701:
744:
437:
87:
621:
19:
154:
201:
535:
135:. In this location, the engines can act as a relieving load and reduce the structural weight of the wing by 15%. They are also in a more accessible location for maintenance or replacement. However, disadvantages include a higher risk of the engines ingesting foreign objects as they have a lower ground clearance, and a larger
716:, currently the world's largest airliner. It was designed for routes with ultra-high demand, typically seating 575 passengers in two full-length decks. However, as of 2018, Airbus has only fulfilled a quarter of its initial projected figure of 1,200 sales over two decades. This can be attributed to a modern trend towards
587:
ratings for twinjets, allowing them to circumvent the 60-Minute Rule and fly on transoceanic routes previously serviced by four-engined types. The advantage of redundancy brought by four engines was no longer necessary and they could no longer compete with the lower fuel consumption and maintenance
497:
By the 1960s it became apparent that having four engines reduced fuel efficiency. This was not an issue for long-haul routes which carried 300 or more passengers for 8 to 12 hours, allowing for a high cost-to-passenger-mile ratio. On the other hand, the large four-engined types were less suited for
276:
is much less significant as the three remaining engines can usually provide sufficient power to comfortably reach a diversion airport or continue the journey, depending on factors such as the severity of the malfunction, altitude, fuel load, and weather conditions. With the increased reliability of
407:
model. In the spoke-hub model, passengers are moved from smaller outlying points and concentrated at large hubs. This introduces a need for high-capacity aircraft. Conversely, the point-to-point model transports passengers directly from origin to destination, spreading them out across different
782:
After the Airbus A380 ended production, Boeing 747 also stopped production with the last delivery taking place on
January 31 2023, meaning no double-deck passenger jets were any longer in production. Boeing attributed the retirement of their 747 fleets to the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic.
778:
in 2011 as a successor to the 747-400. The 747-8I passenger variant has only received 50 orders as of 2018, while the 747-8F freighter variant has been more successful with over 100 orders. As of 2018 the 747-8F is unmatched in range and payload, making it an option for cargo carriers.
394:
Four engines also incur higher maintenance costs, as each one needs to undergo regular inspections and servicing. Approximately half of the airliner maintenance costs are derived from routine engine maintenance, so the additional expense in maintaining four engines is significant.
560:
allowed it to cruise at twice the speed of sound. At the time of inception it was regarded as the future of air transportation. However, in large part due to high operating costs and noise issues, Concorde never achieved the predicted level of success.
489:, both types also with four engines. Both were very successful and the 707 in particular is credited with advancing the Jet Age. The large airliners flourished during this period, frequently operating on both domestic and international routes.
600:
in 1989, which enjoyed high capacities (over 300 passengers) and long range, a combination still unmatched by twinjets at the time, making this the most commercially successful 747 variant. Airbus, after ending collaboration talks with
461:. Engine failures were relatively common, so providing redundancy with four engines was important for long range flights. This need extended into the beginning of the Jet Age, and combined with the limited thrust available from early
632:
Between the 1970 and the 1990s, twinjets, trijets, and quadjets shared engines of similar output, such as when the DC-10, MD-11, Boeing 767, and Airbus A300, A310, and A330, and Boeing 747 all had variants powered by the widespread
740:, where many long-haul routes have their stopovers. This makes it easier for Emirates to fill the seats of its A380s. After Emirates reduced its last order in February 2019, Airbus announced that A380 production would end in 2021.
398:
The ability of a very large aircraft to carry a large number of passengers can be a drawback when the seats are not filled. This is an emerging trend, particularly because the airline industry has been transitioning from a
510:
60-Minute Rule also prevented them from flying farther than 60 minutes away from diversion airports due to their lower engine redundancy. Trijets represented a compromise between fuel efficiency and redundancy. In 1969,
223:, the most common location for buried engines. This design reduces both drag and the risk of ingesting foreign objects, but increases the difficulty of maintenance and complicates the wing structure. The
370:
can carry up to 853 passengers in a single class layout. This allows them to satisfy demand on extremely busy routes, and when filled with passengers to distribute the cost, they can be very profitable.
498:
frequent short-haul services, which demanded multiple take-offs and landings daily, costing more fuel while also typically carrying fewer passengers per flight. This prompted the development of large
335:
Fitting an aircraft with four engines also increases power, enabling more passengers, heavier payloads, and increased performance. This was especially important for early jet airliners, as the
150:
had its engines mounted in rectangular pods conformal to the underside of the wing, without any pylons. The omission of pylons reduces drag and eliminates the risk of them being overstressed.
473:
accidents between 1953 and 1954, the Comet was grounded. This greatly tarnished its reputation and it was the later airliners that truly benefited from the subsequent improvements. In 1958,
523:, able to carry significantly more passengers than any other aircraft. Its capacity and performance were unmatched, even after the launch of wide-body trijet competition in the form of the
637:, so at the time additional engines were needed for larger capacities and longer range. The major advantages of three and four engines became much less significant when the twin-engined
588:
costs of twinjets with higher-powered engines. All but the largest four-engined types, such as the Boeing 747, became uneconomical and this led to the retirement of the ageing
70:, the world's first commercial jetliner. In the decades following their introduction, their use has gradually declined due to a variety of factors, including the approval of
363:
can produce over 440 kilonewtons (100,000 lbf) of thrust, making this advantage less significant nowadays as larger airliners no longer necessarily need four engines.
680:
By the early 2000s, the only remaining advantage of the largest types was their ability to carry more passengers than the largest twinjets. In the years following the
1985:
1330:
1941:
316:, all three aircraft have the power to weight ratios of approximately 1 to 3.4. Following the failure of one engine, the power to weight ratio drops to 1 to 4.7 (
665:, while being more efficient and incurring lower engine maintenance costs. Airbus, not seeing much success with updated A340-500/600 variants powered by the
1668:
874:
391:
a large part of total costs, this makes quadjets less attractive to airlines and many are shifting their attention towards more efficient aircraft types.
235:, the wing is the main structural component). This reduces the heat signature of the engines by concealing the fans and minimizing the exhaust signature.
684:, the increase in fuel prices and decline in the aviation industry heightened the need to minimise operating costs and expenditures. Production of the
1843:
1594:
180:
and fuel storage. The airflow over the wings is also undisturbed due to the absence of pylons. However, the rear-mounted engines shift the
1305:
1158:
292:
engines. This is because three of the four engines will still be functioning, constituting a 25% reduction in thrust, compared to 33% for
1100:
412:
which operate many point-to-point flights, it is more difficult to fill the seats of the largest airliners. For this reason, the
1892:
1795:"Size matters for aircraft fuel efficiency. Just not in the way that you think. | International Council on Clean Transportation"
465:, it was most practical to design large jet airliners with four engines. The first commercial jet aircraft was the four-engined
1844:"The incredible history of the Airbus A380 superjumbo jet, which went from airline status symbol to reject in just 10 years"
1354:
1545:
1916:
1638:
1965:
846:
1256:
2015:
1867:
1378:
1232:
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rates can be as low as 1 in-flight shutdown per 100,000 engine-hours, reducing the significance of this advantage.
2010:
1676:
255:, but the Trident 3B added a fourth engine as additional power was required by the stretched fuselage, increased
1794:
1472:
1208:
554:
506:. Due to limitations in engine technology, twinjets of this era were small and had relatively short range. The
1403:
1281:
383:
quadjet consumes 2.5 litres (0.66 US gallons) more fuel per kilogram (2.2 pounds) of payload compared to the
379:
Four smaller engines consume more fuel than two larger ones, driving up operational costs. Specifically, the
729:
400:
50:. The presence of four engines offers increased power and redundancy, allowing such aircraft to be used as
956:
366:
The largest four-engined jet airliners are distinguished with having the highest passenger capacities—the
272:
A major advantage of having four engines is the redundancy offered, leading to increased safety. A single
737:
284:
During a single-engine failure, the amount of power lost with four engines is proportionately lower than
224:
251:, but also has other two engines mounted vertically in the tail. The aircraft was initially designed as
1492:
692:
dropped to 11 per year, as they faced competition from more efficient and comparably capable twinjets.
244:
743:
436:
408:
routes and requiring fewer seats on the servicing aircraft. Especially with the recent appearance of
912:
482:
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606:
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524:
348:
321:
305:
136:
128:
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could seat upwards of 300 passengers, a significant increase upon existing twinjets such as the
980:
763:
As engine power continued to grow and capacity demands decreased, twinjet aircraft such as the
717:
404:
313:
278:
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140:
74:
to fly farther from diversion airports as reliability increased, and an increased emphasis on
764:
725:
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666:
642:
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425:
384:
360:
86:
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engine developed from further advancements in high-bypass turbofan technology. The original
332:
experiences the least degradation in performance, making it safer during an engine failure.
1770:
681:
634:
520:
458:
344:
144:
8:
905:
732:
model which favours massive aircraft such as the A380. The largest operator of the A380,
620:
336:
256:
211:
Jet aircraft can also be designed with engines buried within the aircraft structure. The
132:
1614:
653:, which could typically only seat 200-300 passengers. The subsequent development of the
733:
470:
466:
413:
212:
205:
67:
23:
1722:
1028:
1004:
2005:
1101:"Four Engines vs. Two: The Surprising Mathematical Guarantee of Safety - NYCAviation"
602:
569:
59:
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18:
1423:
546:
409:
309:
177:
1986:"747 production to end as Boeing adapts to post COVID-19 reality, says GlobalData"
1053:
1569:
768:
721:
568:
was introduced in 1983, it was unusual because it was a four-engined short range
153:
75:
1331:"The world's low cost airline widebody aircraft fleet – a niche that is growing"
583:
enabled twinjets to safely fly on one engine. This prompted the introduction of
200:
1970:
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55:
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1999:
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The use of four engines was invigorated in 2005 when Airbus introduced the
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91:
63:
43:
27:
752:
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689:
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1966:"Jumbo jet era ends as Boeing delivers last 747 plane – DW – 01/31/2023"
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hanging from pylons underneath the wings. This can be observed in the
748:
617:
twinjet as their initial variants shared the same fuselage and wing.
416:
fleets of these airlines are dominated by lower capacity, long range
220:
176:. This reduces cabin noise and frees up more space on the wings for
1209:"Why is the world's largest passenger plane facing the scrap heap?"
557:
550:
538:
388:
340:
228:
216:
169:
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147:
51:
1595:"The Real Reason Why the Supersonic Passenger Jet Concorde Failed"
1300:
1298:
1257:"How Are Airlines Adjusting to Higher Jet Fuel Prices? - Avionics"
596:
fleets for passenger service. Nonetheless, Boeing rolled out the
103:
The engines of a four-engined aircraft are most commonly found in
1306:"Airline Networks: from hub-and-spoke to point-to-point networks"
1159:"Pratt & Whitney JT3D-1 Production Prototype Turbofan Engine"
657:
pushed the passenger capacity to just under 400, approaching the
503:
499:
454:
417:
297:
289:
248:
120:
71:
736:, profits from its fleet because its primary hub is situated at
628:
can almost match the capacity of the largest four-engined types.
1893:"Boeing 747-8 v Airbus A380: Is the era of the jumbo jet over?"
1520:
1295:
771:
ate into the markets that traditionally demanded four engines.
579:
In the 1980s, the increased reliability and available power of
512:
474:
293:
285:
252:
173:
1942:"Last Call For Quadjets: Will Boeing 747 Outlive Airbus A380?"
469:, which first flew in 1949. However, due to a series of fatal
300:. This can be observed in the following example involving the
584:
1424:"Boeing 707 | Description, Background, History, & Facts"
192:
both have their four engines mounted in this configuration.
641:
was introduced in 1995, equipped with the purpose-designed
573:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
981:"Ilyushin IL-62 Passenger Airliner - Aerospace Technology"
1054:"14 CFR 121.565 - Engine inoperative: Landing; reporting"
507:
168:
The four podded engines can also be attached to the rear
1395:
1379:"The First Generation of Jet Airliners | America by Air"
720:
using smaller but highly efficient twinjets such as the
1917:"Boeing 747 8 Orders and Deliveries - Modern Airliners"
1699:"The death of the original jumbo jet, Boeing's 747-400"
1355:"History of flight - The jet enters the civilian world"
1117:
688:
passenger variant ceased by 2005 and deliveries of the
541:
on landing, showing its four underwing mounted engines.
184:
aft, and are located further from the fuel supply. The
1521:"ETOPS - Enhancing Safety On Long Flights - AeroSavvy"
1473:"Boeing 707: The aircraft that changed the way we fly"
572:. Its design ultimately enabled quieter operation and
161:, showing its four podded engines mounted on the rear
950:
948:
868:
866:
545:
Within its own category in commercial aviation, the
492:
247:not only has two engines in rear fuselage external
1820:"Airbus A340 Production list | Airfleets aviation"
1747:"Boeing 777 - The Triple Seven - Modern Airliners"
928:
926:
924:
922:
898:
896:
894:
613:quadjet in 1993 as a long-range derivative of the
1546:"The Boeing 747: The plane that shrank the world"
945:
863:
1997:
1404:"The crashes that changed plane designs forever"
875:"For airlines, two engines are better than four"
786:
343:of the time were much weaker compared to modern
919:
891:
774:In response to the A380, Boeing introduced the
1660:
519:. Nicknamed the "Jumbo Jet", it was the first
1134:
847:"The British airliner that changed the world"
204:Intakes leading into the buried engines of a
1909:
1448:"DOUGLAS DC-8-50 - SKYbrary Aviation Safety"
444:, the earliest production variant of the 707
90:Podded engines mounted under the wings of a
954:
932:
840:
838:
262:
1570:"Concorde | Summary, History, & Facts"
872:
844:
708:is currently the world's largest airliner
66:had four engines, among which stands the
1723:"Airbus A340 History - Modern Airliners"
1666:
1592:
1514:
1512:
1098:
1076:
835:
742:
699:
673:to compete against the 777 and upcoming
619:
609:long-range trijet, instead launched the
533:
435:
199:
152:
123:also feature this design, including the
85:
17:
1669:"The Boeing 767 and the Birth of ETOPS"
1543:
312:twinjet. With all engines operative at
1998:
1890:
1282:"Maintenance Costs for Aging Aircraft"
1233:"How time flies, a year of 787 flying"
907:Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach
902:
227:stealth strategic bomber has all four
1939:
1696:
1509:
1206:
1868:"The days of the A380 look numbered"
1593:McFadden, Christopher (2017-03-05).
1518:
1138:Why are the Jumbo-jets disappearing?
351:from 1958 had a thrust output of 76
1771:"Boeing 767 - Aerospace Technology"
1470:
1401:
1029:"B-2 Stealth Bomber – How It Works"
13:
845:Hollingham, Richard (2017-04-05).
62:. Many of the first purpose-built
14:
2027:
1099:Williams, David J. (2015-06-25).
1058:LII / Legal Information Institute
955:Freudenrich, Craig (2001-01-29).
695:
493:Later decades and gradual decline
359:), while modern engines like the
195:
98:
1615:"BAE 146 - Aerospace Technology"
1310:MS&E 135 Networks @ Stanford
933:Tulapurkara, E.G. (2013-10-15).
553:began service in 1976. Its four
448:
1978:
1958:
1933:
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1836:
1812:
1787:
1763:
1739:
1715:
1690:
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1607:
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1544:Dowling, Stephen (2018-09-28).
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1485:
1464:
1440:
1416:
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1347:
1323:
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1225:
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1184:"The GE90 Engine | GE Aviation"
1176:
1151:
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1070:
1046:
1021:
997:
973:
935:"Fuselage and tail sizing - 7"
873:Mutzabaugh, Ben (2017-10-09).
555:Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593
1:
1163:National Air and Space Museum
939:Airplane Design (Aerodynamic)
828:
787:Types currently in production
751:, have opted to use both the
267:
231:buried within its wing (as a
1891:Dorman, Clive (2014-09-30).
1207:Smith, Oliver (2018-01-16).
1135:Mentour Pilot (2018-08-10).
791:
457:, airliners were powered by
374:
7:
1667:Santiago, JP (2015-12-09).
1009:BAE Systems | International
806:
738:Dubai International Airport
605:who went on to produce the
225:Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit
10:
2032:
1697:Honig, Zach (2014-08-15).
1335:CAPA - Centre for Aviation
574:short take off and landing
431:
245:Hawker Siddeley Trident 3B
1497:www.century-of-flight.net
624:Large twins such as this
259:and raised gross weight.
81:
1673:www.tailsthroughtime.com
1639:"History of the BAe 146"
1519:Hoke, Ken (2015-10-07).
349:Pratt & Whitney JT3D
263:Advantages and drawbacks
238:
30:, used four jet engines.
2016:Aircraft configurations
1921:www.modernairliners.com
1751:www.modernairliners.com
1727:www.modernairliners.com
1574:Encyclopedia Britannica
1428:Encyclopedia Britannica
1359:Encyclopedia Britannica
1079:"New ETOPS Regulations"
1077:Ekstrand, Chet (2003).
903:Raymer, Daniel (1992).
747:Some airlines, such as
669:, went for the all-new
529:Lockheed L-1011 TriStar
525:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
306:McDonnell Douglas MD-11
129:Boeing C-17 Globemaster
26:, the first commercial
2011:Aerospace technologies
760:
709:
629:
542:
445:
314:maximum takeoff weight
208:
165:
95:
31:
765:Boeing 787 Dreamliner
746:
718:point-to-point travel
703:
667:Rolls-Royce Trent 500
643:General Electric GE90
623:
537:
439:
361:General Electric GE90
345:high-bypass turbofans
203:
156:
89:
38:, sometimes called a
21:
1940:Aboulafia, Richard.
1775:Aerospace Technology
1619:Aerospace Technology
985:Aerospace Technology
957:"How Concordes Work"
682:September 11 attacks
661:and superseding the
635:General Electric CF6
337:low-bypass turbofans
206:de Havilland Comet 4
1643:www.shockcone.co.uk
1471:Glancey, Jonathan.
1402:Glancey, Jonathan.
145:supersonic airliner
133:Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
1801:. 27 February 2018
1493:"the jet airliner"
1383:airandspace.si.edu
1188:www.geaviation.com
761:
728:, as opposed to a
710:
630:
543:
521:wide-body airliner
481:and a year later,
467:De Havilland Comet
446:
219:buried inside its
215:incorporated four
213:de Havilland Comet
209:
172:, necessitating a
166:
96:
68:De Havilland Comet
32:
24:de Havilland Comet
1824:www.airfleets.net
1452:www.skybrary.aero
1086:Flight Operations
802:
603:McDonnell Douglas
570:regional airliner
410:low-cost carriers
324:), and 1 to 6.6 (
182:centre of gravity
178:high-lift devices
139:moment during an
60:military aircraft
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1988:. 2 August 2020.
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626:Boeing 777-300ER
310:Boeing 767-300ER
119:. Many military
72:twin-engine jets
46:powered by four
36:four-engined jet
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2000:Categories
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851:BBC Future
829:References
823:Xi'an Y-20
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