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even above the justice of
Parlement, the responsibility for such errors must be attributed to the general current, to the false collective appreciation of a time. And, to resume our thought in a word, we fear that if the criminal jury had existed in 1766, the Abbeville defendants would not have been treated with more justice. In effect, whoever the judges, how can one ask of them enough firmness and clarity of vision to be ahead of their time and to isolate themselves from their milieu? Nine times out of ten, their sentence reflects this milieu. After the decision, sometimes even because of the decision, of its precisions and its consequences, light dawns, public opinion changes, and blames magistrates for resolutions it has itself dictated.
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having knowingly refused the signs of respect to the Holy
Sacrament carried in procession by the priory of Saint-Pierre; of having shown these signs of adoration to foul and abominable books that he had in his room; of having profaned the mystery of the consecration of wine, having mocked it, in pronouncing the impure terms mentioned in the trial record over a glass of wine which he held in his hand and then drunken the wine; of having finally proposed to Petignat, who was serving mass with him, to bless the cruets while pronouncing the impure words mentioned in the trial record.
409:; however, Chassaigne says that he came (at the town fathers' request) to calm emotions but that the ceremony had the opposite effect. The church was obliged under secular law to make the proclamations looking for witnesses (Voltaire mentions these proclamations, without clarifying that fact). Nobody actually revealed anything about the vandalism itself, but Du Maisniel de Belleval, a local judge who had quarreled with young la Barre, gathered damaging evidence against a group of friends (possibly not realizing his own son was part of the group).
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have his head cut off on a scaffold; his body and his head will then be thrown on a pyre to be destroyed, burnt, reduced to ashes and these thrown to the wind. We order that before the execution of the said
Lefebvre de La Barre the ordinary and the extraordinary question will be applied to have from his mouth the truth of several facts of the trial and revelation about his accomplices… We order that the Philosophical Dictionary… be thrown by the executioner on the same pyre as the body of the said Lefebvre de La Barre.
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accomplices. However, the
Abbeville sentence already included this stipulation and the note that the Dictionary should be burned as well. The key significance of the Parlement's confirmation was to give judicial legitimacy to a sentence that Voltaire and Linguet, among others, would later portray as the result of petty local quarrels. Chassaigne notes however that the Parlement itself might have had its own political reasons for its decision.
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284:(Paris, 1766).). Voltaire notably emphasizes the role of the Church, although the prosecution was entirely secular (albeit based on Old Regime law, which assumed Catholicism as the state religion and so defined a number of offenses based on religion, such as sacrilege and blasphemy). The only specific efforts by the Church hierarchy were in favor of commuting the planned
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culprit was identified in the specific attack, Moisnel testified that he had seen d'Etallonde strike the statue with his cane on previous occasions. D'Etallonde appears in much of the testimony as the leader and instigator of the group of friends.) The only two who ended up in custody – Moisnel and la Barre – were both orphans and from outside
Abbeville.
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He goes on to say that la Barre's youth might have earned him some consideration had it not been for the need to make an example, and explicitly blames the
Philosophes for having set la Barre's mind on fire. (Note that the trial record itself says little or nothing about such influence; the idea that
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Voltaire, at first horrified by the attention the affair drew to him, ended up defending la Barre's memory and helping d'Etallonde, whom he even received as a houseguest at Ferney. His first paper probably played a large part in the charges against the younger
Belleval and Douville being dropped. His
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by the executioner who will attach before and behind him a sign on which will be written, in large letters impious one; and there, being on his knees, will confess his crimes…; this done, will have the tongue cut out and will then be taken in the said tumbrel to the public marketplace of this city to
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Among other things, it came out that three young men, Gaillard d'Etallonde, Jean-François de la Barre, and
Moisnel had not removed their hats when a Corpus Christi procession went by. This incident is often cited as the main basis for the charges. But numerous other blasphemies were alleged as well,
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Regarding Jean-Francois
Lefebvre, chevalier de La Barre, we declare him convicted of having taught to sing and sung impious, execrable and blasphemous songs against God; of having profaned the sign of the cross in making blessings accompanied by foul words which modesty does not permit repeating; of
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When one revisits this drama, a feeling of indignation against such cruel magistrates suddenly takes hold of the spirit; then, another impression comes forth. Why condemn judges, most of whom were of good faith, and judged the case through each day, and following the statute? Above Picard quarrels,
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Today, the la Barre name and both the
Abbeville monument and Parisian statue of la Barre have become iconic representations of the victims of religious intolerance in France and are regarded as rallying points for freethinkers. Three associations exist with the name of the Chevalier de la Barre in
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He was not guilty of the mutilation of the Abbeville Christ: he was not even punished for that. His condemnation… was the result of a quarrel between two men of law, of some particular resentments which directed the first judges, and of the skill with which, to influence the second, was emphasized
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On 1 July, la Barre was tortured early in the morning. Though he appears to have been with others when he committed some of the lesser acts named in the sentence, he refused to name any even under torture. Later the same day he was beheaded and his body burned, the ashes thrown in the Somme River.
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Soon, Douville de Maillefeu (son of a former mayor) and Belleval's own son Saveuse were also implicated. But these two along with d'Etallonde – also the son of a former mayor – managed to flee, and ultimately only d'Etallonde was named (in absentia) along with la Barre in the sentence. (Though no
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Despite Voltaire's later claim that the court had applied an old obscure sentence for witchcraft, this sentence conformed to the statutory penalty for blasphemy and sacrilege. It is less certain however that this penalty was usually applied in practice, and Linguet later highlighted a number of
670:, was inaugurated on 3 September 1905 at the Congress of Freethinkers. The following year, 1906, the statue was cast in bronze and was placed 'provisionally' by the Paris City Council at the gate of the Sacré-Cœur basilica during a ceremony which was attended by approximately 25,000 spectators.
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France, less favoured on the whole as to matters spiritual than her sister of the shield and trident, rolled with exceeding smoothness down hill, making paper money and spending it. Under the guidance of her Christian pastors, she entertained herself, besides, with such humane achievements as
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On 4 June, the Paris Parlement (more a judicial than a legislative body) confirmed the sentence on appeal. It is sometimes claimed that it added the relatively standard stipulation that la Barre be tortured just before being executed. Typically this was done to oblige the accused to reveal any
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In 1926 the statue of the Chevalier de la Barre on Montmartre was moved away from the approach of the basilica entrance to the nearby and lower elevation of Square Nadar. This original Chevalier de la Barre statue by Bloch was eventually toppled on 11 October 1941 and melted down with other
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The Freemasons of the Grand Orient of France placed a bouquet of flowers during a 1902 memorial at the Abbeville location of la Barre execution site, forming the creation of the group la Barre that was organized as a ceremonial event running through the city center of Abbeville.
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sentencing a youth to have his hands cut off, his tongue torn out with pincers, and his body burned alive, because he had not kneeled down in the rain to do honour to a dirty procession of monks which passed within his view, at a distance of some fifty or sixty yards. —
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regime. Under this plate reads "In Commemoration of the Martyrdom of the Chevalier de La Barre tortured in Abbeville on 1 July 1766 at the age of 19 years for failing to salute a procession." At the base is inscribed the date of the inauguration: "7 July 1907."
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the general alarm inspired in partisans of Religion by the redoubled attacks which he saw carried against it, by the sort of plot formed to destroy it; but one cannot say that he was entirely innocent, and I so warned M. de Voltaire himself by a special letter.
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In reparation of which, we condemn him to make honorable amend, in smock, head bare and a rope around his neck, holding in his hands a burning candle of two pounds before the principal door of the royal church… of Saint-Wulfram, where he will be taken in a
515:…this dirty wretch of Chevalier de la Barre. They have tried to pass him off as a budding great man, sacrificed by a religious barbarism, as a martyr of Philosophy; he was only so by very profane perversity, armed with his own indiscretion.
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In 1895, Jean Cruppi wrote an overview of Linguet's role in the case (which also includes a detailed and documented look at the case itself, including quotes from la Barre's interrogation under torture). He ends with this observation:
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The habitual use of these fruits of philosophical madness had turned his head: he had drawn from them the passion for irreligion: he daily engaged in the type of excess that it is easy to pass off as crimes.
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A la Barre monument was first erected on the banks of the Canal de la Somme at the la Barre execution site in Abbeville in 1907 with funds collected by voluntary subscription and the
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In 1778, Linguet, la Barre's own defender, criticized him harshly, though largely as a way of attacking the influence of the Philosophes with whom Linguet was quarreling by then:
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the actions of la Barre and his friends were inspired by larger ideas, rather than adolescent discontent, is based almost wholly on the presence of a few books in his library.)
655:(Sacré-Cœur) on Montmartre during 1897. The Municipal Council of Paris during 1904 recovered 5000 m of land wrongfully retained by the archdiocese and decided to award a 5,000-
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Pour les sieurs Moisnel, Dumesniel de Saveuse et Douville de Maillefeu injustement impliqués dans l'affaire de la mutilation d'un crucifix, arrivée à Abbeville le 9 Août 1765
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and the religion of the vast majority of the French public, especially in the devout town of Abbeville, where this act caused widespread shock and anger. Voltaire says that
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is a Paris street that is located behind the Sacré-Cœur, between the Rue Ramey and the Rue du Mont-Cenis and also is the postal street address of the Sacré-Cœur basilica.
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272:(1766), blames Belleval, a neighbor of la Barre's "aunt" (this account was almost immediately criticized by a local Abbeville printer for numerous inaccuracies).
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The Paris City Council decided on 24 February 2001 to erect a new statue of the Chevalier de la Barre at the Square Nadar. It is the work of sculptor
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The bronze plaque depicting the torture of the Chevalier Lefebvre de la Barre was temporarily removed from the la Barre monument during the
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Recueil intéressant sur l’affaire de la mutilation du crucifix d’Abbeville, arrivée le 9 août 1765, et sur la mort du chevalier de La Barre
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276:(1775) omits all mention of Belleval and shifts the blame to Duval de Soicourt, the judge in the case (this version largely follows
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obtained the elevation of the first Chevalier de la Barre statue in Paris as "the antidote in front of poison" to the
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Relation de la mort du chevalier de la Barre, par M. Cassen, avocat au conseil du roi, à M. le marquis de Beccaria
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There are French streets or impasses named in memory of Chevalier de la Barre in the following common places:
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Note that this sentence does not mention the mutilation of a cross which had provoked the original inquiry.
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Voltaire's two accounts of the story were polemic and not history, and contradict each other. The first,
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The Abbeville monument to the Chevalier de la Barre was vandalized on 22 June 2013 by supporters of the
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During the inquiry, la Barre's bedroom was searched and among his mainly pornographic prohibited books,
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No one knows this deplorable affair better than me. I still have all the pieces, and all the procedure…
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including defecation on another crucifix, singing impious songs and spitting on religious images.
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grant toward the completion of the statue at this location in line with the great portal of the
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Monument to the Chevalier de la Barre – Paris, 18th arr. at Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre, circa 1906
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A later reference to the torture and execution of la Barre can be found in the first pages of
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with its bronze plaque depicting the la Barre torture and execution remains standing today.
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On 20 February 1766, Duval de Soicourt and two other local judges handed down the sentence:
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In France, Lefebvre de la Barre is widely regarded a symbol of the victims of Catholic
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religious procession, though other charges of a similar nature were laid against him.
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nailed to his torso. La Barre is often said to have been executed for not saluting a
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This can be found in Deverité's document; it is also available elsewhere, as in the
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180:(12 September 1745 – 1 July 1766) was a French nobleman. He was
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618:(Paris, 1987); both books (in French) are extensive studies of this affair.
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second was an attempt (unsuccessful) to obtain a pardon for d'Etallonde.
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1315:"(still image) Chevalier de La Barre, Jean François Lefebvre, 1747–1766"
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A full-size mock-up of the statue and base, as sculpted by freethinker
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1263:. Au bureau de la Revue des deux mondes. 21 April 1895. p.
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First statue of the Chevalier de la Barre at the gates of the
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1301:(Monument to the Chevalier de la Barre – Paris, 18th arr.)
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Marc Chassaigne, Le Procès du chevalier de La Barre, 1920
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regime under Marshal and Chief of State of Vichy France
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1340:"Association Le Chevalier de La Barre : la statue"
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Voltaire's work was burned along with la Barre's body.
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1368:"Manifestation Annuelle du Group la Barre (Abbeville)"
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Monument au chevalier de La Barre – Paris, 18e arr.
1452:Inauguration de la statue du Chevalier de la Barre
1313:Digital Collections, The New York Public Library.
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1519:(Monument to the Chevalier de la Barre – Paris)
736:Paris, Abbeville, and the Masonic Lodge of the
727:and hidden in a creek for safekeeping from the
600:Book the First—Recalled to Life. I. The Period.
507:Second statue of the Chevalier de la Barre, on
1578:People executed by the Ancien Régime in France
1504:Monument to the Knight de la Barre – Abbeville
1456:Inauguration of the statue of the Knight Barre
653:Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Paris
223:Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Paris
16:Frenchman executed for blasphemy and sacrilege
1498:Monument au chevalier de La Barre – Abbeville
430:was found - providing a pretext to blame the
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334:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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245:is also named after Lefebvre de la Barre.
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1573:People executed by France by decapitation
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354:Learn how and when to remove this message
248:Lefebvre de la Barre was a descendant of
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475:defects in the legal forms of the case.
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1276:soicourt linguet Revue des deux mondes.
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178:François-Jean Lefebvre de la Barre
114:Jean-François Lefebvre de la Barre
25:François-Jean Lefebvre de la Barre
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539:The sentence was reversed by the
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1568:History of Catholicism in France
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169:Jean Baptiste Alexandre Lefebvre
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1070:Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)
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188:before his body was burnt on a
122:French icon for the victims of
1484:. AZOTH Studio. Paris, France.
1436:Grand Orient de France Website
1274:– via Internet Archive.
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1444:Musée de la Franc-Maçonnerie
1002:(18e; street address of the
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693:Rue du Chevalier de La Barre
574:Sacré-Cœur Basilica of Paris
378:. Catholicism was then the
278:Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet
250:Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre
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616:Que passe la justice du Roi
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427:Philosophical Dictionary
233:), the highest point in
199:Philosophical Dictionary
1482:Les 3 Vies du Chevalier
1466:Les 3 Vies du Chevalier
1010:Les Pavillons-sous-Bois
487:Later views of the case
274:Le Cri du sang innocent
229:(itself named from the
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647:and other organized
590:A Tale of Two Cities
563:A Tale of Two Cities
328:improve this section
252:, a governor of the
1344:www.laicite1905.com
1185:www.laicite1905.com
1024:, (Hauts de Seine),
940:Issy-les-Moulineaux
930:, (Seine-Maritime),
910:Friville-Escarbotin
892:Fouquières-lès-Lens
886:Feuquières-en-Vimeu
880:Eu (Seine-Maritime)
850:Courcelles-lès-Lens
627:Paris – Montemartre
622:Posthumous tributes
541:National Convention
264:Voltaire's versions
239:18th arrondissement
1558:French Protestants
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894:, (Pas-de-Calais),
832:Bruay-sur-l'Escaut
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219:Pierre-Paul Sirven
138:Criminal charge(s)
133:Chevalier (Knight)
1506:.) E-Monumen.net
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1108:(Hauts de Seine),
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864:(Saône et Loire),
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661:Sacré-Cœur, Paris
561:Charles Dickens'
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1403:. Retrieved
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1082:Saint-Saulve
1064:Saint-Aignan
1040:Romanswiller
958:Livry-Gargan
856:La Courneuve
804:(Finistère),
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762:Street names
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729:Vichy France
722:World War II
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668:Armand Bloch
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649:freethinkers
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78:(1766-07-01)
18:
1563:Freethought
1543:1766 deaths
1538:1745 births
1523:(in French)
1508:(in French)
1492:(in French)
1476:(in French)
1460:(in French)
1447:(in French)
1439:(in French)
1431:(in French)
1393:"Comminque"
1042:(Bas-Rhin),
996:(Belgique),
792:(Vaucluse),
752: [
606:Other works
543:during the
432:Philosophes
391: [
192:along with
103:Nationality
76:1 July 1766
63:Château de
1532:Categories
1168:References
1162:(Essonne).
1148:Wattignies
1112:Templemars
1004:Sacré-Cœur
978:(Hérault),
918:, (Somme),
862:Le Creusot
820:Le Bourget
810:(Gironde),
641:Freemasons
578:Montmartre
509:Montmartre
376:vandalized
280:'s memoir
258:New France
243:Sacré-Cœur
227:Montmartre
215:Jean Calas
56:1745-09-12
43:Montmartre
39:Sacré-Cœur
1244:Linguet,
1154:Woincourt
1018:(Vosges),
1016:Pompierre
982:Marseille
934:Houplines
874:Dunkerque
772:Abbeville
699:Abbeville
547:in 1794.
449:Abbeville
372:Abbeville
344:June 2014
315:does not
286:execution
256:and then
237:, and an
166:Parent(s)
160:Execution
146:Sacrilege
142:Blasphemy
84:Abbeville
1405:21 April
1377:21 April
1349:21 April
1270:21 April
1190:21 April
1156:(Somme),
1106:Suresnes
1078:(Aisne),
1036:(Drome),
1028:Rantigny
994:Mouscron
990:(Yonne),
988:Migennes
966:(Somme),
964:Longueau
928:Le Havre
922:Graulhet
916:Gamaches
912:(Somme),
906:(Somme),
888:(Somme),
846:(Somme),
828:(Somme),
802:Audierne
796:Les Arcs
786:(Somme),
780:(Somme),
774:(Somme),
742:Bergerac
593:(1859):
422:Voltaire
368:crucifix
204:Catholic
194:Voltaire
186:beheaded
182:tortured
67:, France
1372:fnlp.fr
1321:19 June
1150:(Nord),
1118:Thouars
1114:(Nord),
1102:(Nord),
1084:(Nord),
1060:(Nord),
1054:(Nord),
1030:(Oise),
1022:Puteaux
972:(Nord),
954:(Nord),
936:(Nord),
924:(Tarn),
900:(Nord),
876:(Nord),
834:(Nord),
715:obelisk
643:of the
492:Linguet
464:tumbrel
336:removed
321:sources
156:Torture
92:Picardy
1223:, 1823
1160:Yerres
1130:Vanves
1100:Somain
1096:(Var),
1088:Sevran
946:Liévin
868:Drancy
816:(Ain),
808:Bègles
798:(Var),
784:Amiens
778:Albert
403:judges
397:, the
384:France
296:Events
106:French
96:France
1396:(PDF)
1124:Tours
1000:Paris
984:(5e),
976:Lunel
952:Lille
756:]
657:franc
395:]
288:into
235:Paris
130:Title
88:Somme
1407:2019
1379:2019
1351:2019
1323:2016
1272:2019
1192:2019
639:The
374:was
319:any
317:cite
217:and
190:pyre
184:and
73:Died
50:Born
1458:).
1429:).
1265:153
790:Apt
740:in
447:at
424:'s
382:of
330:by
196:'s
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58:)
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