243:". The hygiene factors (or dissatisfaction-avoidance), which are extrinsic to the job, are "company policy and administration, supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, salary, status, and security". This extrinsic factor "refers to doing something because it leads to a distinct outcome, something external you expect to receive, and the latter refers to doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable, an internal reward."
239:) as "achievement, recognition for achievement, the work itself, responsibility, and growth or advancement", which are intrinsic. Intrinsic factors include "orientations toward money, recognition, competition, and the dictates of other people, and the latter includes challenge, enjoyment, personal enrichment, interest, and
228:. The theory deals with satisfaction and dissatisfaction in jobs which are not affected by the same set of needs, but instead occur independently of each other. Herzberg's theory challenged the assumption that "dissatisfaction was a result of an absence of factors giving rise to satisfaction".
223:
The idea is that hygiene factors will not motivate, but if they are not there, they can lower motivation. These factors could be anything from clean toilets and comfortable chairs, to a reasonable level of pay and
199:
Herzberg's papers, covering his work from the 1950s to the 1990s, are held in the special collections archive at the
University of Utah. The bulk of the material in the collection dates from the 1970s and 1980s.
231:
Motivational factors will not necessarily lower motivation, but can be responsible for increasing motivation. These factors could involve job recognition, potential for promotion or even the work in itself.
162:
after its liberation. His experience with this work, where he "realized that a society goes insane when the sane are driven insane", has been seen as central to the development of his working philosophy.
625:
129:. His 1968 publication "One More Time, How Do You Motivate Employees?" had sold 1.2 million reprints by 1987 and was the most requested article from the
630:
476:
Stead, Bette Ann (September 1972). "Berlo's
Communication Process Model as Applied to the Behavioral Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor".
538:
313:
635:
335:
655:
650:
147:, to Gertrude and Lewis Herzberg, who were Jewish Lithuanian immigrants. He was brought up in New York City, and enrolled at the
196:
In his lifetime, Herzberg had consulted for many organizations as well as for the United States and other foreign governments.
620:
573:
660:
645:
151:
in 1939. He did not finish his studies as he enlisted in the army. In 1944 he married
Shirley Bedell, who later became a
166:
He finally finished his studies and graduated from the City
College of New York in 1946. He then decided to move to the
520:
430:
187:
285:
193:
His research into the motivation to work was jointly published with
Bernard Mausner and Barbara B. Snyderman.
170:
where he earned a master's degree in science and public health. He completed a Ph.D. at
Pittsburgh focused on
640:
446:
Bassett-Jones, Nigel; Lloyd, Geoffrey C. (2005). "Does
Herzberg's motivation theory have staying power?".
186:, where he remained until he retired. Prior to his move to Utah, Herzberg was professor of management at
121:
who became one of the most influential names in business management. He is most famous for introducing
159:
167:
148:
126:
80:
75:
131:
561:
401:
367:
Herzberg, Frederick (September–October 1987). "One More Time: How Do You
Motivate Employees?".
317:
171:
220:
of job satisfaction. According to his theory, people are influenced by two sets of factors.
615:
610:
405:
158:
During his military service
Herzberg was involved in the relocation of internees from the
8:
329:
327:
144:
44:
509:
485:
340:
240:
183:
324:
553:
516:
426:
376:
216:
209:
455:
252:
585:
387:
note: the reference to sales numbers is in the abstract written by the editors.
122:
459:
182:
Herzberg started his research on organizations in the 1950s. He worked at the
604:
557:
380:
306:
290:
225:
152:
118:
174:. He has a son, Mark, who currently (as of 2013) lives in West New York.
258:
489:
421:
Herzberg, Frederick; Mausner, Bernard; Snyderman, Barbara B. (1959).
190:, where he established the Department of Industrial Mental Health.
214:
Herzberg proposed the motivator-hygiene theory, also known as the
574:"Herzberg's Theory of Motivation and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs"
507:
Hodgetts, Richard M.; Luthans, Fred D.; Doh, Jonathan P. (2006).
255:, which sheds light on the difficulties of measuring motivation.
63:
University
Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, U.S.
511:
International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior
336:"F. I. Herzberg, 76, Professor And Management Consultant"
420:
626:
University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health alumni
117:(April 18, 1923 – January 19, 2000) was an American
508:
506:
445:
280:
278:
276:
274:
235:Herzberg (1987) describes the growth factors (or
602:
578:Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation
539:"One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees?"
425:(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
314:"Biography - Frederick I. Herzberg (1923-2000)"
362:
360:
358:
271:
537:Herzberg, Frederick (January–February 1968).
471:
469:
355:
203:
397:
395:
536:
466:
366:
631:Case Western Reserve University faculty
603:
416:
414:
392:
334:Feder, Barnaby J. (February 1, 2000).
571:
515:(6th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
475:
333:
286:"Obituary: Frederick Irving Herzberg"
406:Frederick Herzberg papers, 1950-1995
316:. Western University. Archived from
411:
13:
500:
14:
672:
636:Jewish American social scientists
530:
478:The Academy of Management Journal
448:Journal of Management Development
656:20th-century American economists
138:
188:Case Western Reserve University
102:
651:Public administration scholars
439:
1:
264:
143:Herzberg was born in 1923 in
408:, accessed 18 September 2023
7:
621:American business theorists
246:
177:
10:
677:
661:20th-century American Jews
646:University of Utah faculty
207:
572:Gawel, Joseph E. (1997).
460:10.1108/02621710510627064
160:Dachau Concentration Camp
115:Frederick Irving Herzberg
89:
68:
52:
30:
23:
204:Motivator-Hygiene Theory
168:University of Pittsburgh
149:City College of New York
127:Motivator-Hygiene theory
81:University of Pittsburgh
76:City College of New York
546:Harvard Business Review
369:Harvard Business Review
132:Harvard Business Review
423:The Motivation to Work
402:Orbis Cascade Alliance
172:electric shock therapy
567:on February 22, 2015.
16:American psychologist
641:Motivation theorists
584:(11). Archived from
145:Lynn, Massachusetts
45:Lynn, Massachusetts
341:The New York Times
294:. January 22, 2000
241:self-determination
184:University of Utah
25:Frederick Herzberg
588:on April 18, 2019
320:on July 10, 2013.
217:two-factor theory
210:Two-factor theory
112:
111:
668:
597:
595:
593:
568:
566:
560:. Archived from
543:
526:
514:
494:
493:
473:
464:
463:
443:
437:
436:
418:
409:
399:
390:
384:
364:
353:
352:
350:
348:
331:
322:
321:
310:
304:
303:
301:
299:
282:
253:Hawthorne effect
106:
104:
95:Shirley Bedell
59:
56:January 19, 2000
40:
38:
21:
20:
676:
675:
671:
670:
669:
667:
666:
665:
601:
600:
591:
589:
564:
541:
533:
523:
503:
501:Further reading
498:
497:
474:
467:
454:(10): 929–943.
444:
440:
433:
419:
412:
400:
393:
365:
356:
346:
344:
332:
325:
312:
311:
307:
297:
295:
284:
283:
272:
267:
249:
212:
206:
180:
141:
108:
105: 1944)
100:
96:
85:
69:Alma mater
64:
61:
57:
48:
42:
36:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
674:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
599:
598:
569:
532:
531:External links
529:
528:
527:
521:
502:
499:
496:
495:
484:(3): 389–394.
465:
438:
431:
410:
391:
354:
323:
305:
269:
268:
266:
263:
262:
261:
256:
248:
245:
208:Main article:
205:
202:
179:
176:
140:
137:
123:job enrichment
110:
109:
98:
94:
93:
91:
87:
86:
84:
83:
78:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
60:(aged 76)
54:
50:
49:
43:
41:April 18, 1923
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
673:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
606:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
540:
535:
534:
524:
522:0-07-296108-2
518:
513:
512:
505:
504:
491:
487:
483:
479:
472:
470:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
434:
432:0-471-37389-3
428:
424:
417:
415:
407:
403:
398:
396:
388:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:
361:
359:
343:
342:
337:
330:
328:
319:
315:
309:
293:
292:
287:
281:
279:
277:
275:
270:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
244:
242:
238:
233:
229:
227:
221:
219:
218:
211:
201:
197:
194:
191:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
164:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
139:Personal life
136:
134:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
92:
88:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
71:
67:
55:
51:
46:
33:
29:
22:
19:
592:February 21,
590:. Retrieved
586:the original
581:
577:
562:the original
552:(1): 53–62.
549:
545:
510:
481:
477:
451:
447:
441:
422:
386:
372:
368:
347:November 18,
345:. Retrieved
339:
318:the original
308:
296:. Retrieved
291:Deseret News
289:
236:
234:
230:
226:job security
222:
215:
213:
198:
195:
192:
181:
165:
157:
153:pediatrician
142:
130:
119:psychologist
114:
113:
58:(2000-01-19)
18:
616:2000 deaths
611:1923 births
298:October 26,
605:Categories
265:References
259:Motivation
237:motivators
37:1923-04-18
558:219963337
381:23349159
247:See also
178:Research
125:and the
107:
99:
556:
519:
490:254868
488:
429:
379:
90:Spouse
47:, U.S.
565:(PDF)
542:(PDF)
486:JSTOR
375:(5).
101:(
97:
594:2015
554:OCLC
517:ISBN
427:ISBN
377:OCLC
349:2013
300:2023
53:Died
31:Born
456:doi
607::
580:.
576:.
550:46
548:.
544:.
482:15
480:.
468:^
452:24
450:.
413:^
404:,
394:^
373:65
371:.
357:^
338:.
326:^
288:.
273:^
155:.
135:.
103:m.
596:.
582:5
525:.
492:.
462:.
458::
435:.
389:)
385:(
383:.
351:.
302:.
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.