40:
279:
381:, who replaced Sagdodonacus as the governor of Characene. This indicates that Wahbarz had ruled three decades as an independent ruler, which makes the chronology of the Persid rulers suggested by Wiesehofer less valid. The fate of Wahbarz after the Seleucid reconquest is disputed; he may have re-submitted to the Seleucids before they continued their expedition into Persis, and was thus allowed to continue to rule as a Seleucid vassal once again. Regardless, Wahbarz was seemingly succeeded by
190:
348:
as its governor. The precise date of the Persis conquest of
Characene and Sagdodonacus' appointment is unknown. It may have been in the summer 184 BC, when Seleucid authority over its southern provinces seem to have been further weakened. It was presumably during this period that Wahbarz adopted the
317:, with Wahbarz being depicted in Achaemenid clothing killing a Greek enemy. The inscription of the coin was "Wahbarz was/may be victorious, (he) who (is) the commander ". This most likely took place between 205 and 190/189 BC, presumably after the Seleucid defeat to the
336:) gained several military victories and substantially expanded the empire's territory in both the east and west, thus providing Wahbarz few favorable circumstances to take advantage of brief Seleucid weakness and the risk of losing his realm.
339:
After the death of
Antiochus III the Great in 187 BC, however, Seleucid rule weakened in its southern provinces, which allowed Persis under Wahbarz to not only declare independence, but also expand over the region of
866:
653:, vol. 2, London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, pp. 7â25,
401:
873:
685:
270:. However, recent findings of Persis coins have led to more a likely chronology; Ardakhshir I, Wahbarz, Wadfradad I, Baydad and Wadfradad II.
282:
Drachm of
Vahbarz/Oborzos, showing on the reverse the king in Achaemenid clothing slaying an armoured, possibly Greek or Macedonian, archer.
668:
Engels, David (2018). "Iranian
Identity and Seleucid Allegiance; Vahbarz, the Frataraka and Early Arsacid Coinage". In Erickson, K. (ed.).
306:
1000:
990:
169:
authority. He was able to reign independently for three decades, and even expanded to the west, seizing the
Seleucid province of
649:
Curtis, Vesta
Sarkhosh (2007), "The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period", in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Sarah Stewart (ed.),
995:
980:
658:
1025:
205:
Since the end of the 3rd or the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, Persis had been ruled by local dynasts subject to the
985:
776:
704:
377:), Seleucid authority was re-established over Persis and Characene. The expedition was led by the Seleucid general
293:. He is generally identified as the same person as Oborzos, who, according to the contemporary Macedonian author
1010:
322:
1020:
859:
39:
239:
had traditionally been regarded as priestly dynasts or advocates of religious (and political) opposition to
173:. In 164 BC, the Seleucids repelled Wahbarz's forces from Characene, forcing him to re-submit as a Seleucid
309:
due to suspecting them of organizing a rebellion against him. This is considered the first attempt by a
851:
1015:
723:
795:"A NEW TETRADRACHM OF THE FRATARAKA VAHBARZ FROM PERSEPOLIS WITH A DIE FLAW TURNED INTO A QUIVER"
326:
165:
to 164 BC. His reign was marked by his efforts to establish Persis as a kingdom independent from
17:
1005:
367:
694:
286:
Wahbarz became the king of Persis sometime in the 1st half of 2nd century BC, possibly in
8:
44:
Wahbarz's portrait on the obverse of a coin. The headgear is a combination of a satrapal
753:
679:
696:
Arsacids and
Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia
772:
700:
654:
360:
198:
714:
Sellwood, David (1983), "Minor States in
Southern Iran", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.),
235:, where they financed construction projects on and near the Achaemenid plateau. The
727:
740:
278:
766:
206:
166:
765:
Wiesehöfer, Josef (2013). "FratarakÄ and
Seleucids". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
254:
The traditional view of the chronology of the frataraka dynasts was originally;
359:), which was a title carried by prominent Achaemenid military leaders, such as
318:
313:
to secede from
Seleucid rule. Coins were minted celebrating his killing of the
141:
125:
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240:
228:
227:
themselves emphasized their close affiliation with the prominent Achaemenid
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219:-era. The Achaemenid Empire, which had a century earlier ruled most of the
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in 191 BC. Before this defeat, the Seleucid Empire had under its king
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in the 1st half of the 2nd century BC, ruling from possibly
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Ahrabi, Mahdi; Loeschner, Hans; MĂŒseler, Wilhelm (2018).
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of a ruler. The reverse shows him praying in front of a
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The Seleukid Empire, 281-222 BC. War within the Family
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497:
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718:, vol. 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 299â322
410:
243:, however, this is no longer considered the case.
972:
699:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â539.
246:
867:
771:. Oxford University Press. pp. 728â751.
403:A History of Zoroastrianism vol II & III
651:The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran
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860:
799:Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society
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684:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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209:. They held the ancient Persian title of
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27:Dynast of Persis in the 2nd century BCE
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768:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
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223:, originated from the region. The
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375: 175 â 164 BC
334: 222 â 187 BC
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890:(3rd-centuryâ1st-century BC)
674:. Swansea. pp. 173â196.
353:(the Greek equivalent being
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959:(after 138 BCâafter 132 BC)
693:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011).
10:
1042:
1026:Frataraka rulers of Persis
752:Wiesehöfer, Josef (2009).
739:Wiesehöfer, Josef (2000).
453:, p. 168 (note #521).
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177:. He was succeeded by
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728:"Arsacids i. Origins"
323:battle of Thermopylae
281:
192:
1021:Zoroastrian monarchs
536:, pp. 171â172.
477:, pp. 173â196.
301:military settlers (
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385:in the same year.
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247:Chronology of the
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968:
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841:Succeeded by
838:c. 205(?)â164 BC
660:978-1-84511-406-0
636:Stratagems in War
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199:Achaemenid Empire
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94:Ardakhshir I
85:(?) â 164 BC
946:Wadfradad I
905:(after 220â
741:"Frataraka"
475:Engels 2018
264:Wadfradad I
262:, Wahbarz,
144:sources as
90:Predecessor
57:fire temple
50:Hellenistic
975:Categories
927: 205
883:Fratarakas
389:References
356:autokrator
233:Persepolis
217:Achaemenid
197:under the
185:Background
163: 205
83: 205
48:, and the
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680:cite book
632:Polyaenus
379:Noumenios
349:title of
342:Characene
311:frataraka
295:Polyaenus
249:frataraka
241:Hellenism
237:frataraka
225:frataraka
221:Near East
212:frataraka
171:Characene
151:frataraka
100:Successor
66:Frataraka
929:â164 BC)
814:Wahbarz
726:(1986).
315:katoikoi
307:Komastos
303:katoikoi
167:Seleucid
122:Religion
919:Wahbarz
321:at the
146:Oborzos
138:Vahbarz
134:Wahbarz
33:Wahbarz
18:Vahbarz
936:Baydad
887:Persis
844:Baydad
834:Persis
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256:Baydad
195:Persis
179:Baydad
175:vassal
156:Persis
117:164 BC
104:Baydad
70:Persis
53:diadem
351:kÄren
299:Greek
274:Reign
154:) of
142:Greek
76:Reign
46:tiara
773:ISBN
701:ISBN
686:link
655:ISBN
266:and
114:Died
885:of
832:of
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68:of
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