1019:
1901:. The canal contains 36 locks and encompasses a total elevation differential of around 565 ft. (169 m). The Erie Canal with its easy connections to most of the U.S. mid-west and New York City soon quickly paid back all its invested capital (US$ 7 million) and started turning a profit. By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world. From New York City these agricultural products could easily be shipped to other U.S. states or overseas. Assured of a market for their farm products the settlement of the U.S. mid-west was greatly accelerated by the Erie Canal. The profits generated by the Erie Canal project started a canal building boom in the United States that lasted until about 1850 when
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957:
314:
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95:
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107:
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262:
1263:, Mexico. Their irrigation systems supported the largest population in the Southwest by 1300 CE. Archaeologists working at a major archaeological dig in the 1990s in the Tucson Basin, along the Santa Cruz River, identified a culture and people that may have been the ancestors of the Hohokam. This prehistoric group occupied southern Arizona as early as 2000 BCE, and in the Early Agricultural period grew corn, lived year-round in sedentary villages, and developed sophisticated irrigation canals. The large-scale Hohokam irrigation network in the
1925:
488:
1687:, is often claimed as the first modern "purely artificial" canal because although originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley. However, "Bridgewater" supporters point out that the last quarter-mile of the navigation is indeed a canalized stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals.
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41:
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3054:
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1806:
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such canals, since access to markets was available. The Erie Canal (as well as other canals) was instrumental in lowering the differences in commodity prices between these various markets across
America. The canals caused price convergence between different regions because of their reduction in transportation costs, which allowed Americans to ship and buy goods from farther distances much cheaper. Ohio built many miles of canal, Indiana had working canals for a few decades, and the
497:
56:
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512:
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2011:
29:
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1376:, a distance of about 1.75 kilometres (1,900 yd). Its initial purpose is believed to be the transport of building stone for the abbey, but later it was used for delivering produce, including grain, wine and fish, from the abbey's outlying properties. It remained in use until at least the 14th century, but possibly as late as the mid-16th century.
733:, and may meander in a large horseshoe bend or series of curves some distance from the source waters stream bed lengthening the effective length in order to lower the ratio of rise over run (slope or pitch). The existing stream usually acts as the water source and the landscape around its banks provide a path for the new body. Examples include the
1310:. The canal was not designed for the quick conveying of water from Kala Wewa to Thissa Wawa but to create a mass of water between the two reservoirs, which would in turn provided for agriculture and the use of humans and animals. They also achieved a rather low gradient for its time. The canal is still in use after renovation.
628:. The water for the canal must be provided from an external source, like streams or reservoirs. Where the new waterway must change elevation engineering works like locks, lifts or elevators are constructed to raise and lower vessels. Examples include canals that connect valleys over a higher body of land, like
682:
to make its navigable path more predictable and easier to maneuver. Canalization modifies the stream to carry traffic more safely by controlling the flow of the stream by dredging, damming and modifying its path. This frequently includes the incorporation of locks and spillways, that make the river a
579:
when motor-trucks came into their own, the last small U.S. barge canals saw a steady decline in cargo ton-miles alongside many railways, the flexibility and steep slope climbing capability of lorries taking over cargo hauling increasingly as road networks were improved, and which also had the freedom
491:
1. Design High Water Level (HWL) 2. Low water channel 3. Flood channel 4. Riverside slope 5. Riverside banquette 6. Levee crown 7. Landside slope 8. Landside banquette 9. Berm 10. Low water revetment 11. Riverside land 12. Levee 13. Protected lowland 14.
76:
2226:). Panama, which did not have (and still does not have) a land connection with the rest of Colombia, was already thinking of independence. In 1903 the United States, with support from Panamanians who expected the canal to provide substantial wages, revenues, and markets for local goods and services,
1652:
and longer and longer "cuts" (some with intermediate locks) to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of river. Eventually, the experience of building long multi-level cuts with their own locks gave rise to the idea of building a "pure" canal, a waterway designed on the basis of where goods needed
562:
industries, whereas the once critical smaller inland waterways conceived and engineered as boat and barge canals have largely been supplanted and filled in, abandoned and left to deteriorate, or kept in service and staffed by state employees, where dams and locks are maintained for flood control or
1736:
The canal boats could carry thirty tons at a time with only one horse pulling – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart. Because of this huge increase in supply, the
Bridgewater canal reduced the price of coal in Manchester by nearly two-thirds within just a
1732:
alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the
British canal network. Commercial horse-drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK's canals until as late as the 1950s, although by then diesel-powered boats, often
1345:
was also expensive, as men expect compensation in the form of wages, room and board. This was because long-haul roads were unpaved, more often than not too narrow for carts, much less wagons, and in poor condition, wending their way through forests, marshy or muddy quagmires as often as unimproved
2040:
In the United States, navigable canals reached into isolated areas and brought them in touch with the world beyond. By 1825 the Erie Canal, 363 miles (584 km) long with 36 locks, opened up a connection from the populated
Northeast to the Great Lakes. Settlers flooded into regions serviced by
2032:
bucked this trend. Yet in other countries canals grew in size as construction techniques improved. During the 19th century in the US, the length of canals grew from 100 miles (161 km) to over 4,000, with a complex network making the Great Lakes navigable, in conjunction with Canada, although
907:
are frequently used. These consist of planks of wood placed across the canal to form a dam. They are generally placed in pre-existing grooves in the canal bank. On more modern canals, "guard locks" or gates were sometimes placed to allow a section of the canal to be quickly closed off, either for
1778:
For each canal, an Act of
Parliament was necessary to authorize construction, and as people saw the high incomes achieved from canal tolls, canal proposals came to be put forward by investors interested in profiting from dividends, at least as much as by people whose businesses would profit from
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The narrow early industrial canals, however, have ceased to carry significant amounts of trade and many have been abandoned to navigation, but may still be used as a system for transportation of untreated water. In some cases railways have been built along the canal route, an example being the
1740:
This success proved the viability of canal transport, and soon industrialists in many other parts of the country wanted canals. After the
Bridgewater canal, early canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the famous potter
536:
carried over 1.2 million tons of anthracite coal; by the 1930s the company which built and operated it for over a century ceased operation. The few canals still in operation in our modern age are a fraction of the numbers that once fueled and enabled economic growth, indeed were practically a
3349:
quotation p. 87: "There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a packhorse would carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same
879:
Canals have various features to tackle the problem of water supply. In cases, like the Suez Canal, the canal is open to the sea. Where the canal is not at sea level, a number of approaches have been adopted. Taking water from existing rivers or springs was an option in some cases, sometimes
1054:
is limited. A mule can carry an eighth-ton maximum load over a journey measured in days and weeks, though much more for shorter distances and periods with appropriate rest. Besides, carts need roads. Transport over water is much more efficient and cost-effective for large cargoes.
1233:
There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a pack-horse would carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same
574:
By the early 1880s, canals which had little ability to economically compete with rail transport, were off the map. In the next couple of decades, coal was increasingly diminished as the heating fuel of choice by oil, and growth of coal shipments leveled off. Later, after
809:, which consists of a chamber within which the water level can be raised or lowered connecting either two pieces of canal at a different level or the canal with a river or the sea. When there is a hill to be climbed, flights of many locks in short succession may be used.
1782:
In a further development, there was often out-and-out speculation, where people would try to buy shares in a newly floated company to sell them on for an immediate profit, regardless of whether the canal was ever profitable, or even built. During this period of
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ships were limited to a length of 289.56 m (950 ft) and a beam of 32.31 m (106 ft) until 26 June 2016 when the opening of larger locks allowed for the passage of larger New
Panamax ships. For the lockless Suez Canal the limiting factor for
2211:, first attempted to build a Panama Canal in the 1880s. The difficulty of the terrain and weather (rain) encountered caused the company to go bankrupt. High worker mortality from disease also discouraged further investment in the project. DeLessup's abandoned
1978:, considered to be "The Cradle of the American Industrial Revolution," has 6 miles (9.7 km) of canals, built from around 1790 to 1850, that provided water power and a means of transportation for the city. The output of the system is estimated at 10,000
1180:). The project began in 605 and was completed in 609, although much of the work combined older canals, the oldest section of the canal existing since at least 486 BC. Even in its narrowest urban sections it is rarely less than 30 metres (98 ft) wide.
1301:
which functioned in a way of a moving reservoir due to its single banking aspect to manage the canal pressure with the influx of water. It was also designed as an elongated reservoir passing through traps creating 66 mini catchments as it flows from
537:
prerequisite to further urbanization and industrialization. For the movement of bulk raw materials such as coal and ores are difficult and marginally affordable without water transport. Such raw materials fueled the industrial developments and new
2765:, which is up to 72 feet (21.95 m) long and 7 feet (2.13 m) wide and was primarily built for British Midland canals. In this case the limiting factor was the size of the locks. This is also the limiting factor on the Panama canal where
920:, or canal drop, is a vertical drop in the canal bed. These are built when the natural ground slope is steeper than the desired canal gradient. They are constructed so the falling water's kinetic energy is dissipated in order to prevent it from
1350:, could be transported by ship far more economically than by land; in the pre-railroad days of the industrial revolution, water transport was the gold standard of fast transportation. The first artificial canal in Western Europe was the
945:
Another type of canal fall is the vertical fall, which is "simple and economical". These feature a "cistern", or depressed area just downstream from the fall, to "cushion" the water by providing a deep pool for its kinetic energy to be
2440:. The city is built on marshy islands, with wooden piles supporting the buildings, so that the land is man-made rather than the waterways. The islands have a long history of settlement; by the 12th century, Venice was a powerful
3450:
B. S. J. Isserlin, R. E. Jones, V. Karastathis, S. P. Papamarinopoulos, G. E. Syrides and J. Uren "The Canal of Xerxes: Summary of
Investigations 1991-2001" The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 98 (2003), pp. 369–385
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were used to provide the required water. In other cases, water pumped from mines was used to feed the canal. In certain cases, extensive "feeder canals" were built to bring water from sources located far from the canal.
541:
resulting of the spiral of increasing mechanization during 17th–20th century, leading to new research disciplines, new industries and economies of scale, raising the standard of living for any industrialized society.
663:
were constructed in this way. In both cases pumping stations are required to keep the land surrounding the canal dry, either pumping water from the canal into surrounding waters, or pumping it from the land into the
2266:), split Panama in half. The Canal – a major engineering project – was built. The U.S. did not feel that conditions were stable enough to withdraw until 1979. The withdrawal from Panama contributed to President
804:
Canals need to be level, and while small irregularities in the lie of the land can be dealt with through cuttings and embankments, for larger deviations other approaches have been adopted. The most common is the
643:
A canal can be constructed by dredging a channel in the bottom of an existing lake. When the channel is complete, the lake is drained and the channel becomes a new canal, serving both drainage of the surrounding
942:. However, this smooth transition does not dissipate the water's kinetic energy, which leads to heavy scouring. As a result, the canal needs to be reinforced with concrete or masonry to protect it from eroding.
875:
would take longer, winding routes, along which the land was a uniform altitude. Other, generally later, canals took more direct routes requiring the use of various methods to deal with the change in level.
1828:
Canal companies were initially chartered by individual states in the United States. These early canals were constructed, owned, and operated by private joint-stock companies. Four were completed when the
2729:
channel provides fill to build up another part of the wetland above the flood level for houses. Land is built up in a finger pattern that provides a suburban street layout of waterfront housing blocks.
227:
Many canals have been built at elevations, above valleys and other waterways. Canals with sources of water at a higher level can deliver water to a destination such as a city where water is needed. The
2778:
were limited to boats of under 10 tons for much of their length due to the capacity of their inclined planes or boat lifts. Most canals have a limit on height imposed either by bridges or by tunnels.
1749:
or further away, by water, minimizing breakages. Within just a few years of the
Bridgewater's opening, an embryonic national canal network came into being, with the construction of canals such as the
1018:
3547:
2024:
Competition, from railways from the 1830s and roads in the 20th century, made the smaller canals obsolete for most commercial transport, and many of the
British canals fell into decay. Only the
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consisting of a single gate were used or ramps, sometimes equipped with rollers, were used to change the level. Flash locks were only practical where there was plenty of water available.
563:
pleasure boating. Their replacement was gradual, beginning first in the United States in the mid-1850s where canal shipping was first augmented by, then began being replaced by using
1787:", huge sums were invested in canal building, and although many schemes came to nothing, the canal system rapidly expanded to nearly 4,000 miles (over 6,400 kilometres) in length.
659:. One can also build two parallel dikes in an existing lake, forming the new canal in between, and then drain the remaining parts of the lake. The eastern and central parts of the
1802:
were only seven feet apart. For many years, a dispute about tolls meant that goods travelling through Birmingham had to be portaged from boats in one canal to boats in the other.
956:
1341:
to carry any degree of mass, and while a mule could carry an eighth ton, it also needed teamsters to tend it and one man could only tend perhaps five mules, meaning overland
1164:
of canals was essential for imperial taxation, which was largely assessed in kind and involved enormous shipments of rice and other grains. By far the longest canal was the
3606:
2222:, and whose Navy became more important, decided to reactivate the project. The United States and Colombia did not reach agreement on the terms of a canal treaty (see
1415:
Canal building was revived in this age because of commercial expansion from the 12th century. River navigations were improved progressively by the use of single, or
2450:
was built in a similar way, with buildings on wooden piles. It became a city around 1300. Many Amsterdam canals were built as part of fortifications. They became
1999:
1435:, which was, it is presumed, introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate in the 16th century. This allowed wider gates and also removed the height restriction of
4362:
3144:
2188:, which scared off potential investors. It remains an active project (the geography has not changed), and in the 2010s Chinese involvement was developing.
1624:
1737:
year of its opening. The Bridgewater was also a huge financial success, with it earning what had been spent on its construction within just a few years.
1721:. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists. The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and was called the
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network cabling, avoiding having them buried in roadways while facilitating access and reducing the hazard of being damaged from digging equipment.
838:
To cross a stream, road or valley (where the delay caused by a flight of locks at either side would be unacceptable) the valley can be spanned by a
3154:
1641:(which began in Britain during the mid-18th century) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities.
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2286:
Large-scale ship canals such as the Panama Canal and Suez Canal continue to operate for cargo transportation, as do European barge canals. Due to
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3033:
1168:, still the longest canal in the world today and the oldest extant one. It is 1,794 kilometres (1,115 mi) long and was built to carry the
885:
2104:
on Lake Ontario. The Rideau Canal was built as a result of the War of 1812 to provide military transportation between the British colonies of
1156:(8th–5th centuries BC), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou (Canal of the Wild Geese), which according to the ancient historian
4144:
904:
620:
A canal can be created where no stream presently exists. Either the body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by making
1745:
saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors and to transport his fragile finished goods to market in Manchester,
4114:
2162:
649:
201:, and leverages its resources by building dams and locks to increase and lengthen its stretches of slack water levels while staying in its
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by piling dirt, stone, concrete or other building materials. The finished shape of the canal as seen in cross section is known as the
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1482:
in the 15th century. These were used primarily for irrigation and transport. Sunni Ali also attempted to construct a canal from the
812:
Prior to the development of the pound lock in 984 AD in China by Chhaio Wei-Yo and later in Europe in the 15th century, either
532:
Historically, canals were of immense importance to commerce and the development, growth and vitality of a civilization. In 1855 the
4593:
4188:
3745:
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ships is generally draft, which is limited to 16 m (52.5 ft). At the other end of the scale, tub-boat canals such as the
1890:
1702:
1746:
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Locks use a lot of water, so builders have adopted other approaches for situations where little water is available. These include
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have been restored and are now used by pleasure boaters. In Britain, canalside housing has also proven popular in recent years.
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when the city was enlarged and houses were built alongside the water. Its nickname as the "Venice of the North" is shared with
295:
of the river. A vessel uses the calm parts of the river itself as well as improvements, traversing the same changes in height.
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may be built. This would normally be a section of water wider than the general canal. In some cases, the canal basins contain
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2695:, England, where a system of intertwining waterways and docks is now being developed for mainly residential and leisure use.
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Since they cut across drainage divides, canals are more difficult to construct and often need additional improvements, like
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was dubbed the "Venice of the East" by Marco Polo during his travels there in the 13th century, with its modern canalside
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is debated between "Sankey" and "Bridgewater" supporters. The first true canal in what is now the United Kingdom was the
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384:: canals and navigations used for carrying vessels transporting goods and people. These can be subdivided into two kinds:
1637:
The modern canal system was mainly a product of the 18th century and early 19th century. It came into being because the
950:
in. Vertical falls work for drops of up to 1.5 m in height, and for discharge of up to 15 cubic meters per second.
2684:
2227:
611:
Canals are built in one of three ways, or a combination of the three, depending on available water and available path:
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and the north. The period between the 1770s and the 1830s is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of British canals.
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the cut with some form of watertight material such as clay or concrete. When this is done with clay, it is known as
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2007-036 General COP Treatment Plan; Pueblo Grande Museum Project 2007–95; City of Phoenix Project No. ST87350010;
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3211:
2242:– a name that suggests the country began as a way to get from one hemisphere to the other – was a replica of the
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Twenty years later, an expansionist United States, that just acquired colonies after defeating Spain in the 1898
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2294:. The expanded canal began commercial operation on 26 June 2016. The new set of locks allow transit of larger,
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2143:, which specified the minimum size of locks. Canal traffic doubled in the first decades of the 20th century.
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as an alternative to part of the St. Lawrence River, which was susceptible to blockade by the United States.
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supplemented by other methods to deal with seasonal variations in flow. Where such sources were unavailable,
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in 3000 BC. This is the first time that such planned civil project had taken place in the ancient world. In
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3675:. English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey. Taunton: Somerset County Council. pp. 19–20. Archived from
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A movement that began in Britain and France to use the early industrial canals for pleasure boats, such as
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313:
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Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal",
2317:, has spurred rehabilitation of stretches of historic canals. In some cases, abandoned canals such as the
1537:
Canal building progressed steadily in Germany in the 17th and 18th centuries with three great rivers, the
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was the most complex in ancient North America. A portion of the ancient canals has been renovated for the
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2165:. These canals were partially built with the help of engineers from the Netherlands and other countries.
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is believed to be the first post-Roman canal and was built in the middle of the 10th century to link the
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2526:, yet another source of small rivers and creeks, which have been canalized and developed for centuries.
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in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal to the rapidly industrializing city of
1337:
conveyances was used around settled areas, but unimproved roads required pack animal trains, usually of
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Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen",
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generation, rather than for transport. Nowadays power canals are built almost exclusively as parts of
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to build a canal for that purpose. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the
1333:, water transport was several times cheaper and faster than transport overland. Overland transport by
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Canals are still used to provide water for agriculture. An extensive canal system exists within the
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Another option for dealing with hills is to tunnel through them. An example of this approach is the
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Inland canals have often had boats specifically built for them. An example of this is the British
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Many rival canal companies were formed and competition was rampant. Perhaps the best example was
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https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/general_history_africa_iv.pdf
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A major question was how to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific with a canal through narrow
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1530:(1683) connecting the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. This included a staircase of 8 locks at
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Three major canals with very different purposes were built in what is now Canada. The first
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to facilitate conquest of the city but his progress was halted when he went to war with the
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looping descents to create a longer and gentler channel around a stretch of rapids or falls;
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British Waterways' leisure website – Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes
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in the Southern California desert to provide irrigation to agriculture within the area.
2290:, they are becoming increasingly important, resulting in expansion projects such as the
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The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canal were horse-drawn with a
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fall, where the drop follows an s-shaped curve to create a smooth transition and reduce
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When a section of the canal needs to be sealed off so it can be drained for maintenance
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Some canals attempted to keep changes in level down to a minimum. These canals known as
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fulfilled a similar role in the early industrial revolution between 1828 and 1848. The
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or chamber lock first appeared, in the 10th century in China and in Europe in 1373 in
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Where large amounts of goods are loaded or unloaded such as at the end of a canal, a
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334:
233:
129:
106:
60:
1970:
was the primary means of powering factories (usually textile mills) until after the
1873:
bought by private investors. The Erie canal runs about 363 miles (584 km) from
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1791:
1665:
1514:
Around 1500–1800 the first summit level canal to use pound locks in Europe was the
1471:
1419:. Taking boats through these used large amounts of water leading to conflicts with
1346:
but dry footing. In that era, as today, greater cargoes, especially bulk goods and
1323:
1290:
1264:
985:
774:
591:
in northern China, still remains in heavy use, especially the portion south of the
567:, less geographically constrained & limited, and generally cheaper to maintain
487:
3174:
789:
At their simplest, canals consist of a trench filled with water. Depending on the
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3139:
3003:
2479:
2362:
2177:
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2140:
2120:
2052:
1850:
1771:
The new canal system was both cause and effect of the rapid industrialization of
1742:
1451:
1436:
1379:
1237:
963:
931:. It may be combined with a regulator, bridge, or other structure to save costs.
660:
633:
303:
209:
148:
80:
2738:
369:
to bridge waters over streams and roads, and ways to keep water in the channel.
40:
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4908:
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3018:
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2475:
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2397:
2255:
2181:
1894:
1870:
1846:
1714:
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1387:
1351:
1342:
1133:
559:
307:
292:
249:
198:
4340:
3759:
2670:
2150:(1869) – which carries tonnage many times that of most other canals – and the
2139:
and Seine – and the North Sea was boosted in 1879 by the establishment of the
934:
There are various types of canal falls, based on their shape. One type is the
696:
5602:
5539:
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5519:
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2519:
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2259:
2077:
2073:
2065:
1995:
1918:
1838:
1799:
1669:
1657:
1581:
1560:
The oldest canal in the European settlements of North America, technically a
1527:
1119:
1096:
1009:
872:
824:
750:
746:
729:
688:
654:
629:
140:
68:
1805:
1106:) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the
33:
5529:
5279:
5264:
5254:
5103:
5034:
4903:
4868:
4783:
4725:
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4304:
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3722:
3427:
the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence
3243:
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3119:
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2726:
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2295:
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2247:
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2200:
2158:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2069:
1935:(Slovakia) – the canal is conveying water to a hydroelectric power station.
1910:
1878:
1842:
1810:
1772:
1750:
1718:
1684:
1676:
1565:
1554:
1515:
1475:
1450:
in 581–617 AD whilst in Europe the first, also using single locks, was the
1347:
1334:
1279:
1192:
993:
928:
884: – either separate from the canal or built into its course – and
794:
778:
684:
637:
592:
533:
496:
480:
445:
277:
265:
237:
229:
221:
55:
3468:
Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine",
2157:
In the 19th century, a number of canals were built in Japan including the
1588:
and the sea. It was constructed in 1639 to provide water power for mills.
1240:
referring to transport realities before the industrial revolution and the
1203:, northern Greece. It was constructed as part of his preparations for the
511:
243:
The term was once used to describe linear features seen on the surface of
5438:
5362:
5066:
5029:
4976:
4700:
4685:
4660:
4534:
4268:
3517:
3108:
3008:
2798:
2352:
2341:
2314:
2299:
2146:
Many notable sea canals were completed in this period, starting with the
2080:(1825), which allowed ships to skirt the nearly impassable rapids on the
1967:
1945:
1898:
1830:
1784:
1661:
1600:
1483:
1401:
1355:
1330:
1196:
1078:
1047:
893:
692:
576:
461:
457:
45:
4115:"Canals and Navigable Rivers" by James S. Aber, Emporia State University
3456:
2186:
This canal has never been built in part because of political instability
908:
maintenance, or to prevent a major loss of water due to a canal breach.
831:
of water in which boats float while being moved between two levels; and
5544:
5224:
5108:
5048:
5006:
4878:
4715:
4583:
4524:
4514:
4431:
4329:
4309:
4233:
4030:
3216:
3013:
2987:
2825:
2775:
2762:
2618:
2594:
2546:
2441:
2421:
2251:
2208:
2151:
2147:
1979:
1955:
1862:
1822:
1764:
1710:
1649:
1596:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1369:
1200:
1184:
1152:, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the
1074:
939:
881:
813:
806:
766:
762:
551:
538:
476:
464:
288:
155:
151:
144:
2638:
1531:
1160:
connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei. The
5514:
5463:
5433:
5402:
5332:
5244:
5001:
4888:
4873:
4813:
4760:
4755:
4655:
4578:
4568:
4466:
3102:
2692:
2626:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2515:
2447:
2389:
2382:
2243:
2212:
1905:
started becoming seriously competitive in price and convenience. The
1886:
1706:
1561:
1467:
1428:
1420:
1303:
1294:
1283:
1241:
1157:
1107:
971:
947:
820:
678:
453:
423:
217:
178:
75:
4022:
2630:
1917:
was a major contributor of the American Industrial Revolution where
287:
is a series of channels that run roughly parallel to the valley and
5184:
5151:
4828:
4670:
4637:
4248:
4228:
4218:
3563:
2722:
2718:
2634:
2578:
2550:
2523:
2511:
2487:
2348:
2085:
1902:
1858:
1479:
1442:
To break out of the limitations caused by river valleys, the first
1405:
1391:
1188:
1177:
600:
520:
381:
136:
125:
4151:
4124:
2482:
becoming major tourist attractions. Other nearby cities including
2254:, 10 miles (16 km) wide, with U.S. military stationed there (
2136:
2132:
2010:
1354:
built at the end of the 8th century under personal supervision of
193:
when it parallels a natural river and shares part of the latter's
5494:
5443:
4971:
4966:
4928:
4833:
4705:
4642:
4319:
4166:
4103:
Information and Boater's Guide to the New York State Canal System
4097:
3516:. Arizona Museum of Natural History, City of Mesa. Archived from
3179:
3159:
3081:
3039:
2897:
2887:
2771:
2766:
2743:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2646:
2606:
2586:
2554:
2542:
2503:
2495:
2483:
2457:
2425:
2337:
2333:
2328:
is being developed into a major transportation waterway, linking
1729:
1507:
1395:
1256:
1248:
1173:
790:
596:
568:
505:
449:
431:
427:
362:
269:
216:, generally requiring an external water source above the highest
2534:
1534:, a 157 metres (515 ft) tunnel, and three major aqueducts.
1122:(reigned 2332–2283 BC), who ordered a canal built to bypass the
1039:
5289:
5161:
4986:
4981:
4933:
4923:
4893:
4818:
4573:
4504:
4476:
4375:
4273:
4263:
4208:
3096:
2944:
2860:
2755:
2701:(sometimes known as bayous in the United States) are a form of
2678:
2650:
2610:
2598:
2566:
2499:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2433:
2378:
2329:
2235:
2093:
1928:
1569:
1487:
1409:
1260:
1212:
1211:. It is one of the few monuments left by the Persian Empire in
1142:
1111:
847:
645:
418:
413:
273:
202:
181:
of low speed current flow. These reservoirs are referred to as
111:
64:
3969:"Panama Canal Opens $ 5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes"
1893:
and the Erie Canal completed a navigable water route from the
1378:
More lasting and of more economic impact were canals like the
28:
5387:
5372:
5071:
5044:
4991:
4858:
4853:
4823:
4808:
4617:
4387:
4371:
4294:
4243:
4134:
4092:
2807:
2717:; the Gold Coast has over 890 km of residential canals.
2614:
2602:
2558:
2215:
sits, isolated decaying machines, today tourist attractions.
2128:
1608:
1546:
1523:
1519:
1383:
1318:
1127:
1115:
1068:
897:
758:
621:
581:
483:
to feed the early United States industries in the pioneer-era
400:
396:
213:
163:
88:
4102:
2721:
are difficult areas upon which to build housing estates, so
1274:
5417:
5382:
4938:
4898:
4863:
4258:
4039:
European Waterways - map and concise directory, 3rd edition
2870:
2491:
2154:(1897), though the Panama Canal was not opened until 1914.
1889:. The Hudson River connects Albany to the Atlantic port of
1725:. It opened in 1761 and was the first major British canal.
1604:
1542:
1538:
1338:
1088:
1051:
935:
392:
341:
244:
1982:. Other cities with extensive power canal systems include
580:
to make deliveries well away from rail lined road beds or
328:
5337:
4778:
4223:
3924:
Lowell National Historical Park – Lowell History Prologue
1998:. The most notable power canal was built in 1862 for the
1644:
By the early 18th century, river navigations such as the
1549:
being linked by canals. In post-Roman Britain, the first
345:
170:
769:
allow seagoing ships to travel to an inland port (e.g.,
448:
canals that are used for the conveyance and delivery of
2127:
In France, a steady linking of all the river systems –
2049:
system until replaced by a channelized river waterway.
2000:
Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company
1779:
cheaper transport of raw materials and finished goods.
291:
of an unimproved river. A navigation always shares the
4119:
2347:
Canals have found another use in the 21st century, as
2282:
Canals can disrupt water circulation in marsh systems.
1865:(opened 1825) was chartered and owned by the state of
1466:
of West Africa, several canals were constructed under
306:, making a navigable channel connecting two different
4001:
Calvert, Roger (1963), "Inland Waterways of Europe",
2199:
The second choice for a Central American canal was a
1733:
towing a second unpowered boat, had become standard.
1431:, Netherlands. Another important development was the
4080:, International Association of Hydrological Sciences
3145:
List of navigation authorities in the United Kingdom
3049:
2541:
Other cities with extensive canal networks include:
2033:
some canals were later drained and used as railroad
1625:
History of turnpikes and canals in the United States
648:
and providing transport there. Examples include the
3400:
Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats
1390:. The Naviglio Grande is the most important of the
584:in the dirt which could not operate in the winter.
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3397:
3099:, a non-human animal also known for canal building
1962:. Parts of the United States, particularly in the
3347:(1985) 352 pages, Viking Penguin, Inc, New York,
2176:opened in 1855.) The original proposal was for a
868:. Tunnels are only practical for smaller canals.
793:the canal passes through, it may be necessary to
5600:
4051:World Canals: Inland Navigation Past and Present
3477:
3155:List of waterway societies in the United Kingdom
1557:, which was surveyed in 1563, and open in 1566.
1225:, by which they regulated the water flow in the
1024:Miami and Erie Canal Lock in Ohio, United States
256:
220:. The best-known example of such a canal is the
4370:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3794:
3782:Exeter Ship Canal, The First Four Hundred Years
3780:Exeter history by www.exeter.gov.uk, .pdf file
3757:
3395:
3291:Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures
2178:sea-level canal through what is today Nicaragua
1412:and assist transportation of goods and people.
406:Those connected in a city network: such as the
3836:
3834:
3832:
2250:(used as currency). A U.S. military zone, the
835:where a caisson is hauled up a steep railway.
773:), or from one sea or ocean to another (e.g.,
723:When a stream is too difficult to modify with
4356:
4182:
3861:. London: Reader's Digest. 1978. p. 990.
3760:"Exeter Canal and Quayside – a short history"
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
1853:(opened 1802) also in Massachusetts, and the
1398:" and the oldest functioning canal in Europe.
900:and cranes to assist with movement of goods.
348:to raise river water levels to usable depths;
63:fuelled the industrial revolution in much of
3890:
3846:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
2195:Abandoned DeLessups equipment, Panama jungle
357:to allow ships and barges to ascend/descend.
158:). They carry free, calm surface flow under
4036:
3943:
3859:Reader's Digest Library of Modern Knowledge
3829:
3669:An archaeological assessment of Glastonbury
3576:
2975:
2436:that many canal cities have been nicknamed
2180:, taking advantage of the relatively large
1595:, a nationwide canal system connecting the
1118:, canals date back at least to the time of
4363:
4349:
4189:
4175:
4078:The Basis of Civilization - Water Science?
3665:
3659:
3564:"Yoda Ela – An Ancient Engineering Marvel"
3274:
2408:Aerial view of the man-made canals of the
1271:and now helps to supply the city's water.
1191:of Persia ordered the construction of the
3961:
3315:
2518:are located along the lower mouth of the
1653:to go, not where a river happened to be.
1293:constructed the 87 km (54 mi)
4098:Leeds Liverpool Canal Photographic Guide
4045:
3955:
3896:
3876:(Second ed.). David & Charles.
3871:
3865:
3774:
3508:
3506:
3371:
3268:
2737:
2528:
2415:
2403:
2388:
2372:
2277:
2190:
2114:
2051:
2009:
1923:
1909:(finished in 1828) in Massachusetts and
1804:
1759:
1689:
1648:were becoming quite sophisticated, with
1628:
1614:
1501:
1317:
1273:
1132:
1033:
757:Smaller transportation canals can carry
510:
495:
486:
470:
312:
260:
105:
93:
74:
54:
39:
27:
4962:International scale of river difficulty
4066:
4000:
3700:
3389:
3383:
2228:took Panama province away from Colombia
1526:(1642), followed by the more ambitious
1382:built between 1127 and 1257 to connect
545:
329:Structures used in artificial waterways
169:In most cases, a canal has a series of
5601:
3807:
3751:
3715:The International Canal Monuments List
3652:Details text and data with cites from
3432:
3287:
1966:, had enough fast-flowing rivers that
1800:Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line
1656:The claim for the first pure canal in
1497:
962:The flight of 16 consecutive locks at
162:, and can be thought of as artificial
32:The Alter Strom, in the sea resort of
4344:
4170:
4145:Canal flow measurement using a sensor
4075:
3503:
3487:, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46)
3474:, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101)
3444:
3359:
2432:Canals are so deeply identified with
1553:canal built appears to have been the
1229:as early as the 3rd century BC.
3241:
3036:or Danube–Morava–Vardar–Aegean Canal
2934:List of canals in the United Kingdom
2258:, 2 TV stations, channels 8 and 10,
2056:A family rides a boat in one of the
1580:connecting the higher waters of the
587:The longest extant canal today, the
377:There are two broad types of canal:
1621:History of the British canal system
842:– a famous example in Wales is the
701:Canal de Mines de Fer de la Moselle
603:at 1,794 kilometres (1,115 miles).
13:
4196:
4009:(4), George Allen and Unwin: 515,
3500:, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35)
3294:. New Delhi: S Chand and Company.
2781:
2685:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
2368:
1701:In the mid-eighteenth century the
1564:built for industrial purposes, is
372:
337:structures to improve navigation:
14:
5640:
4086:
4069:Science and Civilisation in China
3758:David Cornforth (February 2012).
2045:connected the Great Lakes to the
1794:in Birmingham, a point where the
1221:were also among the first to use
1205:Second Persian invasion of Greece
1058:
683:navigation. Examples include the
268:, a transportation canal between
3977:. Associated Press. 26 June 2016
3080:
3066:
3052:
2246:. The US dollar was and remains
1423:owners and to correct this, the
1400:Later, canals were built in the
1017:
1001:
990:the longest and highest aqueduct
978:
955:
924:the bed and sides of the canal.
333:Both navigations and canals use
302:is a channel that cuts across a
5119:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3993:
3949:
3937:
3915:
3899:The Canals of the West Midlands
3739:
3706:
3694:
3646:
3597:
3570:
3556:
3532:
3490:
3471:American Journal of Archaeology
3462:
3212:Waterways in the United Kingdom
2088:, were built for commerce. The
2068:, which opened in 1829 between
2005:
1939:
1713:. He commissioned the engineer
1297:in 459 A.D. as a part of their
927:A canal fall is constructed by
606:
5619:Water transport infrastructure
4159:New International Encyclopedia
3791:, accessdate=13 September 2013
3583:. Asian Educational Services.
3377:
3365:
3353:
3262:
3235:
2725:part of the wetland down to a
2292:Panama Canal expansion project
2273:
2092:, completed in 1832, connects
1921:built his first textile mill.
1796:Worcester and Birmingham Canal
1313:
911:
59:Small boat canals such as the
1:
3808:Burton, Anthony (1995) , "3:
3223:
2015:
1767:, Lockport, New York, c. 1855
1100:
1081:
1073:The oldest known canals were
527:
257:Types of artificial waterways
5285:Universal Soil Loss Equation
5235:Hydrological transport model
5129:Storm Water Management Model
3814:The Great Days of the Canals
3654:Glastonbury Canal (medieval)
3643:), Start point at River Brue
3577:Obeyesekere, Donald (1999).
2929:Canals of the United Kingdom
1960:hydroelectric power stations
1611:rivers, was opened in 1718.
1299:extensive irrigation network
1183:In the 5th century BC,
669:Canalization and navigations
16:Artificial channel for water
7:
4037:Edwards-May, David (2008),
3816:, Twickenham: Tiger Books,
3045:
2963:Canals of the United States
2043:Illinois and Michigan Canal
1954:refers to a canal used for
1633:Lowell's power canal system
853:) across the valley of the
784:
399:, other canals or seas and
10:
5645:
5624:Artificial bodies of water
4789:Antecedent drainage stream
4120:National Canal Museum (US)
3897:Hadfield, Charles (1966).
3872:Hadfield, Charles (1981).
3762:. www.exetermemories.co.uk
3666:Gathercole, Clare (2003).
3580:Outlines of Ceylon History
3250:. US Bureau of Reclamation
2985:
2979:
2852:History of canals in China
2846:List of canals in Pakistan
2785:
2689:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1943:
1833:broke out; these were the
1646:Aire and Calder Navigation
1618:
1062:
1046:The transport capacity of
1029:
391:Those connecting existing
189:. A canal can be called a
18:
5553:
5525:River valley civilization
5487:
5426:
5408:Riparian-zone restoration
5308:
5170:
5142:
5043:
5015:
4947:
4769:
4636:
4553:
4475:
4386:
4282:
4204:
3787:19 September 2015 at the
3634:Start point at River Brue
2072:and Lake Erie, bypassing
1992:Manchester, New Hampshire
1457:
1265:Phoenix metropolitan area
1093:Indus Valley civilization
735:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
709:Riparian zone restoration
689:Northeastern Pennsylvania
208:A canal can cut across a
5588:Countries without rivers
5563:Rivers by discharge rate
5275:Runoff model (reservoir)
5240:Infiltration (hydrology)
4125:London Canal Museum (UK)
4003:The Geographical Journal
3396:Donald Langmead (2001).
3228:
2976:Lists of proposed canals
2733:
2351:for the installation of
1755:Trent & Mersey Canal
1705:, who owned a number of
1446:were developed with the
1253:North American Southwest
1154:Spring and Autumn period
996:, Wales, United Kingdom
739:Canal latéral à la Loire
554:today primarily service
5260:River Continuum Concept
5025:Agricultural wastewater
3901:. David & Charles.
3550:March 24, 2014, at the
3115:Canal & River Trust
3029:Northern river reversal
2982:List of proposed canals
2840:List of canals in India
2705:popular in cities like
2533:Canal of La Peyrade in
2326:Seine–Nord Europe Canal
2207:company, which ran the
1984:Lawrence, Massachusetts
1703:3rd Duke of Bridgewater
1677:Sankey Brook Navigation
1255:in what is now part of
1236:— technology historian
430:, and the waterways of
253:, an optical illusion.
85:Cassinetta di Lugagnano
5583:River name etymologies
5510:Hydraulic civilization
5368:Floodplain restoration
5144:Point source pollution
4919:Sedimentary structures
3288:Sharma, S. K. (2016).
2884:Danube–Black Sea Canal
2758:
2715:Gold Coast, Queensland
2617:in Flanders, Belgium;
2538:
2429:
2413:
2410:Gold Coast, Queensland
2401:
2386:
2283:
2264:U.S.-style high school
2196:
2124:
2061:
2021:
1988:Holyoke, Massachusetts
1936:
1825:
1768:
1698:
1634:
1511:
1326:
1286:
1246:
1145:
1043:
866:Trent and Mersey Canal
524:
508:
502:Danube-Black Sea Canal
493:
484:
325:
280:
147:) or for conveyancing
114:
103:
91:
72:
52:
37:
21:Canal (disambiguation)
5195:Discharge (hydrology)
5157:Industrial wastewater
4638:Sedimentary processes
4053:, David and Charles,
3060:United Kingdom portal
2741:
2532:
2419:
2407:
2392:
2376:
2319:Kennet and Avon Canal
2281:
2238:). Its currency, the
2194:
2118:
2055:
2030:Aire and Calder Canal
2026:Manchester Ship Canal
2013:
1976:Lowell, Massachusetts
1927:
1808:
1763:
1693:
1639:Industrial Revolution
1632:
1615:Industrial Revolution
1593:Volga–Baltic Waterway
1584:and the mouth of the
1570:Boston, Massachusetts
1505:
1321:
1277:
1259:, United States, and
1251:was a society in the
1231:
1136:
1037:
968:Kennet and Avon Canal
844:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
771:Manchester Ship Canal
743:Garonne Lateral Canal
517:Amsterdam-Rhine Canal
514:
499:
490:
474:
318:Westbury Court Garden
316:
264:
109:
97:
78:
58:
43:
31:
5614:Coastal construction
5300:Volumetric flow rate
4884:Riffle-pool sequence
4108:24 July 2008 at the
4076:Rodda, J.C. (2004),
4067:Needham, J. (1971),
3520:on November 30, 2012
3404:. ABC-CLIO. p.
3207:Waterway restoration
3202:Water transportation
3187:Volumetric flow rate
3165:Navigation authority
2609:in the Netherlands;
2220:Spanish–American War
2213:excavating equipment
1454:in Germany in 1398.
1448:Grand Canal of China
1195:through the base of
1166:Grand Canal of China
1139:Grand Canal of China
1065:List of Roman canals
986:The Llangollen Canal
595:. It stretches from
546:The surviving canals
185:, often just called
160:atmospheric pressure
122:artificial waterways
19:For other uses, see
5474:Whitewater kayaking
5469:Whitewater canoeing
5270:Runoff curve number
5114:Flood pulse concept
4140:Canal des Deux Mers
4130:Canals in Amsterdam
4015:1963GeogJ.129..515A
3810:Building the Canals
3618: /
3603:specifically from (
3135:Irrigation district
2909:Canals of Amsterdam
2894:North Crimean Canal
2857:King Abdullah Canal
2691:near the centre of
2270:'s defeat in 1980.
2123:, from around 1870.
2119:A proposal for the
2058:canals of Amsterdam
1819:navigable aqueducts
1551:early modern period
1498:Early modern period
1444:summit level canals
851:World Heritage Site
560:ship transportation
5500:Aquatic toxicology
5413:Stream restoration
5378:Infiltration basin
5230:Hydrological model
4746:Sediment transport
4569:Estavelle/Inversac
4447:Subterranean river
4071:, C.U.P. Cambridge
3974:The New York Times
3623:51.1384°N 2.7358°W
3242:Thompson, Kristi.
3125:Environment Agency
2788:Lists of waterways
2759:
2539:
2430:
2414:
2402:
2387:
2356:telecommunications
2284:
2197:
2125:
2082:St. Lawrence River
2062:
2022:
1972:American Civil War
1937:
1855:Dismal Swamp Canal
1835:South Hadley Canal
1826:
1809:Aqueduct over the
1769:
1699:
1679:, which connected
1635:
1572:neighbourhoods of
1512:
1372:at Northover with
1327:
1287:
1269:Salt River Project
1227:Ancient Suez Canal
1209:Greco-Persian Wars
1170:Emperor Yang Guang
1146:
1044:
840:navigable aqueduct
615:Human made streams
525:
509:
494:
485:
326:
281:
183:slack water levels
115:
104:
100:Broek in Waterland
92:
73:
53:
38:
5596:
5595:
5573:Whitewater rivers
5479:Whitewater slalom
5310:River engineering
5210:Groundwater model
5171:River measurement
5099:Flood forecasting
4914:Sedimentary basin
4771:Fluvial landforms
4676:Bed material load
4452:River bifurcation
4338:
4337:
4300:Civil engineering
4060:978-0-7153-8555-5
4047:Hadfield, Charles
3908:978-0-7153-4660-0
3883:978-0-7153-8079-6
3823:978-1-85501-695-8
3728:on 10 August 2013
3415:978-1-57607-112-0
3301:978-93-525-3377-0
3150:List of waterways
2941:Great BaÄŤka Canal
2919:Canals of Ireland
2914:Canals of Germany
2820:Mahmoudiyah Canal
2711:Texas City, Texas
2677:in Thailand, and
2665:, United States,
2420:Wharfs along the
2224:Hay–Herrán Treaty
2102:Kingston, Ontario
2047:Mississippi River
1915:Blackstone Valley
1883:Buffalo, New York
1857:(opened 1805) in
1845:(opened 1800) in
1837:(opened 1795) in
1815:Rexford, New York
1723:Bridgewater Canal
1695:Bridgewater Canal
1374:Glastonbury Abbey
1364:Glastonbury Canal
1126:on the Nile near
1087:, in what is now
1077:canals, built in
1012:seen from the air
862:Harecastle Tunnel
139:management (e.g.
83:, in the town of
61:Basingstoke Canal
5636:
5558:Rivers by length
5393:River morphology
5295:Wetted perimeter
5200:Drainage density
4711:Headward erosion
4540:Perennial stream
4412:Blackwater river
4365:
4358:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4042:
4033:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3944:Edwards-May 2008
3941:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3844:
3842:Inland Waterways
3838:
3827:
3826:
3805:
3792:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3721:, archived from
3720:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3674:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:51.1384; -2.7358
3624:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3544:Cultural Context
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3510:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3466:
3460:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3403:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3330:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3285:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3239:
3130:Horse-drawn boat
3090:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3074:Transport portal
3071:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
2958:Canals of Canada
2924:Canals of Russia
2904:Canals of France
2814:Ibrahimiya Canal
2748:Miraflores Locks
2623:Saint Petersburg
2438:"the Venice of…"
2394:Griboyedov Canal
2020:
2017:
2014:American canals
1996:Augusta, Georgia
1931:in the canal of
1907:Blackstone Canal
1875:Albany, New York
1869:and financed by
1666:Northern Ireland
1472:Askia Muhammad I
1437:guillotine locks
1361:In Britain, the
1324:Punjab, Pakistan
1207:, a part of the
1172:between Zhuodu (
1105:
1102:
1086:
1083:
1021:
1005:
982:
959:
775:Caledonian Canal
711:may be required.
676:A stream can be
658:
191:navigation canal
5644:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5568:Drainage basins
5549:
5483:
5422:
5398:Retention basin
5358:Erosion control
5353:Detention basin
5304:
5220:Hjulström curve
5172:
5166:
5138:
5082:Non-water flood
5039:
5011:
4957:Helicoidal flow
4943:
4844:Fluvial terrace
4839:Floating island
4765:
4640:
4632:
4623:Rhythmic spring
4557:
4549:
4530:Stream gradient
4471:
4457:River ecosystem
4422:Channel pattern
4390:
4382:
4369:
4339:
4334:
4278:
4200:
4195:
4150:
4110:Wayback Machine
4089:
4084:
4061:
4023:10.2307/1794678
3996:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3870:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3847:
3839:
3830:
3824:
3806:
3795:
3789:Wayback Machine
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3682:on 15 July 2011
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3647:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3575:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3552:Wayback Machine
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3495:
3491:
3482:
3478:
3467:
3463:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3337:Ronald W. Clark
3331:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3286:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3170:Proposed canals
3140:Lists of canals
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3004:Nicaragua Canal
2990:
2984:
2978:
2790:
2784:
2782:Lists of canals
2736:
2655:Fort Lauderdale
2480:Shantang Street
2371:
2369:Cities on water
2363:Imperial Valley
2276:
2232:puppet republic
2230:, and set up a
2174:Panama Railroad
2170:Central America
2141:Freycinet gauge
2121:Nicaragua Canal
2018:
2008:
1974:. For example,
1956:hydraulic power
1948:
1942:
1851:Middlesex Canal
1743:Josiah Wedgwood
1668:constructed by
1627:
1617:
1591:In Russia, the
1518:connecting the
1506:Dutch canal in
1500:
1460:
1452:Stecknitz Canal
1399:
1386:with the river
1380:Naviglio Grande
1377:
1316:
1238:Ronald W. Clark
1235:
1219:Greek engineers
1103:
1084:
1071:
1061:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1013:
1006:
997:
983:
974:
960:
914:
833:inclined planes
787:
661:North Sea Canal
652:
634:Canal de Briare
622:dykes or levees
609:
548:
530:
375:
373:Types of canals
331:
308:drainage basins
304:drainage divide
259:
210:drainage divide
149:water transport
81:Naviglio Grande
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5642:
5632:
5631:
5629:Infrastructure
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5459:Stone skipping
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5343:Drop structure
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5323:Balancing lake
5320:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5250:Playfair's law
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5205:Exner equation
5202:
5197:
5192:
5190:Bradshaw model
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5077:Urban flooding
5069:
5064:
5062:Crevasse splay
5059:
5057:100-year flood
5053:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5017:Surface runoff
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:Stream capture
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Rock-cut basin
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:Suspended load
4748:
4743:
4741:Secondary flow
4738:
4733:
4731:Retrogradation
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:Dissolved load
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4628:Spring horizon
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:Mineral spring
4610:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4594:list in the US
4591:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4520:Stream channel
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4442:Drainage basin
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4402:Alluvial river
4398:
4396:
4384:
4383:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:Infrastructure
4194:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4148:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4087:External links
4085:
4083:
4082:
4073:
4064:
4059:
4043:
4034:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3960:
3958:, p. 191.
3948:
3936:
3914:
3907:
3889:
3882:
3864:
3845:
3828:
3822:
3793:
3773:
3750:
3738:
3705:
3693:
3658:
3645:
3596:
3589:
3569:
3555:
3531:
3502:
3489:
3476:
3461:
3443:
3431:
3414:
3388:
3386:, p. 269.
3376:
3364:
3362:, p. 161.
3352:
3333:"Works of Man"
3314:
3300:
3273:
3261:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3103:Canal elevator
3100:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3077:
3063:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3026:
3024:Two Seas Canal
3021:
3019:Sulawesi Canal
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Istanbul Canal
2996:
2980:Main article:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2867:Qanat al-Jaish
2864:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2804:El Salam Canal
2801:
2786:Main article:
2783:
2780:
2735:
2732:
2707:Miami, Florida
2476:Pingjiang Road
2464:of Russia and
2462:St. Petersburg
2398:St. Petersburg
2370:
2367:
2275:
2272:
2182:Lake Nicaragua
2007:
2004:
1944:Main article:
1941:
1938:
1895:Atlantic Ocean
1847:South Carolina
1715:James Brindley
1616:
1613:
1586:Neponset River
1499:
1496:
1492:Mossi Kingdoms
1464:Songhai Empire
1459:
1456:
1352:Fossa Carolina
1343:bulk transport
1315:
1312:
1176:) and Yuhang (
1104: 3000 BC
1085: 4000 BC
1060:
1059:Ancient canals
1057:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1000:
998:
984:
977:
975:
961:
954:
913:
910:
873:contour canals
827:, which use a
823:, such as the
786:
783:
755:
754:
720:
719:
718:Lateral canals
713:
712:
671:
670:
666:
665:
641:
617:
616:
608:
605:
547:
544:
529:
526:
469:
468:
438:
437:
436:
435:
412:and others of
404:
386:
385:
374:
371:
359:
358:
352:
349:
330:
327:
320:: the garden "
293:drainage basin
258:
255:
250:Martian canals
199:drainage basin
79:Bridge on the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5641:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:Surface water
5538:
5536:
5535:Sacred waters
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Riparian zone
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:Body of water
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Riverboarding
5452:
5450:
5449:River surfing
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:and modelling
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5134:Return period
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5094:Flood control
5092:
5090:
5089:Flood barrier
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:Palaeochannel
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:Granular flow
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4427:Channel types
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Braided river
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4153:"Canal"
4149:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Canal du Midi
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4041:, Euromapping
4040:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3957:
3956:Hadfield 1986
3952:
3945:
3940:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3874:The Canal Age
3868:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3761:
3754:
3748:pages 193-194
3747:
3742:
3724:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3655:
3649:
3640:
3600:
3592:
3590:9788120613638
3586:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3514:"The Hohokam"
3509:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3392:
3385:
3380:
3374:, p. 16.
3373:
3372:Hadfield 1986
3368:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3345:0-670-80483-5
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3271:, p. 22.
3270:
3269:Hadfield 1986
3265:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3234:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3050:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Eurasia Canal
2992:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:North America
2951:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:ships in the
2745:
2740:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:Canal estates
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:in Pakistan.
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:in Portugal;
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:Yangtze River
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:, Netherlands
2427:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:, Netherlands
2384:
2380:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2308:Croydon Canal
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:globalization
2280:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:Lachine Canal
2075:
2074:Niagara Falls
2071:
2067:
2066:Welland Canal
2059:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2035:rights-of-way
2031:
2027:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1934:
1933:GabÄŤĂkovo Dam
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:Samuel Slater
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:New York City
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:Massachusetts
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Worcester Bar
1788:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1670:Thomas Steers
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:Great Britain
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:Charles River
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:Canal du Midi
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1408:to drain the
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:raw materials
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:Caoyun System
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:ancient China
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Pepi I Meryre
1117:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1097:ancient India
1094:
1090:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1010:Corinth Canal
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
981:
976:
973:
969:
965:
958:
953:
952:
951:
949:
943:
941:
937:
932:
930:
925:
923:
919:
909:
906:
901:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
877:
874:
869:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:Falkirk Wheel
822:
817:
815:
810:
808:
802:
800:
796:
792:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
751:Juliana Canal
748:
747:Welland Canal
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:
730:lateral canal
726:
722:
721:
717:
716:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
680:
675:
674:
673:
668:
667:
662:
656:
651:
647:
642:
639:
635:
631:
630:Canal du Midi
627:
623:
619:
618:
614:
613:
612:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
578:
572:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
543:
540:
535:
523:, Netherlands
522:
518:
513:
507:
503:
498:
489:
482:
478:
473:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
439:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
415:
411:
410:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
388:
387:
383:
380:
379:
378:
370:
368:
364:
356:
353:
350:
347:
343:
340:
339:
338:
336:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
254:
252:
251:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
141:flood control
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
108:
102:, Netherlands
101:
96:
90:
86:
82:
77:
70:
69:United States
66:
62:
57:
51:
47:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
5578:Flash floods
5530:River cruise
5427:River sports
5327:
5280:Stream gauge
5265:Rouse number
5255:Relief ratio
5104:Flood-meadow
5035:Urban runoff
4949:Fluvial flow
4934:River valley
4904:River island
4869:Meander scar
4784:Alluvial fan
4726:Progradation
4601:Karst spring
4545:Winterbourne
4500:Chalk stream
4462:River source
4437:Distributary
4305:Construction
4290:Architecture
4286:
4213:
4157:
4077:
4068:
4050:
4038:
4006:
4002:
3994:Bibliography
3979:. Retrieved
3972:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3928:, retrieved
3923:
3917:
3898:
3892:
3873:
3867:
3858:
3841:
3813:
3809:
3776:
3766:14 September
3764:. Retrieved
3753:
3741:
3730:, retrieved
3723:the original
3714:
3708:
3701:Calvert 1963
3696:
3684:. Retrieved
3677:the original
3668:
3661:
3648:
3599:
3579:
3572:
3558:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3524:November 30,
3522:. Retrieved
3518:the original
3497:
3492:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3446:
3434:
3426:
3419:. Retrieved
3399:
3391:
3384:Needham 1971
3379:
3367:
3355:
3332:
3305:. Retrieved
3290:
3264:
3254:15 September
3252:. Retrieved
3248:www.usbr.gov
3247:
3237:
3192:Water bridge
3178:
3175:Roman canals
3120:Canal tunnel
3107:
3088:Water portal
3034:Balkan Canal
2968:Panama Canal
2952:
2878:
2833:
2793:
2760:
2752:Panama Canal
2697:
2683:
2673:in Vietnam,
2653:in Germany;
2621:in England;
2540:
2470:
2468:of Belgium.
2460:of Germany,
2451:
2446:
2437:
2431:
2360:
2346:
2323:
2315:hotel barges
2312:
2304:
2296:Post-Panamax
2285:
2268:Jimmy Carter
2248:legal tender
2217:
2201:Panama Canal
2198:
2167:
2159:Biwako canal
2156:
2145:
2126:
2110:Lower Canada
2106:Upper Canada
2098:Ottawa River
2090:Rideau Canal
2070:Lake Ontario
2063:
2039:
2023:
2006:19th century
1951:
1949:
1940:Power canals
1911:Rhode Island
1879:Hudson River
1843:Santee Canal
1827:
1817:, one of 32
1811:Mohawk River
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:The Midlands
1770:
1751:Oxford Canal
1739:
1735:
1727:
1719:River Irwell
1700:
1685:River Mersey
1674:
1655:
1643:
1636:
1590:
1568:between the
1566:Mother Brook
1559:
1555:Exeter Canal
1536:
1516:Briare Canal
1513:
1461:
1441:
1414:
1362:
1360:
1335:animal drawn
1328:
1322:Thal Canal,
1288:
1280:Anuradhapura
1247:
1232:
1217:
1193:Xerxes Canal
1182:
1147:
1072:
1048:pack animals
1045:
994:Denbighshire
944:
933:
929:cut and fill
926:
917:
915:
902:
891:
886:back pumping
878:
870:
859:
837:
818:
811:
803:
788:
779:Panama Canal
756:
728:
725:canalization
724:
714:
703:, and canal
685:Lehigh Canal
677:
672:
638:Panama Canal
625:
610:
607:Construction
593:Yellow River
586:
573:
564:
549:
534:Lehigh Canal
531:
481:Lehigh Canal
458:power canals
456:uses, hydro
446:water supply
417:
409:Canal Grande
407:
376:
360:
332:
299:
297:
284:
282:
278:Lappeenranta
266:Saimaa Canal
248:
242:
238:water supply
230:Roman Empire
226:
222:Panama Canal
207:
190:
186:
182:
177:that create
168:
121:
117:
116:
25:
5439:Fly fishing
5363:Fish ladder
5348:Daylighting
5067:Flash flood
5030:First flush
4977:Plunge pool
4701:Downcutting
4686:Debris flow
4661:Aggradation
4535:Stream pool
4269:Storm drain
4239:Interchange
3946:, p. .
3703:, p. .
3626: /
3485:Antike Welt
3421:15 February
3109:Calle canal
3009:Salwa Canal
2799:Bahr Yussef
2703:subdivision
2641:in Poland;
2625:in Russia;
2412:, Australia
2353:fibre optic
2342:Netherlands
2300:New Panamax
2274:Modern uses
2019: 1825
1968:water power
1952:power canal
1946:Power canal
1899:Great Lakes
1831:War of 1812
1785:canal mania
1662:Newry Canal
1650:pound locks
1601:Caspian Sea
1510:, Sri Lanka
1484:Niger River
1417:flash locks
1402:Netherlands
1356:Charlemagne
1331:Middle Ages
1314:Middle Ages
1308:Thissa Wawa
1278:Yodha Ela,
1223:canal locks
1199:peninsula,
1197:Mount Athos
1079:Mesopotamia
912:Canal falls
905:stop planks
894:canal basin
814:flash locks
767:ship canals
763:narrowboats
697:Basse SaĂ´ne
693:coal Region
653: [
626:canal prism
589:Grand Canal
577:World War I
565:much faster
552:ship canals
462:agriculture
46:Royal Canal
5603:Categories
5545:Wild river
5225:Hydrograph
5215:Hack's law
5180:Baer's law
5124:Inundation
5109:Floodplain
5049:stormwater
5007:Whitewater
4879:Oxbow lake
4716:Knickpoint
4691:Deposition
4584:Hot spring
4525:Streamflow
4515:Stream bed
4432:Confluence
4330:Urban park
4310:Playground
4234:Footbridge
3686:2 February
3632: (
3610:51°08′18″N
3438:Herodotus
3360:Rodda 2004
3244:"Glossary"
3224:References
3217:Weigh lock
3197:Waterscape
3014:Thai Canal
2988:Ship canal
2986:See also:
2826:Suez Canal
2776:Bude Canal
2763:narrowboat
2669:in China,
2659:Cape Coral
2619:Birmingham
2595:Leeuwarden
2547:Amersfoort
2442:city state
2422:Oudegracht
2340:, and the
2252:Canal Zone
2209:Suez Canal
2205:De Lessups
2163:Tone canal
2152:Kiel Canal
2148:Suez Canal
1980:horsepower
1863:Erie Canal
1823:Erie Canal
1765:Erie Canal
1747:Birmingham
1711:Manchester
1707:coal mines
1697:in England
1619:See also:
1597:Baltic Sea
1433:mitre gate
1370:River Brue
1201:Chalkidiki
1185:Achaemenid
1108:reservoirs
1075:irrigation
1063:See also:
988:traverses
940:turbulence
918:canal fall
882:reservoirs
821:boat lifts
807:pound lock
650:Lage Vaart
558:and large
556:bulk cargo
539:metallurgy
528:Importance
492:River zone
477:Anthracite
465:irrigation
335:engineered
289:stream bed
285:navigation
236:were such
195:discharges
179:reservoirs
156:water taxi
145:irrigation
135:built for
130:engineered
34:WarnemĂĽnde
5515:Limnology
5464:Triathlon
5434:Canyoning
5403:Revetment
5333:Check dam
5245:Main stem
5002:Waterfall
4889:Point bar
4874:Mouth bar
4814:Billabong
4761:Water gap
4756:Wash load
4736:Saltation
4656:Anabranch
4579:Holy well
4467:Tributary
4287:See also:
3930:8 October
3732:8 October
3613:2°44′09″W
2727:navigable
2693:Liverpool
2627:Bydgoszcz
2591:Harlingen
2575:Enkhuizen
2571:Dordrecht
2563:Den Bosch
2516:Changzhou
2448:Amsterdam
2383:Amsterdam
2377:A canal (
2349:easements
2244:US dollar
1964:Northeast
1903:railroads
1887:Lake Erie
1877:, on the
1683:with the
1681:St Helens
1672:in 1741.
1578:Hyde Park
1562:mill race
1468:Sunni Ali
1429:Vreeswijk
1421:watermill
1304:Kala Wewa
1295:Yodha Ela
1291:Sinhalese
1284:Sri Lanka
1242:Canal age
1158:Sima Qian
1110:built at
1038:Canal in
972:Wiltshire
964:Caen Hill
855:River Dee
679:canalized
454:municipal
442:Aqueducts
424:Amsterdam
382:Waterways
367:aqueducts
234:aqueducts
218:elevation
126:waterways
110:Canal in
98:Canal in
36:, Germany
5318:Aqueduct
5185:Baseflow
5152:Effluent
4829:Cut bank
4794:Avulsion
4671:Bed load
4651:Abrasion
4254:Pipeline
4249:Overpass
4229:Drainage
4219:Causeway
4106:Archived
4049:(1986),
3785:Archived
3548:Archived
3457:30073214
3046:See also
2723:dredging
2719:Wetlands
2713:and the
2635:Szczecin
2579:Franeker
2551:Bolsward
2537:, France
2524:Lake Tai
2512:Yangzhou
2488:Shanghai
2453:grachten
2400:, Russia
2161:and the
2086:Montreal
2076:and the
2028:and the
1867:New York
1859:Virginia
1798:and the
1753:and the
1603:via the
1480:Timbuktu
1474:between
1406:Flanders
1189:Xerxes I
1178:Hangzhou
1124:cataract
1042:, France
948:diffused
922:scouring
799:puddling
785:Features
765:, while
636:and the
601:Hangzhou
569:railways
521:Rijswijk
475:Loading
419:grachten
363:viaducts
240:canals.
152:vehicles
137:drainage
133:channels
67:and the
5495:Aquifer
5488:Related
5444:Rafting
4972:Meander
4967:Log jam
4929:Thalweg
4834:Estuary
4706:Erosion
4643:erosion
4555:Springs
4510:Current
4477:Streams
4417:Channel
4380:springs
4376:streams
4325:Theatre
4320:Stadium
4162:. 1905.
4031:1794678
4011:Bibcode
3981:26 June
3498:Skyllis
3440:VII, 22
3307:31 July
3180:Torksey
3160:Mooring
3040:Iranrud
2898:Ukraine
2888:Romania
2828:(Egypt)
2822:(Egypt)
2816:(Egypt)
2772:Suezmax
2767:Panamax
2750:on the
2744:Panamax
2675:Bangkok
2671:Cần Thơ
2667:Wenzhou
2663:Florida
2647:Hamburg
2639:Wrocław
2607:Utrecht
2587:Haarlem
2555:Brielle
2543:Alkmaar
2508:Taizhou
2504:Nantong
2496:Jiaxing
2484:Nanjing
2458:Hamburg
2426:Utrecht
2338:Germany
2334:Belgium
2302:ships.
2172:. (The
2096:on the
1897:to the
1821:on the
1730:towpath
1532:BĂ©ziers
1508:Negombo
1462:In the
1410:polders
1396:navigli
1392:lombard
1329:In the
1257:Arizona
1249:Hohokam
1174:Beijing
1030:History
966:on the
864:on the
846:(now a
829:caisson
791:stratum
597:Beijing
582:ditches
506:Romania
479:on the
452:water,
450:potable
432:Bangkok
428:Utrecht
298:A true
270:Finland
212:atop a
50:Ireland
5609:Canals
5290:WAFLEX
5162:Sewage
5045:Floods
4987:Riffle
4982:Rapids
4924:Strath
4894:Ravine
4819:Canyon
4574:Geyser
4505:Coulee
4490:Bourne
4485:Arroyo
4388:Rivers
4372:Rivers
4315:Public
4274:Tunnel
4264:Skyway
4209:Bridge
4057:
4029:
3905:
3880:
3840:Rolt,
3820:
3587:
3455:
3412:
3350:horse.
3343:
3298:
3097:Beaver
2945:Serbia
2879:Europe
2861:Jordan
2794:Africa
2756:Panama
2687:was a
2679:Lahore
2651:Berlin
2643:Aveiro
2631:Gdańsk
2611:Brugge
2599:Leiden
2567:Dokkum
2514:, and
2500:Huzhou
2472:Suzhou
2466:Bruges
2434:Venice
2379:Gracht
2330:France
2240:Balboa
2236:Panama
2203:. The
2094:Ottawa
1994:, and
1929:Sluice
1861:. The
1849:, the
1574:Dedham
1488:Walata
1476:Kabara
1458:Africa
1388:Ticino
1366:
1261:Sonora
1234:horse.
1213:Europe
1143:Suzhou
1112:Girnar
1091:. The
898:wharfs
848:UNESCO
759:barges
664:canal.
646:polder
416:; the
414:Venice
401:oceans
397:rivers
274:Russia
203:valley
187:levels
164:rivers
154:(e.g.
118:Canals
112:Venice
65:Europe
5388:Levee
5373:Flume
5328:Canal
5072:Flood
4992:Shoal
4859:Gully
4854:Gulch
4824:Chine
4809:Bayou
4666:Armor
4618:Ponor
4393:lists
4295:Arena
4244:Levee
4214:Canal
4027:JSTOR
3726:(PDF)
3719:(PDF)
3680:(PDF)
3673:(PDF)
3453:JSTOR
3229:Notes
2808:Egypt
2734:Boats
2603:Sneek
2583:Gouda
2559:Delft
2381:) in
2332:with
2256:bases
2137:SaĂ´ne
2133:RhĂ´ne
2129:Rhine
1885:, at
1871:bonds
1609:Volga
1547:Weser
1524:Seine
1520:Loire
1425:pound
1384:Milan
1339:mules
1187:king
1128:Aswan
1116:Egypt
1069:Qanat
1052:carts
705:Aisne
657:]
550:Most
519:near
393:lakes
355:locks
342:weirs
322:Canal
300:canal
276:, in
214:ridge
175:locks
89:Italy
87:, in
5418:Weir
5383:Leat
5047:and
4939:Wadi
4899:Rill
4864:Glen
4849:Gill
4799:Bank
4641:and
4606:list
4589:list
4560:list
4495:Burn
4378:and
4259:Road
4055:ISBN
3983:2016
3932:2008
3903:ISBN
3878:ISBN
3818:ISBN
3768:2013
3734:2008
3688:2010
3585:ISBN
3541:p. 9
3526:2012
3423:2013
3410:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3309:2023
3296:ISBN
3256:2017
2871:Iraq
2850:see
2844:see
2838:see
2834:Asia
2742:Two
2657:and
2649:and
2637:and
2615:Gent
2613:and
2605:and
2535:Sète
2522:and
2492:Wuxi
2478:and
2324:The
2298:and
2262:, a
2108:and
1675:The
1623:and
1607:and
1605:Neva
1599:and
1576:and
1545:and
1543:Oder
1539:Elbe
1522:and
1478:and
1470:and
1404:and
1289:The
1137:The
1089:Iraq
1067:and
1050:and
1040:Sète
1008:The
936:ogee
795:line
749:and
515:The
500:The
460:and
365:and
346:dams
344:and
272:and
245:Mars
197:and
173:and
171:dams
143:and
124:are
44:The
5338:Dam
4804:Bar
4779:Ait
4224:Dam
4019:doi
4007:129
3812:",
3177:– (
2661:in
2424:in
2396:in
2260:Pxs
2100:to
2084:at
1881:to
1813:at
1664:in
1486:to
1306:to
1148:In
1141:at
1095:of
992:in
781:).
761:or
691:'s
687:in
599:to
504:in
426:or
422:of
232:'s
128:or
120:or
48:in
5605::
4374:,
4156:.
4025:,
4017:,
4005:,
3971:.
3848:^
3831:^
3796:^
3505:^
3425:.
3408:.
3406:37
3339:,
3335:,
3317:^
3276:^
3246:.
2754:,
2709:,
2633:,
2629:,
2601:,
2597:,
2593:,
2589:,
2585:,
2581:,
2577:,
2573:,
2569:,
2565:,
2561:,
2557:,
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2549:,
2545:,
2510:,
2506:,
2502:,
2498:,
2494:,
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2344:.
2336:,
2310:.
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2037:.
2016:c.
2002:.
1990:,
1986:,
1950:A
1841:,
1757:.
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1439:.
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1282:,
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1101:c.
1082:c.
970:,
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801:.
777:,
745:,
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699:,
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655:nl
632:,
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283:A
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