. Frequent references to conflicts in connection with horses and oxen show the importance of draft animals in local economy. Pork was the most important meat in the peasants' diet, according to archaeological evidence from Remetea. Fishing, and hunting for wild boars,

1150:

in 1223. Archaeological research has proved that a manor existed on a hill at Ilidia. Historian Dumitru Țeicu says that the fort at Ilidia evidences the process of the implementation of the Hungarian monarchs' rule among the local Vlachs in the early 13th century, because royal charter from the next

1033:

and along the Danube, with graves arranged in rows, yielding artefacts imported from the Byzantine Empire or inspired by Byzantine style. Lock rings with S-shaped ends and other featuring "Bijelo Brdo" artefacts were also found in the same cemeteries. The deceased were buried with folded arms; their

770:

and Deta. The "Köttlach-type" artefacts found at Deta have been attributed to Slavs from Carinthia, but other finds (including ornamented belts) may also indicate a multicultural community, using imported goods. Burial assemblages yielding artifacts from the Balkan Peninsula have been documented in

905:

described Ajtony as the descendant of Glad which gave rise to his presentation as the last member of a "native dynasty" in Romanian historiography. Ajtony was baptized in Vidin and established a monastery for Greek monks in his seat. He owned innumerable cattle and horses and wanted to levy tax on

1744:

Sigismund granted all royal possessions in Banat and the Banate of Severin to the Teutonic Knights in 1429. The Knights estimated the expenses of the defence at about 315,000 golden florins a year. To meet the expenses, they were granted significant sources of income, including the royal revenues

1636:

Louis I of Hungary, who made several attempts to expand his authority over Wallachia and Bulgaria, regarded the southern region of Banat as an important military zone. He confirmed the privileges of the Pechenegs who lived in their village in Csanád County, stating that they had "the duty to bear

818:

in the early 950s. On this occasion, a Greek monk, Hierotheus was ordained "bishop of Turkey" (that is bishop of Hungary) to accompany Gylas back to his homeland. Bishop Hierotheus "converted many from the barbaric fallacy to Christianity", according to Skylitzes. Traditional scholarly consensus

1775:

of Temes, Arad, Csanád, Keve and Krassó Counties in 1441, thus again uniting the administration of most Banat. Hunyadi granted nobility to at least five Vlach knezes in Temes County after the Diet of Hungary elected him governor of the kingdom in 1446. The new status of the local knezes did not

1522:

functioned along the rivers Nera, Caraș, Bârzava and Pogăniș. Mills yielded significant income to the noblemen, because the peasants were to grind their wheat there. The Himffys earned a yearly income of 5,5 florins from the mills in their domain at Remetea. In 1372, Louis I prescribed that the

1028:

The earliest cemeteries of the second phase of the "Bijelo Brdo culture" yielded coins minted during the reign of Stephen I. Thereafter only coins struck for Hungarian monarchs were deposited in 11th-century graves. The growing number of graves with deposited coins coincided with the gradual

1029:

disappearance of featuring items of the "steppe burial horizon". Some "Bijelo Brdo" cemeteries did not yield any "steppe" artefacts; instead, twisted or braided wire rings and other artefacts copying Byzantine style were put into the graves. Around 1100, a new burial horizon appeared in the

823:(to the east of Banat), but the concentration of Byzantine coins minted between 948 and 959 at the confluence of the Tisza and the Mureş may indicate that Gylas's seat was located in Banat. The only 10th-century pectoral cross (a small copper cross) in the region was discovered at Deta. 1625:; in 1357, three Vlach knezes sued the noble John Besenyő for two estates on the upper course of the Karaš in 1357, stating that Charles I of Hungary had granted them the estates; in 1364, the noble Andrew Torma accused Knez Demetrius of Comyan of having destroyed his estate at 603:(the burial in coffins together with meat offerings) to the Bulgars, but the same burial rite had already been practised in the Avar Khaganate. Such graves cluster at the confluence of the Mureș and the Tisza, but graves with coffins and meat offerings were also unearthed at 1645:

together with their children, wives and all their possession" to be again baptized according to Catholic rite. According to a royal charter issued in 1428, Louis I also decreed that only Catholic noblemen were allowed to own landed property in the region of Caransebeș.

1590:

were mentioned in Banat. The Vlachs' local leaders, who were titled either as knezes or voivodes, were mentioned from around 1350. Their residences and the Orthodox churches built in their estates can archaeologically be documented from the same century. At

1435:. Building projects evidence that he planned to set up a new royal residence in the town, but he returned his seat to the middle of Hungary in 1323. During Charles I's reign, new stone fortresses were built, not independently of Charles I's conflicts with 1724:

of Temes still held royal castles and the domains attached to them in their county. Scolari rebuilt and strengthened the fortresses, and erected 14 new forts along the Danube. Sigismund granted large domains (including Bečkerek and Vršac in Banat) to

362:

in Romania), played a preeminent role in the process, according to hagiographic works written centuries later. More than a dozen monasteries (including at least three Orthodox monasteries) were established in the region before the mid-13th century.

1364:, in 1262. Stephen, who adopted the titles "younger king" and "lord of the Cumans", received the lands to the east of the Danube. The kingdom was reunited when Béla IV died in 1270. Hungary plunged into anarchy during the reign of Stephen V's son, 1850:, the commander of the crusader army on 25 April 1514. After the peasants refused to pay taxes and began plundering the noblemen's manors, Vladislaus, ordered them to disband. Dózsa did not obey the king's command and routed the united army of 1037:

Archaeological research evidence that 11th- and 12th-century peasants lived in huts which were partially dug into the soil. A rectangular hut with rounded corners, dated to the late 11th or early 12th century, was excavated at

1034:

graves contained no weapons or food offerings. This "second South Danubian horizon" may represent either the development of a new fashion (influenced by contemporaneous Byzantine style), or the arrival of a new population.

5685: 1585:

evidence that Vlachs (or Romanians) were present in Banat. The first recorded place name of Romanian origin was mentioned on a list of the Telegdis' villages in Arad County in 1337. By the end of the century, a dozen

1253:

to settle in the lowlands of Hungary in 1237. The Cumans' nomadic way of life caused conflicts with the local inhabitants who accused them of cooperating with the Mongols. After the supreme leader of the Cumans,

1795:

of Temes County, tasking him with the defense of all royal castles on the border from Belgrade to Turnu Severin in 1479. The new official was also authorized to collect all royal taxes in the southern counties.

1733:, in 1411 to strengthen his loyalty. Scolari's death in 1426 put an end to the united administration of the seven southern counties. Lazarević also died in 1427 and his domains in Hungary were inherited by 1376:, persuaded him to make a promise to force the Cumans to abandon their pagan customs and to adopt a settled way of life. The Cumans rose up in 1280 and decided to leave Hungary. Although the royal army 922:(Ajtony's former retainer who had deserted him) at the head of the royal army against Ajtony. Csanád defeated and killed Ajtony in a battle at an unspecified date (either around 1003 or around 1030). 491:), inhabited Banat after the fall of the khaganate. Contemporaneous sources only sporadically mentioned political events in 9th-century Banat. Archaeological finds that can certainly be dated to the 1566:, on King Charles's behalf about the movement of the voivode and his people "from his country" (Serbia or Wallachia) to Hungary between the autumn of 1334 and the summer of 1335. Charles I's son, 1610:

stated that the obligatory payment of tithes was one of the main obstacles of the conversion of non-Catholics (including Cumans and Vlachs) in Hungary. The Vlachs paid a special in kind tax, the

731:. Small cemeteries and solitary burials feature it, showing that the nearby communities lived in small groups. The deceased were buried together with the skull or legs of their horses and with 1391:) ruled their large domains independently of the monarch. After Andrew III died in 1301, no claimants to the throne could stabilize their positions for years. Taking advantage of the anarchy, 771:

about a dozen cemeteries, especially in the southern region. These isolated graves and small cemeteries may show the presence of a distinct ethnic group, or prove commercial contacts with the

1637:

arms according to ancient custom". After the conquest of Vidin in Bulgaria in 1365, Louis I decided to convert the local Orthodox population into Roman Catholicism. His chronicler,

1419:, who had been crowned king of Hungary in 1310, captured Vejtehi around 1315, but Vejtehi's sons were only forced to give up their fortress at Mehadia more than six years later. 5339:

Az Árpád-kori Magyarország történeti földrajza, I: Abaújvár, Arad, Árva, Bács, Baranya, Bars, Békés, Bereg, Beszterce, Bihar, Bodrog, Borsod, Brassó, Csanád és Csongrád megye

1776:

influence the position of the Vlach commoners who lived in the knezes' estates, because they preserved their liberties, including their right to be judged by elected jurors.

1345:

tribes settled in Banat, the Borchols and the Koors. Graves yielding torcs and other objects that are similar to 13th-century finds from the Pontic steppes were excavated at

1357:

also indicate the presence of Cumans or other Turkic-speaking groups. The Cumans converted to Christianity, but their conversion was only superficial for almost a century.

5511:

Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).

966:. The counties were administrative units organized around fortresses, which were initially all possessed by the monarchs. According to a widely accepted scholarly theory, 1753:

and the Cumans for two years and the "fifth" levied on the Vlachs for three years. However, the Ottomans seriously defeated the Knights in 1432 and they abandoned Banat.

758:

There are about a dozen 10th-century cemeteries with burial assemblages that differ from the "steppe burial horizon". The north-south orientation of a child's grave at

424:

were tasked with the defence of the frontier, which enabled them to unite most counties of Banat under their rule and to administer all royal fortresses in the region.

370:

brought severe destruction in 1241–42, causing the disappearance of dozens of villages. After the withdrawal of the Mongols, new fortresses, made of stone, were built.

1874:, Voivode of Transylvania, came to assist Báthory who defended the town. Zápolya defeated the peasants on 15 July and captured Dózsa, who was tortured and executed. 548:) in 9th-century Western European sources, which suggests that the Praedenecenti lived to the north of the Danube, near its confluence with the Tisza. Around 850, a 5319:(in Hungarian). Szegedi Tudományegyetem Régészeti Tanszéke, Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Régészeti Intézet. 5136:(Translated by John Wortley, with Introductions by Jean-Claude Cheynet and Bernard Flusin and Notes by Jean-Claude Cheynet) (2010). Cambridge University Press. 1042:. It was 6 by 4 metres (20 ft × 13 ft) in size; its entrance was a small corridor on its northeastern side. Similar dwellings from the 12th and 5589:

Petrovics, István (2009). "Foreign Ethnic Groups in the Towns of Southern Hungary in the Middle Ages". In Keene, Derek; Nagy, Balázs; Szende, Katalin (eds.).

719:

The appearance of Hungarian tribal names in settlement names, according to Sándor Török (Banat is located in the southeastern region of the Carpathian Basin)

557: 806:. Rivers, mountains and settlements bearing Hungarian names in the Middle Ages also show the presence of Hungarian-speaking groups. The Byzantine historian 410:

made several attempts to convert his Orthodox subjects into Roman Catholicism in Banat in the 1360s. The region became an important frontier zone after the

1985: 1380:

near Lake Hód to the east of the Tisza in 1280 or 1282, the Borchol tribe from Temes County and an unnamed nearby tribe managed to flee from the kingdom.

1654: 1523:

peasants along the Timiș were to be use the royal mills. The iron mines in the Dognecea Mountains were the monarchs' property. Regional fairs held at

5430:"Geneza şi evoluţia voievodatului bănăţean din secolul al X-lea [Genesis and evolution of the voivodeship in Banat in the 10th century]" 1599:

in the second half of the century. Written sources do not reveal which Orthodox bishopric had jurisdiction over the Orthodox parishes in Banat.

1538:

Local noblemen invited "guest settlers" to their estates, granting them tax exemption for three years and the right to free movement. The Cuman

1319:

and pillaged the neighboring territory. The Mongols withdrew from Hungary in March 1242, after having devastated large territories for months.

990: 664:, which was written centuries after the events, contains a more detailed narration of the Hungarian Conquest. The chronicle wrote of one Duke 715: 107: 5122:(Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. 1846:, to proclaim a crusade against the Ottomans. About 40,000 peasants took up arms against the Ottomans and Bakócz made the Székely soldier, 1574:

to the six sons of a Wallachian lord, who had "left all their estates and goods" in their homeland after a conflict between King Louis and

747:

or other weapons, and ornamented belts were also placed in the graves of warriors. In women's graves, hairpins, earrings of the so-called "

528:

among the Slav peoples who sent "embassies and presents" to the Carolingian Empire in 822. The same source identified the Praedenecenti as

5610:"De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries 5363:

Az Árpád-kori Magyarország történeti földrajza, III: Heves, Hont, Hunyad, Keve, Kolozs, Komárom, Krassó, Kraszna, Küküllő megye és Kunság

5104:(Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); 1330:

merchants who delivered their goods from the Black Sea to Buda travelled through the two settlements, according to a 1279 royal charters.

1554:

in Serbia) in 1321, the Telegdis invited "guest settlers" to their five villages in 1337. Notable people also moved to Banat during the

1007:

of warriors together with their horses and other pagan customs survived for decades. Bishop Gerard also referred to his conflicts with

973:

Stephen I granted large estates to Csanád in Ajtony's former domains. Ajtony's former seat (which was renamed after Csanád) became the

647: 236: 880:. Historian Alexandru Madgearu also associated six 11th- and 12th-century churches excavated near the Mureș with Eastern Orthodoxy. 374:

settled in the lowlands around 1246. Their traditional nomadic way of life gave rise to conflicts with their neighbors for decades.

1706:, who had been king of Hungary since 1387, held a Diet in Timișoara in October 1397 to increase the defence of Hungary against the 1710:. A decree adopted at the Diet prescribed that each noblemen were to equip an archer from every peasant tenants on their estates. 762:

and the deposition of a Byzantine coin in the child's mouth imply the presence of Bulgars. The deposition of coins in the mouth ("

1702:

on 25 September 1396. Shortly thereafter, thousands of refugees came from Bulgaria to Banat and settled in the region of Lipova.

1013: 210: 1535:

and other villages were mentioned in 14th-century royal charters. Timișoara and Lipova were the most prosperous towns in Banat.

897:

on the Mureş around 1000. Ajtony's ethnicity is subject to debates among historians: he is proposed to have been of Hungarian,

5786: 5636: 5617: 5598: 5579: 5539: 5501: 5324: 5262: 5236: 5185: 5141: 5113: 5272:

Eggers, Martin (2001). "Die südöstlichen Nachbarn des Karolingerreiches im 9. Jahrhundert ". In Erkens, Franz-Reiner (ed.).

1679: 5811: 5806: 1444: 1080:) in 1128. Thereafter he seized and sacked the nearby fortress. A Byzantine army also broke into Hungary at Haram in 1162. 970:

included the whole Banat at the time of its establishment. It was mentioned for the first time in a royal charter in 1165.

117: 5816: 999:. The Greek monks, who had settled in Ajtony's seat, were transferred to a monastery that Csanád established for them at 1641:, also recorded that Louis I ordered the nobles and townspeople of Keve and Krassó Counties to gather the local "Slavic 1234: 1069:

The Byzantine Empire and Hungary waged a series of wars against each other between 1127 and 1167. The Byzantine Emperor

688:

invented him and his duchy to be able to write of the Magyars' heroic deeds during the conquest of their new homeland.

5696: 5767: 5748: 5709: 5674: 5655: 5591:

Segregation-Integration-Assimilation: Religious and Ethnic Groups in the Medieval Towns of Central and Eastern Europe

5558: 5520: 5418: 5396: 5372: 5348: 5303: 5281: 5212: 5159: 5127: 1229:

Nicholas Csák. The Pechenegs had obviously settled much earlier, but the circumstances of their arrival are unknown.

87: 1368:, who succeeded his father at the age of ten in 1272. Ladislaus was declared to be of age in 1277. A papal legate, 1274: 1130:(a border province of the Kingdom of Hungary) in the 1230s. The forts at Cenad and Haram were rebuilt in the early 367: 323:. Counties (which were established around royal fortresses) were the most prominent units of royal administration. 786:

Around 950, Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus recorded that Hungarians inhabited the region to the north of the

681: 1575: 564: 229: 1816:("warrior"). They were exempted of taxes, but they were required to provide military service on the frontier. 1388: 2200: 77: 1412: 5760:

Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century: The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State

1698:

launched a crushing defeat on the united army of Hungary, Wallachia and Western European crusaders in the

672:" in Bulgaria and ruled Banat at the time of the arrival of the Hungarians. Glad's army was "supported by 1503: 1369: 959: 316: 205: 1337:. The Cumans enjoyed an autonomous status, but they were required to respect the property rights of the 967: 518:

origin recorded already in the Middle Ages show the early presence of a Slavic-speaking population. The

169: 57: 2204: 1981: 1900: 1596: 868:, who died in 1014. Basil II confirmed the jurisdiction of the bishop of Braničevo in the same parish. 677: 102: 1333:

Béla IV persuaded many Cumans to return to Hungary in 1246. They were settled on royal domains in the

5821: 1090: 885: 222: 153: 1383:

Most lords and prelates refused to obey the king in the late 1280s. Although Ladislaus's successor,

382:

between 1315 and 1323. Colonization contributed to the development of the noblemen's estates in the

1820: 1777: 1563: 1315:

to Cenad, but a Mongol army had meanwhile seized and destroyed the town. The Mongols also captured

2052: 1787:

The administration of the southern frontier was again reformed during the reign of Hunyadi's son,

1768: 271:(a chronicle of debated reliability). Archaeological finds and 10th-century sources evidence that 1843: 1764: 1614:(or "fiftieth") after their sheep, which shows that sheep-breeding was their principal economic. 1396: 1365: 1304: 1095: 982: 338:

between around 950 and 1090) can be detected in the lowlands from around 975. Artefacts from the

97: 1734: 1638: 1595:

a dwelling tower was erected on a hill, at Berzovia a wooden manor was built on a hill near the

857: 658:, Moravians and Bulgars" shortly after their arrival. The first extant Hungarian chronicle, the 495:

are also rare. The only cemetery which yielded possibly 9th-century artefacts was discovered at

143: 1703: 1459:

excavated in Berzovia suggest that a Gothic church was built in the village after around 1350.

1436: 1292: 876:

in Antiquity), suggesting that an Orthodox parish existed in Banat in the first decades of the

724: 511: 331: 184: 5201:

Blazovich, László (1994). "Alföld; Bánát". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.).

5154:(Translated by Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers); The University of Michigan Press; 1851: 1000: 257:

which is now divided among Romania, Serbia and Hungary) started around 900. Around that time,

1404: 1384: 1334: 1279: 520: 174: 2077: 1432: 1377: 1238: 1222: 1207: 798:

and the Tisza—that flow through the Hungarians' territory. Medieval settlements named after

1416: 1361: 1218: 1139: 1123: 1119: 907: 581:'s late 9th-century duchy and its neighbors (a map partially based on the narration of the 471:

was the dominant power of the Basin between around 567 and 803. Most historians agree that

375: 308: 189: 179: 52: 2229: 2148: 1805: 1784:

of Temes, along with all royal fortresses and domains attached to it, to Hunyadi in 1455.

1392: 8: 5358: 5334: 1699: 1672: 1452: 1323: 1237:

and similar place names indicate that Pecheneg groups were also present in other places.

1135: 1039: 1022: 995: 842: 549: 411: 327: 2114:

For instance, Kunfalva ("Cumans' village" in Hungarian) in Csanád County, and the river

1859: 1726: 1622: 986: 939: 355: 351: 148: 5251: 1618: 1567: 1338: 1225:, reclaimed the Pechenegs' village, located near Igriș, that his father had granted to 865: 655: 619:

origin, may have been inherited from the Bulgars, but it may also be attributed to the

556:

as the southernmost neighbors of the empire to the north of the Danube. According to a

507: 407: 406:

forced thousands of Bulgarians and Serbs to leave their homelands and settle in Banat.

320: 133: 1760: 1559: 1532: 889:(an early-14th-century compilation of earlier sources) wrote of a powerful chieftain, 599:. Archaeologists often attribute a specific burial practice documented in the 9th and 536:

on the Danube as the neighbors of the Bulgars" when mentioning their envoys' visit in

82: 72: 5782: 5763: 5744: 5705: 5670: 5651: 5632: 5613: 5594: 5575: 5554: 5535: 5516: 5497: 5473: 5441: 5414: 5392: 5368: 5344: 5320: 5299: 5277: 5258: 5232: 5208: 5181: 5155: 5137: 5123: 5109: 1847: 1839: 1788: 1587: 1515: 1327: 1127: 944: 561: 464: 300: 92: 47: 1917: 1617:

Conflicts relating Vlach knezes were also mentioned in royal charters. In 1333, the

651: 2073: 1933:

Including, bracelets decorated with animal heads and double heart-shaped appliqués.

1730: 1440: 1408: 1143: 1077: 1070: 772: 763: 710: 660: 616: 583: 515: 444: 403: 339: 335: 267: 2180: 2010: 1111: 62: 1824: 1746: 1714: 1658: 1373: 1073: 1030: 911: 780: 727:(documented at about forty places in the lowlands) appeared in Banat in the late 550:

list of the peoples who lived along the eastern borders of the Carolingian Empire

545: 480: 395: 343: 284: 5406: 5382: 2132: 1871: 1443:

friars settled in Lipova, Orșova and other places, Dominicans in Timișoara, and

1175: 138: 2237: 1707: 1692: 1607: 1250: 1187: 815: 807: 748: 643: 639: 624: 468: 448: 399: 254: 112: 5385:(1994). "Vejtehi Teodor ". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). 1750: 1621:

Paul Magyar's servant and Knez Bratan jointly invaded the Himffys' estates at

1571: 1316: 1183: 791: 591:

Historians agree that the Bulgarian Empire dominated Banat during most of the

460: 304: 5800: 5779:

Saint Gerard of Cenad: The Destiny of a Venetian around the Year One Thousand

5477: 5445: 1989: 1904: 1791:. He granted the new title of "captain general of the inferior parts" to the 1667:(or head) of Temes County and other six counties in the early 15th century ( 1498: 1287: 1259: 1195: 1051: 974: 799: 740: 568: 541: 525: 496: 5570:

A középkori Temesvár: Fejezetek a Bega-parti város 1552 előtti történetéből

5411:

Saint Stephen and His Country: A Newborn Kingdom in Central Europe – Hungary

2216: 2192: 2164: 2060: 1960: 795: 5246: 5222: 1921: 1797: 1756: 1107: 978: 820: 421: 67: 27: 5291: 5180:(Translated and annotated by Simon MacLean); Manchester University Press; 2094: 1863: 1470:

plowing lots were first mentioned in 1323. Archaeological evidence of the

1428: 1415:

and took control of the territory between the Timiș and the Lower Danube.

1346: 1230: 1171: 802:

confirm that Hungarian communities settled in the lowlands already in the

540:

in 824. The term "Dacia" always referred to the ancient Roman province of

379: 311:. Ajtony died fighting against the royal army in the first decades of the 5225:(2001). "Transylvania around A.D. 1000". In Urbańczyk, Przemysław (ed.). 3007:

John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811-1057 (11.5), p. 231.

2115: 2102: 2090: 1592: 1387:, was recognized as lawful monarch in 1290, the most powerful barons (or 1199: 1179: 1115: 1055: 665: 578: 533: 472: 288: 258: 5409:(2001). "The Life of King Stephen the Saint". In Zsoldos, Attila (ed.). 4155: 1867: 1835: 1543: 1519: 1270: 1217:

Local Pecheneg groups were first mentioned in 1230. In that year, King

934: 787: 635: 342:

or imitating Byzantine objects were found along the Danube, and in the

276: 2945: 2056: 2006: 1968: 1870:. The peasants seized Lipova and Șoimoș, and laid siege to Timișoara. 1808:, joined forces to expel Ottoman marauders from Transylvania in 1479. 779:, propose that the Vlachs either migrated to Bulgaria or fled to the 5152:

Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories

2453: 2451: 1720:

of Temes and other six counties in southeastern Hungary in 1404. The

1695: 1471: 1296: 620: 604: 529: 488: 391: 303:

around 1000, but his attempts to control the delivery of salt on the

4167: 2233: 2136: 2022: 1630: 1491:

in medieval Banat is also well-documented. Local noblemen practised

1211: 1191: 925: 919: 826: 767: 5462:"The Church Organization at the Lower Danube, between 971 and 2001" 5461: 5429: 2156: 1831: 1606:

which was payable by all Catholic peasants to the Church. In 1328,

1492: 1456: 1265: 1203: 1063: 853: 811: 596: 553: 5494:

Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th–12th Centuries

5226: 4060: 2448: 2098: 2035: 1684: 1663: 1350: 1255: 954: 612: 416: 5781:. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. 5743:. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. 5315:

Az Erdélyi-medence, a Partium és a Bánság 10-11. századi temetői

5174:

History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: The

3999: 3997: 3946: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3771: 2208: 2128: 2039: 2014: 1511: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1246: 1167: 1008: 834: 736: 631: 608: 476: 292: 272: 5296:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

1159: 1099: 350:, evidencing the local inhabitants' conversion to Christianity. 4484: 2018: 1668: 1528: 1467: 1342: 1312: 1308: 1242: 1151:

century referred to the Vlachs living in the region of Ilidia.

1047: 898: 890: 830: 744: 732: 673: 574: 537: 484: 452: 387: 371: 296: 5551:

Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Steppe Peoples in Medieval Hungary

4667: 4048: 4036: 3994: 3917: 3827: 1890:

Including "Köttlach-type" earrings with bludgeon-like pendant.

1311:, gave a detailed description of their invasion. He fled from 1154:

The existence of new monasteries is documented from the early

1126:

and Almăj Mountains was incorporated in the newly established

696: 398:

can be documented from the same century. The expansion of the

2212: 2002: 1603: 1551: 1163: 1147: 759: 669: 456: 440: 359: 262: 19: 5762:. Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundaţia Culturală Română. 4872: 4496: 3907: 3905: 3049: 2921: 2358: 2042:

and Banatsko Arandjelovo in Serbia, and at Cenad in Romania.

432: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4628: 4462: 4460: 4421: 4396: 4394: 4379: 4115: 4113: 4111: 3880: 3878: 3700: 3583: 3581: 3003: 3001: 2480: 2478: 2382: 2203:

were mentioned in 1369, Bârzava (along the upper course of

1018: 1003:; their former monastery was granted to Benedictine monks. 5102:

Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians

4718: 4084: 3362: 3360: 3330: 3328: 2627:

Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians

2346: 2274: 5134:

John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811-1057

5062: 4968: 4805: 4694: 4520: 4328: 4130: 4128: 4096: 3902: 3851: 3717: 3715: 3551: 3500: 3189: 3187: 3148: 3124: 1562:, Archbishop of Kalocsa, conducted negotiations with one 962:, established in Ajtony's former realm, according to the 5052: 5050: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 4958: 4956: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4896: 4884: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4684: 4682: 4657: 4655: 4604: 4580: 4568: 4472: 4457: 4445: 4391: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4318: 4316: 4303: 4301: 4276: 4274: 4261: 4259: 4196: 4145: 4143: 4108: 4026: 4024: 3875: 3817: 3815: 3759: 3678: 3676: 3622: 3593: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3529: 3527: 3172: 2998: 2795: 2475: 2438: 2436: 2286: 845:", emerged in the Carpathian Basin in the middle of the 676:, Bulgarians and Vlachs", according to the same source. 611:

and other places in the lowlands. The name of the river

5690:(in Hungarian). Budapest: Országos Monografia Társaság. 4829: 4592: 3958: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3539: 3490: 3488: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3372: 3357: 3325: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3204: 3202: 3100: 2986: 2933: 2846: 2695: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2581: 2565: 2538: 2463: 2421: 2409: 766:") was also documented in 10th-century graves found at 587:, a late 12th-century chronicle of debated credibility) 560:, the source suggests that the polity mentioned by the 295:

communities can also be documented. A local chieftain,

4411: 4409: 4125: 3712: 3634: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3384: 3286: 3284: 3245: 3184: 3160: 3136: 3066: 3064: 3037: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2834: 2758: 2756: 2712: 2710: 2598: 2596: 2555: 2553: 2514: 2310: 1083:

After the Byzantine Empire disintegrated in the early

5695:

Hațegan, Ioan; Boldea, Ligia; Țeicu, Dumitru (2006).

5120:

Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio

5074: 5047: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4908: 4853: 4786: 4762: 4730: 4706: 4679: 4652: 4640: 4532: 4367: 4340: 4313: 4298: 4286: 4271: 4256: 4220: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4140: 4072: 4021: 4009: 3970: 3863: 3839: 3812: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3732: 3730: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3646: 3563: 3524: 3512: 3415: 3413: 3411: 2812: 2810: 2773: 2771: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2526: 2458:

Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio

2433: 654:

recorded that the Magyars "attacked the lands of the

443:

is the modern name of the southeastern region of the

4841: 4817: 4774: 4508: 4244: 4232: 3795: 3688: 3485: 3473: 3456: 3396: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3296: 3257: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3199: 3076: 3027: 3025: 3010: 2974: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2683: 2644: 2490: 1506:

in Banat and the neighboring territories around 1370

1262:

in 1241, they left Hungary and settled in Bulgaria.

872:

seems to have been located near the Timiș (known as

506:

After the disintegration of the Avar Khaganate, the

4616: 4544: 4433: 4406: 3605: 3437: 3313: 3281: 3269: 3061: 2957: 2870: 2753: 2741: 2707: 2608: 2593: 2550: 2298: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 1451:. The Franciscans promoted a simplified version of 1360:Béla IV divided the kingdom with his son and heir, 346:. Pagan burial rites disappeared by the end of the 5694: 5250: 5207:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 36, 78. 4556: 4208: 4179: 4173: 3982: 3934: 3890: 3783: 3742: 3727: 3658: 3408: 3112: 3088: 2858: 2822: 2807: 2783: 2768: 2722: 2502: 1866:on 23 May. Dózsa even had the bishop captured and 1106:New administrative units appeared in the sources. 3425: 3340: 3233: 3214: 3022: 2894: 2882: 2671: 2632: 2334: 2322: 1602:The Orthodox Vlachs were not required to pay the 499:, but similar objects were in use till the early 5798: 5440:. Institutul de Istorie Nicolae Iorga: 191–207. 5253:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 2253: 1462:Agricultural techniques are documented from the 1303:The Mongols stormed into Hungary in March 1241. 1266:Mongol invasion and its consequences (1241–1316) 5548: 4673: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4003: 3952: 3928: 3833: 3777: 2399: 2397: 1819:Paul Kinizsi was one of the main supporters of 1407:in Krassó County. A member of the Csanád clan, 852:According to an edict of the Byzantine Emperor 514:made attempts to control Banat. Place names of 436:Map of the region of Banat, over modern borders 5391:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 722. 5387:Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) 5203:Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) 2620: 2155:(near the river Aranca), Banatsko Aranđelovo, 1422: 5687:Temes vármegye története – Temesvár története 1834:, started a new war against Hungary in 1512, 1649: 680:whether Glad was a historical figure, or the 558:scholarly theory, refuted by most specialists 230: 108:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar 5698:Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552 2394: 5704:(in Romanian). Timișoara: Editura Banatul. 5683: 5664: 5178:of Regino of Prüm and Adalbert of Magdeburg 4161: 2292: 1804:of Temes, and the voivode of Transylvania, 739:or other horse equipments. Sabers, swords, 5532:The Mortuary Archaeology of Medieval Banat 2034:For instance, the cemeteries excavated at 1570:, granted more than ten villages near the 648:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin 237: 223: 5626: 5588: 5567: 5274:Karl der Groβe und das Erbe der Kulturen 5200: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4756: 4634: 4586: 4574: 4466: 4451: 4427: 4385: 4202: 3334: 2484: 2280: 1942:For instance, Viorel Achim and Radu Popa. 841:A new cultural synthesis, the so-called " 5734: 5491: 5459: 5427: 5357: 5333: 4610: 4478: 4400: 4361: 4119: 3884: 3765: 3587: 3378: 3366: 3251: 3193: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3043: 2992: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2665: 2587: 2544: 2469: 2427: 2415: 2388: 2364: 2352: 1678: 1653: 1497: 1286: 1269: 1089: 933: 906:the salt delivered from Transylvania to 825: 714: 650:started around 894. The contemporaneous 573: 431: 5665:Treptow, Kurt W.; Popa, Marcel (1996). 1014:Deliberatio supra hymnum trium puerorum 279:) settled in the lowlands in the early 211:Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic 5799: 5776: 5510: 5405: 5381: 5271: 4134: 3307: 2442: 1399:, expanded his authority in the early 993:in 1030, according to a record in the 5645: 5515:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. 5290: 5276:. Akademie Verlag. pp. 159–168. 5245: 5221: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5041: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4866: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4780: 4768: 4739: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4661: 4646: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4373: 4349: 4334: 4322: 4307: 4292: 4280: 4265: 4250: 4238: 4149: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4030: 4015: 3911: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3821: 3806: 3706: 3694: 3652: 3572: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3479: 3467: 3390: 3319: 3290: 3275: 3263: 3208: 3178: 3082: 3070: 3016: 2980: 2968: 2653: 2614: 2602: 2559: 2496: 2304: 1741:they were erected after around 1400. 1142:, and widow of the Byzantine Emperor 1102:(in present-day Novi Bečej in Serbia) 952:Stephen I of Hungary made Csanád the 783:after the arrival of the Hungarians. 691: 5648:Mountainous Banat in the Middle Ages 5466:Études byzantines et post-byzantines 5434:Studii şi Materiale de Istorie Medie 5312: 5193: 3055: 2876: 2828: 2801: 2762: 2747: 2716: 2340: 1194:; and unidentified monks settled at 479:, together with the remnants of the 5757: 5607: 5529: 4622: 4598: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4439: 4415: 4226: 4214: 4190: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3940: 3896: 3789: 3753: 3736: 3721: 3682: 3667: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3599: 3450: 3431: 3419: 3402: 3351: 3239: 3227: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3031: 2915: 2903: 2888: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2816: 2789: 2777: 2735: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2638: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2328: 2316: 2268: 1955:(at present-day Denta in Romania), 1447:in Gătaia before the middle of the 1158:. The Benedictines owned abbeys at 1023:great rebellion of pagan Hungarians 668:, who had come "from the castle of 630:The first recorded invasion of the 451:. It is located between the rivers 315:. His realm was transformed into a 13: 5727: 5094: 1206:. Orthodox monasteries existed at 14: 5833: 5413:. Lucidus Kiadó. pp. 15–36. 5367:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. 5343:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. 5231:. Wydawn. DiG. pp. 141–165. 1058:in local households in the early 5667:Historical Dictionary of Romania 5549:Pálóczi Horváth, András (1989). 4174:Hațegan, Boldea & Țeicu 2006 2222: 2185: 2170: 2142: 2121: 2108: 2083: 2066: 2045: 1411:, entered into an alliance with 1291:Church with a late 13th-century 1074:routed a Hungarian army at Haram 938:Martyrdom and funeral of Bishop 901:, Pecheneg or Bulgar stock. The 810:wrote of a Hungarian chieftain, 26: 5629:Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831 2370: 2089:For example, the cemeteries at 2028: 1995: 1974: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1910: 1893: 1576:Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia 1403:. He seized the domains of the 1146:) held the forts at Ilidia and 1076:on the Danube (at present-day 858:Orthodox Bishopric of Braničevo 794:, the "Toutis", the Mureş, the 790:. He mentioned five rivers—the 565:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 307:brought him into conflict with 5737:The Romanians in the Anonymous 5257:. Cambridge University Press. 2954:, pp. 470, 477, 482, 495. 1884: 1858:of Temes, and Nicholas Csáki, 1830:After the new Ottoman Sultan, 1353:. Place names recorded in the 1122:in 1214. The land between the 833:'s realm (often mentioned as " 118:French administration of Banat 88:Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes 1: 2247: 1564:Voivode Bogdan, son of Mikola 1427:Charles I moved his court to 1110:was first mentioned in 1172, 927: 837:" in Romanian historiography) 702: 698: 569:great Moravia, the unbaptized 427: 5735:Madgearu, Alexandru (2005). 5574:(in Hungarian). JATE Press. 5492:Madgearu, Alexandru (2013). 5460:Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). 5428:Madgearu, Alexandru (1998). 1780:mortgaged the office of the 1737:, the new Despot of Serbia. 1413:Michael Shishman of Bulgaria 926:Before the Mongol invasion ( 378:held his royal residence in 7: 5812:Medieval history of Romania 5807:Medieval Kingdom of Hungary 5593:. Ashgate. pp. 67–88. 5228:Europe around the year 1000 1713:Sigismund made the Italian 1542:Kondam settled peasants at 1423:Age of Angevins (1316–1395) 10: 5838: 5817:Medieval history of Serbia 5684:Szentkláray, Jenő (1911). 5568:Petrovics, István (2008). 5472:. Academia română: 71–85. 5298:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 5089: 1650:Ottoman threat (1395–1526) 1275:Mongol invasion of Hungary 708: 368:Mongol invasion of Hungary 103:District of Velika Kikinda 5650:. University Press Cluj. 5627:Sophoulis, Panos (2011). 5106:Anonymus and Master Roger 4493:, pp. 192, 208, 196. 964:Long Life of Saint Gerard 916:Long Life of Saint Gerard 886:Long Life of Saint Gerard 544:(instead of the southern 5758:Pop, Ioan Aurel (1996). 5669:. Scarecrow Press, Inc. 5608:Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013). 3058:, pp. 92, 659, 673. 1980:For instance, the river 1877: 1771:, were jointly made the 1765:voivodes of Transylvania 1749:, the taxes paid by the 1581:Royal charters from the 1118:in 1201 or in 1238, and 571:" was located in Banat. 326:Featuring items of the " 253:(a historical region in 251:Middle Ages in the Banat 170:Banat, Bačka and Baranja 58:Csanád County (medieval) 43:Banat in the Middle Ages 5777:Turcuș, Șerban (2006). 5646:Țeicu, Dumitru (2002). 5513:History of Transylvania 2293:Treptow & Popa 1996 1844:Archbishop of Esztergom 1745:from two Transylvanian 1397:Voivode of Transylvania 1322:According to historian 1305:Roger of Torre Maggiore 819:holds that Gylas ruled 154:Vest development region 98:Banat Military Frontier 5612:. Peter Lang Edition. 4505:, pp. 49–50, 225. 1778:Ladislaus V of Hungary 1769:counts of the Székelys 1704:Sigismund of Luxemburg 1688: 1683:15th-century tower in 1676: 1507: 1437:Basarab I of Wallachia 1405:Archbishops of Kalocsa 1300: 1284: 1103: 949: 893:, who had his seat in 856:, issued in 1019, the 838: 814:, who was baptized in 720: 627:who settled in Banat. 588: 512:First Bulgarian Empire 437: 332:archaeological culture 283:, but the survival of 206:Csongrád-Csanád County 198:Modern Hungarian Banat 185:Central Banat District 5148:Royal Frankish Annals 3709:, pp. 49–50, 92. 2404:Royal Frankish Annals 2377:Royal Frankish Annals 1682: 1657: 1510:Vineyards existed at 1501: 1335:Great Hungarian Plain 1290: 1280:Illuminated Chronicle 1273: 1093: 1066:was found at Gornea. 1017:. He was murdered in 937: 829: 718: 697:Towards integration ( 646:occurred in 861. The 577: 521:Royal Frankish Annals 435: 126:Modern Romanian Banat 78:Krassó-Szörény County 5530:Oța, Silviu (2014). 5313:Gáll, Erwin (2013). 4727:, pp. 199, 205. 4674:Pálóczi Horváth 1989 4093:, pp. 110, 124. 4067:Pálóczi Horváth 1989 4055:Pálóczi Horváth 1989 4043:Pálóczi Horváth 1989 4004:Pálóczi Horváth 1989 3953:Pálóczi Horváth 1989 3929:Pálóczi Horváth 1989 3834:Pálóczi Horváth 1989 3778:Pálóczi Horváth 1989 3631:, pp. 194, 349. 3602:, pp. 188, 202. 3109:, pp. 186, 187. 2930:, pp. 180, 861. 2855:, pp. 180, 344. 2804:, pp. 505, 907. 2704:, pp. 178, 343. 2367:, pp. 306, 470. 2319:, pp. 172, 198. 2236:, and at the rivers 1417:Charles I of Hungary 1341:and the Church. Two 1277:, 1241–42 (from the 1258:, was murdered near 1249:had defeated in the 1219:Andrew II of Hungary 1140:Andrew II of Hungary 864:during the reign of 860:had had a parish in 483:, and possibly with 376:Charles I of Hungary 309:Stephen I of Hungary 190:South Banat District 180:North Banat District 162:Modern Serbian Banat 144:Caraș-Severin County 53:Arad County (former) 5741:: Truth and Fiction 5071:, pp. 363–364. 4977:, pp. 331–332. 4814:, pp. 232–233. 4703:, pp. 224–225. 4601:, pp. 299–300. 4529:, pp. 226–227. 4337:, pp. 157–159. 4105:, pp. 128–130. 3967:, pp. 192–193. 3914:, pp. 170–171. 3860:, pp. 410–411. 3560:, pp. 328–334. 3509:, pp. 168–169. 3181:, pp. 141–142. 2843:, pp. 198–199. 2578:(year 889), p. 205. 2523:, pp. 199–200. 2406:(year 824), p. 116. 2391:, pp. 193–194. 2379:(year 822), p. 111. 2355:, pp. 192–193. 2228:The monasteries at 2205:the eponymous river 1700:Battle of Nicopolis 1673:Andrea del Castagno 1453:Gothic architecture 1001:Banatsko Aranđelovo 996:Annales Posonienses 958:(or head) of a new 914:, according to the 843:Bijelo Brdo culture 412:Battle of Nicopolis 328:Bijelo Brdo culture 265:, according to the 4881:, pp. 22, 96. 4164:, A kővár építése. 4069:, pp. 58, 81. 3724:, pp. 33, 38. 3643:, pp. 36, 39. 2535:, pp. 19, 32. 2283:, pp. 36, 78. 2163:(near present-day 1988:, and the village 1689: 1677: 1629:(near present-day 1568:Louis I of Hungary 1508: 1431:in early 1315 and 1339:Hungarian noblemen 1301: 1285: 1239:Béla IV of Hungary 1190:set up a house at 1188:Augustinian canons 1184:monastery in Igriș 1104: 1046:were excavated at 975:see of a bishopric 950: 930:1003 or 1030–1241) 866:Samuel of Bulgaria 839: 721: 692:Kingdom of Hungary 589: 508:Carolingian Empire 438: 408:Louis I of Hungary 386:. The presence of 321:Kingdom of Hungary 83:Eyalet of Temeşvar 5788:978-973-7784-10-0 5638:978-90-04-20695-3 5619:978-3-631-64866-7 5600:978-0-7546-6477-2 5581:978-963-482-867-9 5541:978-90-04-21438-5 5503:978-90-04-21243-5 5326:978-963-306-197-8 5264:978-0-521-89452-4 5238:978-837-1-8121-18 5194:Secondary sources 5186:978-0-7190-7135-5 5170:of Regino of Prüm 5142:978-0-521-76705-7 5114:978-963-9776-95-1 4838:, pp. 98–99. 4637:, pp. 81–82. 4541:, pp. 70–71. 4430:, pp. 80–81. 4388:, pp. 79–80. 4229:, pp. 42–43. 4176:, pp. 56–58. 3979:, pp. 34–35. 3955:, pp. 56–58. 3780:, pp. 32–33. 3685:, pp. 36–37. 3548:, pp. 49–53. 3405:, pp. 30–31. 3393:, pp. 29–30. 3157:, pp. 81–82. 3133:, pp. 80–81. 2918:, pp. 24–25. 2692:, pp. 19–20. 2629:(ch. 11.), p. 33. 2576:of Regino of Prüm 2460:(ch. 40), p. 177. 2211:in 1376 or 1387, 2149:Banatski Monoštor 2127:For instance, at 2051:For instance, at 1916:For instance, at 1789:Matthias Corvinus 1516:Banatska Subotica 1472:shoeing of horses 1128:Banate of Severin 1062:. A 12th-century 945:Anjou Legendarium 678:Historians debate 562:Byzantine Emperor 465:Apuseni Mountains 301:Eastern Orthodoxy 247: 246: 175:Banat (1941–1944) 93:Banat of Temeswar 48:Banate of Severin 5829: 5822:History of Banat 5792: 5773: 5754: 5739:Gesta Hungarorum 5722: 5720: 5718: 5703: 5691: 5680: 5661: 5642: 5623: 5604: 5585: 5564: 5545: 5526: 5507: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5424: 5402: 5378: 5354: 5330: 5309: 5287: 5268: 5256: 5242: 5218: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4743: 4737: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4311: 4305: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4269: 4263: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4162:Szentkláray 1911 4159: 4153: 4147: 4138: 4132: 4123: 4117: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3915: 3909: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3454: 3448: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3355: 3349: 3338: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3212: 3206: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2766: 2760: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2720: 2714: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2241: 2226: 2220: 2189: 2183: 2174: 2168: 2146: 2140: 2125: 2119: 2112: 2106: 2087: 2081: 2074:Banatska Palanka 2072:For example, at 2070: 2064: 2049: 2043: 2032: 2026: 1999: 1993: 1978: 1972: 1963:in Serbia), and 1949: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1914: 1908: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1860:Bishop of Csanád 1763:, who were also 1731:Despot of Serbia 1727:Stefan Lazarević 1644: 1623:Remetea-Pogănici 1584: 1557: 1525:"Bodugazonfalwa" 1465: 1450: 1409:Theodore Vejtehi 1402: 1356: 1307:, a priest from 1235:Peceneaga Valley 1157: 1144:Isaac II Angelos 1133: 1086: 1078:Banatska Palanka 1071:John II Komnenos 1061: 1045: 991:bishop of Csanád 983:Benedictine monk 940:Gerard of Csanád 929: 918:. The king sent 903:Gesta Hungarorum 879: 848: 805: 800:Hungarian tribes 778: 773:Balkan Peninsula 754: 730: 711:Black Hungarians 704: 700: 686:Gesta Hungarorum 661:Gesta Hungarorum 602: 594: 584:Gesta Hungarorum 502: 494: 445:Carpathian Basin 404:Balkan Peninsula 385: 356:Bishop of Csanád 349: 340:Byzantine Empire 336:Carpathian Basin 330:" (the dominant 314: 282: 268:Gesta Hungarorum 239: 232: 225: 149:Mehedinți County 35:Historical Banat 30: 20:History of Banat 16: 15: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5789: 5770: 5751: 5730: 5728:Further reading 5725: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5701: 5677: 5658: 5639: 5620: 5601: 5582: 5561: 5542: 5523: 5504: 5482: 5480: 5450: 5448: 5436:(in Romanian). 5421: 5399: 5375: 5359:Györffy, György 5351: 5335:Györffy, György 5327: 5306: 5284: 5265: 5239: 5215: 5196: 5191: 5097: 5095:Primary sources 5092: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4746: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4152:, pp. 130. 4148: 4141: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3918: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3457: 3449: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3358: 3350: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3215: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2723: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2449: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2307:, pp. 2–3. 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2227: 2223: 2190: 2186: 2175: 2171: 2147: 2143: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2088: 2084: 2071: 2067: 2050: 2046: 2033: 2029: 2000: 1996: 1986:Almăj Mountains 1979: 1975: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1915: 1911: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1852:Stephen Báthory 1825:King of Bohemia 1806:Stephen Báthory 1761:Nicholas Újlaki 1735:Đurađ Branković 1715:Filippo Scolari 1659:Filippo Scolari 1652: 1642: 1639:John of Küküllő 1588:Vlach districts 1582: 1560:Ladislaus Jánki 1555: 1533:Veliko Središte 1463: 1448: 1425: 1400: 1374:Bishop of Fermo 1354: 1268: 1155: 1138:(the sister of 1131: 1084: 1059: 1043: 1031:Banat Mountains 989:, was ordained 932: 912:king of Hungary 895:"urbs Morisena" 877: 846: 803: 781:Banat Mountains 776: 752: 728: 713: 707: 694: 600: 592: 546:Dacia Aureliana 500: 492: 430: 396:Banat Mountains 383: 347: 344:Banat Mountains 312: 299:, converted to 280: 243: 73:Torontál County 12: 11: 5: 5835: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5794: 5793: 5787: 5774: 5768: 5755: 5749: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5710: 5692: 5681: 5675: 5662: 5656: 5643: 5637: 5624: 5618: 5605: 5599: 5586: 5580: 5565: 5559: 5546: 5540: 5527: 5521: 5508: 5502: 5489: 5457: 5425: 5419: 5403: 5397: 5379: 5373: 5355: 5349: 5331: 5325: 5310: 5304: 5288: 5282: 5269: 5263: 5243: 5237: 5219: 5213: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5163: 5145: 5131: 5117: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5083:, p. 364. 5073: 5061: 5059:, p. 363. 5046: 5044:, p. 362. 5027: 5025:, p. 360. 5015: 5013:, p. 359. 5003: 5001:, p. 345. 4991: 4989:, p. 147. 4979: 4967: 4965:, p. 332. 4952: 4950:, p. 331. 4940: 4938:, p. 308. 4928: 4926:, p. 309. 4907: 4903:Petrovics 2008 4895: 4891:Petrovics 2008 4883: 4879:Petrovics 2008 4871: 4869:, p. 238. 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4802:, p. 237. 4785: 4773: 4771:, p. 216. 4761: 4757:Petrovics 2008 4744: 4742:, p. 205. 4729: 4717: 4715:, p. 203. 4705: 4693: 4691:, p. 172. 4678: 4666: 4664:, p. 224. 4651: 4649:, p. 165. 4639: 4635:Petrovics 2009 4627: 4625:, p. 300. 4615: 4613:, p. 495. 4603: 4591: 4587:Petrovics 2009 4579: 4575:Petrovics 2009 4567: 4555: 4553:, p. 398. 4543: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4481:, p. 169. 4471: 4467:Petrovics 2009 4456: 4452:Petrovics 2009 4444: 4442:, p. 325. 4432: 4428:Petrovics 2009 4420: 4418:, p. 323. 4405: 4403:, p. 842. 4390: 4386:Petrovics 2009 4378: 4376:, p. 171. 4366: 4364:, p. 849. 4354: 4352:, p. 161. 4339: 4327: 4325:, p. 162. 4312: 4310:, p. 165. 4297: 4295:, p. 163. 4285: 4283:, p. 156. 4270: 4268:, p. 155. 4255: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4203:Petrovics 2009 4195: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4139: 4137:, p. 722. 4124: 4122:, p. 474. 4107: 4095: 4083: 4081:, p. 109. 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4033:, p. 108. 4020: 4018:, p. 107. 4008: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3916: 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 841. 3874: 3872:, p. 411. 3862: 3850: 3848:, p. 410. 3838: 3826: 3824:, p. 100. 3811: 3794: 3782: 3770: 3768:, p. 848. 3758: 3741: 3726: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3672: 3657: 3655:, p. 401. 3645: 3633: 3621: 3619:, p. 193. 3604: 3592: 3590:, p. 488. 3577: 3575:, p. 329. 3562: 3550: 3538: 3536:, p. 166. 3523: 3521:, p. 160. 3511: 3499: 3484: 3472: 3455: 3453:, p. 188. 3436: 3424: 3422:, p. 186. 3407: 3395: 3383: 3381:, p. 852. 3371: 3369:, p. 836. 3356: 3339: 3335:Blazovich 1994 3324: 3312: 3295: 3280: 3268: 3266:, p. 248. 3256: 3244: 3232: 3213: 3211:, p. 142. 3198: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3121:, p. 184. 3111: 3099: 3097:, p. 181. 3087: 3085:, p. 192. 3075: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3021: 3019:, p. 190. 3009: 2997: 2995:, p. 203. 2985: 2983:, p. 145. 2973: 2956: 2944: 2942:, p. 486. 2932: 2920: 2908: 2893: 2881: 2879:, p. 497. 2869: 2867:, p. 180. 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2819:, p. 200. 2806: 2794: 2792:, p. 179. 2782: 2780:, p. 178. 2767: 2765:, p. 903. 2752: 2750:, p. 908. 2740: 2738:, p. 172. 2721: 2719:, p. 907. 2706: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2668:, p. 201. 2658: 2656:, p. 144. 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2592: 2590:, p. 196. 2580: 2564: 2549: 2547:, p. 470. 2537: 2525: 2513: 2511:, p. 199. 2501: 2499:, p. 159. 2489: 2487:, p. 295. 2485:Sophoulis 2011 2474: 2472:, p. 193. 2462: 2447: 2445:, p. 162. 2432: 2430:, p. 195. 2420: 2418:, p. 194. 2408: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2331:, p. 198. 2321: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2281:Blazovich 1994 2273: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2221: 2191:For instance, 2184: 2169: 2141: 2120: 2107: 2082: 2065: 2044: 2027: 1994: 1973: 1959:(near today's 1944: 1935: 1926: 1918:Dudeștii Vechi 1909: 1899:For instance, 1892: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1708:Ottoman Empire 1693:Ottoman Sultan 1651: 1648: 1608:Pope John XXII 1527:(near Cenad), 1424: 1421: 1324:György Györffy 1267: 1264: 1251:Pontic steppes 1044:13th centuries 931: 924: 816:Constantinople 808:John Skylitzes 741:composite bows 706: 695: 693: 690: 682:unknown author 652:Regino of Prüm 644:Central Europe 640:Pontic steppes 625:Turkic peoples 615:, which is of 601:10th centuries 552:mentioned the 469:Avar Khaganate 449:Central Europe 429: 426: 420:(or heads) of 400:Ottoman Empire 255:Central Europe 245: 244: 242: 241: 234: 227: 219: 216: 215: 214: 213: 208: 200: 199: 195: 194: 193: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 164: 163: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 128: 127: 123: 122: 121: 120: 115: 113:Banat Republic 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 37: 36: 32: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5834: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5769:973-577-037-7 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5750:973-7784-01-4 5746: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5713: 5711:973-7836-56-1 5707: 5700: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5676:0-8108-3179-1 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5657:973-610-141-X 5653: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5560:963-13-2740-X 5556: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5522:963-05-6703-2 5518: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5420:963-86163-9-3 5416: 5412: 5408: 5407:Kristó, Gyula 5404: 5400: 5398:963-05-6722-9 5394: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5383:Kristó, Gyula 5380: 5376: 5374:963-05-3613-7 5370: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5350:963-05-4200-5 5346: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5305:1-86064-061-3 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5283:3-05-003581-1 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5247:Curta, Florin 5244: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5223:Curta, Florin 5220: 5216: 5214:963-05-6722-9 5210: 5206: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5160:0-472-06186-0 5157: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5128:0-88402-021-5 5125: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108:; CEU Press; 5107: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4905:, p. 96. 4904: 4899: 4893:, p. 22. 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4850:, p. 99. 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4826:, p. 98. 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4783:, p. 42. 4782: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4759:, p. 95. 4758: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4676:, p. 33. 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4611:Györffy 1987b 4607: 4600: 4595: 4589:, p. 82. 4588: 4583: 4577:, p. 71. 4576: 4571: 4565:, p. 71. 4564: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4517:, p. 50. 4516: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4479:Györffy 1987a 4475: 4469:, p. 80. 4468: 4463: 4461: 4454:, p. 81. 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4402: 4401:Györffy 1987a 4397: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4362:Györffy 1987a 4358: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4253:, p. 93. 4252: 4247: 4241:, p. 94. 4240: 4235: 4228: 4223: 4217:, p. 41. 4216: 4211: 4205:, p. 79. 4204: 4199: 4193:, p. 40. 4192: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4120:Györffy 1987b 4116: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4057:, p. 80. 4056: 4051: 4045:, p. 79. 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4012: 4006:, p. 68. 4005: 4000: 3998: 3991:, p. 35. 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3943:, p. 34. 3942: 3937: 3931:, p. 54. 3930: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3899:, p. 37. 3898: 3893: 3886: 3885:Györffy 1987a 3881: 3879: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3836:, p. 52. 3835: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3809:, p. 99. 3808: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3792:, p. 44. 3791: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3767: 3766:Györffy 1987b 3762: 3756:, p. 33. 3755: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3739:, p. 38. 3738: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3708: 3703: 3697:, p. 49. 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3670:, p. 39. 3669: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3588:Györffy 1987b 3584: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3497:, p. 46. 3496: 3491: 3489: 3482:, p. 44. 3481: 3476: 3470:, p. 43. 3469: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3434:, p. 88. 3433: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3379:Györffy 1987a 3375: 3368: 3367:Györffy 1987a 3363: 3361: 3354:, p. 31. 3353: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3337:, p. 78. 3336: 3331: 3329: 3322:, p. 40. 3321: 3316: 3310:, p. 30. 3309: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3293:, p. 42. 3292: 3287: 3285: 3278:, p. 41. 3277: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3254:, p. 54. 3253: 3252:Madgearu 2013 3248: 3242:, p. 28. 3241: 3236: 3230:, p. 30. 3229: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3196:, p. 53. 3195: 3194:Madgearu 2013 3190: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3169:, p. 83. 3168: 3167:Madgearu 2001 3163: 3156: 3155:Madgearu 2001 3151: 3145:, p. 80. 3144: 3143:Madgearu 2001 3139: 3132: 3131:Madgearu 2001 3127: 3120: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3073:, p. 17. 3072: 3067: 3065: 3057: 3052: 3046:, p. 14. 3045: 3044:Madgearu 1998 3040: 3034:, p. 27. 3033: 3028: 3026: 3018: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2993:Madgearu 1998 2989: 2982: 2977: 2971:, p. 24. 2970: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2952:Györffy 1987b 2948: 2941: 2940:Györffy 1987b 2936: 2929: 2928:Györffy 1987a 2924: 2917: 2912: 2906:, p. 26. 2905: 2900: 2898: 2891:, p. 25. 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2831:, p. 93. 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2680:, p. 20. 2679: 2674: 2667: 2666:Madgearu 1998 2662: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2641:, p. 19. 2640: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2617:, p. 15. 2616: 2611: 2605:, p. 11. 2604: 2599: 2597: 2589: 2588:Madgearu 1998 2584: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2562:, p. 10. 2561: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2545:Györffy 1987b 2541: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2471: 2470:Madgearu 1998 2466: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2429: 2428:Madgearu 1998 2424: 2417: 2416:Madgearu 1998 2412: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2389:Madgearu 1998 2385: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2365:Györffy 1987b 2361: 2354: 2353:Madgearu 1998 2349: 2343:, p. 92. 2342: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2295:, p. 36. 2294: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2271:, p. 18. 2270: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201:Pogăniș River 2198: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2117: 2111: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1966: 1965:(Erdizad)kezi 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951:For example, 1948: 1939: 1930: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1686: 1681: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1612:quinquagesima 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1597:Bârzava River 1594: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1548:"Halazmortva" 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1393:Ladislaus Kán 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1378:defeated them 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:Bodrogu Vechi 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:Krassó County 1109: 1101: 1098:monastery at 1097: 1094:Ruins of the 1092: 1088: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1057: 1053: 1052:Moldova Veche 1049: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1004: 1002: 998: 997: 992: 988: 985:from Venice, 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 968:Csanád County 965: 961: 957: 956: 947: 946: 941: 936: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887: 881: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 844: 836: 832: 828: 824: 822: 817: 813: 809: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 774: 769: 765: 764:Charon's obol 761: 756: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 726: 723:A new burial 717: 712: 705:1003 or 1030) 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 598: 586: 585: 580: 576: 572: 570: 566: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 542:Dacia Traiana 539: 535: 532:who "live in 531: 527: 526:Praedenecenti 523: 522: 517: 513: 509: 504: 498: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 434: 425: 423: 419: 418: 414:in 1396. The 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 361: 357: 353: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 322: 318: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 278: 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 256: 252: 240: 235: 233: 228: 226: 221: 220: 218: 217: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 202: 201: 197: 196: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 161: 160: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 134:Ținutul Timiș 132: 131: 130: 129: 125: 124: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 63:Csanád County 61: 59: 56: 54: 51: 49: 46: 44: 41: 40: 39: 38: 34: 33: 29: 25: 24: 21: 18: 17: 5778: 5759: 5740: 5736: 5715:. Retrieved 5697: 5686: 5666: 5647: 5628: 5609: 5590: 5572: 5569: 5550: 5531: 5512: 5493: 5481:. Retrieved 5469: 5465: 5449:. Retrieved 5437: 5433: 5410: 5389: 5386: 5365: 5362: 5341: 5338: 5317: 5314: 5295: 5273: 5252: 5227: 5205: 5202: 5177: 5173: 5172:(2009). In: 5169: 5165: 5151: 5150:(1972). In: 5147: 5133: 5119: 5105: 5101: 5076: 5064: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4943: 4931: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4776: 4764: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4669: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4381: 4369: 4357: 4330: 4288: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4169: 4157: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4011: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3892: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3702: 3690: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3595: 3553: 3541: 3514: 3502: 3475: 3427: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3315: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3051: 3039: 3012: 2988: 2976: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2797: 2785: 2743: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2610: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2465: 2457: 2423: 2411: 2403: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2240:and Sirinia. 2224: 2196: 2187: 2176: 2172: 2160: 2152: 2144: 2133:Şemlacu Mare 2123: 2110: 2085: 2068: 2047: 2030: 1997: 1976: 1964: 1957:(Egyazas)ker 1956: 1952: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1922:Teremia Mare 1912: 1895: 1886: 1872:John Zápolya 1855: 1848:György Dózsa 1840:Tamás Bakócz 1829: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1801: 1798:Paul Kinizsi 1792: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1757:John Hunyadi 1755: 1743: 1739: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1690: 1662: 1635: 1627:"Zlawotynch" 1626: 1616: 1611: 1601: 1583:14th century 1580: 1556:14th century 1547: 1539: 1537: 1524: 1509: 1464:14th century 1461: 1449:14th century 1433:fortified it 1426: 1401:14th century 1382: 1366:Ladislaus IV 1359: 1355:14th century 1332: 1321: 1302: 1278: 1241:allowed the 1226: 1216: 1176:Şemlacu Mare 1156:13th century 1153: 1132:13th century 1108:Temes County 1105: 1085:13th century 1082: 1068: 1060:11th century 1056:quern-stones 1036: 1027: 1012: 1005: 994: 972: 963: 953: 951: 943: 915: 910:, the first 902: 894: 884: 882: 878:11th century 873: 869: 861: 851: 847:10th century 840: 821:Transylvania 804:10th century 785: 757: 753:11th century 722: 685: 659: 629: 590: 582: 519: 505: 501:11th century 439: 422:Temes County 415: 384:14th century 365: 354:, the first 348:11th century 325: 313:11th century 281:10th century 266: 250: 248: 139:Timiș County 68:Temes County 42: 5553:. Corvina. 5483:11 December 4135:Kristó 1994 3308:Kristó 2001 2443:Eggers 2001 2207:) in 1370, 2167:in Serbia). 2091:Tiszasziget 1838:authorized 1751:Jász people 1643:priests ... 1572:Recaș River 1520:Water mills 1518:and Recaș. 1317:Igriș Abbey 1200:Bodrogu Nou 1180:Cistercians 1124:Cerna River 1120:Arad County 1116:Keve County 1096:Benedictine 1021:during the 835:voivodeship 777:9th century 729:9th century 656:Carinthians 638:) from the 593:9th century 524:listed the 493:9th century 305:Mureș River 5801:Categories 5451:8 December 5292:Engel, Pál 5176:Chronicle 5168:Chronicle 5081:Engel 2001 5069:Engel 2001 5057:Engel 2001 5042:Engel 2001 5023:Engel 2001 5011:Engel 2001 4999:Engel 2001 4987:Țeicu 2002 4975:Engel 2001 4963:Engel 2001 4948:Engel 2001 4936:Engel 2001 4924:Engel 2001 4867:Engel 2001 4848:Țeicu 2002 4836:Țeicu 2002 4824:Țeicu 2002 4812:Engel 2001 4800:Engel 2001 4781:Țeicu 2002 4769:Engel 2001 4740:Engel 2001 4725:Engel 2001 4713:Engel 2001 4701:Țeicu 2002 4689:Engel 2001 4662:Țeicu 2002 4647:Engel 2001 4527:Țeicu 2002 4515:Țeicu 2002 4503:Țeicu 2002 4491:Țeicu 2002 4374:Țeicu 2002 4350:Țeicu 2002 4335:Țeicu 2002 4323:Țeicu 2002 4308:Țeicu 2002 4293:Țeicu 2002 4281:Țeicu 2002 4266:Țeicu 2002 4251:Țeicu 2002 4239:Țeicu 2002 4150:Engel 2001 4103:Engel 2001 4091:Engel 2001 4079:Engel 2001 4031:Engel 2001 4016:Engel 2001 3912:Țeicu 2002 3870:Curta 2006 3858:Curta 2006 3846:Curta 2006 3822:Engel 2001 3807:Engel 2001 3707:Țeicu 2002 3695:Țeicu 2002 3653:Curta 2006 3573:Curta 2006 3558:Curta 2006 3546:Engel 2001 3534:Țeicu 2002 3519:Țeicu 2002 3507:Țeicu 2002 3495:Țeicu 2002 3480:Țeicu 2002 3468:Țeicu 2002 3391:Engel 2001 3320:Engel 2001 3291:Engel 2001 3276:Engel 2001 3264:Curta 2006 3209:Curta 2001 3179:Curta 2001 3083:Curta 2006 3071:Engel 2001 3017:Curta 2006 2981:Curta 2001 2969:Engel 2001 2654:Curta 2001 2615:Curta 2006 2603:Engel 2001 2574:Chronicle 2560:Engel 2001 2497:Curta 2006 2305:Engel 2001 2248:References 2177:"Caprewar" 2165:Ostojićevo 2153:"Weresdub" 2061:Caransebeș 1961:Ostojićevo 1836:Pope Leo X 1821:Vladislaus 1544:Beba Veche 1441:Franciscan 1385:Andrew III 1299:, Hungary 979:Latin rite 942:(from the 862:"Dibiskos" 788:Iron Gates 709:See also: 636:Hungarians 463:, and the 428:Background 277:Hungarians 5631:. Brill. 5534:. Brill. 5496:. Brill. 5478:1222-4766 5446:1222-4766 5361:(1987b). 5337:(1987a). 3056:Gáll 2013 2877:Gáll 2013 2829:Gáll 2013 2802:Gáll 2013 2763:Gáll 2013 2748:Gáll 2013 2717:Gáll 2013 2341:Gáll 2013 2215:in 1385, 2197:"Comyath" 2181:Căprioara 2095:Timișoara 2078:Vojlovica 1864:Apátfalva 1696:Bayezid I 1457:Abutments 1429:Timișoara 1389:oligarchs 1362:Stephen V 1347:Tomaševac 1297:Kiszombor 1245:whom the 1231:Pecinișca 1172:Frumușeni 1114:in 1200, 1025:in 1046. 908:Stephen I 623:or other 621:Pechenegs 605:Nikolinci 530:Obotrites 489:Romanians 394:) in the 392:Romanians 380:Timișoara 259:Duke Glad 5294:(2001). 5249:(2006). 4623:Pop 2013 4599:Pop 2013 4563:Pop 2013 4551:Pop 2013 4539:Pop 2013 4440:Pop 2013 4416:Pop 2013 4227:Oța 2014 4215:Oța 2014 4191:Oța 2014 3989:Oța 2014 3977:Oța 2014 3965:Oța 2014 3941:Oța 2014 3897:Oța 2014 3790:Oța 2014 3754:Oța 2014 3737:Oța 2014 3722:Oța 2014 3683:Oța 2014 3668:Oța 2014 3641:Oța 2014 3629:Oța 2014 3617:Oța 2014 3600:Oța 2014 3451:Oța 2014 3432:Oța 2014 3420:Oța 2014 3403:Oța 2014 3352:Oța 2014 3240:Oța 2014 3228:Oța 2014 3119:Oța 2014 3107:Oța 2014 3095:Oța 2014 3032:Oța 2014 2916:Oța 2014 2904:Oța 2014 2889:Oța 2014 2865:Oța 2014 2853:Oța 2014 2841:Oța 2014 2817:Oța 2014 2790:Oța 2014 2778:Oța 2014 2736:Oța 2014 2702:Oța 2014 2690:Oța 2014 2678:Oța 2014 2639:Oța 2014 2533:Oța 2014 2521:Oța 2014 2509:Oța 2014 2329:Oța 2014 2317:Oța 2014 2269:Oța 2014 2238:Mraconia 2219:in 1391. 2199:(on the 2157:Pordeanu 2053:Cuptoare 2011:Săvârșin 1990:Secășeni 1832:Selim II 1687:(Serbia) 1504:counties 1493:falconry 1445:Pauliens 1221:'s son, 1204:Pordeanu 1136:Margaret 1064:smithery 1009:heretics 874:Tibiscus 870:Dibiskos 854:Basil II 737:stirrups 597:Provadia 554:Merehani 510:and the 5717:July 6, 5090:Sources 2209:Mehadia 2129:Jdioara 2057:Svinița 2040:Kikinda 2007:Pâncota 1969:Chesinț 1905:Vicinic 1901:Bârzava 1868:impaled 1546:and at 1512:Ciortea 1489:badgers 1485:martens 1481:beavers 1477:aurochs 1468:Manured 1328:Genoese 1293:rotunda 1247:Mongols 1168:Chelmac 1011:in his 977:of the 749:Saltovo 745:quivers 733:saddles 725:horizon 684:of the 632:Magyars 609:Mehadia 477:Bulgars 402:in the 334:of the 319:of the 273:Magyars 5785: 5766: 5747: 5708: 5673: 5654: 5635: 5616: 5597: 5578: 5557: 5538: 5519: 5500: 5476: 5444: 5417: 5395: 5371: 5347: 5323: 5302: 5280: 5261: 5235: 5211: 5184: 5158: 5140: 5126: 5112: 2234:Baziaș 2161:"Keer" 2137:Orșova 2103:Reșița 2101:, and 2059:, and 2023:Szőreg 2021:, and 2019:Mocrea 1984:, the 1814:vojnik 1773:ispáns 1722:ispáns 1669:fresco 1631:Gătaia 1593:Reșița 1550:(near 1529:Semlac 1475:deer, 1370:Philip 1313:Oradea 1309:Naples 1243:Cumans 1212:Partoş 1192:Gătaia 1182:had a 1178:; the 1048:Gornea 1040:Ilidia 987:Gerard 960:county 920:Csanád 891:Ajtony 831:Ajtony 768:Orșova 674:Cumans 617:Turkic 538:Aachen 516:Slavic 485:Vlachs 467:. The 453:Danube 417:ispáns 388:Vlachs 372:Cumans 352:Gerard 317:county 297:Ajtony 293:Bulgar 261:ruled 5702:(PDF) 2230:Kusić 2217:Caran 2213:Lugoj 2193:Sebeș 2179:from 2116:Buhui 2099:Vršac 2036:Taraš 2015:Miniș 2003:Cenad 1982:Fizeș 1967:(now 1953:Jeneu 1878:Notes 1862:, at 1856:Ispán 1802:Ispán 1793:ispán 1782:ispán 1747:mints 1718:ispán 1685:Vršac 1664:ispán 1619:noble 1604:tithe 1552:Senta 1540:Ispán 1351:Botoš 1343:Cuman 1256:Köten 1227:Ispán 1208:Kusić 1164:Bulci 1148:Kovin 955:ispán 899:Kabar 812:Gylas 792:Timiș 760:Uivar 670:Vidin 613:Karaš 534:Dacia 481:Avars 473:Slavs 461:Mureș 457:Tisza 441:Banat 360:Cenad 358:(now 263:Banat 5783:ISBN 5764:ISBN 5745:ISBN 5719:2018 5706:ISBN 5671:ISBN 5652:ISBN 5633:ISBN 5614:ISBN 5595:ISBN 5576:ISBN 5555:ISBN 5536:ISBN 5517:ISBN 5498:ISBN 5485:2015 5474:ISSN 5453:2015 5442:ISSN 5415:ISBN 5393:ISBN 5369:ISBN 5345:ISBN 5321:ISBN 5300:ISBN 5278:ISBN 5259:ISBN 5233:ISBN 5209:ISBN 5182:ISBN 5156:ISBN 5138:ISBN 5124:ISBN 5110:ISBN 2232:and 2195:and 2159:and 2135:and 2076:and 1920:and 1903:and 1767:and 1759:and 1691:The 1502:The 1487:and 1349:and 1260:Pest 1223:Béla 1210:and 1202:and 1174:and 1160:Arač 1100:Arač 1050:and 1019:Buda 981:. 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Banat in the Middle Ages

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