1093:
1727:
1826:
133:
877:
866:
1743:
1129:", or the amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile or kJ/t-km (of freight transport), GJ/t (for production of steel and other materials), BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle travel). Litres per 100 km is also a measure of "energy intensity" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the output is measured by the
2025:
25:
2659:
2000:, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient. There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely one given is the hypothesis that the temperature is evenly distributed enough that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005. Experiments by NASA in microgravity reveal that
1835:
techniques are used by drivers who wish to reduce their fuel consumption, and thus maximize fuel efficiency. Many drivers have the potential to improve their fuel efficiency significantly. Simple things such as keeping tires properly inflated, having a vehicle well-maintained and avoiding idling can
1178:
of vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is significant, about 8 or 9%. This accounts for most of the apparent discrepancy in the heat value of gasoline. In the U.S. (and the table) the high heat values have traditionally been used, but in many other countries, the
1173:
energy for the same batch of fuel. One is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the combustion, the water in the exhaust is in liquid form. For the low value, the exhaust has all the water in vapor form
1096:
Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Without the
1075:
use two or more power sources for propulsion. In many designs, a small combustion engine is combined with electric motors. Kinetic energy which would otherwise be lost to heat during braking is recaptured as electrical power to improve fuel efficiency. The larger batteries in these vehicles power
1872:
for electricity. Some railways, such as the French SNCF and Swiss federal railways derive most, if not 100% of their power, from hydroelectric or nuclear power stations, therefore atmospheric pollution from their rail networks is very low. This was reflected in a study by AEA Technology between a
1681:
Therefore, in the
International System of Units, the energy efficiency in transport is measured in terms of metre per joule, or m/J, while the energy consumption in transport is measured in terms of joules per metre, or J/m. The more efficient the vehicle, the more metres it covers with one joule
1917:
Because there are pollutants involved in the manufacture and destruction of a car and the production, transmission and storage of electricity and hydrogen, the label "zero pollution" applies only to the car's conversion of stored energy into movement.
1767:. Consumption can be expressed in terms of the volume of fuel to travel a distance, or the distance traveled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is a significant factor in air pollution, and since the importation of
1044:
Fuel consumption is a more accurate measure of a vehicle's performance because it is a linear relationship while fuel economy leads to distortions in efficiency improvements. Weight-specific efficiency (efficiency per unit weight) may be stated for
1867:
locomotives as common on the US and UK rail networks. Pollution produced from centralised generation of electricity is emitted at a distant power station, rather than "on site". Pollution can be reduced by using more railway electrification and
1902:, and similarly compatible with both natural gas and gasoline); these vehicles promise to have near-zero pollution from the tailpipe (exhaust pipe). Potentially the atmospheric pollution could be minimal, provided the hydrogen is made by
1893:
may be commercially available. Toyota is test-marketing vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells in southern
California, where a series of hydrogen fueling stations has been established. Powered either through chemical reactions in a
1101:
Fleet efficiency describes the average efficiency of a population of vehicles. Technological advances in efficiency may be offset by a change in buying habits with a propensity to heavier vehicles that are less fuel-efficient.
1786:, and others) encountered while propelling the vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the
1750:
from 1916. Originally an experiment in creating a fuel-saving automobile in the United States, the vehicle weighed only 135 lb (61.2 kg) and was an adaptation of a small gasoline engine originally designed to power a
2527:
2004:
in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidised after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behaved differently in microgravity when compared to normal gravity
1140:
Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using energy units:
1670:, whilst energy efficiency is applicable to any sort of propulsion. To avoid said confusion, and to be able to compare the energy efficiency in any type of vehicle, experts tend to measure the energy in the
1842:
Simple fuel-efficiency techniques can result in reduction in fuel consumption without resorting to radical fuel-saving techniques that can be unlawful and dangerous, such as tailgating larger vehicles.
1590:
Neither the gross heat of combustion nor the net heat of combustion gives the theoretical amount of mechanical energy (work) that can be obtained from the reaction. (This is given by the change in
1836:
dramatically improve fuel efficiency. Careful use of acceleration and deceleration and especially limiting use of high speeds helps efficiency. The use of multiple such techniques is called "
2681:
2352:
2545:
2213:
1957:
content and do not contain metallic additives. Top Tier gasoline contains higher levels of detergent additives in order to prevent the build-up of deposits (typically, on
1069:. There have been advances in all areas of vehicle design in recent decades. Fuel efficiency of vehicles can also be improved by careful maintenance and driving habits.
1029:
gallon); there is sometimes confusion as the imperial gallon is 20% larger than the US gallon so that mpg values are not directly comparable. Traditionally, litres per
2243:
713:
2795:
1704:
Via type of fuel used and rate of fuel consumption, energy efficiency is also often related to operating cost ($ /km) and environmental emissions (e.g. CO
950:. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous
2322:
747:
1635:
means. The energy input might be rendered in several different types depending on the type of propulsion, and normally such energy is presented in
907:
1898:
that create electricity to drive very efficient electrical motors or by directly burning hydrogen in a combustion engine (near identically to a
2634:
2006:
1174:(steam). Since water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid, the liquid water value is larger since it includes the
2734:
1974:
1778:
Different methods are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to overcome various losses (
2337:
1855:. However, electricity is not a primary energy source so the efficiency of the electricity production has also to be taken into account.
1165:
of a fuel is the heat energy obtained when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram). It is sometimes called the
1017:(L/100 km) or kilometers per liter (km/L or kmpl). In a number of countries still using other systems, fuel economy is expressed in
2768:
2788:
1666:, fuel consumption being the reciprocal of fuel economy. Nonetheless, fuel consumption is linked with a means of propulsion which uses
1598:) depends on the engine. A figure of 17.6 MJ/kg is possible with a gasoline engine, and 19.1 MJ/kg for a diesel engine. See
3344:
2749:
Spritmonitor.de "the most fuel efficient cars" - Database of thousands of (mostly German) car owners' actual fuel consumption figures
2541:
2217:
2575:
3349:
847:
89:
2781:
2439:
2239:
2726:
2607:
61:
3404:
2162:
1804:
1594:, and is around 45.7 MJ/kg for gasoline.) The actual amount of mechanical work obtained from fuel (the inverse of the
900:
3040:
982:
2381:
2039:
68:
2591:
3334:
2707:
2132:
2127:
1988:, because soot tends to rise to the top of a flame, such as in a candle, making the flame yellow. In microgravity or
1145:
There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing fuel which can differ by several percent (see below).
732:
108:
3225:
2013:
in microgravity burn at a much slower rate and more efficiently than even a candle on Earth, and last much longer.
736:
42:
3359:
2985:
2257:
1877:
train and airline journeys between London and Paris, which showed the trains on average emitting 10 times less CO
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1595:
893:
767:
324:
75:
3075:
2990:
2462:
2065:
1620:
1612:
409:
339:
46:
2385:
1671:
359:
2314:
57:
3465:
3455:
3424:
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2157:
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of electric energy may require an amount of fuel with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.
787:
723:
683:
587:
2368:
Calculated from heats of formation. Does not correspond exactly to the figure for MJ/L divided by density.
1097:
shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.
3389:
2290:
2122:
1794:
of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy; maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy
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1719:
1134:
1110:
782:
3460:
3450:
3429:
3354:
2466:
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do not directly burn fuel, and so do not have fuel economy per se, but equivalence measures, such as
1747:
1092:
842:
777:
3384:
2689:
2685:
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2631:
2117:
1851:
The most efficient machines for converting energy to rotary motion are electric motors, as used in
1832:
1818:
998:
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344:
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1271:
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181:
35:
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trains can be powered using electricity, delivered through an additional running rail, overhead
1682:(more efficiency), or the fewer joules it uses to travel over one metre (less consumption). The
678:
3414:
3288:
3283:
2854:
2167:
2050:
1656:
1077:
1049:, and passenger-specific efficiency (vehicle efficiency per passenger) for passenger vehicles.
757:
728:
645:
640:
191:
3085:
3030:
2884:
2804:
2177:
2152:
2055:
1538:
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742:
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389:
286:
82:
2748:
2572:"Rail 10 times better than air in London-Paris CO2 comparison - Transport & Environment"
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630:
532:
384:
369:
301:
8:
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Searchable fuel economy data from the EPA - United States
Environmental Protection Agency
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2092:
1911:
1899:
472:
329:
2558:
2338:"Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition"
3230:
3200:
3140:
3000:
2859:
2508:"Using on-board logging devices to study the long-term impact of an eco-driving course"
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231:
196:
176:
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1468:
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1030:
994:
955:
837:
772:
635:
542:
527:
291:
211:
3419:
3399:
3293:
3145:
3135:
3045:
2995:
2909:
2519:
2427:
2344:
2187:
1907:
1890:
1869:
1764:
1734:. The displayed fuel economy is 18.1 km/L (5.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg
1663:
1652:
1126:
939:
817:
807:
650:
487:
482:
399:
349:
271:
241:
137:
1113:
is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is usually in units of energy such as
3329:
3245:
3205:
3170:
3125:
3020:
2864:
2738:
2638:
2611:
2595:
2488:
2192:
2001:
1825:
1787:
1779:
1561:
1072:
947:
936:
703:
597:
557:
517:
477:
379:
201:
3379:
3339:
3303:
3250:
3175:
3060:
3055:
2924:
2914:
2899:
2377:
2147:
2102:
2045:
2010:
1926:
1860:
1791:
1687:
1162:
1118:
1062:
1026:
951:
708:
660:
602:
522:
419:
414:
296:
261:
246:
124:
2523:
1984:
The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on
1659:
of the energy efficiency in transport is the energy consumption in transport.
3444:
3369:
3298:
3070:
2258:"Simple tips and tricks to increase fuel efficiency of your car | CarSangrah"
2142:
2030:
1958:
1772:
1731:
1439:
1415:
1209:
1170:
1149:
1006:
971:
655:
429:
2552:
1057:
Fuel efficiency is dependent on many parameters of a vehicle, including its
132:
3394:
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3240:
3215:
3150:
3090:
3050:
2939:
2919:
2904:
2752:
2588:
1989:
1978:
1962:
1903:
1881:, per passenger, than planes, helped in part by French nuclear generation.
1800:
1346:
1302:
802:
625:
577:
567:
502:
449:
404:
256:
251:
2421:
3190:
3165:
3035:
3010:
2949:
2812:
2758:
2416:
2414:
2137:
1993:
1837:
1667:
1644:
1636:
1396:
1175:
1148:
When comparing transportation energy costs, it must be remembered that a
537:
512:
374:
334:
148:
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2732:
NASA Offers a $ 1.5 Million Prize for a Fast and Fuel-Efficient
Aircraft
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1985:
1938:
1768:
1699:
1632:
1114:
1014:
990:
963:
822:
762:
572:
562:
434:
364:
221:
2411:
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in transport largely varies by means of transport. Different types of
3195:
2834:
2348:
2107:
1954:
1895:
1783:
1742:
1422:
1204:
978:
852:
547:
166:
2743:
2542:"20 Ways to Improve Your Fuel Efficiency and Save Money at the Pump"
2495:. Vol. XXXIII. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
1906:
using electricity from non-polluting sources such as solar, wind or
24:
3324:
3255:
3160:
2869:
2688:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
2431:
2336:
Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023).
1950:
1874:
1624:
1513:
1490:
1324:
1245:
1219:
1130:
688:
607:
507:
454:
276:
206:
1953:
brands in the US and Canada that meet their minimum standards for
1914:
uses fossil fuels and produces more carbon dioxide than hydrogen.
3100:
2824:
2763:
2172:
2071:
2024:
1856:
1795:
1695:
1627:, of passengers, goods or any type of load; divided by the total
1275:
1267:
1046:
967:
439:
156:
2321:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022.
1763:
relates to the distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of
2934:
2829:
2499:
2423:
Assessment of Fuel
Economy Technologies for Light-duty Vehicles
2240:"Learn More About the Fuel Economy Label for Gasoline Vehicles"
1997:
1934:
1628:
1279:
1198:
1058:
1038:
1034:
1022:
497:
281:
161:
2721:
1662:
Energy efficiency in transport is often described in terms of
1041:, but both have aligned to the EU standard of L/100 km.
2874:
2839:
2309:
2307:
2282:
2009:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
1930:
1691:
1675:
1010:
986:
932:
792:
216:
171:
2641:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
2929:
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2889:
1973:
How fuel combusts affects how much energy is produced. The
1942:
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1002:
943:
306:
266:
236:
226:
2304:
3095:
2849:
2329:
1922:
1760:
1446:
1371:
1025:(mpg), for example in the US and usually also in the UK (
832:
186:
993:
consumed. It is dependent on several factors including
1965:) known to reduce fuel economy and engine performance.
1775:, many countries impose requirements for fuel economy.
1080:, allowing the engine to shut off and avoid prolonged
2559:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypermiling
1996:, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes
958:, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially
2343:. Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3.
2020:
1712:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1698:to tens of megajoules per kilometre (MJ/km) for a
1009:, fuel economy is stated as "fuel consumption" in
2769:Ny Times: A Road Test of Alternative Fuel Visions
2672:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
2582:
2335:
2214:"Information on the fuel consumption of new cars"
3442:
2487:Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (1916).
1105:
935:of effort to result of a process that converts
1125:(BTU). The inverse of "energy efficiency" is "
2789:
1975:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1921:In 2004, a consortium of major auto-makers —
1807:have been created to attempt to compare them.
901:
2315:"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report"
1977:(NASA) has investigated fuel consumption in
2378:Appendix B, Transportation Energy Data Book
1572:
1546:
1522:
1404:
1380:
1355:
1288:
1253:
1228:
954:. Non-transportation applications, such as
2796:
2782:
908:
894:
2803:
2708:Learn how and when to remove this message
1863:system or by on-board generators used in
1156:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2486:
1824:
1741:
1725:
1169:. There exists two different values of
1091:
3443:
2505:
2426:. The National Academies Press. 2011.
2358:from the original on 26 November 2023.
2325:from the original on 2 September 2023.
1947:"Top Tier Detergent Gasoline Standard"
1884:
1846:
2777:
2744:Car Fuel Consumption Official Figures
2722:US Government website on fuel economy
1730:Fuel consumption monitor from a 2006
1005:design. In most countries, using the
985:of a particular vehicle, given as a
2652:
2163:Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
1811:
1805:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3041:Maintenance, repair, and operations
2727:UK DfT comparisons on road and rail
2371:
1179:low heat values are commonly used.
1087:
13:
2764:penghemat bbm - Alat penghemat bbm
2463:"Glossary of energy-related terms"
2382:Center for Transportation Analysis
2040:Annual fuel utilization efficiency
1968:
1771:can be a large part of a nation's
14:
3477:
3345:Controlled-access highway systems
2648:
2133:Fuel efficiency in transportation
2128:Fuel economy maximising behaviors
1713:Fuel efficiency of motor vehicles
1605:
1052:
989:of distance traveled per unit of
3405:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
3226:Sustainable urban infrastructure
2657:
2578:from the original on 2007-09-28.
2548:from the original on 2016-08-16.
2530:from the original on 2013-10-19.
2246:from the original on 2013-07-05.
2023:
1817:This section is an excerpt from
1718:This section is an excerpt from
1611:This section is an excerpt from
875:
865:
864:
131:
23:
3360:Hong Kong International Airport
2986:Infrastructure asset management
2625:
2600:
2564:
2534:
2480:
2293:from the original on 2015-07-08
1600:Brake-specific fuel consumption
1374:(85% ethanol and 15% gasoline)
1349:(10% ethanol and 90% gasoline)
1121:(kW·h), kilocalories (kcal) or
838:Spanish autovias and autopistas
34:needs additional citations for
2390:
2362:
2275:
2250:
2232:
2206:
2066:Corporate Average Fuel Economy
1651:is also occasionally known as
1621:energy efficiency in transport
1613:Energy efficiency in transport
1:
2386:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2199:
1672:International System of Units
1106:Energy efficiency terminology
1065:, weight, AC usage, fuel and
848:Power transmission in the USA
699:Brazilian energy independence
360:European green infrastructure
3375:Kansai International Airport
3236:Transit-oriented development
2506:Beusen; et al. (2009).
2158:Low-rolling resistance tires
2098:Energy conversion efficiency
1992:, such as an environment in
1694:per kilometre (kJ/km) for a
588:Transit-oriented development
7:
3350:Electric power transmission
2632:SOFBAL-2 experiment results
2608:"Deposit Control Standards"
2123:Fuel economy in automobiles
2016:
1720:Fuel economy in automobiles
1582:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1135:Fuel economy in automobiles
962:or industries dealing with
748:British offshore wind-power
10:
3482:
3430:Transcontinental railroads
3076:Public–private partnership
2561:Merriam Webster dictionary
1816:
1717:
1610:
1184:
410:Public–private partnership
16:Form of thermal efficiency
3335:Bus rapid transit systems
3312:
3264:
3109:
2973:
2811:
2524:10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.009
2512:Transportation Research D
2467:U.S. Department of Energy
2287:U.S. Department of Energy
2088:Energy content of Biofuel
2061:Carbon dioxide equivalent
1748:Briggs and Stratton Flyer
1596:specific fuel consumption
1449:(using 9.00 kcal/g)
1133:travelled. For example:
946:) into kinetic energy or
843:Transcontinental Railroad
724:Curtiba rapid bus transit
2118:Fuel economy in aircraft
2007:LSP-1 experiment results
1833:Energy-efficient driving
1819:Energy-efficient driving
1690:range from some hundred
1623:is the useful travelled
960:fossil fuel power plants
942:contained in a carrier (
813:San Francisco Bay Bridge
2845:Critical infrastructure
1910:or nuclear. Commercial
1631:put into the transport
1533:N/A to turbine engines
1508:N/A to turbine engines
828:Spanish high-speed rail
768:Hong Kong Int'l Airport
753:Nuclear power in France
719:China's high-speed rail
694:Bicycle parking station
182:Critical infrastructure
3289:Mechanical engineering
3284:Electrical engineering
2991:Build–operate–transfer
2855:Electricity generation
2489:"Man and His Machines"
2168:Marine fuel management
2051:Alternative propulsion
1829:
1752:
1739:
1602:for more information.
1157:Energy content of fuel
1098:
981:, fuel economy is the
970:production during the
882:Engineering portal
758:Solar power in Germany
729:Cycling infrastructure
646:Mechanical engineering
340:Build–operate–transfer
3425:Trans-Alaska pipeline
3031:Life-cycle assessment
3006:Engineering contracts
2885:Municipal solid waste
2805:Public infrastructure
2178:Variable valve timing
2153:Life cycle assessment
2056:Camless piston engine
1828:
1745:
1729:
1539:Liquefied natural gas
1123:British thermal units
1095:
684:Trans-Alaska pipeline
440:Replacement (upgrade)
390:Life-cycle assessment
370:Engineering contracts
3320:Akashi KaikyĹŤ Bridge
3186:Mobile data terminal
2960:Water supply network
2955:Wastewater treatment
2678:improve this article
2078:Efficient energy use
1790:in the fuel and the
788:Kansai Int'l Airport
679:Akashi KaikyĹŤ Bridge
631:Chemical engineering
533:Mobile data terminal
385:Green infrastructure
43:improve this article
3466:Transport economics
3456:Physical quantities
3390:Offshore wind farms
3201:Renewable resources
3121:Air traffic control
3026:Infrastructure bond
2690:footnote references
2220:on 8 September 2019
2093:Energy conservation
1912:hydrogen production
1900:natural gas vehicle
1885:Hydrogen fuel cells
1847:Advanced technology
778:Interstate highways
608:Wireless technology
473:Air traffic control
3231:Traffic congestion
3141:Congestion pricing
2945:Telecommunications
2860:Energy development
2737:2016-03-03 at the
2637:2007-03-12 at the
2594:2013-08-15 at the
2283:"How Hybrids Work"
1830:
1753:
1740:
1167:heat of combustion
1099:
1067:rolling resistance
977:In the context of
929:thermal efficiency
798:Offshore wind port
714:Chicago wastewater
583:Traffic congestion
493:Congestion pricing
232:Pipeline transport
212:Irrigation schemes
177:Coastal management
3461:Energy efficiency
3438:
3437:
3355:High-speed trains
3279:Civil engineering
3181:Land-use planning
3131:Bus rapid transit
2718:
2717:
2710:
2589:Top Tier Gasoline
2441:978-0-309-15607-3
2113:Front-wheel drive
2083:Emission standard
1853:electric vehicles
1812:Driving technique
1684:energy efficiency
1649:energy efficiency
1641:electrical energy
1592:Gibbs free energy
1586:
1585:
1469:Aviation gasoline
1111:Energy efficiency
1078:car's electronics
995:engine efficiency
983:energy efficiency
918:
917:
783:Jamnagar Refinery
773:Intercity Express
743:Danish wind-power
543:Rapid bus transit
528:Land-use planning
292:Telecommunication
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Fuel efficiency"
3473:
3451:Energy economics
3420:Three Gorges Dam
3400:Port of Shanghai
3294:Public economics
3146:Containerization
3136:Carbon footprint
3046:Natural monopoly
2915:Public utilities
2910:Public transport
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2642:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2610:. Archived from
2604:
2598:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2493:The World's Work
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2394:
2388:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2349:10.7922/G2HM56SV
2342:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:. Archived from
2210:
2188:Automobile costs
2033:
2028:
2027:
2002:diffusion flames
1908:hydroelectricity
1870:low carbon power
1664:fuel consumption
1653:energy intensity
1574:
1568:
1548:
1524:
1440:N/A (see cetane)
1416:N/A (see cetane)
1406:
1382:
1357:
1290:
1255:
1230:
1182:
1181:
1127:energy intensity
1088:Fleet efficiency
1063:aerodynamic drag
940:potential energy
910:
903:
896:
880:
879:
868:
867:
818:Three Gorges Dam
808:Port of Shanghai
651:Public economics
488:Containerization
483:Carbon footprint
467:Issues and ideas
345:Design–bid–build
325:Asset management
272:Sewage treatment
138:Grand Coulee Dam
135:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3330:Brooklyn Bridge
3308:
3266:
3260:
3246:Waste-to-energy
3206:Reverse osmosis
3176:Hybrid vehicles
3171:High-speed rail
3156:Fuel efficiency
3126:Brownfield land
3113:
3111:
3105:
3021:Government debt
2969:
2865:Hazardous waste
2817:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2739:Wayback Machine
2714:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2675:
2666:This article's
2662:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2639:Wayback Machine
2630:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2596:Wayback Machine
2587:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2504:
2500:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:Vehicle metrics
2029:
2022:
2019:
2011:Premixed flames
1971:
1969:In microgravity
1945:— came up with
1889:In the future,
1887:
1880:
1865:diesel-electric
1849:
1844:
1843:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1788:chemical energy
1780:wind resistance
1737:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1616:
1608:
1566:
1562:Liquid hydrogen
1211:
1210:Research octane
1159:
1108:
1090:
1073:Hybrid vehicles
1055:
927:) is a form of
921:Fuel efficiency
914:
874:
857:
833:French TGV rail
704:Brooklyn Bridge
675:
674:
665:
622:
621:
620:Fields of study
612:
598:Waste-to-energy
593:Fuel efficiency
558:Reverse osmosis
523:Hybrid vehicles
518:High-speed rail
469:
468:
459:
380:Government debt
321:
320:
311:
202:Hazardous waste
153:
152:
140:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Millau Viaduct
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Channel Tunnel
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3304:Urban planning
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3251:Weatherization
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Public finance
3058:
3056:Public capital
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Rail transport
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Public housing
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2670:external links
2665:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2649:External links
2647:
2644:
2643:
2624:
2599:
2581:
2563:
2551:
2533:
2518:(7): 514–520.
2498:
2479:
2454:
2440:
2432:10.17226/12924
2410:
2389:
2370:
2361:
2328:
2303:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Jevons paradox
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Energy density
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:ACEA agreement
2043:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2018:
2015:
1970:
1967:
1927:General Motors
1886:
1883:
1878:
1848:
1845:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1798:waste energy.
1792:kinetic energy
1735:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1606:Transportation
1604:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1564:
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1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1163:energy content
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1119:kilowatt-hours
1107:
1104:
1089:
1086:
1054:
1053:Vehicle design
1051:
952:energy profile
931:, meaning the
916:
915:
913:
912:
905:
898:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:
872:
859:
858:
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845:
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835:
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815:
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805:
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795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
726:
721:
716:
711:
709:Channel Tunnel
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
672:
671:
670:
667:
666:
664:
663:
661:Urban planning
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
619:
618:
617:
614:
613:
611:
610:
605:
603:Weatherization
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
466:
465:
464:
461:
460:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
420:Public finance
417:
415:Public capital
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
318:
317:
316:
313:
312:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
247:Public housing
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
151:and facilities
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
136:
128:
127:
125:Infrastructure
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3478:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Nuclear power
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Humber Bridge
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Public policy
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Public sector
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
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3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Appropriation
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
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2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
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2940:State schools
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2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
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2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Public spaces
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2896:
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2891:
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2886:
2883:
2881:
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2876:
2873:
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2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2701:
2698:November 2023
2691:
2687:
2686:inappropriate
2683:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2614:on 2004-08-06
2613:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2573:
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2560:
2555:
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2191:
2189:
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2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Heating value
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
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2076:
2073:
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2067:
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2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2031:Energy portal
2026:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:fuel injector
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1891:hydrogen cars
1882:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1806:
1802:
1801:Electric cars
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1773:foreign trade
1770:
1766:
1765:fuel consumed
1762:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1733:
1732:Honda Airwave
1728:
1721:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
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1679:
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1614:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
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1563:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1467:
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1448:
1447:Vegetable oil
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1172:
1171:specific heat
1168:
1164:
1161:The specific
1151:
1150:kilowatt hour
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1033:were used in
1032:
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1016:
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1007:metric system
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656:Public policy
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430:Public sector
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330:Appropriation
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3395:Panama Canal
3274:Architecture
3241:Urban sprawl
3216:Smart growth
3155:
3151:Ethanol fuel
3091:Supply chain
3051:Property tax
2996:Design–build
2920:Public works
2753:Spritmonitor
2704:
2695:
2680:by removing
2667:
2627:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:the original
2602:
2584:
2566:
2554:
2536:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2492:
2482:
2472:20 September
2470:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:18 September
2445:. Retrieved
2422:
2403:18 September
2401:. Retrieved
2398:"Efficiency"
2392:
2373:
2364:
2331:
2318:
2295:. Retrieved
2277:
2266:. Retrieved
2264:. 2018-06-07
2261:
2252:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2208:
1990:zero gravity
1983:
1979:microgravity
1972:
1963:intake valve
1946:
1920:
1916:
1904:electrolysis
1888:
1850:
1831:
1777:
1757:fuel economy
1754:
1680:
1668:liquid fuels
1661:
1637:liquid fuels
1618:
1589:
1587:
1212:number (RON)
1160:
1139:
1109:
1100:
1071:
1061:parameters,
1056:
1043:
1001:design, and
999:transmission
976:
925:fuel economy
924:
920:
919:
803:Panama Canal
626:Architecture
592:
578:Urban sprawl
568:Smart growth
503:Ethanol fuel
450:Supply chain
405:Property tax
350:Design–build
302:Water supply
242:Mass transit
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3415:Solar power
3191:Pork barrel
3166:Groundwater
3066:Public good
3036:Lindahl tax
3011:Externality
2950:Town square
2880:Lighthouses
2138:Gas-guzzler
2074:(in Canada)
2005:conditions.
1994:outer space
1838:hypermiling
1645:food energy
1516:, kerosene
1176:latent heat
538:Pork barrel
513:Groundwater
425:Public good
395:Maintenance
375:Externality
335:Lindahl tax
287:Solid waste
222:Lighthouses
192:Electricity
3445:Categories
3410:Suez Canal
3365:Hoover Dam
3221:Stormwater
3211:Smart grid
3081:Renovation
3016:Fixed cost
2965:Wind power
2818:facilities
2618:2012-10-19
2297:2014-01-16
2268:2018-07-24
2262:CarSangrah
2224:7 November
2200:References
1986:convection
1939:Volkswagen
1769:motor fuel
1761:automobile
1700:helicopter
1692:kilojoules
1633:propulsion
1493:, naphtha
1285:25.5–28.7
1185:Fuel type
1115:megajoules
1015:kilometers
966:, such as
964:combustion
823:Shinkansen
763:Hoover Dam
641:Electrical
573:Stormwater
563:Smart grid
553:Renewables
478:Brownfield
435:Renovation
365:Fixed cost
69:newspapers
3196:Recycling
3086:Spillover
2870:Hospitals
2835:Broadband
2682:excessive
2380:from the
2108:FF layout
1998:spherical
1955:detergent
1896:fuel cell
1784:tire drag
1736:‑US
1688:transport
1423:Biodiesel
979:transport
853:Wind farm
548:Recycling
445:Spillover
297:Utilities
207:Hospitals
167:Broadband
3325:Autobahn
3313:Examples
3267:of study
3256:Wireless
3161:Fuel tax
3096:Taxation
2974:Concepts
2825:Airports
2735:Archived
2635:Archived
2592:Archived
2576:Archived
2546:Archived
2528:Archived
2353:Archived
2323:Archived
2291:Archived
2244:Archived
2017:See also
1951:gasoline
1875:Eurostar
1861:catenary
1751:bicycle.
1674:, i.e.,
1625:distance
1551:109,000
1530:135,000
1527:162,100
1514:Jet fuel
1505:127,500
1502:153,100
1491:Jet fuel
1482:120,200
1479:144,400
1461:123,143
1458:147,894
1436:126,200
1433:151,600
1412:138,700
1409:166,600
1391:100–105
1385:108,878
1363:121,000
1360:145,200
1325:Methanol
1313:101,600
1297:108–110
1278:and 40%
1262:Min. 95
1248:/petrol
1246:gasoline
1244:Premium
1239:Min. 91
1236:125,000
1233:150,100
1222:/petrol
1220:gasoline
1218:Regular
1131:distance
1027:imperial
1013:per 100
956:industry
937:chemical
870:Category
689:Autobahn
673:Examples
508:Fuel tax
455:Taxation
400:Monopoly
319:Concepts
277:Sewerage
157:Airports
99:May 2013
3101:Upgrade
3001:Earmark
2830:Bridges
2676:Please
2668:use of
2384:of the
2319:EPA.gov
2183:Unibody
2173:Twinjet
2072:EcoAuto
1857:Railway
1796:braking
1696:bicycle
1657:inverse
1580:33,696
1577:40,467
1554:90,800
1485:80-145
1388:90,660
1347:Gasohol
1338:64,600
1335:77,600
1316:84,600
1303:Ethanol
1276:propane
1274:) (60%
1268:Autogas
1199:imp gal
1047:freight
968:ammonia
733:history
355:Earmark
282:Sluices
162:Bridges
83:scholar
3265:Fields
3110:Issues
2935:Sewage
2875:Levees
2840:Canals
2813:Assets
2438:
2068:(CAFE)
2042:(AFUE)
1935:Toyota
1759:of an
1676:joules
1655:. The
1647:. The
1629:energy
1397:Diesel
1366:93/94
1280:butane
1205:US gal
1191:MJ/kg
1117:(MJ),
1082:idling
1059:engine
1039:Sweden
1035:Norway
1023:gallon
1011:liters
737:safety
498:Ecotax
217:Levees
197:Energy
172:Canals
149:Assets
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3114:ideas
2930:Roads
2895:Ports
2890:Parks
2751:(cf.
2356:(PDF)
2341:(PDF)
1931:Honda
1708:/km).
1543:25.3
1519:37.6
1499:46.6
1496:35.5
1476:46.8
1473:33.5
1455:37.7
1452:34.3
1430:39.9
1427:35.1
1401:38.6
1377:25.2
1352:33.7
1332:19.9
1329:17.9
1310:31.1
1307:23.5
1225:34.8
1188:MJ/L
1019:miles
987:ratio
933:ratio
793:Levee
636:Civil
307:Weirs
267:Roads
237:Ports
227:Parks
90:JSTOR
76:books
2850:Dams
2474:2016
2449:2016
2436:ISBN
2405:2016
2226:2019
1961:and
1943:Audi
1937:and
1755:The
1619:The
1573:~130
1569:9.3
1341:123
1319:129
1203:BTU/
1076:the
1037:and
1021:per
1003:tire
991:fuel
948:work
944:fuel
923:(or
262:Rail
187:Dams
62:news
3112:and
2816:and
2684:or
2520:doi
2428:doi
2345:doi
1949:to
1923:BMW
1840:".
1643:or
1547:~55
1523:~47
1405:~48
1381:~33
1372:E85
1356:~45
1289:~51
1272:LPG
1254:~46
1229:~47
1195:BTU
1031:mil
739:)
45:by
3447::
2574:.
2544:.
2526:.
2516:14
2514:.
2510:.
2491:.
2465:.
2434:.
2413:^
2351:.
2317:.
2306:^
2289:.
2285:.
2260:.
2242:.
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1933:,
1929:,
1925:,
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1746:A
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