295:
1049:
691:
661:
676:
521:
1015:
981:
947:
136:
710:
815:
1085:
4125:
61:
41:
4135:
241:
218:
254:
78:
647:
908:
727:
Hill was the first to catalog and study them and he opted for the same dates as
Herzfeld, namely to early 3rd BC. But Alram and historian Wiesehofer all pointed to later dating iconographically and epigraphically, and also based on the seamless continuation of their coinage from the first series to
845:
in 205 BCE, as well as archaeological evidence, seem to suggest continuous
Seleucid rule in the region. It seems that the area became independent from Seuleucid power between 200-150 BCE, before the Parthian conquest of the area. The first ruler of the Fratarakas would have been subordinate to the
752:
rulers discovered with
Frataraka hoards suggesting the Frataraka got became semi-independent and started to strike their coins instead. The significant number of undertype of Seleucus I on coins of Frataraka rulers also point out to their closeness to first the first Seleucid king and some early
739:
Some scholars such as
Museler, Sarkhosh Curtis, Hoover, Engles and Mahdi TF Ahrabi believe they have started ruling by 3rd century BC, and there is plenty of evidence produced by researchers pointing to it. First, there are couple of hoards discovered by Herzfeld since 1930s, which until now are
332:), and the Persians sometime in the 3rd or the 2nd century BCE. Pliny describes the current Seleucid ruler as being "Antiochos", but it is unknown which one he is referring to. This event is often used to describe some kind of adversary relationship between the ruler of
636:, used to designate an Achaemenid official in Egypt, a subordinate to a Satrap, equivalent to a "prefect, governor" who would have own his position to the Seleucids. The rulers are depicted wearing a short jacket over tunic and trousers, and they wear the satrapal
564:
where a coinage culture had already existing before their arrival. The
Seleucid were the first one to strike coins in the area of Persis. It is during their rule that the Greek words "drachma" and "denanos" entered the Persian language, to become today's
846:
Seleucids (their coins are in the
Seleucid weight standard, and some of their symbolism is related to the Seleucids, such as the holding of a Seuleucid scepter rather than an Achaemenid one), before obtaining some kind of independence from the time of
785:
as traditionally held. He also attributed them to the period circa 295 - circa 220 BCE, and considers them as independent rulers by divine right, rather than administrators for the
Seleukids. The first date of 295 BCE corresponds to the destruction of
367:
by king
Antiochos, while fighting against the Persians, defeated them at sea, and at low water, by land, with an army of cavalry, on the same day; in memory of which event he erected a twofold trophy on the same spot, in honour of Jupiter and
744:
victories and trophy coins which were issued by him during 305-301 BC. If we take the circulation average of 20 years, we reach to 285-280 BC and that year coincides with his death, and his replacement by his co-regent and son
Antiochus I.
194:. They ruled from the end of the 3rd century BC to the beginning of the 2nd century BC, and Vahbarz or Vādfradād obtained independence circa 150 BC, when Seleucid power waned in the areas of southwestern Persia and the Persian Gulf region.
1720:
Curtis, V S "The
Frataraka Coins of Persis: Bridging the Gap between Achaemenid and Sasanian Persia" in World of Achaemenid Persia; history, art and society in Iran and the ancient Near East; Edited; 379-396, I. B. Tauris, London;
1499:
580:
It seems that the coinage of the Fratarakas was mainly issued for purposes of prestige, rather than just monetary circulation, which was actually very limited. The honorific "of the gods" (Aramaic
1250:
Iranian Identity and Seleucid Allegiance; Vahbarz, the Frataraka and Early Arsacid Coinage, in: K. Erickson (ed.), The Seleukid Empire, 281-222 BC. War within the Family, Swansea, 2018, 173-196
573:". The Fratarakas essentially followed the example of their Seleucid overlords in striking coins. Several of their coins were further struck on issues of the Seleucids, or posthumous issues of
1755:
Wiesehöfer, J. “PRTRK, RB HYLʾ und MRʾ,” in H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg and A. Kuhrt, eds., Achaemenid History VI. Asia Minor and Egypt: Old Cultures in a New Empire, Leiden, 1991, pp. 305–9.
544:
down outer right. Fire temple of Ahura-Mazda; above, half-figure of Ahura-Mazda; to inner left, Vādfradād standing right; standard to inner right. The headgear is a combination of a satrapal
1749:
Panaino A. "The Bagan of the Frataraka: Gods or divine kings? "in: C.G. Cereti at al. (ed. s), Religious themes and texts of pre-islamic Iran and Central, Asia, Wiesbaden 2003, pp. 265-288
2627:
1779:
1758:
Wiesehöfer, J. "Die 'dunklen Jahrhunderte' der Persis. Untersuchungen zu Geschichte und Kultur von Fārs". in frühhellenistischer Zeit (330-140 v.Chr.) (Zetemata, 90), München 1994
690:
625:, which probably entered Iranian as a loanword. This interpretation suggest that the rulers in question were priest-kings, whose role was mainly to maintain the sacred fire in
348:
in peace, and 190-189 BCE, the latest possible date for the battle led by Noumenios if the Antiochos in question is indeed Antiochos III, since the latter was defeated at the
660:
2617:
675:
197:
Alternatively, they may have ruled between circa 295 and 220 BC, until the Seleucid briefly took back direct control of the region of Persis under the Seleucid satrap
837:. There is also no mention of a Persian uprising in the sources for the 3rd century BCE. On the contrary, various sources, such as the account of the visit of
1048:
294:
3786:
2639:
3892:
1612:
1515:
1455:
1439:
1220:
1137:
552:
The evidence for the quasi-autonomous local governors that were the Fratarakas is almost exclusively coming from their coinage. The Achaemenids only
340:
during the 3rd or 2nd centuries BCE, and possibly a fight for independence. The rulers of Persis may have gained independence between 205 BCE, when
3306:
3297:
3041:
2553:
2538:
1786:
766:
1691:
CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Vādfradād (Autophradates) II. Early-mid 2nd century BC. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 16.23 g, 11h). Istakhr (Persepolis) mint
2829:
609:
The Aramaic script used in the coins is quite unclear, which brings uncertainties to their reading. Even the title used by the Fratarakas
2607:
2975:
2491:
640:
that had been in use on the coinage of the satraps of the Achaemenid Empire, and in addition they wear the Hellenic diadem of a ruler.
4164:
528:(Autophradates I). 3rd century BC. Istakhr (Persepolis) mint. Head of ruler with mustache and earring, wearing diadem and kyrbasia /
273:
The Persians have kings who are subject to other kings, formerly of the kings of Macedonia, but now to the kings of the Parthians.
2526:
1598:
CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Vādfradād (Autophradates) I. 3rd century BC. AR Tetradrachm (28mm, 15.89 g, 9h). Istakhr (Persepolis) mint
4159:
3151:
3002:
2765:
3497:
3327:
3272:
3141:
3007:
1905:
1734:
2659:
2649:
761:
Some authors have dated the rule of the Fratarakas to the 3rd century BCE, with a starting point circa 280 BCE under ruler
201:, circa 220 BC. Some authors consider that Persis remained under the control of the Seleucids throughout the 3rd century.
4169:
3857:
3807:
3533:
3067:
1014:
520:
4179:
3082:
3071:
3016:
2964:
2819:
2622:
753:
Seleucid influences both in iconography and typology of their coins shows they were ruling Persis earlier than 2nd BC.
790:, which marks the end of Seleucid coinage in Susa. The end date of 220 BCE corresponds to the time when, according to
269:
Strabo relates that Persian rulers were tributaries to the Greeks, before falling under the control of the Parthians:
3512:
3456:
3436:
3252:
3227:
3123:
3047:
2949:
2579:
2421:
1654:
1561:
1501:
KINGS OF PERSIS, Orbozos. 3rd Century BC. Silver Drachm. One of just two known specimens. From The Sunrise Collection
1482:
1423:
1329:
1181:
3346:
3977:
3543:
1743:
Klose, D.O. & Müseler W. "Die Münzen aus Persepolis von Alexander dem Großen zu den Sasaniden".(Munich, 2008).
3487:
3027:
2863:
2858:
2597:
2224:
946:
505:
4092:
3917:
3797:
3781:
3267:
3202:
3103:
3052:
2824:
2775:
2760:
2664:
2654:
2634:
2426:
2085:
135:
3725:
2496:
2436:
709:
3951:
3392:
3375:
3282:
3257:
3113:
3021:
3011:
1772:
1675:
CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Artaxsir (Artaxerxes) I. Early 3rd century BC. AR Drachm (17mm, 4.15 gm, 4h). Susa mint
1395:
CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Artaxsir (Artaxerxes) I. Early 3rd century BC. AR Drachm (17mm, 4.15 gm, 4h). Susa mint
1302:
CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Artaxsir (Artaxerxes) I. Early 3rd century BC. AR Drachm (17mm, 4.15 gm, 4h). Susa mint
980:
382:
and another uncertain king, no titles of authority appeared on the reverse of their coins. The earlier title
3955:
3791:
3507:
3247:
3237:
2985:
2841:
2441:
728:
second and so on. They argued that they ruled by late 2nd century BC and ended by mid 2nd century BC after
3721:
602:, one of the official languages of the Achaemenid Empire, rather than Greek. This, as well as the clearly
416:, he left the Persian dynasts in office and they were allowed to continue minting coins with the title of
3746:
3740:
3691:
3502:
3332:
3211:
2836:
1711:
Boyce M & Grenet F. “A History of Zoroastrianism VO: 3 E.J Brill Leiden Publications, 1991, PP110-113
724:
There are many controversies and debates about the origin, datings and sequence of the Frataraka rulers.
3961:
3422:
3287:
2755:
2533:
2431:
1746:
Naster P. “Note G’epigraphie Monetaire De Perside Fratakara,Fratakara,Fratadara” Leiden 1968, PP 74–77
814:
440:. Šābuhr's brother and successor, Ardaxšir (Artaxerxes) V, defeated the last legitimate Parthian king,
265:, showing on the reverse an Achaemenid king slaying an armoured, possibly Greek or Macedonian, soldier.
17:
1531:
833:, which suggest the 2nd century BCE as a more probable period, after the rule of the Satrap of Persis
606:
iconography of the coins, shows that these coins had a role as "Persid religio-political propaganda".
4174:
4065:
3656:
3426:
3207:
3133:
2995:
2970:
2893:
2644:
2543:
2486:
1898:
1764:
1725:
Gholami, Kiarash (2021). "A Revised Frataraka Chronology and Coinage". In Faghfoury, Mostafa (ed.).
1084:
3776:
3566:
3446:
3397:
3369:
3232:
2770:
2684:
2413:
409:
4007:
3981:
3972:
3842:
3802:
3406:
3342:
3302:
3037:
2888:
2745:
2704:
1962:
509:
1354:
CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Baydād (Bagadat). Early 3rd century BC. AR Tetradrachm (30mm, 17.06 g, 9h)
1274:
4097:
3736:
3477:
3432:
3156:
3118:
2846:
2602:
441:
1551:
1472:
1317:
1171:
4184:
3385:
3337:
3312:
3032:
2780:
2558:
2476:
2093:
2050:
1644:
1413:
115:
from 3rd to mid 2nd century BC, or alternatively between 295 and 220 BC, at the time of the
3936:
3838:
3731:
3671:
3646:
3625:
3605:
3578:
3380:
3322:
3217:
2980:
2945:
2709:
1891:
8:
3676:
3365:
3098:
2990:
2589:
2584:
2548:
2481:
2330:
2018:
1322:
The world of Achaemenid Persia history, art and society in Iran and the ancient Near East
1279:
842:
574:
345:
206:
4040:
4002:
3947:
3942:
3847:
3762:
3402:
3262:
3222:
3062:
3057:
2955:
2940:
2699:
2501:
2322:
2291:
2184:
1941:
1318:"The Frakarak Coins of Persia: Bridging the Gap between Achaemenid and Sasanian Persia"
834:
795:
741:
553:
429:
349:
198:
1553:
Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia
150:
Several rulers have been identified as belonging to Fratarakā dynasty (from the title
4134:
4050:
3967:
3873:
3863:
3772:
3681:
3666:
3661:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3587:
3442:
3146:
2960:
2898:
2873:
2853:
2803:
2723:
2571:
2200:
2192:
2117:
2069:
1730:
1650:
1557:
1478:
1419:
1325:
1177:
557:
469:
379:
298:
186:
in the 3rd century BC. It seems however that they were rather representatives of the
182:). Traditionally, they used to be considered as independent, anti-Seleucid rulers of
1582:
CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Vahbarz (Oborzos). 3rd century BC. AR Obol (10mm, 0.50 g, 11h)
584:) on their coinage may be related to the Seleucid practice of deifying their kings.
4021:
4012:
3922:
3912:
3868:
3708:
3696:
3650:
3595:
3412:
3277:
3108:
3077:
2922:
2903:
2612:
2232:
1689:
1596:
1580:
1352:
493:
473:
179:
92:
1673:
1393:
1377:
1300:
1269:
4055:
3992:
3927:
3902:
3887:
3826:
3615:
3467:
3357:
3179:
2878:
2814:
2718:
2566:
2468:
2240:
2216:
2152:
2133:
2125:
2101:
1986:
1928:
1154:
1100:
1058:
1024:
990:
956:
917:
830:
749:
729:
489:
485:
457:
437:
402:
337:
313:
289:
120:
116:
112:
1714:
Brandenstein W & Mayrhofer M. "Handbuch des Altpersischen," Wiesbaden, 1964.
305:
inscription (as here), or no inscription at all, and not yet using the title of
230:, third Frataraka ruler, 3rd c.BCE. The headgear is a combination of a satrapal
3897:
3417:
3242:
2730:
2694:
2357:
2275:
2208:
2034:
803:
765:
corresponding to a supposed Persian uprising leading to the destruction of the
617:
is uncertain. The root word for this title has been interpreted as coming from
481:
100:
398:(Persis), suggesting that the kings of Persis had become independent rulers.
4153:
4128:
4032:
4017:
3987:
3932:
3812:
3767:
3716:
3686:
2389:
2283:
2248:
1970:
838:
496:
on their coins suggest, depending on interpretation, that they served either
341:
202:
449:
4060:
4045:
3997:
3906:
3451:
3317:
2740:
2689:
2397:
2381:
2365:
2307:
1868:
1814:
1752:
Skjaervo P.O, ” The Joy of the Cup". Bulletin of Asia institute, 1997 P 102
1039:
713:
646:
387:
99:, "governor", or more specifically "sub-satrapal governor") is an ancient
4138:
4102:
3853:
3538:
3461:
3292:
1858:
1028:
1000:
855:
851:
822:
696:
603:
525:
501:
139:
103:
title, interpreted variously as “leader, governor, forerunner”. It is an
3492:
2883:
2405:
2373:
2299:
2267:
2077:
932:
787:
782:
770:
666:
626:
592:
561:
472:, frataraka was a title given to the head of a district or province in
378:
During an apparent transitional period, corresponding to the reigns of
60:
2618:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
2338:
2315:
2042:
2010:
1794:
1717:
Cowley, A.E "Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C"., Oxford, 1923.
889:
818:
798:
became satrap of satrap of Persis. His brother, the Seleucid usurper
762:
652:
445:
360:
329:
317:
187:
47:
40:
1248:
893:
829:
However, the coinage of the Fratarakas is very close to that of the
159:
3528:
2868:
2750:
2002:
1117:
1062:
791:
588:
240:
217:
67:
433:
4071:
1994:
1831:
966:
847:
681:
599:
497:
405:
262:
258:
253:
227:
171:
104:
191:
3877:
3197:
2026:
1848:
1799:
1112:
733:
566:
477:
413:
364:
333:
325:
321:
183:
82:
1883:
854:(when their coinage starts to show a depiction of Khvarnah or
301:(Autophradates II). A transitional ruler, sometimes using the
2735:
1156:
Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge
799:
637:
570:
108:
77:
2515:
1978:
1914:
778:
3493:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
907:
861:
50:, 3rd c.BCE. The headgear is a combination of a satrapal
1727:
Ancient Iranian Numismatics: In Memory of David Sellwood
632:
Alternatively the title may be derived from the Aramaic
70:, holding sceptre and cup. Achaemenid standard to left.
1533:
LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XV Chapter 3
1474:
The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC: War Within the Family
394:, or king, appeared, sometimes with the mention of
1708:
Alram, M " Nomina propria Iranica in nummis ". 1986
777:(1997), the coinage of the Fratrakas was issued in
436:, the kingdom of Persis then became a part of the
598:The language used in the legends on the coins is
4151:
716:(Darios I) used for the first time the title of
2554:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
1668:
1666:
1643:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2010).
1412:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2010).
174:, who is called Oborzos in Polyenus 7.40), and
2640:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
2539:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
1761:Wiesehöfer J. "Frataraka Iranica online". 2000
924:(“Baydād, fratarakā of the gods”) in Aramaic.
740:showing the existence of Frataraka coins with
2422:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
1899:
1780:
1642:
1411:
1320:. In Curtis, John; Simpson, St. John (eds.).
1169:
154:, or "governor of the gods" on their coins):
3498:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
1663:
1614:A History of Zoroastrianism vol II & III
1517:A History of Zoroastrianism vol II & III
1457:A History of Zoroastrianism vol II & III
1441:A History of Zoroastrianism vol II & III
1222:A History of Zoroastrianism vol II & III
1139:A History of Zoroastrianism vol II & III
858:on the reverse, on top of the fire temple).
621:("fire"), on the basis of the Armenian word
127:are important to historians of this period.
66:Bagadates enthroned, wearing long cloak and
2608:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
1556:. Cambridge University Press. p. 155.
1170:Lukonin, Vladimir; Ivanov, Anatoly (2015).
1031:on the reverse, on top of the fire temple.
123:conquest of West Asia and Iran. Studies of
3114:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
2976:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
2492:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
1906:
1892:
1787:
1773:
1497:Images of the known coins of this type in
684:(Oborzos), governor, c. mid 3rd century BC
2623:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
1324:. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 379–396.
1309:
809:
773:that same year. According to B. Kritt in
756:
463:
2442:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
1549:
1470:
1407:
1405:
1176:. Parkstone International. p. 197.
1159:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 603.
813:
708:
548:, and the Hellenistic diadem of a ruler.
519:
293:
283:
252:
234:, and the Hellenistic diadem of a ruler.
134:
76:
54:, and the Hellenistic diadem of a ruler.
3228:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
1724:
1152:
669:(Ardaxsir I). Early-mid 3rd century BC.
14:
4152:
2766:History of democracy in classical Iran
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1575:
1573:
1545:
1543:
1315:
1069:(“Vādfradād, frataraka of the gods”).
862:List of the Frataraka rulers of Persis
587:The coinage of the Fratrakas combines
3564:
3488:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
3273:Iran and the World Trade Organization
3177:
2920:
2801:
1926:
1887:
1768:
1402:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1215:
1213:
1099:The Fratarakas were succeeded by the
748:There were no other coins from other
704:
476:, who was junior in hierarchy to the
456:, becoming the first king of the new
2660:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
2650:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
1264:
1262:
1260:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
130:
3893:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
3534:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
3508:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
3307:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
3042:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
1621:
1570:
1540:
1020:Fratarakā dynasty – son of Vahbarz
973:– called Oborzos in Polyenus 7.40)
913:Fratarakā dynasty – son of Baykard
386:(Frataraka) had disappeared. Under
24:
2432:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
1491:
1464:
1361:
1246:
1061:. Eagle emblem on top of stylized
699:(Autophradates I). 3rd century BC.
515:
423:
25:
4196:
3503:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
3124:Supreme National Security Council
2950:Persian Constitutional Revolution
2580:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
2487:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
2477:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
1379:FRATARAKA – Encyclopaedia Iranica
1257:
1229:
1190:
412:(ca. 171-138 BC) took control of
4165:2nd-century BC disestablishments
4133:
4124:
4123:
3099:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
1083:
1047:
1013:
979:
945:
906:
802:, was in the meantime satrap of
689:
674:
659:
645:
239:
216:
59:
39:
3298:Military equipment manufactured
2864:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
2628:United States withdrawal (2018)
2549:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
1913:
1682:
1605:
1589:
1524:
1508:
1448:
1432:
1386:
1316:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2010).
775:The Early Seleucid Mint of Susa
3858:modern / contemporary
3104:Expediency Discernment Council
2427:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
2416:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
1940:
1649:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 52–60.
1418:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 52–55.
1345:
1293:
1163:
1146:
1130:
504:or god-like kings such as the
444:in 224 CE, and was crowned at
13:
1:
4160:3rd-century BC establishments
3072:state-sponsorship allegations
2802:
1836:
1819:
1123:
3529:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
2921:
2830:twin towns and sister cities
2136:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
2013:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
1989:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
1803:(3rd-century–1st-century BC)
1080:2nd half of 2nd century BCE
556:in the western parts of the
27:Ancient noble rank of Persia
7:
3808:Water supply and sanitation
3565:
3539:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
3178:
2598:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
1973:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
1927:
1872:(after 138 BC–after 132 BC)
1729:. Brill. pp. 135–156.
1550:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011).
1106:
1077:‘Unknown king I’ (Syknlt?)
536:up inner left from bottom,
532:up outer left from bottom,
363:, who was made governor of
246:Vahbarz standing in prayer.
10:
4201:
4170:Frataraka rulers of Persis
3288:Economy of the Middle East
2665:2021–2022 Iranian protests
2655:2019–2020 Iranian protests
2635:2017–2018 Iranian protests
2096:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
1702:
1153:Ashmore, Harry S. (1961).
390:however, the new title of
287:
33:Bagadates, Frataraka ruler
4180:Persian words and phrases
4119:
4085:
4031:
3834:
3825:
3755:
3707:
3639:
3586:
3577:
3573:
3560:
3521:
3513:National Development Fund
3476:
3433:Telecommunications and IT
3427:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
3356:
3253:Foreign direct investment
3198:Bonyad (charitable trust)
3190:
3186:
3173:
3132:
3091:
2933:
2929:
2916:
2810:
2797:
2677:
2544:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
2534:Interim Government (1979)
2513:
2461:
2454:
2350:
2260:
2177:
2168:
2145:
2062:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1922:
1809:
868:
320:, a Seleucid general and
316:relates a battle between
205:is known to have visited
3263:International oil bourse
3028:Ministry of Intelligence
2613:Syrian civil war (2011–)
2437:1921 Persian coup d'état
1646:The Age of the Parthians
1477:. ISD LLC. p. 175.
1415:The Age of the Parthians
524:Frataraka dynasty ruler
3787:scientists and scholars
3293:Milad Tower and complex
3083:Women's rights movement
3078:White Revolution (1963)
2746:Peoples of the Caucasus
2088:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
1981:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
1471:Erickson, Kyle (2018).
720:(King). 2nd century BC.
142:was the first recorded
4098:Anti-Iranian sentiment
4093:Science and technology
3918:Intellectual movements
3798:International rankings
3782:Intellectual movements
3268:International rankings
2761:Heads of state of Iran
2567:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
2128:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
1965:culture (3400–2000 BC)
1065:. Aramaic coin legend
826:
810:2nd century BCE thesis
794:, the Seleucid satrap
757:3rd century BCE thesis
721:
549:
464:Roles of the frataraka
376:
310:
281:
266:
147:
85:
3386:Shetab Banking System
3376:Banking and insurance
3338:Tehran Stock Exchange
3258:Intellectual property
2603:PJAK conflict (2004–)
2376:Turcomans (1378–1508)
2368:Turcomans (1374–1468)
2317:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
2120:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
817:
712:
523:
484:. During the time of
357:
297:
284:End of the Fratarakas
271:
256:
138:
80:
3347:Technology start-ups
3248:Environmental issues
3238:Economic Reform Plan
3152:Provincial governors
2842:Environmental issues
2590:Iran Air Flight 655
2331:Jalayirid Sultanate
2203:Caliphate (750–1258)
2045:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
1275:Encyclopædia Iranica
1067:wtprdt rtrk’ zy ’ly’
976:mid-3rd century BCE
942:mid-3rd century BCE
922:bgdt prtrk’ zy ’lhy’
3747:Freedom of religion
3333:Supreme Audit Court
3212:Automotive industry
2859:Iranian Balochistan
2585:1987 Mecca incident
2482:Iran crisis of 1946
2471:dynasty (1925–1979)
2400:Dynasty (1751–1794)
2341:dynasty (1338–1357)
2333:dynasty (1335–1432)
2325:dynasty (1314–1393)
2310:dynasty (1244–1381)
2294:dynasty (1077–1231)
2278:dynasty (1011–1215)
2195:Caliphate (661–750)
2187:Caliphate (632–661)
2155:Empire (AD 224–651)
2072:Empire (550–330 BC)
2053:Empire (626–539 BC)
2037:Empire (678–549 BC)
2021:Empire (911–609 BC)
1280:Columbia University
1225:. pp. 110–116.
843:Antiochia in Persis
575:Alexander the Great
346:Antiochia in Persis
324:of the Province of
207:Antiochia in Persis
3878:Persian New Year (
3283:Main economic laws
2854:Iranian Azerbaijan
2756:Monarchs of Persia
2700:Persianate society
2408:Empire (1789–1925)
2392:Empire (1736–1796)
2384:Empire (1501–1736)
2360:Empire (1370–1507)
2286:Empire (1037–1194)
2251:dynasty (934–1062)
2243:dynasty (931–1090)
2235:dynasty (861–1003)
2104:Empire (312–63 BC)
2005:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
1536:. p. XV 3.24.
1093:Transition period
1054:Fratarakā dynasty
986:Fratarakā dynasty
952:Fratarakā dynasty
827:
825:(Autophradates I).
722:
705:Summary of debates
550:
428:With the reign of
350:Battle of Magnesia
311:
267:
148:
86:
4147:
4146:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4081:
4080:
3988:Opium consumption
3821:
3820:
3657:Ethnic minorities
3631:Iranian languages
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3048:Political parties
2986:Children's rights
2971:Foreign relations
2965:2009 presidential
2912:
2911:
2874:Iranian Kurdistan
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2673:
2672:
2645:COVID-19 pandemic
2504:Revolution (1979)
2450:
2449:
2270:Empire (977–1186)
2227:dynasty (864–928)
2219:dynasty (821–873)
2211:dynasty (819–999)
2164:
2163:
2080:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
1881:
1880:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1826:
1804:
1736:978-1-949743-16-6
1097:
1096:
878:Family Relations
558:Achaemenid Empire
470:Achaemenid Empire
190:in the region of
131:Rulers and period
97:Prtkr’𐡐𐡓𐡕𐡊𐡓’
16:(Redirected from
4192:
4175:Seleucid satraps
4137:
4127:
4126:
3978:National symbols
3832:
3831:
3647:Iranian citizens
3584:
3583:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3544:Research centers
3233:Economic history
3188:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3109:Guardian Council
2931:
2930:
2918:
2917:
2799:
2798:
2776:Electric history
2771:Military history
2685:Ancient Persians
2593:
2592:shootdown (1988)
2575:
2562:
2559:Iranian Embassy
2529:
2518:
2516:Islamic Republic
2505:
2497:1953 coup d'état
2472:
2459:
2458:
2417:
2414:Khanates of the
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2156:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1802:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1740:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1266:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1188:
1187:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1087:
1057:Governor of the
1051:
1027:. Appearance of
1023:Governor of the
1017:
1010:3rd century BCE
989:Governor of the
983:
955:Governor of the
949:
916:Governor of the
910:
903:3rd century BCE
866:
865:
693:
678:
663:
649:
384:prtrk' zy alhaya
374:
373:Pliny, HN 6.152.
279:
243:
223:Portrait of the
220:
152:prtrk' zy alhaya
113:rulers in Persis
63:
43:
21:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4107:
4077:
4056:Rap and hip-hop
4027:
4008:Public holidays
3993:Persian gardens
3982:Imperial Anthem
3973:National Jewels
3928:Iranian studies
3817:
3751:
3703:
3635:
3596:Persian (Farsi)
3569:
3548:
3517:
3479:
3472:
3407:Pharmaceuticals
3352:
3343:Venture capital
3318:Rial (currency)
3303:Nuclear program
3182:
3161:
3128:
3087:
3038:Nuclear program
3003:Judicial system
2925:
2908:
2879:Iranian plateau
2806:
2785:
2669:
2591:
2573:
2560:
2528:History (1979–)
2527:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2470:
2446:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2170:
2160:
2154:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2051:Neo-Babylonian
2044:
2036:
2029:(860 BC–590 BC)
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1997:(c.2300–675 BC)
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1912:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1822:
1813:
1805:
1793:
1737:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1641:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1548:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1469:
1465:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1410:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1247:Engels, David.
1245:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1191:
1184:
1168:
1164:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1109:
1101:Kings of Persis
1059:Seleucid Empire
1025:Seleucid Empire
991:Seleucid Empire
957:Seleucid Empire
918:Seleucid Empire
864:
841:to the city of
831:Kings of Persis
812:
759:
707:
700:
694:
685:
679:
670:
664:
655:
650:
518:
516:Frataraka coins
466:
458:Sasanian Empire
454:šāhanšāh ī Ērān
438:Sasanian Empire
426:
424:Sasanian Empire
375:
372:
338:Seleucid Empire
292:
290:Kings of Persis
286:
280:
277:
251:
250:
249:
248:
247:
244:
236:
235:
221:
133:
125:frataraka coins
119:, prior to the
117:Seleucid Empire
111:of a series of
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
64:
56:
55:
44:
35:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3945:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3851:
3845:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3440:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3157:Supreme Leader
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3119:Local councils
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3014:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2996:Women's rights
2993:
2988:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:Climate change
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:Jiroft culture
2728:
2727:
2726:
2719:Iranic peoples
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2695:Persianization
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2302:(1135/36-1225)
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2112:(c.295–220 BC)
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1971:Proto-Elamite
1968:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1828:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1681:
1662:
1655:
1620:
1617:. p. 112.
1604:
1588:
1569:
1562:
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1520:. p. 116.
1507:
1490:
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1460:. p. 112.
1447:
1444:. p. 116.
1431:
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1330:
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1142:. p. 112.
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920:. Coin legend
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482:Memphis, Egypt
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452:(Ardashir I),
425:
422:
370:
355:Pliny writes:
352:at that time.
288:Main article:
285:
282:
278:Strabo XV 3.24
275:
245:
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166:(Ardaxšīr I),
132:
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3313:Privatization
3311:
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2781:Years in Iran
2779:
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2705:Turco-Persian
2703:
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2698:
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2574:War (1980–88)
2570:
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2557:
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2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:Qara Qoyunlu
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2319:
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2239:
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2215:
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2207:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
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2176:
2173:
2167:
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2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:550 BC–AD 224
2061:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:Neo-Assyrian
2017:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1999:
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1991:
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1977:
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1961:
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1895:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1823: 205 BC
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
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1656:9780857733085
1652:
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1565:
1563:9780521766418
1559:
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1535:
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1527:
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1518:
1511:
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1502:
1494:
1486:
1484:9781910589953
1480:
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1467:
1459:
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1451:
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1442:
1435:
1427:
1425:9780857733085
1421:
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1356:
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1348:
1333:
1331:9780857718013
1327:
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1183:9781783107964
1179:
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888:
885:
884:
880:
877:
874:
871:
867:
859:
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:
839:Antiochus III
836:
832:
824:
821:on a coin of
820:
816:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
754:
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746:
743:
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731:
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643:
642:
641:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
596:
595:iconography.
594:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
555:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:Empires, the
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:, the son of
431:
421:
419:
415:
411:
410:Mithridates I
407:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
369:
366:
362:
356:
353:
351:
347:
343:
342:Antiochos III
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
274:
270:
264:
260:
255:
242:
233:
229:
226:
219:
210:
208:
204:
203:Antiochus III
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
141:
137:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
84:
79:
69:
62:
53:
49:
42:
19:
4185:Royal titles
4086:Other topics
4070:
3998:Persian name
3937:Islamization
3879:
3839:Architecture
3792:universities
3737:Zoroastrians
3732:Christianity
3722:Baháʼí Faith
3672:Azerbaijanis
3579:Demographics
3393:Construction
3381:Central Bank
3323:Space Agency
3218:Child labour
3053:Principlists
3033:Cyberwarfare
2981:Human rights
2946:Constitution
2741:Azerbaijanis
2710:Indo-Persian
2690:Greater Iran
2561:siege (1980)
2520:1979–present
2171:early modern
2169:Medieval and
2109:
1963:Kura-Araxes
1869:Wadfradad II
1862:(146–138 BC)
1852:(164–146 BC)
1815:Ardakhshir I
1795:
1726:
1690:
1684:
1674:
1645:
1613:
1607:
1597:
1591:
1581:
1552:
1532:
1526:
1516:
1510:
1500:
1493:
1473:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1414:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1353:
1347:
1337:23 September
1335:. Retrieved
1321:
1311:
1301:
1295:
1285:23 September
1283:. Retrieved
1273:
1249:
1221:
1172:
1165:
1155:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1098:
1066:
1040:Vadfradad II
1004:
970:
936:
921:
897:
828:
774:
767:Tall-e Takht
760:
747:
738:
726:
723:
717:
667:Artaxerses I
633:
631:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
597:
586:
581:
579:
560:, mostly in
554:struck coins
551:
545:
541:
540:in exergue,
537:
533:
529:
467:
453:
427:
417:
400:
395:
391:
383:
380:Vādfradād II
377:
358:
354:
312:
306:
302:
299:Vādfradād II
272:
268:
231:
224:
196:
175:
167:
163:
155:
151:
149:
143:
124:
96:
88:
87:
51:
46:Portrait of
4103:Tehrangeles
4066:Traditional
3803:Nationality
3741:persecution
3726:persecution
3677:Circassians
3626:Neo-Aramaic
3606:Azerbaijani
3478:State-owned
3403:Health care
3366:Agriculture
3203:Brain drain
3142:Ambassadors
2837:Earthquakes
2374:Aq Qoyunlu
2323:Muzaffarid
2300:Eldiguzids
2292:Anushtegin
2118:Kingdom of
2094:Kingdom of
2086:Kingdom of
2078:Atropatene
2070:Achaemenid
2011:Kingdom of
1956:3400–539 BC
1859:Wadfradad I
1818:(after 220–
1270:"Frataraka"
1173:Persian Art
1044:c. 140 BCE
1029:Ahura Mazda
1001:Vādfradād I
856:Ahura Mazda
852:Vadfradad I
823:Vādfradād I
769:citadel of
697:Vādfradād I
604:Zoroastrian
526:Vadfradad I
506:Achaemenids
502:Ahura Mazda
468:During the
442:Artabanos V
209:in 205 BC.
180:Vādfradād I
140:Bagadates I
4154:Categories
4003:Philosophy
3962:newspapers
3943:Literature
3848:architects
3843:Achaemenid
3763:Corruption
3223:Corruption
3063:Reformists
3058:Propaganda
2956:Corruption
2941:Censorship
2884:Lake Urmia
2572:Iran–Iraq
2268:Ghaznavid
2146:AD 224–651
2110:Frataraka
1942:Prehistory
1840: 205
1796:Fratarakas
1124:References
933:Ardaxšīr I
788:Pasargadae
783:Persepolis
771:Pasargadae
742:Seleucus I
732:conquered
627:Persepolis
593:Achaemenid
562:Asia Minor
450:Ardaxšir I
420:("King").
257:Drachm of
18:Fratarakas
3968:Mythology
3874:Calendars
3864:Astronomy
3773:Education
3682:Georgians
3667:Assyrians
3662:Armenians
3588:Languages
3480:companies
3443:Transport
3423:Petroleum
3208:Companies
3147:President
3134:Officials
3068:Terrorism
3017:Air Force
2961:Elections
2899:Provinces
2894:Mountains
2804:Geography
2724:languages
2462:1925–1979
2390:Afsharid
2351:1370–1925
2339:Chobanid
2233:Saffarid
2185:Rashidun
2153:Sasanian
2134:Kings of
2126:Parthian
2102:Seleucid
2043:Scythian
2003:Kassites
1987:Akkadian
890:Bagadates
835:Alexander
819:Faravahar
796:Alexander
763:Bagadates
653:Bagadates
510:Seleucids
446:Ctesiphon
401:When the
361:Noumenios
330:Characene
318:Noumenios
309:("King").
225:Frataraka
199:Alexander
188:Seleucids
144:Frataraka
89:Frataraka
48:Bagadates
4129:Category
4022:football
4013:Scouting
3923:Iranians
3913:Folklore
3709:Religion
3621:Georgian
3601:Armenian
3462:shipping
3457:railways
3447:airlines
3413:Industry
3278:Taxation
3092:Councils
3008:Military
2923:Politics
2904:Wildlife
2869:Caucasus
2751:Persians
2678:See also
2502:Iranian
2469:Pahlavi
2382:Safavid
2358:Timurid
2261:977–1432
2241:Ziyarid
2217:Tahirid
2209:Samanid
2201:Abbasid
2193:Umayyad
2178:632–1090
1995:Lullubi
1979:Elamite
1842:–164 BC)
1118:Bagdates
1107:See also
1063:kyrbasia
875:Coinage
792:Polybius
750:Seleucid
589:Seleucid
538:wtprdt p
500:such as
490:Parthian
486:Seleucid
403:Parthian
371:—
368:Neptune"
344:visited
336:and the
276:—
121:Parthian
68:kyrbasia
4072:Ey Iran
4020: (
3980: (
3956:student
3954: (
3950: (
3935: (
3903:Cuisine
3888:Fashion
3876: (
3856: (
3841: (
3827:Culture
3775: (
3739: (
3724: (
3697:Turkmen
3649: (
3640:Peoples
3611:Kurdish
3567:Society
3468:Tourism
3445: (
3435: (
3425: (
3405: (
3398:Defense
3368: (
3358:Sectors
3345: (
3305: (
3210: (
3191:General
3180:Economy
3070: (
3040: (
3010: (
2963: (
2948: (
2934:General
2889:Islands
2825:largest
2815:Borders
2284:Seljuk
2276:Ghurid
2225:Alavid
2035:Median
2027:Urartu
1949:Ancient
1929:History
1832:Wahbarz
1703:Sources
967:Vahbarz
937:rtḥštry
848:Vahbarz
730:Parthia
714:Dārēv I
682:Vahbarz
600:Aramaic
569:" and "
498:deities
494:Aramaic
406:Arsacid
388:Dārēv I
303:Frataka
263:Oborzos
259:Vahbarz
228:Vahbarz
172:Vahbarz
164:rtḥštry
105:epithet
101:Persian
93:Aramaic
81:Map of
4139:Portal
3898:Cinema
3880:Nowruz
3777:higher
3651:abroad
3616:Hebrew
3522:Places
3418:Mining
3243:Energy
2820:Cities
2736:Aryans
2455:Modern
2406:Qajar
2249:Buyid
1917:topics
1849:Baydad
1800:Persis
1733:
1653:
1560:
1481:
1422:
1328:
1180:
1113:Persis
1005:wtprdt
971:whwbrz
894:Baydād
734:Persia
615:prtdr’
611:prtkr*
582:zy Thy
567:dirham
542:zy ’l’
478:satrap
430:Šāpuhr
414:Persis
365:Mesene
334:Persis
326:Mesene
322:satrap
184:Persis
176:wtprdt
168:whwbrz
160:Baydād
83:Persis
4033:Music
4018:Sport
3948:Media
3933:Islam
3869:Blogs
3813:Women
3768:Crime
3756:Other
3717:Islam
3687:Kurds
3452:metro
3370:fruit
3328:Setad
2398:Zand
2308:Kart
881:Note
872:Date
869:Name
804:Media
800:Molon
638:tiara
634:prlrk
619:*frat
571:denar
546:tiara
530:rtrk’
474:Egypt
434:Pāpag
408:king
314:Pliny
232:tiara
109:title
52:tiara
4061:Rock
4046:Jazz
4041:Folk
3907:wine
3692:Jews
3022:Navy
3012:Army
2991:LGBT
1915:Iran
1731:ISBN
1721:2010
1651:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1339:2017
1326:ISBN
1287:2017
1178:ISBN
898:bgdt
779:Susa
623:hrat
591:and
508:or
488:and
192:Fārs
156:bgdt
4051:Pop
3854:Art
3437:TCI
1798:of
850:or
718:mlk
613:or
480:in
448:as
418:mlk
396:prs
392:mlk
307:mlk
162:),
107:or
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1820:c.
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