Frederick the Great

2126:. This helped Frederick cover over 20 per cent of the cost of the war, but at the price of causing massive inflation and economic upheaval throughout the region. Saxony, occupied by Prussia for most of the conflict, was left nearly destitute as a result. While Prussia lost no territory, the population and army were severely depleted by constant combat and invasions by Austria, Russia and Sweden. The best of Frederick's officer corps were killed in the conflict. Although Frederick managed to bring his army up to 190,000 men by the time the economy had largely recovered in 1772, which made it the third-largest army in Europe, almost none of the officers in this army were veterans of his generation and the King's attitude towards them was extremely harsh. Frederick suffered a number of personal losses. Many of his closest friends and family members—including his brother Augustus William, his sister Wilhelmine, and his mother—had died while Frederick was engaged in the war. 2733: 1727: 59: 1993: 3107: 2090:. This led to the collapse of the anti-Prussian coalition; Peter immediately promised to end the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania. One of Peter III's first diplomatic endeavours was to seek a Prussian title; Frederick obliged. Peter III was so enamoured of Frederick that he not only offered him the full use of a Russian corps for the remainder of the war against Austria, he also wrote to Frederick that he would rather have been a general in the Prussian army than Tsar of Russia. More significantly, Russia's about-face from an enemy of Prussia to its patron rattled the leadership of Sweden, who hastily made peace with Frederick. With the threat to his eastern borders over, and France also seeking peace after its defeats by Britain, Frederick was able to fight the Austrians to a stalemate. While the ensuing 1830:. In late August 1744, Frederick's army had crossed the Bohemian frontier, marched directly to Prague, and laid siege to the city, which surrendered on 16 September 1744 after a three-day bombardment. Frederick's troops immediately continued marching into the heart of central Bohemia, but Saxony had now joined the war against Prussia. Although the combined Austrian and Saxon armies outnumbered Frederick's forces, they refused to directly engage with Frederick's army, harassing his supply lines instead. Frederick was forced to withdraw to Silesia as winter approached. In the interim, Frederick successfully claimed his inheritance to the minor territory of East Frisia on the North Sea coast of Germany, occupying the territory after its last ruler died without issue in 1744. 1804: 2487: 2924:. He suggested that it could eventually equal its rivals, but this would require a complete codification of the German language, the emergence of talented German authors and extensive patronage of the arts by Germanic rulers, which he believed would take a century or more. Frederick's love of French culture was not without limits: he disapproved of the luxury and extravagance of the French royal court, and ridiculed German princes, especially Augustus III, who imitated French sumptuousness. His own court remained quite Spartan, frugal and small and restricted to a limited circle of close friends, similar to his father's court, though Frederick and his friends were far more culturally inclined. 16309: 901: 3012: 2253: 3313: 924:. Wilhelmine recorded that the two "soon became inseparable.... He served my brother from feelings of real devotion". Wilhelmine would further record that "Though I had noticed that he was on more familiar terms with this page than was proper in his position, I did not know how intimate the friendship was." As Frederick was almost certainly homosexual, his relationship with Keith may have been homoerotic, although the extent of their intimacy remains ambiguous. When Frederick William heard rumours of their relationship, Keith was sent away to an unpopular regiment near the Dutch frontier. 477: 3336:(8 vol. 1858–1865) emphasised the power of one great "hero", in this case Frederick, to shape history. In German memory, Frederick became a great national icon and many Germans said he was the greatest monarch in modern history. These claims particularly were popular in the 19th century. For example, German historians often made him the romantic model of a glorified warrior, praising his leadership, administrative efficiency, devotion to duty and success in building up Prussia to a leading role in Europe. Frederick's popularity as a heroic figure remained high in Germany even after 3069:. However the academy was in a crisis for two decades at mid-century, due in part to scandals and internal rivalries such as the debates between Newtonianism and Leibnizian views, and the personality conflict between Voltaire and Maupertuis. At a higher level Maupertuis, director of the Berlin Academy from 1746 to 1759 and a monarchist, argued that the action of individuals was shaped by the character of the institution that contained them, and they worked for the glory of the state. By contrast, d'Alembert took a republican approach and emphasised the international 2145: 2157: 2611: 3003:. His sense of aesthetics can be seen in the picture gallery at Sanssouci, which presents architecture, painting, sculpture and the decorative arts as a unified whole. The gilded stucco decorations of the ceilings were created by Johann Michael Merck and Carl Joseph Sartori. 17th-century Flemish and Dutch paintings filled the western wing and the gallery's central building, while Italian paintings from the High Renaissance and Baroque were exhibited in the eastern wing. Sculptures were arranged symmetrically or in rows in relation to the architecture. 3217: 280: 2956: 1925: 1048: 2312:(League of Princes), allowing himself to be seen as a defender of German liberties. To stop Joseph II's attempts to acquire Bavaria, Frederick enlisted the help of the Electors of Hanover and Saxony along with several other minor German princes. Perhaps even more significantly, Frederick benefited from the defection of the senior prelate of the German Church, the Archbishop of Mainz, who was also the arch-chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, which further strengthened Frederick and Prussia's standing amid the German states. 2529:, whom he asked to consecrate St. Hedwig's Cathedral in 1773. He accepted countless Protestant weavers from Bohemia, who were fleeing from the devoutly Catholic rule of Maria Theresa, granting them freedom from taxes and military service. Constantly looking for new colonists, he encouraged immigration by repeatedly emphasising that nationality and religion were of no concern to him. This policy allowed Prussia's population to recover very quickly from its considerable losses during Frederick's three wars. 1464: 256: 2326: 1351: 1707:) began on 16 December 1740 when Frederick invaded and quickly occupied almost all of Silesia within seven weeks. Though Frederick justified his occupation on dynastic grounds, the invasion of this militarily and politically vulnerable part of the Habsburg empire also had the potential to provide substantial long-term economic and strategic benefits. The occupation of Silesia added one of the most densely industrialised German regions to Frederick's kingdom and gave it control over the navigable 1546: 1115: 1363: 1214: 1387: 2064: 1452: 1570: 1404: 1594: 1505: 1428: 1416: 1534: 1488: 1558: 1476: 1440: 1618: 1582: 1375: 1606: 1517: 3204:

on a single day's battle – his army, his kingdom, often his very life." As far as Frederick was concerned, there were two major battlefield considerations – speed of march and speed of fire. Confident in the performance of men he selected for command when compared to those of his enemy, Frederick once quipped that a general considered audacious in another country would be ordinary in Prussia because Prussian generals will dare anything that is possible for men to execute.

1111:. They had no children, and Frederick bestowed the title of the heir to the throne, "Prince of Prussia", on his brother Augustus William. Nevertheless, Elisabeth Christine remained devoted to him. Frederick gave her all the honours befitting her station, but never displayed any affection. After their separation, he would only see her on state occasions. These included visits to her on her birthday, among the rare occasions when Frederick did not wear military uniform. 1318: 1325: 15654: 1206: 14215: 14190: 14145: 14121: 14076: 14054: 14032: 14012: 13987: 12549: 12508: 12146: 11995: 11940: 11843: 11814: 11537: 11424: 11364: 11328: 11261: 10982: 10896: 10870: 10062: 9981: 1332: 3057:(Berlin Academy), which his father had closed down as an economy measure. Frederick's goal was to make Berlin a European cultural centre that rivalled London and Paris. He invited intellectuals from across Europe to join the academy, made French the official language and made speculative philosophy the most important topic of study. The membership was strong in mathematics and philosophy and included 1094:. Frederick wrote to his sister that, "There can be neither love nor friendship between us", and he threatened suicide, but he went along with the wedding on 12 June 1733. He had little in common with his bride, and the marriage was resented as an example of the Austrian political interference that had plagued Prussia. Nevertheless, during their early married life, the royal couple resided at the 971:, Benjamin Reichenbach. The pair undermined the relationship between the British and Prussian courts using bribery and slander. Eventually Frederick William became angered by the idea of Frederick being married to an English wife and under the influence of the British court. Instead, he signed a treaty with Austria, which vaguely promised to acknowledge Prussia's rights to the principalities of 712:, stating that the ruler should be the first servant of the state. He modernised the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service, and pursued religious policies that ranged from tolerance to segregation. He reformed the judicial system and made it possible for men of lower status to become judges and senior bureaucrats. Frederick encouraged immigrants of diverse backgrounds to come to Prussia. While 2355:), Frederick wrote that the sovereign was the first servant of the state. Frederick helped transform Prussia from a European backwater to an economically strong and politically reformed state. He protected his industries with high tariffs and minimal restrictions on domestic trade. He increased the freedom of speech in press and literature, abolished most uses of judicial 2505:. Frederick was pragmatic about religious faith. Three times during his life, he presented his own confession of Christian faith: during his imprisonment after Katte's execution in 1730, after his conquest of Silesia in 1741, and just before the start of the Seven Years' War in 1756. In each case, these confessions also served personal or political goals. 2106:, which gave Frederick an annual £670,000 in British subsidies from 1758 until 1762. These subsidies ceased when Frederick allied with Peter III, partly because of the changed political situation and because of Britain's decreasing willingness to pay the sums Frederick wanted. Frederick also financed the war by devaluing the Prussian coin five times; 6319: 2419:

resulted in a shortage of ready money, but Frederick controlled prices by releasing the grain stocks he held in reserve for military campaigns. Many other rulers soon followed the steps of Frederick in reforming their own currencies. The functionality and stability of the reform made the Prussian monetary system the standard in Northern Germany.

2402:, which brought the metal content of the thaler into alignment with its face value, and it standardised the Prussian coinage system. As a result, Prussian coins, which had been leaving the country nearly as fast as they were minted, remained in circulation in Prussia. Frederick estimated that he earned about one million thalers in profits on the 3372:, partly due to the Nazis' fascination with him and his connection with Prussian militarism. During the second half of the 20th century, political attitudes towards Frederick's image were ambivalent, particularly in communist East Germany. For example, immediately after World War II images of Prussia were removed from public spaces, including 764:, partly due to being symbolically adopted by the Nazis as a historical hero. Historians in the 21st century tend to view Frederick as an outstanding military leader and capable monarch, whose commitment to enlightenment culture and administrative reform built the foundation that allowed the Kingdom of Prussia to contest the Austrian 2300:

to confront Joseph's army, but the two forces ultimately descended into a stalemate, largely living off the land and skirmishing. Frederick's longtime rival Maria Theresa, who was Joseph's mother and his co-ruler, did not want a new war with Prussia, and secretly sent messengers to Frederick to discuss peace negotiations. Finally,

2920:"pile parenthesis upon parenthesis, and often you find only at the end of an entire page the verb on which depends the meaning of the whole sentence". He considered the German culture of his time, particularly literature and theatre, to be inferior to that of France, believing that it had been hindered by the devastation of the 4236: 1792:. Frederick's retrained cavalry proved more effective than at Mollwitz, but once more it was the discipline of the Prussian infantry that won the field and allowed Frederick to claim a major victory. This victory, along with the Franco-Bavarian forces capturing Prague, forced the Austrians to seek peace. The terms of the 2193:

political importance was out of proportion to their numbers. Although dissenters still had substantial rights, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had increasingly been reducing their civic rights after a period of considerable religious and political freedom. Soon Protestants were barred from public offices and the

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despite their constant conflict, that Frederick William had been an effective ruler: "What a terrible man he was. But he was just, intelligent, and skilled in the management of affairs... it was through his efforts, through his tireless labour, that I have been able to accomplish everything that I have done since."

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Poland–Lithuania, aiming to achieve his goal of building a territorial bridge between Pomerania, Brandenburg, and his East Prussian provinces. The new territories would provide an increased tax base, manpower for the military, and serve as a surrogate for the overseas colonies of the other great powers.

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Near the end of his life, Frederick grew increasingly solitary. His circle of close friends at Sanssouci gradually died off with few replacements, and Frederick became increasingly critical and arbitrary, to the frustration of the civil service and officer corps. Frederick was immensely popular among

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By 1761, both the Austrian and Prussian military forces were so exhausted that no major battles were fought between them. Frederick's position became even more desperate when Britain, having achieved victory in the American and Indian theatres of the war, ended its financial support for Prussia after

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in 1748. Less than a year after the treaty was signed, Maria Theresa was once more seeking allies, particularly Russia and France, to eventually renew the war with Prussia to regain Silesia. During the ten years of peace that followed the signing of the Treaty of Dresden, Frederick prepared to defend

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and learned French and German simultaneously. Undeterred by his father's desire that his education be entirely religious and pragmatic, the young Frederick developed a preference for music, literature, and French culture. Frederick Wilhelm thought these interests were effeminate, as they clashed with

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Frederick's relationship to Graun is illustrated by his comment upon hearing news of Graun's death in Berlin, which he received eight days after the Battle of Prague: "Eight days ago, I lost my best field-marshal (Schwerin), and now my Graun. I shall create no more field-marshals or conductors until

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owed its existence and design to Frederick, along with the accompanying autonomy given to commanders in the field. According to Citino, "When later generations of Prussian-German staff officers looked back to the age of Frederick, they saw a commander who repeatedly, even joyfully, risked everything

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Contrary to his father's fears, Frederick became a capable military commander. With the exception of his first battlefield experience at the Battle of Mollwitz, Frederick proved himself courageous in battle. He frequently led his military forces personally and had multiple horses shot from under him

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Although Frederick's debasement of the coinage to fund the Seven Years' War left the Prussian monetary system in disarray, the Mint Edict of May 1763 brought it back to stability by fixing rates at which depreciated coins would be accepted and requiring tax payments in currency of prewar value. This

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Saxony and Russia, both of which had been Austria's allies in the Seven Years' War, were now allied with Prussia. Although Frederick was weary of war in his old age, he was determined not to allow Austrian dominance in German affairs. Frederick and Prince Henry marched the Prussian army into Bohemia

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in 1772 without war. Frederick acquired most of Royal Prussia, annexing 38,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi) and 600,000 inhabitants. Although Frederick's share of the partition was the smallest of the partitioning powers, the lands he acquired had roughly the same economic value as the

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Frederick used Poland's religious dissension to keep the kingdom open to Prussian control. Poland was predominantly Roman Catholic, but approximately ten per cent of Poland's population, 600,000 Eastern Orthodox and 250,000 Protestants, were non-Catholic dissenters. During the 1760s, the dissenters'

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In war ... he usually saw one path to victory, and that was fixing the enemy army in place, maneuvering near or even around it to give himself a favorable position for the attack, and then smashing it with an overwhelming blow from an unexpected direction. He was the most aggressive field commander

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Frederick was an influential military theorist whose analysis emerged from his extensive personal battlefield experience and covered issues of strategy, tactics, mobility and logistics. Emperor Joseph II wrote, "When the King of Prussia speaks on problems connected with the art of war, which he has

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Frederick undertook the exploitation of Polish territory under the pretext of an enlightened civilising mission that emphasised the supposed cultural superiority of Prussian ways. He saw Polish Prussia as barbaric and uncivilised, describing the inhabitants as "slovenly Polish trash". His long-term

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Nearly all 19th-century German historians made Frederick into a romantic model of a glorified warrior, praising his leadership, administrative efficiency, devotion to duty and success in building Prussia into a great power. Frederick remained an admired historical figure through Germany's defeat in

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After the Seven Years' War, the Prussian military acquired a formidable reputation across Europe. Esteemed for efficiency and success in battle, it became a model emulated by other European powers, particularly Russia and France. Frederick continues to be held in high regard as a military theorist

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Frederick believed that creating alliances was necessary, as Prussia did not have the resources of nations like France or Austria. Though his reign was regularly involved in war, he did not advocate for protracted warfare. He stated that for Prussia, wars should be short and quick: long wars would

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Though Frederick used German as his working language with his administration and with the army, he claimed to have never learned it properly and never fully mastered speaking or writing it. He disliked the German language, thinking it inharmonious and awkward. He once commented that German authors

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He tolerated all faiths in his realm, but Protestantism remained the favoured religion, and Catholics were not chosen for higher state positions. Frederick wanted development throughout the country, adapted to the needs of each region. He was interested in attracting a diversity of skills, whether

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in 1769–1770, Frederick's representative in Saint Petersburg, his brother Prince Henry, convinced Frederick and Maria Theresa that the balance of power would be maintained by a tripartite division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth instead of Russia taking land from the Ottomans. They agreed to

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Poland was vulnerable to partition due to poor governance and the interference of foreign powers in its internal affairs. Frederick himself was partly responsible for this weakness by opposing attempts at financial and political reform in Poland, and undermining the Polish economy by inflating its

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he claimed a close victory against an Austrian army that was aiming to relieve Pirna, but afterward withdrew his forces back to Saxony for the winter. When the Saxon forces in Pirna finally capitulated in October 1756, Frederick forcibly incorporated them into his own army. This action, along with

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on 10 April 1741. Though Frederick had served under Prince Eugene of Savoy, this was his first major battle in command of an army. Frederick's cavalry was disorganised by a charge of the Austrian horse. Believing his forces had been defeated, Frederick galloped away to avoid capture, leaving Field

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Der einvernehmliche Konsens der Anti-Hitler-Koalition des Zweiten Weltkrieges und Siegermächte über Preußen wurde durch deren Memorandum vom 8. August 1946 im Alliierten Kontrollrat zusammengefasst: "Es muss nicht eigens betont werden, dass Preußen in den letzten 200 Jahren eine Bedrohung für die

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The historian Dennis Showalter argues: "The King was also more consistently willing than any of his contemporaries to seek decision through offensive operations." These offensive operations were not acts of blind aggression; Frederick considered foresight to be among the most important attributes

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on 12 August, where he was defeated and his troops were routed. Almost half his army was destroyed, and Frederick almost became a casualty when a bullet smashed a snuffbox he was carrying. Nevertheless, the Austro-Russian forces hesitated and stopped their advance for the year, an event Frederick

1958:. Frederick hoped these two victories would force Austria to negotiate, but Maria Theresa was determined not to make peace until she had recovered Silesia. Despite its strong performance, the losses suffered from combat, disease and desertion had severely reduced the quality of the Prussian army. 2542:

We have too many Jews in the towns. They are needed on the Polish border because in these areas Hebrews alone perform trade. As soon as you get away from the frontier, the Jews become a disadvantage, they form cliques, they deal in contraband and get up to all manner of rascally tricks which are

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to be elected Holy Roman Emperor. In late November, the Franco-Bavarian forces took Prague, and Charles was crowned King of Bohemia. Subsequently, he was elected as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII on 24 January 1742. After the Austrians pulled their army out of Silesia to defend Bohemia,

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distributed it in Amsterdam to great popularity. Frederick's years dedicated to the arts instead of politics ended upon the 1740 death of Frederick William and his inheritance of the Kingdom of Prussia. Frederick and his father were reconciled at the latter's death, and Frederick later admitted,

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On the morning of 17 August 1786, Frederick died in an armchair in his study at Sanssouci, aged 74. He left instructions that he should be buried next to his greyhounds on the vineyard terrace of Sanssouci. His nephew and successor Frederick William II instead ordered he be entombed next to his

2471:, which provided the state with more revenue than direct taxation; though French officials administering it may have pocketed some of the profit. He established new regulations for tax officials to reduce graft. In 1781, Frederick made coffee a royal monopoly and employed disabled soldiers, the 1238:

and Austria. Prussia had one soldier for every 28 citizens, whereas Britain only had one for every 310, and the military absorbed 86% of Prussia's state budget. The Prussian infantry trained by Frederick William I were, at the time of Frederick's accession, arguably unrivalled in discipline and

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Frederick was twenty-eight years old when his father died and he ascended to the throne of Prussia. Frederick William I had left him with a highly militarised state. Prussia was the twelfth largest country in Europe in terms of population, but its army was the fourth largest, after France,

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Frederick was granted a royal pardon and released on 18 November 1730, although he remained stripped of his military rank. He was forced to remain in Küstrin and began rigorous schooling in statecraft and administration for the War and Estates Departments. Tensions eased slightly when Frederick

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During the 1759 campaign, the Austrian and Russian forces took the initiative, which they kept for the remainder of the war. They joined and advanced on Berlin. Frederick's army, which consisted of a substantial number of quickly recruited, half-trained soldiers, attempted to check them at the

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tendencies might have been a reaction to the austerity of the family environment created by his father, who had a deep aversion for France and promoted an austere culture. He was educated by French tutors, and almost all the books in his library were written in French. French was Frederick's

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on horseback, he replied, "Try sticking a fork into your naked stomach, and you will soon see why." He loved dogs and his horse and wanted to be buried with his greyhounds. In 1752, he wrote to his sister Wilhelmine that people indifferent to loyal animals would not be devoted to their human

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as part of his wider aim of enriching his kingdom. As early as 1731 Frederick had suggested that his country would benefit from annexing Polish territory, and had described Poland as an "artichoke, ready to be consumed leaf by leaf". By 1752, he had prepared the ground for the partition of

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discount and credit bank to stabilise the economy. One of Frederick's achievements after the Seven Years' War included the control of grain prices, whereby government storehouses would enable the civilian population to survive in needy regions, where the harvest was poor. He commissioned

4060: 991:, a Prussian officer several years older than Frederick who became one of his boon companions and may have been his lover. After the English marriages became impossible, Frederick plotted to flee to Britain with Katte and other junior army officers. While the royal retinue was near 3297:

guard of honour. After nightfall, Frederick's body was interred in the vineyard terrace—in the crypt he had built there—without pomp, in accordance with his will. Visitors to his grave often place potatoes on the gravestone in honour of his role in promoting the potato in Prussia.

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in management research and is held in high regard for his patronage of the arts. He has been seen as an exemplar of enlightened absolutism, though this label has been questioned in the 21st century as many enlightenment principles directly contrast with his military reputation.

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France, who had been traditional enemies, allied together with Russia to defeat the Anglo-Prussian coalition. To strengthen his strategic position against this coalition, on 29 August 1756, Frederick's well-prepared army preemptively invaded Saxony. His invasion triggered the

999:, Robert Keith (Peter Keith's brother and one of Frederick's companions) had an attack of conscience when the conspirators were preparing to escape and begged Frederick William for forgiveness on 5 August 1730. Frederick and Katte were subsequently arrested and imprisoned in 6207: 1981:, but the Austrians were able to hold the town and destroyed Frederick's supply train, forcing him to retreat into Silesia. In the meantime, the Russian army had advanced within 100 miles (160 km) east of Berlin. In August, he fought the Russian forces to a draw at the 8828: 7087: 5935: 5359: 5391: 1837:

to be eventually elected Holy Roman Emperor. Now able to focus solely on Frederick's army, the Austrians, who were reinforced by the Saxons, crossed the mountains to invade Silesia. After allowing them across, Frederick pinned them down and decisively defeated them at the

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in 1807, he visited Frederick's tomb in Potsdam and remarked to his officers, "Gentlemen, if this man were still alive I would not be here". Napoleon frequently "pored through Frederick's campaign narratives and had a statuette of him placed in his personal cabinet".

4204: 7603: 3964: 1169:, north of Neuruppin. At Rheinsberg, Frederick assembled musicians, actors and other artists. He spent his time reading, watching and acting in dramatic plays, and composing and playing music. Frederick formed the Bayard Order to discuss warfare with his friends; 14229: 3387:

In the 21st century, the view of Frederick as a capable and effective leader remains strong among military historians. However, the originality of his achievements is debated, as many were based on developments already underway. He has been studied as a model of

2567:, having joined during a trip to Brunswick in 1738. His membership legitimised the group's presence in Prussia and protected it against charges of subversion. In 1786, he became the First Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree; his 2414:

from the Baltic trade. However, the fixed ratio between gold and silver led to the gold coins being perceived as more valuable, which caused them to leave circulation in Prussia. Unable to meet Frederick's expectations for profit, Graumann was removed in 1754.

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studied intensively and on which he has read every conceivable book, then everything is taut, solid and uncommonly instructive. There are no circumlocutions, he gives factual and historical proof of the assertions he makes, for he is well versed in history."

2201:(Polish Parliament). Frederick took advantage of this situation by becoming the protector of Protestant interests in Poland in the name of religious freedom. Frederick further opened Prussian control by signing an alliance with Catherine the Great who placed 835:

as King George I in 1714, was polite, charismatic and learned. The political and personal differences between Frederick's parents created tensions, which affected Frederick's attitude toward culture, his role as a ruler, and his relationship with his father.

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returned the European borders to what they had been before the Seven Years' War, Frederick's ability to retain Silesia in spite of the odds earned Prussia admiration throughout the German-speaking territories. A year following the Treaty of Hubertusburg,

4012: 2363:, he reformed the judicial system and made it more efficient, and he moved the courts toward greater legal equality of all citizens by removing special courts for special social classes. The reform was completed after Frederick's death, resulting in the 1098:

in Berlin. Later, Elisabeth Christine accompanied Frederick to Schloss Rheinsberg, where at this time she played an active role in his social life. After his father died and he ascended the throne, Frederick separated from Elisabeth. He granted her the

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By 1743, the Austrians had subdued Bavaria and driven the French out of Bohemia. Frederick strongly suspected Maria Theresa would resume war in an attempt to recover Silesia. Accordingly, he renewed his alliance with France and preemptively invaded

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The History of Currency, 1252-1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and

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Bei der Thronbesteigung von Friedrich II. kam in Preußen auf 28 Bewohner ein Soldat, in Großbritannien auf 310. Da Preußen nur 2,24 Millionen Bewohner hatte, war die Armee mit 80000 Mann noch relativ klein, verschlang aber 86 Prozent des

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Die Hedwigskirche...war die erste katholische Kirche, die in der Residenzstadt Friedrichs des Großen nach der Reformation gebaut werden durfte...Der Bau geschah auf Wunsch der katholischen Gemeinde und mit der Zustimmung Friedrichs des

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as the vehicle for scientific advance. By 1789, the academy had gained international repute while making major contributions to German culture and thought. For example, the mathematicians he recruited for the Berlin Academy – including

1249:" ("Prussia was not a state in possession of an army, but an army in possession of a state"). Using the resources his frugal father had cultivated, Frederick was eventually able to establish Prussia as the fifth and smallest European 1865:, signed on 25 December 1745, Austria was forced to adhere to the terms of the Treaty of Breslau giving Silesia to Prussia. It was after the signing of the treaty that Frederick, then 33 years old, first became known as "the Great". 2559:

to install clergy who were loyal to him. In Polish Prussia, he confiscated the Roman Catholic Church's goods and property, making clergy dependent on the government for their pay and defining how they were to perform their duties.

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may have resulted from his upbringing. As a child, his father, Frederick William I, made young Frederick work in the region's provinces, teaching the boy about the area's agriculture and geography. This created an interest in

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during battle. During his reign he commanded the Prussian Army at sixteen major battles and various sieges, skirmishes and other actions, ultimately obtaining almost all his political objectives. He is often admired for his

2677:, and displaced numerous native plant and animal communities. Frederick saw this project as the "taming" and "conquering" of nature, considering uncultivated land "useless", an attitude that reflected his enlightenment era, 2238:, which included appropriating Polish Crown lands and monasteries, introducing a military draft, encouraging German settlement in the region, and implementing a tax policy that disproportionately impoverished Polish nobles. 1692:. Upon the death of Charles VI on 29 October 1740, Frederick disputed the 23-year-old Maria Theresa's right of succession to the Habsburg lands, while simultaneously asserting his own right to the Austrian province of 1749:

In late March 1741, Frederick set out on campaign again to capture the few remaining fortresses within the province that were still holding out. He was surprised by the arrival of an Austrian army, which he fought at the

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Frederick wrote sketches, outlines and libretti for opera that were included as part of the repertoire for the Berlin Opera House. These works, which were often completed in collaboration with Graun, included the operas

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In his 1769 will, Frederick wrote "I have lived as a philosopher and wish to be buried as such, without pomp or parade...Let me be deposited in the vault which I had constructed for myself, on the upper terrace of San

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in 1742, winning military acclaim. He became an influential military theorist, whose analyses emerged from his extensive personal battlefield experience and covered issues of strategy, tactics, mobility and logistics.

8312: 3665:) in which he says in the context of Christianity in Brandenburg: "It is a shame to human understanding, that at the beginning of so learned an age as the XVIIIth all manner of superstitions were yet subsisting." 1759:

to lead the disciplined Prussian infantry to victory. Frederick would later admit to humiliation at his abdication of command and would state that Mollwitz was his school. Disappointed with the performance of his

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of battle, an attack focused on one flank of the opposing line, allowing a local advantage even if his forces were outnumbered overall. Even more important were his operational successes, especially the use of

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his initial invasion of neutral Saxony, brought him widespread international criticism; but the conquest of Saxony provided him with significant financial, military, and strategic assets to sustain the war.

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detrimental to Christian burghers and merchants. I have never persecuted anyone from this or any other sect; I think, however, it would be prudent to pay attention, so that their numbers do not increase.

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Frederick modernised the Prussian civil service and promoted religious tolerance throughout his realm to attract more settlers in East Prussia. With the help of French experts, he organised a system of

9955:

The Chimera of the Philosopher King: Around the Kantian Distinction between the Moral Politician and Political Moralist: The Dilemmas of Power, or the Frustrated Love Affair between Ethics and Politics

724:

in Prussia, however his actions were not entirely without prejudice. He supported the arts and philosophers he favoured, and allowed freedom of the press and literature. Frederick was almost certainly

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threatened to enter the war on Frederick's side if peace was not negotiated, and Joseph reluctantly dropped his claim to Bavaria. When Joseph tried the scheme again in 1784, Frederick created the

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Though Frederick was known to be more tolerant of Jews and Roman Catholics than many neighbouring German states, his practical-minded tolerance was not fully unprejudiced. Frederick wrote in his

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were Scottish soldiers in exile who joined Frederick's entourage after 1745. They are unrelated to the Keith brothers, Peter and Robert, who were Frederick's companions when he was Crown Prince.

2025:". Frederick spent the remainder of the year in a futile attempt to manoeuvre the Austrians out of Saxony, where they had recaptured Dresden. His effort cost him further losses when his general 8490: 8426: 4896: 4840: 4180: 4116: 6391: 5091: 3233:

the Prussian people because of his enlightened reforms and military glory; the citizens of Berlin always cheered him when he returned from administrative or military reviews. He was nicknamed

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Kulak, Teresa (2015). "The Economy and Socioeconomic Processes in the Silesia Region (from the Mid-18th Century to 1918)". In Harc, Lucyna; Wiszewski, Przemysław; Żerelik, Rościsław (eds.).

8570: 5671: 4447: 8450: 7521: 7252: 6239: 5559: 6055: 5767: 13874: 5167: 8888: 8328:

Der Berliner Neubau sollte hingegen grundsätzlich allen Berlinern und den auswärtigen Besuchern der preußischen Hauptstadt zugänglich sein...Der Eintritt in die Oper war unentgeltlich...

12700: 3168:, where Frederick defeated a combined Franco-Austrian army of 41,000 with only 21,000 soldiers (10,000 dead for the Franco-Austrian side with only 550 casualties for Prussia); and the 2367:

of 1794, which balanced absolutism with human rights and corporate privilege with equality before the law. Reception to the law code was mixed as it was often viewed as contradictory.

13802: 13680: 6183: 6127: 3839: 13362: 8322: 8048: 13891: 13833: 8180: 3258:

and other ailments, he rose before dawn, drank six to eight cups of coffee a day, "laced with mustard and peppercorns", and attended to state business with characteristic tenacity.

13671: 2933:(Royal German Society), founded in 1741, the aim of which was to promote and develop the German language. He allowed the association to be titled "royal" and have its seat at the 17: 16666: 13525: 8607: 3242:(The Old Fritz) by the Prussian people, and this name became part of his legacy. Frederick derived little pleasure from his popularity, preferring instead the company of his pet 3332: 5035: 1676:

When Frederick became king, he faced vulnerably disconnected holdings with a weak economic base. To strengthen Prussia's position, he fought wars mainly against Austria, whose

1624: 2447:

factory where 1,500 people found employment. Frederick followed Gotzkowsky's recommendations in the field of toll levies and import restrictions. When Gotzkowsky asked for a

1011:, then considered forcing Frederick to renounce the succession in favour of his brother, Augustus William, although either option would have been difficult to justify to the 15338: 13570: 2947:), which was written in German with the aim of being clear and easily understandable. It was under his reign that Berlin became an important centre of German enlightenment. 2276:. For their part, the Austrians tried to pressure the French to participate in the War of Bavarian Succession since there were guarantees under consideration related to the 8594: 3289:

On the 205th anniversary of his death, on 17 August 1991, Frederick's coffin lay in state in the court of honour at Sanssouci, covered by a Prussian flag and escorted by a

1946:

on 6 May 1757, but his losses were so great he was unable to take the city, and settled for besieging it. On 18 June 1757, Frederick suffered his first major defeat at the

16726: 3351:, and Hitler together to create a sense of a historical continuum amongst them. Throughout World War II, Hitler often compared himself to Frederick, and he kept a copy of 2658:

and drains swamps, is making conquests from barbarism". Using improved technology enabled him to create new farmland through a massive drainage programme in the country's

1879:

Though Frederick had withdrawn from the War of the Austrian Succession once Austria guaranteed his possession of Silesia, Austria remained embroiled in the war until the

1239:

firepower. By 1770, Frederick had doubled the size of the huge army he had inherited. The situation is summed up in a widely translated and quoted aphorism attributed to

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in North America and the idea of an alliance with Austria had been unpopular in France since the end of the Seven Years' War. Frederick ended up as a beneficiary of the

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from persecution for years. Once he ascended the Prussian throne, he found it increasingly difficult to apply the philosophical ideas of his youth to his role as king.

2044:

in October to extort a ransom from the city. At the end of the campaign season, Frederick fought his last major engagement of the war. He won a marginal victory at the

8003:

Entgegen der weitverbreiteten Meinung habe Friedrich II. die Kartoffel nicht in Preußen eingeführt...Allerdings habe sich Friedrich sehr um ihre Verbreitung gekümmert.

9970: 2972:

Frederick had many famous buildings constructed in his capital, Berlin, most of which still stand today, such as the Berlin State Opera, the Royal Library (today the

2230:, and cut off Poland's sea trade. Maria Theresa had only reluctantly agreed to the partition, to which Frederick sarcastically commented, "she cries, but she takes". 2056:

and parts of Brandenburg. With the Russians slowly advancing towards Berlin, it looked as though Prussia was about to collapse. On 6 January 1762, Frederick wrote to

14197: 10314: 588: 501: 13493: 13100: 8122: 13914:["The Bad Man": Rivals Could Hardly Be More Different than Prussia's Frederick II and Austria's Maria Theresa. Their Struggle for Power Split the Empire]. 13857: 1035:

on 20 November 1731. The crown prince returned to Berlin after finally being released from his tutelage at Küstrin on 26 February 1732 on condition that he marry

8474: 2825:, who was Frederick's occasional music tutor in his youth and joined his court as composer and flute maker in 1741. Frederick's flute sonatas are written in the 2618: 1087: 176: 14153: 13912:"Der böse Mann: Unterschiedlicher als der Preuße Friedrich II. und die Östericherin Maria Theresa konnten Rivalen kaum sein. Ihr Machtkampf spaltete das Reich" 9789: 4694: 4936: 2696:

Frederick's potato campaign demonstrated an enlightenment view of promoting scientific agriculture and challenging tradition for the benefit of the populace.

16711: 16016: 13549: 2478:

Though Frederick started many reforms during his reign, his ability to see them to fulfillment was not as disciplined or thorough as his military successes.

2060:, "We ought now to think of preserving for my nephew, by way of negotiation, whatever fragments of my territory we can save from the avidity of my enemies". 13651: 6425: 4100: 2937:, but he does not seem to have taken much interest in its work. Frederick also promoted the use of German instead of Latin in law, as in the legal document 2821:

was allegedly written by Frederick to commemorate his victory in the Battle of Hohenfriedberg. His flute sonatas were often composed in collaboration with

1985:, in which nearly a third of Frederick's soldiers were casualties. He then headed south to face the Austrian army in Saxony. There, he was defeated at the 13616: 13599: 16611: 16026: 13663: 7215:

Il se trouve que le souverain, bien loin d'être le maître absolu des peuples qui sont sous sa domination, n'en est en lui-même que le premier domestique.

2737: 3343:

Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazis glorified Frederick as a precursor to Adolf Hitler. In an attempt to legitimise the Nazi regime, Propaganda Minister

16626: 16413: 15786: 12919: 11336: 4946: 3114: 1858:. After linking up his army with Leopold's, Frederick occupied the Saxon capitol of Dresden, forcing the Saxon elector, Augustus III, to capitulate. 16691: 16021: 15889: 13824: 12601: 8484: 4110: 843:. Frederick and his older sister formed a close relationship, which lasted until her death in 1758. Frederick and his sisters were brought up by a 16308: 8248: 2732: 3607:, when he asked Frederick why he allowed the Saxon and Austrian forces to cross the mountains unopposed in the first place, Frederick answered: " 3172:, in which Frederick's 39,000 troops inflicted 22,000 casualties, including 12,000 prisoners, on Charles of Lorraine's Austrian force of 65,000. 1056: 13882: 2996:

and is epitomised by Frederick's summer palace, Sanssouci (French for "carefree" or "without worry"), his primary residence and private refuge.

2493:, the first Roman Catholic church built in Berlin since the Reformation, was erected by the sanction of Frederick, who also sketched its design. 14718: 14456: 2586: 14829: 2185:, twice the peacetime national budget of Prussia. He thwarted Polish efforts to create a stable economic system by building a customs fort at 1086:

in return for renouncing the succession. Instead, Eugene persuaded Frederick William, through Seckendorff, that the crown prince should marry

855:

his militarism, resulting in his frequent beating and humiliation of Frederick. Nevertheless, Frederick, with the help of his tutor in Latin,

16247: 15945: 13689: 11801:. A History of All Nations from the Earliest Times: Being a Universal Historical Library. Vol. XV. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers & Co. 1833:

In January 1745, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII of Bavaria died, taking Bavaria out of the war and allowing Maria Theresa's husband

819:

Frederick William I, popularly dubbed the "Soldier King", had created a large and powerful army that included a regiment of his famous "

581: 13791: 13911: 4704: 2235: 1157:

under Eugene's command, something that he would capitalise on at Austria's expense when he took the throne. Frederick William, weakened by

839:

In his early youth, Frederick lived with his mother and sister Wilhelmine, although they regularly visited their father's hunting lodge at

58: 14047:

Anti-Machiavelli or an Examination of Machiavelli's 'The Prince': Corrected for the Most Part from the Original Manuscript of Frederick II

13841: 12761:

Forment, Bruno (2012). "Frederick's Athens: Crushing superstition and resuscitating the marvellous at the Königliches Opernhaus, Berlin".

2859:(1756). Frederick saw opera as playing an important role in imparting enlightenment philosophy, using it to critique superstition and the 2280:, clauses which linked the Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty of Austria. Unfortunately for the Austrian Emperor 1192:, an idealistic rebuttal of Machiavelli. It was written in French—as were all of Frederick's works—and published anonymously in 1740, but 16606: 16064: 16006: 15930: 15858: 13899: 13710: 3047: 3031: 2879: 1028: 882:. To avoid the possibility of his son Frederick being motivated by the same concerns, the king ordered that his heir not be taught about 10034: 1895:, by which Prussia would protect Hanover against French attack, and Britain would no longer subsidise Russia. This treaty triggered the 16001: 15981: 15935: 15868: 15863: 15691: 13531: 13386: 2374:

was appointed as Frederick's confidential adviser on finance, military affairs, and royal possessions, and the Director-General of all

2364: 13729: 3707:

Translation: "Now we have to think of leading the war in a way that we spoil the desire of the enemies to break the peace once again."

16591: 16581: 16515: 16500: 16293: 16042: 15822: 14265: 2057: 2048:

on 3 November, which secured Berlin from further raids. Frederick became a casualty when he was hit in the chest by a spent bullet.

1970: 1764:, whose training his father had neglected in favour of the infantry, Frederick spent much of his time in Silesia establishing a new 16661: 16485: 16180: 15894: 15853: 15471: 14042:

Anti-Machiavel ou Examen du prince 'De Machiavel': Corrigé pour la plus grande partie d'après le manuscrite original de Frédéric II

3373: 1726: 1256:

When Frederick ascended the throne as the third "King in Prussia" in 1740, his realm consisted of scattered territories, including

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sensibilities. He presided over the construction of canals for bringing crops to market, and introduced new crops, especially the

1992: 692:

In his youth, Frederick was more interested in music and philosophy than war, which led to clashes with his authoritarian father,

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when he learned the Saxons were preparing to march on Berlin. However, on 15 December 1745, Prussian forces under the command of

1061: 1036: 1027:

William visited Küstrin a year later, and Frederick was allowed to visit Berlin for his sister Wilhelmine's marriage to Margrave

809: 550: 13792:"Does Hogarth Depict Old Fritz Truthfully with a Crooked Beak?—The Pictures Familiar to Us from Pesne to Menzel Don't Show This" 9717: 6415: 3106: 2555:'s efforts to unite Germany. Frederick was less tolerant of Catholicism in his occupied territories. In Silesia, he disregarded 16596: 16586: 16510: 16505: 16288: 16283: 14909: 14581: 2521:, recognising their educational activities as an asset for the nation. He continued to support them after their suppression by 1240: 812:. The new king wished for his children to be educated not as royalty, but as simple folk. They were tutored by a French woman, 13765: 9538: 8780: 2916:

preferred language for speaking and writing, though he had to rely on proofreaders to correct his difficulties with spelling.

1796:, negotiated in June 1742, gave Prussia all of Silesia and Glatz County, with the Austrians retaining only the portion called 823:"; he carefully managed the kingdom's wealth and developed a strong centralised government. He had a violent temper and ruled 16406: 16074: 14417: 14207: 12531: 12468: 12439: 12410: 12379: 12348: 12319: 12290: 12230: 12201: 12172: 12105: 12076: 12047: 11861: 11771: 11706: 11675: 11584: 11555: 11500: 11442: 11382: 11284: 11224: 11159: 11125: 11058: 11029: 11000: 10945: 10916: 10745: 10714: 10685: 10651: 10622: 10593: 10564: 10537: 10469: 10437: 10375: 10346: 10304: 10286: 10257: 10228: 10201: 10172: 10138: 10109: 10080: 10004: 9934: 9905: 9876: 9446: 8983: 8729: 7236: 6991: 6764: 13463:

Weil, Herman (1960). "Judicial reform in eighteenth century Prussia: Samuel von Cocceji and the unification of the courts".

11344:. Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of Silesia (c. 1000–2000). Vol. 3. Wrocław, Poland: eBooki.com.pl. 7819: 7220: 6447: 1170: 16706: 16601: 16576: 16470: 15760: 9953: 9191: 8697: 7691: 6748: 6263: 5423: 4760: 4547: 4487: 3916: 3863: 3613:" ("My friend, when you want to catch mice, you have to keep the mousetrap open, they will enter and I will batter them.") 2837:, while the accompaniment was usually played by just one instrument per part to highlight the delicate sound of the flute. 1684:

continuously since the 15th century. Thus, upon succeeding to the throne on 31 May 1740, Frederick declined to endorse the

661:. Prussia greatly increased its territories and became a major military power in Europe under his rule. He became known as 555: 517: 9737: 9506: 8669: 7441: 6876: 3090:– made it a world-class centre for mathematical research. Other intellectuals attracted to the philosopher's kingdom were 2406:. The coin eventually became universally accepted beyond Prussia and helped increase industry and trade. A gold coin, the 1688:, a legal mechanism to ensure the inheritance of the Habsburg domains by Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Holy Roman 16636: 16631: 16495: 16480: 16465: 15955: 15940: 14654: 13527:

How to Become a Renowned Writer: Francesco Algarotti (1712- 1764) and the Uses of Networking in Eighteenth-Century Europe

13504: 13115: 10669: 9701: 9554: 9354: 8745: 8613: 8258: 8232: 8114: 8020: 7367: 7199: 6631: 6511: 5751: 4611: 4044: 3767: 2022: 530: 14949: 9696:...in der SBZ/DDR die Herrschaftszeichen des "reaktionären Preußentums" keinen Platz im öffentlichen Raum haben durften. 9322: 7851: 6956: 6796: 6479: 6463: 6431: 4968: 3751: 2571:

emblem was used for 32nd and 33rd degree Masons following the adoption of seven additional degrees to the Masonic Rite.

16168: 16054: 15750: 14449: 13865: 9634: 9402: 9386: 8872: 8629: 8530: 8088: 7771: 7723: 7505: 6567: 5479: 5327: 4595: 4579: 4431: 4276: 3823: 3783: 2999:

As a great patron of the arts, Frederick was a collector of paintings and ancient sculptures; his favourite artist was

2149: 2040:

on 15 August. The victory did not allow Frederick to regain the initiative or prevent Russian and Austrian troops from

1788:

Frederick pursued them and blocked their path to Prague. The Austrians counter-attacked on 17 May 1742, initiating the

1285: 952: 805: 642: 545: 540: 7975: 7959: 7943: 7927: 7911: 7895: 7835: 7473: 7332: 6647: 4952: 4744: 4627: 4531: 4471: 4359: 1887:

In 1756, Frederick attempted to forestall Britain's financing of a Russian army on Prussia's border by negotiating an

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After the war, the role of Prussia in German history was minimised and Frederick's reputation was downgraded in both

3035: 2989: 1173:

was made the grand master of the gatherings. Later, Frederick regarded this time as one of the happiest of his life.

1154: 1012: 255: 14164: 9290: 9242: 9159: 9063: 9047: 8334: 7707: 7569: 7023: 6615: 5463: 5295: 5215: 5075: 5059: 4984: 4824: 4808: 4792: 4776: 4563: 4503: 4415: 4343: 4308: 4292: 3996: 1892: 16676: 16540: 16433: 16399: 16346: 16145: 16069: 15986: 15950: 15807: 15005: 12567: 11308:

History of Frederick the Great: Comprehending a Complete History of the Silesian Campaigns and the Seven Years' War

9618: 9207: 9143: 9127: 9111: 9079: 9031: 9015: 8967: 8713: 8514: 7635: 7300: 6908: 6700: 6599: 5543: 5527: 5255: 4399: 3735: 3307: 2556: 2452: 2072: 1880: 1780: 1756: 1003:. Because they were army officers who had tried to flee Prussia for Britain, Frederick William accused the pair of 936: 895: 729: 31: 16721: 9757: 9570: 9258: 8796: 8072: 5511: 4920: 4324: 3250:" as a jibe at the French royal mistress. Even in his late 60s and early 70s when he was increasingly crippled by 1842:

on 4 June 1745. Frederick subsequently advanced into Bohemia and defeated a counterattack by the Austrians at the

16535: 16351: 16341: 16086: 15838: 15812: 15776: 15549: 14874: 14385: 8331:

was intended for all Berliners and foreign visitors to the Prussian capital...Admission to the opera was free...]

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and having been the secret "protector and adviser" of fellow-conspirators Voltaire, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and

2460: 1942:

In the early spring of 1757, Frederick again invaded Bohemia. He was victorious against the Austrian army at the

1784: 733: 110: 15307: 9821: 9306: 9274: 8999: 8918: 8410: 8366: 8350: 7159: 7143: 6924: 6583: 5343: 5311: 3719: 3610:

mon ami, quand on veut prendre des souris, il faut tenir la souricière ouverte, ils entreront et je les battrai.

2202: 16686: 16621: 16525: 16331: 15729: 15684: 15422: 14664: 14340: 13624: 13607: 11143: 7675: 5000: 4659: 2265: 2247: 2123: 1888: 1704: 964: 921: 832: 777: 693: 484: 303: 234: 100: 14854: 11148: 9602: 9418: 9338: 8812: 7867: 7553: 6828: 6780: 5887: 4728: 2102:

Frederick's ultimate success came at a heavy financial cost to Prussia. Part of the burden was covered by the

16459: 16448: 16422: 16361: 15884: 15657: 15086: 14733: 14442: 11971: 11466:. By King Frederick II of Prussia. Translated by Scholar, Angela. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 8280: 7422: 6812: 6774: 6663: 4140: 2977: 2281: 1961:

In the remaining years of the war, Frederick faced a coalition of enemies including Austria, France, Russia,

1138: 77: 14995: 12798:

Hagen, William W. (1976). "The Partitions of Poland and the crisis of the Old Regime in Prussia 1772-1806".

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his claim on Silesia by further fortifying the province, expanding his army, and reorganising his finances.

1146: 886:. Despite his father's intention, Frederick appeared to have adopted a sense of predestination for himself. 16736: 16561: 16233: 16098: 15971: 15524: 15481: 14291: 14271: 11821: 9462: 7787: 7457: 7348: 6551: 6495: 4678: 3552: 3142:

to prevent the unification of numerically superior opposing armies and defend the Prussian core territory.

3054: 2052:

the death of King George II, Frederick's uncle. The Russian forces also continued their advance, occupying

1966: 1916:, and continued marching the remainder of his army toward North Bohemia, intending to winter there. At the 1362: 1142: 996: 434: 12938: 11353: 10317:. Translated by Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 5–14. 8739: 2911:

and his court, Frederick adopted French tastes and manners, though in Frederick's case, the extent of his

16256: 15899: 15051: 14899: 3095: 3043: 2863:

that still held sway in Prussia. He attempted to broaden access to opera by making admission to it free.

2547:

The success in integrating the Jews into areas of society where Frederick encouraged them can be seen by

1350: 439: 72: 13815: 12960:"Dissembling orthodoxy in the age of the enlightenment: Frederick the Great and his confession of faith" 12630: 8764: 1324: 793: 16656: 16651: 16114: 16059: 15791: 15486: 15096: 15021: 14959: 14824: 12602:"Kingship, sexuality and courtly masculinity: Frederick the Great and Prussia on the cusp of modernity" 3685: 3161: 3062: 2973: 2293: 2026: 1851: 1803: 1685: 1317: 1269: 1186:, was considered necessary for any king in Europe to rule effectively. In 1739, Frederick finished his 940: 932: 781: 244: 38: 14934: 14884: 14020: 3777: 2036:

At the beginning of 1760, the Austrians moved to retake Silesia, where Frederick defeated them at the

1217:

Europe at the time of Frederick's death in 1786. Prussia's territory has been greatly extended by his

16356: 15996: 15848: 15843: 15677: 15041: 14748: 14669: 14398: 14106:"Of Manners, Customs, Industry, and the Progress of the Human Understanding in the Arts and Sciences" 9548: 9522: 9516: 9478: 9220: 8846: 8679: 8655: 8556: 8128: 8058: 3761: 3604: 3263: 2766: 2754: 2490: 2214: 2135: 2103: 2037: 1386: 1297: 1226: 828: 654: 424: 11952: 10397:

On War and Leadership: The Words of Combat Commanders from Frederick the Great to Norman Schwarzkopf

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on the Vistula, Poland's major trade artery, and by bombarding Polish customs ports on the Vistula.

16731: 16443: 16133: 15904: 15081: 15046: 14615: 11697:

The Bells of Victory. The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' War 1757–1762

10049:. Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism. Vol. I. Hartford, CT: Hudson & Goodwin. 9226: 7007: 3157: 3148:

saw the Prussian king as a military commander of the first rank; after Napoleon's victory over the

2887: 2629: 2285: 1912:, both of which lasted until 1763. He quickly captured Dresden, besieged the trapped Saxon army in 1839: 1809: 1711:. It nearly doubled Prussia's population and increased its territory by a third. It also prevented 1593: 1083: 1032: 948: 535: 330: 14137: 14129: 14113: 14105: 14084: 10024: 9456: 9364: 8790: 7861: 7451: 7129: 6377: 6353: 6177: 5953: 5825: 5809: 5761: 5705: 5617: 5489: 5457: 5433: 5337: 5209: 5133: 4890: 4770: 4621: 4605: 4589: 4557: 4541: 4497: 4369: 3878: 3468: 2650:(peopling policy). About 1,200 new villages were founded in his reign. He told Voltaire, "Whoever 2623: 2574:

Frederick's religious views resulted in his condemnation by the anti-revolutionary French Jesuit,

2486: 1235: 16438: 16273: 15991: 15302: 15279: 15244: 15026: 14990: 14914: 14849: 11306: 8500: 8436: 8218: 7905: 7845: 7382: 7230: 6732: 4754: 4230: 4054: 3974: 3926: 3894: 3833: 3793: 3440: 3083: 2817: 2475:, to spy on citizens illegally roasting coffee, much to the annoyance of the general population. 2440: 2371: 2209: 2161: 1943: 1533: 1463: 856: 394: 369: 14261: 13923: 12013:. Edited and translated by Berkeley, Sabina and Scott, H. M. New York: Addison Wesley Longmann. 11975: 10221:

Persecution and Pluralism: Calvinists and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe, 1550-1700

9926:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766

9201: 9073: 9057: 8098: 7001: 6886: 6521: 6473: 6457: 6441: 5417: 4441: 3454: 3066: 1209:

Europe at the time when Frederick came to the throne in 1740, with Brandenburg–Prussia in violet

16701: 16646: 16520: 16378: 16326: 16298: 15710: 15594: 15496: 15453: 15312: 15193: 14600: 14545: 14371: 13200:(1891). "Frederick the Great's invasion of Saxony, and the Prussian 'Mémoire Raisonné,' 1756". 12994:"Servant leadership: A systematic literature review—Toward a model of antecedents and outcomes" 12856: 11695: 11277:

Enlightened War: German Theories and Cultures of Warfare from Frederick the Great to Clausewitz

10818: 10070: 9105: 8838: 8394: 7535: 7531: 7515: 7286: 7097: 6934: 6625: 6577: 6369: 6329: 6289: 6217: 6161: 6065: 6033: 5977: 5801: 5657: 5473: 5401: 5369: 5305: 5281: 5241: 5225: 5177: 5101: 5085: 5069: 4994: 4978: 4834: 4818: 4738: 4573: 4513: 4425: 4385: 4353: 4318: 4286: 4198: 4174: 4166: 3646:). Compare Frederick's words from the handwritten manuscript to Voltaire's edited 1740 version. 3580: 3318: 2981: 2334: 2301: 2099:

signed an eight-year alliance with Prussia, albeit with conditions that favoured the Russians.

2091: 1079: 988: 879: 801: 797: 732:

has been the subject of much study. Because he died childless, he was succeeded by his nephew,

709: 14375: 13699: 12155: 11851: 11665: 11085: 11077: 10492: 10128: 9831: 9727: 9644: 9596: 9564: 9428: 9412: 9396: 9153: 9137: 9121: 9089: 9041: 9025: 8993: 8977: 8951: 8902: 8882: 8854: 8758: 8723: 8707: 8663: 8639: 8623: 8580: 8540: 8296: 8210: 8174: 8148: 7877: 7829: 7781: 7749: 7733: 7717: 7701: 7685: 7629: 7613: 7579: 7483: 7435: 7342: 7310: 7294: 7262: 7169: 7105: 7081: 7073: 7049: 6918: 6854: 6822: 6790: 6726: 6710: 6678: 6657: 6641: 6609: 6409: 6401: 6337: 6297: 6257: 6233: 6225: 6193: 6169: 6137: 6121: 6097: 6089: 6049: 6041: 6017: 6009: 5993: 5945: 5897: 5881: 5873: 5857: 5849: 5833: 5777: 5713: 5689: 5681: 5665: 5625: 5569: 5553: 5537: 5521: 5505: 5449: 5385: 5265: 5201: 5161: 5125: 5109: 4962: 4930: 4906: 4874: 4850: 4653: 4637: 4246: 4214: 4126: 4090: 4082: 3958: 3809: 3426: 3191:

of the century, perhaps of all time, and one who constantly pushed the limits of the possible.

2602:, who all sought "to destroy Christianity" and foment "rebellion against Kings and Monarchs". 1177: 900: 840: 16475: 15700: 15379: 15165: 15104: 15000: 14511: 14424: 14311: 13907: 12398: 12066: 9711: 9680:

Die offizielle Sicht der DDR auf Friedrich II. und Preußen war keineswegs eine Einbahnstraße.

9612: 9580: 9472: 9348: 9300: 9252: 9185: 9169: 8898: 8588: 8564: 8524: 8508: 8468: 8460: 8420: 8376: 8360: 8264: 8226: 8194: 8030: 7985: 7969: 7953: 7937: 7921: 7797: 7645: 7621: 7563: 7467: 7361: 7270: 7246: 7209: 6975: 6969: 6950: 6838: 6806: 6758: 6694: 6593: 6561: 6505: 5735: 5609: 5409: 5377: 5321: 5289: 5249: 5153: 5149: 5029: 4914: 4882: 4858: 4802: 4786: 4688: 4481: 4465: 4457: 4409: 4393: 4337: 4302: 4270: 4262: 4222: 4190: 4150: 4134: 4030: 4022: 4006: 3982: 3950: 3942: 3902: 3849: 3817: 3745: 3079: 2901: 2866:

Frederick also wrote philosophical works, publishing some of his writings under the title of

2822: 2788: 2778: 2509:

from Jesuit teachers, Huguenot citizens, or Jewish merchants and bankers. Frederick retained

1974: 1896: 1855: 1772: 1569: 1104: 468: 340: 224: 15292: 15287: 13814: 13764: 13688: 13575:

Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg, Neues Palais and Park Sanssouci

12368: 11272: 10850: 10787: 10365: 9799: 9767: 9751: 9628: 9009: 8822: 8806: 8444: 8344: 8242: 8190: 8082: 5631: 5583: 5185: 5045: 5013: 4672: 3910: 3729: 1100: 16571: 16566: 15644: 15504: 15466: 15417: 15061: 15031: 14859: 14574: 14465: 13737: 13587:"Picture Gallery at Sanssouci Park in Potsdam celebrates 250th anniversary with exhibition" 13406: 11302: 10736:

Evening in the Palace of Reason: Bach Meets Frederick the Great in the Age of Enlightenment

9868:

Political Economy in the Habsburg Monarchy 1750–1774: The Contribution of Ludwig Zinzendorf

8774: 7803: 7316: 5919: 5353: 3274:

ordered Frederick's coffin to be hidden in a salt mine to protect it from destruction. The

3225: 3200: 3023: 3000: 2921: 2883: 2871: 2783: 2758: 2746: 2498: 2269: 2252: 2165: 2115: 2017: 1977:. In 1758 Frederick once more took the initiative by invading Moravia. By May, he had laid 1720: 1415: 1265: 476: 414: 15438: 15317: 13602:[Prussia Is Not a Country Which Has an Army, It Is an Army Which Has a Country.]. 12039:

Rebellious Prussians: Urban Political Culture Under Frederick the Great and His Successors

11610:. By King Frederick II of Prussia. Translated by Luvaas, Jay (ed.). New York: Free Press. 9316: 9284: 9268: 3011: 2934: 8: 16206: 15387: 15071: 14839: 14808: 14253: 14062: 12370:

Fighting for the Fatherland: The Story of the German Soldier from 1648 to the Present Day

12123: 11922: 11790: 11404: 7416: 7033: 6870: 3492: 3283: 3247: 3091: 3070: 3039: 2770: 2568: 2359:, and limited which crimes could be punished by death. Working with his Grand Chancellor 2289: 2277: 2096: 2083: 2079: 1997: 1986: 1909: 1834: 1827: 1789: 1671: 1644: 1605: 1504: 1427: 824: 409: 349: 325: 318: 14944: 14919: 14201: 13410: 13295:

Schui, Florian (2011). "Taxpayer Opposition and Fiscal Reform in Prussia c. 1766-1787".

11576:

Liberty's Folly: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century, 1697-1795

11519: 10308: 10044: 3482: 3326:

Frederick's legacy has been subject to a wide variety of interpretations. For instance,

3312: 16317: 15397: 15259: 15249: 15234: 15224: 15178: 15066: 14889: 14610: 14176: 13998: 13973: 13759: 13480: 13451: 13447: 13422: 13349: 13345: 13320: 13312: 13283: 13254: 13225: 13217: 13185: 13152: 13087: 13066: 13023: 12980: 12906: 12898: 12860: 12823: 12815: 12786: 12778: 12749: 12712: 12687: 12658: 12622: 12588: 12520: 12490: 11902: 11213: 11095: 10905: 10878: 10734: 9924: 3389: 3275: 3165: 3145: 3119: 3087: 2993: 2984:, and the renovation of Rheinsburg during Frederick's residence were built in a unique 2891: 2360: 2139: 2068: 1982: 1951: 1930: 1917: 1905: 1874: 1751: 1700: 1689: 1681: 1667: 1653: 1635: 1617: 1557: 1487: 1439: 1162: 1052: 813: 404: 384: 364: 354: 313: 308: 15369: 14538: 14214: 14189: 14144: 14120: 14075: 14053: 14031: 14011: 13986: 12835:

Haworth, Paul Leland (April 1904). "Frederick the Great and the American Revolution".

12548: 12507: 12460:

Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era

12145: 12068:

England, Prussia, and the Seven Years' War: Studies in Alliance Policies and Diplomacy

11994: 11939: 11842: 11813: 11536: 11423: 11363: 11327: 11260: 10981: 10895: 10869: 10161: 10061: 9980: 9380: 7765: 7499: 7153: 7137: 7113: 7057: 6902: 6313: 6249: 6201: 6145: 6073: 5961: 5913: 5785: 5729: 5577: 2719:

as cruel, rough and uneducated. When someone once asked Frederick why he did not wear

2665:. This programme created roughly 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of new farmland, but 2594:

that accused King Frederick of taking part in a plot which led to the outbreak of the

1947: 1516: 1292:

because his kingdom included only part of historic Prussia; he was to declare himself

972: 760:, who personally idolised him. His reputation became less favourable in Germany after 374: 16490: 15602: 15407: 15402: 15364: 15354: 15203: 15119: 15114: 15056: 14904: 14894: 14659: 14516: 14286: 14242: 14092: 14040: 13940: 13426: 13378: 13324: 13229: 13156: 13070: 13058: 13027: 13015: 12984: 12910: 12827: 12790: 12626: 12592: 12537: 12527: 12496: 12474: 12464: 12445: 12435: 12416: 12406: 12385: 12375: 12354: 12344: 12325: 12315: 12296: 12286: 12277: 12260: 12253: 12236: 12226: 12207: 12197: 12178: 12168: 12134: 12111: 12101: 12082: 12072: 12053: 12043: 12024: 12014: 12007: 11983: 11959: 11928: 11909: 11888: 11867: 11857: 11831: 11802: 11794: 11777: 11767: 11760: 11746: 11736: 11729: 11712: 11702: 11681: 11671: 11652: 11642: 11635: 11621: 11611: 11604: 11590: 11580: 11561: 11551: 11525: 11506: 11496: 11477: 11467: 11448: 11438: 11412: 11388: 11378: 11345: 11316: 11290: 11280: 11268: 11249: 11243: 11230: 11220: 11199: 11189: 11182: 11165: 11155: 11131: 11121: 11102: 11064: 11054: 11035: 11025: 11006: 10996: 10970: 10951: 10941: 10922: 10912: 10884: 10858: 10837: 10827: 10804: 10794: 10773: 10751: 10741: 10720: 10710: 10691: 10681: 10674: 10657: 10647: 10628: 10618: 10599: 10589: 10570: 10560: 10543: 10533: 10527: 10523: 10511: 10501: 10475: 10465: 10443: 10433: 10412: 10402: 10395: 10381: 10371: 10352: 10342: 10335: 10330: 10318: 10292: 10282: 10263: 10253: 10234: 10224: 10207: 10197: 10178: 10168: 10144: 10134: 10115: 10105: 10086: 10076: 10050: 10010: 10000: 9993: 9962: 9940: 9930: 9911: 9901: 9882: 9872: 5053: 4038: 3990: 3857: 3562: 3412: 3348: 3243: 3169: 2850: 2712: 2655: 2595: 2591: 2552: 2468: 2407: 1955: 1862: 1793: 1765: 1696:

based on a number of old, though ambiguous, Hohenzollern claims to parts of Silesia.

1475: 1277: 1118: 1095: 1091: 1016: 928: 765: 697: 658: 389: 15443: 14864: 13332:

Spencer, Frank (1956). "The Anglo-Prussian Breach of 1762: An historical revision".

13266:

Rose, J. Holland (1914b). "Frederick the Great and England, 1756-1763 (Continued)".

10426: 2829:

in which flute plays the melody, sometimes imitating operatic vocal styles like the

1989:

on 14 October, although the Austrian forces were not able to exploit their victory.

645:

in 1772. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the

16454: 16264: 15607: 15239: 15219: 15188: 14879: 14844: 14788: 14297: 14233: 14161:

The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

13472: 13443: 13414: 13341: 13304: 13275: 13246: 13209: 13177: 13144: 13050: 13005: 12972: 12890: 12852: 12844: 12807: 12770: 12741: 12720: 12683: 12679: 12650: 12612: 12580: 12272: 12164: 12002: 11881: 10766: 10156: 9988: 3377: 3183: 3149: 3130: 2875: 2804: 2700: 2575: 2522: 2510: 2411: 2087: 2045: 1978: 1900: 1742: 1451: 1403: 1374: 1281: 1071: 429: 419: 399: 15322: 3526: 3176:

destroy the army's discipline, depopulate the country, and exhaust its resources.

2715:

in Prussia. Unusually for the time and his aristocratic background, he criticised

2001: 1935: 1814: 987:

Soon after his relationship with Keith ended, Frederick became close friends with

15714: 15412: 15297: 15173: 15135: 14954: 14798: 14793: 14595: 14501: 14405: 14347: 14275: 12874: 12670:

Cajori, Florian (1927). "Frederick the Great on mathematics and mathematicians".

12458: 12429: 12338: 12309: 12220: 12191: 12095: 12037: 11887:. By Quantz, Johann Joachim. Translated by Reilly, Edward R. New York: Schirmer. 11574: 11545: 11490: 11461: 11432: 11372: 11115: 11048: 11019: 10990: 10935: 10704: 10641: 10612: 10583: 10487: 10459: 10276: 10247: 10191: 10099: 9895: 9866: 9236: 3474: 3460: 3446: 3432: 3344: 2670: 2526: 2472: 2379: 2375: 2030: 1257: 956: 633: 627: 610: 379: 15461: 14238: 13397:

Terrall, Mary (1990). "The culture of science in Frederick the Great's Berlin".

13279: 13250: 3510: 3357: 2980:). A number of the buildings, including the Berlin State Opera House, a wing of 2895: 804:, who became his closest sibling. He also had three younger brothers, including 16382: 15584: 15534: 15392: 15269: 15264: 15254: 15150: 15076: 14985: 14980: 14803: 14778: 14758: 14743: 14728: 14713: 13875:"Did Frederick The Great Introduce The Potato To Germany? – Mythbusting Berlin" 13418: 12584: 12486: 12127: 11947: 11825: 11400: 10964: 3548: 3473:. Posthumous Works of Frederic II. King of Prussia. Vol. 4. Translated by 3459:. Posthumous Works of Frederic II. King of Prussia. Vol. 3. Translated by 3445:. Posthumous Works of Frederic II. King of Prussia. Vol. 2. Translated by 3431:. Posthumous Works of Frederic II. King of Prussia. Vol. 1. Translated by 3327: 3216: 3139: 3075: 2961: 2796: 2610: 2518: 2435: 2431: 2041: 1913: 1843: 1716: 1581: 1545: 1261: 1188: 1075: 1023:

at Küstrin on 6 November; the crown prince fainted just before the fatal blow.

917: 883: 860: 827:

with absolute authority. In contrast, Frederick's mother Sophia, whose father,

820: 359: 335: 14096: 13836:[Friedrich II. – Friedrich der Great: The GDR and the Prussian King]. 13308: 12976: 12811: 12774: 12478: 12420: 12358: 12182: 11835: 11685: 11625: 11481: 11392: 11349: 11253: 11039: 10955: 10888: 10841: 10755: 10574: 10515: 10090: 10014: 9966: 9886: 2955: 2307: 2181:

currency by his use of Polish coin dies. The profits exceeded 25 million

2156: 2111: 1771:

Encouraged by Frederick's victory at Mollwitz, the French and their ally, the

16555: 15612: 15569: 15539: 15519: 15183: 15109: 15036: 14939: 14869: 14783: 14738: 14723: 14620: 14569: 14021:"Chapter I: What a Strong Prince Really is, and How One Can Reach That Point" 13994: 13969: 13944: 13382: 13062: 13054: 13019: 13010: 12993: 12654: 12617: 12541: 12449: 12389: 12329: 12264: 12240: 12138: 12086: 12057: 11987: 11963: 11913: 11892: 11871: 11781: 11750: 11724: 11716: 11656: 11594: 11565: 11452: 11416: 11320: 11312: 11294: 11234: 11203: 11169: 11135: 11068: 11050:

The Holocaust as Colonial Genocide: Hitler's 'Indian Wars' in the 'Wild East'

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How Jews Became Germans: The History of Conversion and Assimilation in Berlin

10926: 10862: 10808: 10777: 10724: 10695: 10661: 10632: 10603: 10547: 10479: 10455: 10416: 10385: 10356: 10296: 10238: 10211: 10182: 10148: 10119: 10054: 10029: 9944: 9915: 4254: 4074: 3566: 3134: 3058: 3019: 2907:

Like many European rulers of the time who were influenced by the prestige of

2826: 2812: 2742: 2599: 2423: 2227: 2173: 1797: 1731: 1218: 1145:, Frederick studied under Prince Eugene of Savoy during the campaign against 1126: 944: 905: 785: 725: 713: 650: 646: 638: 285: 13600:"La Prusse n'est pas un pays qui a une armée, c'est une armée qui a un pays" 12211: 12115: 12028: 11510: 11106: 10267: 2724:

comrades. He was also close to nature and issued decrees to protect plants.

2144: 2063: 15622: 15617: 15564: 15554: 15529: 15509: 15229: 15198: 15145: 15140: 14924: 14834: 14773: 14753: 14640: 14564: 13952: 13101:"The flutist of Sanssouci: Frederick "the Great" as composer and performer" 13037: 12701:"The religion of Frederick the Great. With illustrations from Adolf Menzel" 12500: 12311:

Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder, and the Building of the German Empire

11806: 11529: 11117:

Court, Cloister, and City: The Art and Culture of Central Europe, 1450–1800

10992:

The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, 1933–1945, Volume 1

10447: 3369: 3365: 3271: 3267: 2765:

Frederick was a patron of music. The court musicians he supported included

2674: 2666: 2651: 2370:

Frederick strove to put Prussia's fiscal system in order. In January 1750,

2223: 2219: 2119: 1712: 1047: 1020: 976: 864: 761: 757: 622: 16391: 13782: 13148: 13131: 13078:

Loewy, Andrea Kapell (1990). "Frederick the Great: Flutist and composer".

12894: 12300: 11932: 10322: 2900:

or the French intellectual avant-garde of his time, though he did shelter

2443:

to promote the trade and – to take on the competition with France – put a

2284:, the French court was unwilling to support him because they were already 1246:

La Prusse n'est pas un pays qui a une armée, c'est une armée qui a un pays

696:. However, upon ascending to the throne, he attacked and annexed the rich 15574: 15359: 15155: 14929: 14768: 14647: 14630: 14625: 14134:

Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg to Which are Added Four Dissertations

14110:

Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg to Which are Added Four Dissertations

14004: 14000:

Frederick the Great: The Memoirs of His Reader, Henri de Catt (1758—1760)

13979: 13975:

Frederick the Great: The Memoirs of His Reader, Henri de Catt (1758–1760)

13919: 13197: 13126: 12515: 12248: 11177: 10163:

The Conquest of Nature: Water, landscape and the making of modern Germany

10023: 3494:

Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg to Which are Added Four Dissertations

3411:. Translated by Sonnino, Paul. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. 1980 . 3352: 3337: 3208:

and has been described as representing the embodiment of the art of war.

2912: 2874:

figures, including Voltaire, who at one point declared Frederick to be a

2774: 2749:, Berlin). Frederick is depicted playing the flute in his music room at 2705: 2678: 2564: 2330: 2107: 1775:, entered the war against Austria in early September 1741 and marched on 1250: 1222: 875: 749: 203: 14589: 14280: 14163:. Translated by Macartney, C. A. New York: HarperCollins. Archived from 13779:

International music Score Library Project (IMSLP)/Petrucci Music Library

13455: 13353: 13316: 13237:

Rose, J. Holland (1914a). "Frederick the Great and England, 1756-1763".

13091: 12902: 12782: 12641:

Bourke, John (1947). "Frederick the Great as music-lover and musician".

11547:

The Berlin Jewish Community: Enlightenment, Family and Crisis, 1770–1830

10855:

Rheinsberg: Memorials of Frederick the Great and Prince Henry of Prussia

9532: 9488: 8404: 8306: 8290: 8158: 3282:

in 1946; in 1953, the coffins of Frederick and his father were moved to

3228:. (He wished to rest next to his dogs, but this was originally ignored.) 3156:

Frederick's most notable military victories on the battlefield were the

2787:. He was a talented musician and composer in his own right, playing the 16366: 15920: 15579: 15559: 15544: 15514: 14763: 14674: 14531: 14506: 14496: 14434: 14170:

on 24 February 2021 – via German History in Documents and Images.

13621:

HistoryMet/ask-mhq-robert-citinos-top-10-german-military-commanders.htm

13221: 12865: 12819: 12753: 12716: 12691: 11958:. Translated by Peter Paret. Berkeley: University of California Press. 11374:

The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape

8961: 7813: 7585: 7017: 6985: 6742: 5745: 5641: 5593: 3292: 2834: 2403: 2325: 2257: 1924: 1708: 1273: 1182: 1166: 909: 753: 716:

remained the favored faith, he allowed religious freedom and tolerated

16225: 13484: 13434:

Valentin, Viet (1934). "Some interpretations of Frederick the Great".

13287: 13258: 13189: 12662: 11791:"The First Partition of Poland and the War of the Bavarian Succession" 10643:

The Potsdam Führer: Frederick William I, Father of Prussian Militarism

8274: 8138: 8066: 7326: 6385: 5929: 2976:), St. Hedwig's Cathedral, and Prince Henry's Palace (now the site of 2927:

Despite his distaste for the German language, Frederick sponsored the

1965:, and the Holy Roman Empire, supported only by Britain and its allies 1213: 1019:. The king condemned Katte to death and forced Frederick to watch his 1000: 617:; 24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786) was the monarch of 15669: 14605: 14526: 11434:

Jews Welcome Coffee: Tradition and Innovation in Early Modern Germany

11411:. Translated by Coleman, Mary Bushnell. Chicago: Griggs and Company. 3384:, Frederick's reputation has continued to grow in reunified Germany. 3221: 2966: 2908: 2750: 2659: 2456: 2053: 1134: 1008: 871: 847: 844: 737: 721: 162: 14039:

King Frederick II of Prussia (1834) . Friedlaender, Gottlieb (ed.).

13213: 13165: 12848: 12745: 10278:

The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years' War to the Third Reich

9494: 2378:. Graumann's currency reform slightly lowered the silver content of 2218:

others and had great strategic value. The newly created province of

1114: 916:

At age 16, Frederick formed an attachment to the king's 17-year-old

904:

Portrait of 24-year-old Frederick as the crown prince of Prussia by

14964: 14559: 14552: 13834:"Friedrich II. – Friedrich der Große: Die DDR und der Preußenkönig" 13476: 13181: 13038:"King Frederick the Great – Anti-Machiavellian and servant leader?" 3381: 3027: 2894:. His openness to philosophy had its limits. He did not admire the 2808: 2800: 2644:

for colonisers to increase the kingdom's food supply. He called it

2641: 2637: 2448: 2226:

and Farther Pomerania, granted Prussia control of the mouth of the

1723:, from seeking to connect his own disparate lands through Silesia. 1677: 1193: 992: 851: 1280:

in the east of the Empire; and the Kingdom of Prussia, the former

16672:

Prussian military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

14247: 11982:. Translated by Mathews, William. Chicago: Knight & Leonard. 10101:

The Princess's Garden: Royal Intrigue and the Untold Story of Kew

3279: 2860: 2716: 2427: 2356: 2273: 2186: 1847: 1823: 1761: 1693: 1205: 1108: 1004: 741: 701: 618: 219: 150: 14064:

Anti-Machiavel, ou, Essai de critique sur le Prince de Machiavel

3470:

Memoirs from the Peace of Hubertsburg to the Partition of Poland

3053:

When Frederick ascended the throne in 1740, he reinstituted the

14635: 14069:

Anti-Machiavelli or Critical essay on the Prince of Machiavelli

11084:. Vol. I. Oxfordshire, UK: Taylor & Francis. pp. 10706:

The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772

8929: 8927: 3251: 2985: 2792: 2686: 2682: 2514: 2268:

in 1778, in which he stifled Austrian attempts to exchange the

2182: 1962: 1776: 968: 960: 784:. He was born between 11 and 12 p.m. on 24 January 1712 in the 133: 3484:

Military Instructions from the King of Prussia to His Generals

3380:, but in 1980 his statue was re-erected. Since the end of the 2497:

In contrast to his devoutly Calvinist father, Frederick was a

14521: 3347:

commissioned artists to render fanciful images of Frederick,

3237: 2662: 2632:, Berlin). Frederick is depicted inspecting a potato harvest. 2502: 2264:

Late in his life Frederick involved Prussia in the low-scale

1150: 1130: 867:

classics, and philosophy to supplement his official lessons.

13617:"Ask MHQ: Robert Citino's Top 10 German Military Commanders" 11338:

Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741–1918)

10341:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 8924: 7991: 6961: 6959: 2708:

and development that the boy retained when he became ruler.

2525:. He befriended the Roman Catholic Prince-Bishop of Warmia, 2122:

and Moses Isaacs. He also debased the coinage of Saxony and

1042: 8939: 6527: 3255: 2830: 2720: 2444: 2196: 1158: 878:

state faith in Prussia, but feared he was not one of God's

717: 14185:] (in French). Paris: Chez Firmin Didot, Pere et Fils. 13728: 13132:"Frederick the Great: A singular life, variably reflected" 12730:

Church and State in Silesia under Frederick II (1740–1786)

11248:. Translated by Benett, Francis. Geneva: Imprimerie Atar. 10038:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8685: 7651: 7591: 7393: 7391: 7175: 1137:. When Prussia provided a contingent of troops to aid the 796:

on 31 January. The birth was welcomed by his grandfather,

14198:

Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

14025:

The Refutation of Machiavelli's Prince or, Anti-Machiavel

13503:. Vol. 11, no. 5. pp. 5–10. Archived from 10585:

Forgotten Land: Journeys among the Ghosts of East Prussia

10315:

Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

7663: 7541: 7187: 2563:

Like many leading Enlightenment figures, Frederick was a

2082:

in January 1762 led to the succession of the Prussophile

1129:

as Colonel of the Regiment von der Goltz, stationed near

963:, bribed the Prussian Minister of War, Field Marshal von 11311:. Translated by Moriarty, Edward Aubrey. Illustrated by 11275:. In Krimmer, Elizabeth; Simpson, Patricia Anne (eds.). 10337:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947

6539: 2636:

Frederick was keenly interested in land use, especially

14091:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentiss-Hall. pp. 69–73. 13681:"'Frederick the Great' Occasionally Rises to Greatness" 12495:. Vol. III. New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 11853:

Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763

9837: 8750: 8748: 7388: 3487:. Translated by Foster, T. London: J. Cruttwell. 1818 . 1779:. Meanwhile, Frederick, alongside other members of the 523:

Philippine Charlotte, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

13604:

Les citations historiques : Mirabeau et la Prusse

13542:

Frederick the Great and the Meanings of War, 1730–1755

13365:[Friedrich II of Prussia and the opera house] 11856:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 10130:

Kings and Colonists: Aspects of Macedonian Imperialism

9212: 9210: 8599: 8597: 8036: 7374: 7372: 7370: 4329: 4327: 3655:

He remained critical of Christianity. See Frederick's

3409:

Anti-Machiavel: The Refutation of Machiavelli s Prince

2205:, a former lover and favourite, on the Polish throne. 979:, which led to the collapse of the marriage proposal. 931:

of Frederick and his sister Wilhelmine to her brother

14061:

King Frederick II of Prussia (1740). Voltaire (ed.).

13916:

Das Reich der Deuschen 962–1871: Eine Nation Entsteht

11762:

A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People

10907:

Studies in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great

9809: 8860: 8008: 7427: 7425: 7353: 7351: 6670: 6668: 6666: 5005: 5003: 4664: 4662: 3870: 3868: 3866: 2988:

style that Frederick developed in collaboration with

2172:

Frederick sought to acquire and economically exploit

927:

In the mid-1720s, Queen Sophia Dorothea attempted to

14183:

Memoirs of the Negotiations of the Marquis de Valori

10883:. Periods of European History. New York: Macmillan. 9897:

Nazi Plunder: Great Treasure Stories of World War II

7883: 7408: 7406: 3561:] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. 3355:'s portrait of Frederick with him to the end in the 2689:, to the country. For this, he was sometimes called 1007:. The king briefly threatened the crown prince with 859:, procured a 3,000-volume secret library of poetry, 177:

Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern

16727:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

16667:

Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War

15709:The generations are numbered from the ascension of 13700:"The Double Headed Eagle and Scottish Rite Masonry" 12920:"Legal reforms: Changing the law in Germany in the 12336: 10789:

Frederick the Great, the Ruler, the Writer, the Man

6997: 1107:, but he prohibited her from visiting his court in 1070:Frederick William considered marrying Frederick to 756:glorified him as a great German leader prefiguring 518:

Friederike Luise, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach

18:

Frederick II "the Great", King in Prussia

13130: 13036: 12958: 12566: 12519: 12367: 12276: 12252: 12154: 12006: 11951: 11901: 11880: 11759: 11728: 11694: 11634: 11603: 11212: 11181: 11147: 11094: 10904: 10817: 10786: 10765: 10733: 10673: 10559:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 10491: 10425: 10394: 10334: 10160: 9992: 9434: 4519: 3026:, Berlin). Frederick is seated at the center with 531:Sophia Dorothea, Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt 13571:"Don't ask – don't tell' – War Friedrich schwul?" 13494:"Homage to Frederick the Great-The royal flutist" 13034: 12991: 11078:"Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia (1712–1786)" 9803: 9795: 4716: 3111:Frederick the Great Surveying the Field of Battle 3016:The Round Table of King Frederick II in Sanssouci 3006: 2950: 2241: 1661: 16553: 11924:History of German Civilization. A General Survey 10610: 9707: 9650: 2581:Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire du Jacobinisme 1730:Portrait of Frederick during his early reign by 1051:Frederick's marriage to Elisabeth Christine at 13856: 12877:(2006). "Enlightenment! Which Enlightenment?". 11637:Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters 10614:Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City 7997: 3675:I can find another Schwerin and another Graun." 3533:Political Correspondence of Frederick the Great 3528:Politische Correspondenz Friedrich's des Großen 3316:Frederick quoted by the Nazi propaganda poster 2426:to promote trade with China. He introduced the 2320: 16205:born after the abolishment of monarchy by the 14249:Digital edition of Frederick the Great's Works 14178:Mémoires des négociations du marquis de Valori 14071:] (in French). Brussels: Francois Poppins. 14049:] (in French). Hamburg: Friedrich Perthes. 12568:"The Berlin Academy under Frederick the Great" 11667:The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe 11267: 10768:History of the German General Staff, 1657–1945 10557:Feeding the People: The Politics of the Potato 9763: 8382: 2605: 2587:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism 2086:, her German nephew, who was also the Duke of 502:Wilhelmine, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 16407: 16241: 15685: 14450: 14203:Memoirs of Wilhelmine, Margravine of Baireuth 14127: 14103: 14060: 14038: 14018: 13732:[History of St. Hedwig's Cathedral]. 12463:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 12343:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 12100:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 12097:The Emergence of the Eastern Powers 1756–1775 11701:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 11670:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 11142: 10401:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 10310:Memoirs of Wilhelmine, Margravine of Baireuth 8691: 8054: 7657: 7226: 7205: 7181: 3224:with potatoes, where he was buried after the 2551:'s role during the 19th century in financing 2296:, as Austria was left more or less isolated. 582: 16712:People of the War of the Bavarian Succession 14579: 14550: 14536: 14151: 14082: 13666:[The "Old Fritz"— An animal lover]. 13202:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 13035:Langhof, Jan G.; Güldenberg, Stefan (2019). 11970: 11521:Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War 11463:Frederick the Great's Philosophical Writings 11241: 10281:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 9694: 9678: 9660: 9452: 8326: 8001: 7595: 7242: 7213: 7193: 6965: 6802: 6754: 4708: 3656: 3637: 3627: 3608: 3477:. London: G. G. J. & J. Robinson. 1789 . 3463:. London: G. G. J. & J. Robinson. 1789 . 3449:. London: G. G. J. & J. Robinson. 1789 . 3435:. London: G. G. J. & J. Robinson. 1789 . 3301: 3290: 3234: 2928: 2645: 2579: 2533: 2346: 2305: 2194: 2129: 1996:Frederick the Great after the defeat at the 1244: 1161:and seeking to reconcile, granted Frederick 16421: 14645: 13799:University of Heidelberg: arthistoricum.net 13548:(PhD). Cambridge University. Archived from 13516: 13363:"Friedrich II. von Preußen und die Hofoper" 13166:"Music at the court of Frederick the Great" 13098: 12998:German Journal of Human Resource Management 12992:Langhof, Jan G; Güldenberg, Stefan (2020). 12161:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma 11827:Frederick the Great and the Rise of Prussia 11024:. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. 10219:Bonney, Richard; Trim, David J. B. (2006). 9995:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma 8254: 8110: 3456:The History of the Seven Years War, Part II 2938: 870:Frederick William I had been raised a 816:, who had also educated Frederick William. 776:Frederick was the son of then-Crown Prince 736:. He is buried at his favourite residence, 546:Anna Amalie, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg 16612:Children of Frederick William I of Prussia 16414: 16400: 16248: 16234: 15692: 15678: 14457: 14443: 14196: 13906: 13816:"Frederick the Great at peace—not Germany" 13789: 13639: 11788: 11543: 10218: 10155: 8026: 7981: 7965: 7949: 7933: 7917: 7825: 7609: 7397: 6589: 4700: 4094: 4050: 3554:Musikalische Werke: Friedrichs des Grossen 3442:The History of the Seven Years War, Part I 3186:describes Frederick's strategic approach: 947:. Fearing an alliance between Prussia and 589: 575: 57: 14266:International Music Score Library Project 13955:(host), Kohl, Katrin, and Bishop, Thomas. 13896:Dictionnaire des Journalistes (1600–1789) 13752: 13661: 13009: 12864: 12616: 12434:. Oxfordshire, UK: Francis & Taylor. 12218: 12189: 12152: 12064: 11954:Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile 11692: 11632: 11459: 11075: 10966:The Life of Catherine the Great of Russia 10911:. Oxfordshire, UK: Taylor & Francis. 10902: 10702: 10617:. Oxfordshire, UK: Taylor & Francis. 10303: 10245: 10075:. Oxfordshire, UK: Taylor & Francis. 9871:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 9731: 9624: 9408: 9392: 9232: 8989: 8878: 8703: 8659: 8635: 8560: 8536: 8340: 8222: 8042: 7777: 7745: 7729: 7697: 7625: 7527: 7511: 7447: 7290: 7101: 7069: 7045: 6722: 6690: 6573: 6545: 6517: 6221: 6093: 6013: 5869: 5829: 5621: 5565: 5413: 4846: 4633: 4453: 4389: 4298: 4130: 4086: 4026: 4002: 3978: 3954: 3938: 3922: 3813: 3741: 3525:Droysen, Johann Gustav, ed. (1879–1939). 2886:in 1742 and later as the Director of the 2870:. Frederick corresponded with key French 2781:in 1747 in Potsdam led to Bach's writing 2058:Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein 1121:, Frederick's residence from 1736 to 1740 1043:Marriage and War of the Polish Succession 16627:German Calvinist and Reformed Christians 16181:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia 14464: 14208:Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein 13939: 13872: 13678: 13585: 13538: 13530:(PhD). McGill University. Archived from 13491: 13433: 12564: 12396: 12001: 11879:Reilly, Robert R. (1975). Introduction. 11820: 11572: 11430: 11377:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11120:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11113: 10988: 10962: 10848: 10819:"Frederick's Essay on German Literature" 10763: 10588:. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 10581: 10392: 10363: 10305:Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein 10189: 10097: 9922: 9827: 9815: 9779: 9608: 9528: 9484: 9344: 9312: 9296: 9280: 9264: 9248: 9165: 8933: 8866: 8818: 8802: 8786: 8504: 8464: 8440: 8118: 8014: 7559: 7479: 7338: 7165: 7077: 6930: 6866: 6770: 6653: 6469: 6453: 6437: 6253: 6045: 5989: 5709: 5501: 4854: 4617: 4477: 4437: 4405: 4250: 4170: 4146: 4078: 4070: 3906: 3773: 3725: 3311: 3215: 3211: 3160:, a tactical victory, fought during the 3105: 3010: 2954: 2731: 2609: 2485: 2324: 2251: 2155: 2143: 2062: 1991: 1923: 1802: 1725: 1212: 1204: 1113: 1090:, a Protestant relative of the Austrian 1078:, but this plan was ardently opposed by 1046: 899: 768:for leadership among the German states. 16692:LGBTQ Calvinist and Reformed Christians 16255: 13968: 13730:"Geschichte der St. Hedwigs-Kathedrale" 13697: 13396: 13331: 12917: 12834: 12760: 12728:Fay, Sidney B. (1945). "Reviewed work: 12698: 12405:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 12225:. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books. 12222:Frederick the Great: A Military History 12042:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 11920: 11899: 11723: 11517: 11399: 11176: 11101:. New York: Columbia University Press. 11017: 10876: 10815: 10486: 10432:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 10167:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 10126: 10068: 10042: 9951: 9592: 9560: 9500: 9360: 9197: 8945: 8914: 8894: 8850: 8754: 8735: 8619: 8584: 8520: 8416: 8372: 8356: 8302: 8286: 8170: 7901: 7889: 7681: 7641: 7266: 7029: 7013: 6637: 6533: 6405: 6373: 6293: 6229: 6117: 5877: 5853: 5805: 5773: 5757: 5701: 5661: 5613: 5105: 4750: 4734: 4569: 4509: 4461: 4421: 4349: 4333: 4314: 4282: 4266: 4194: 4186: 4162: 3946: 3898: 3874: 2945:Project of the Frederician Body of Laws 2940:Project des Corporis Juris Fridericiani 2110:were produced with the help of Leipzig 1125:In 1732, Frederick was restored to the 1037:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern 14: 16554: 16198: 16183: 16171: 16148: 16136: 16117: 16089: 15699: 14174: 14152:King Frederick II of Prussia (1970) . 14128:King Frederick II of Prussia (1758) . 14104:King Frederick II of Prussia (1758) . 14083:King Frederick II of Prussia (1971) . 14019:King Frederick II of Prussia (2015) . 13860:[The Prussian "Potato King"]. 13753:Heilbrunn, Jacob (12 September 2012). 13614: 13568: 13523: 13163: 12873: 12669: 12640: 12599: 12526:. Vol. I. New York: Wings Books. 12485: 12340:The Holy Roman Empire: A Short History 12271: 11946: 11878: 11849: 11757: 11663: 11601: 11301: 11219:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. 11092: 11021:A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840 10731: 10668: 10639: 10611:Elkins, T. H.; Hofmeister, B (2005) . 10532:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 10454: 10274: 9987: 9893: 9747: 9743: 9424: 9376: 9216: 9181: 9101: 9005: 8957: 8834: 8603: 8576: 8496: 8480: 8456: 8432: 8400: 8270: 8238: 8214: 8206: 8186: 8134: 8094: 8078: 8062: 7873: 7857: 7761: 7713: 7617: 7575: 7495: 7378: 7282: 7149: 7133: 7125: 7109: 7093: 7053: 6898: 6882: 6786: 6397: 6365: 6349: 6333: 6325: 6309: 6285: 6245: 6213: 6197: 6189: 6173: 6165: 6157: 6141: 6133: 6085: 6069: 6061: 6037: 6029: 6005: 5973: 5957: 5949: 5941: 5909: 5893: 5845: 5821: 5797: 5781: 5725: 5685: 5653: 5573: 5549: 5533: 5485: 5469: 5453: 5445: 5429: 5397: 5381: 5365: 5349: 5333: 5301: 5277: 5261: 5237: 5221: 5205: 5197: 5181: 5173: 5157: 5129: 5121: 5097: 5081: 5065: 5049: 5041: 5025: 5009: 4990: 4974: 4886: 4830: 4814: 4798: 4782: 4766: 4684: 4668: 4601: 4585: 4553: 4537: 4493: 4381: 4365: 4242: 4226: 4218: 4210: 4122: 4106: 4066: 4034: 4018: 3986: 3970: 3890: 3853: 3845: 3829: 3805: 3789: 3591: 2256:Colorized engraving of Frederick in a 1783:, sponsored the candidacy of his ally 1284:, outside of the Empire bordering the 1268:in the west of the Holy Roman Empire; 1082:. Frederick himself proposed marrying 788:and was baptised with the single name 621:from 1740 until 1786. He was the last 16395: 16229: 15673: 14695: 14476: 14438: 14230:Works by or about Frederick the Great 13827:from the original on 8 November 2020. 13812: 13808:from the original on 9 December 2022. 13773: 13662:Das Gupta, Oliver (24 January 2013). 13597: 13465:The American Journal of Legal History 13360: 13294: 13265: 13236: 13196: 13125: 13077: 12956: 12797: 12514: 12456: 12427: 12365: 12337:Stollberg-Rillinger, Barbara (2018). 12307: 12259:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 12247: 12093: 12035: 11908:. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons. 11606:Frederick the Great on the Art of War 11488: 11460:Lifschitz, Avi (2021). Introduction. 11405:"The Conflict between Father and Son" 11334: 11154:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11046: 10933: 10784: 10554: 10522: 10423: 10329: 9864: 9843: 9723: 9640: 9576: 9544: 9512: 9468: 9440: 9328: 9149: 9133: 9117: 9085: 9037: 9021: 8973: 8842: 8719: 8675: 8651: 8552: 8318: 8154: 8142: 7841: 7793: 7669: 7547: 7463: 7431: 7357: 7306: 7258: 6981: 6946: 6914: 6850: 6834: 6818: 6738: 6706: 6674: 6621: 6605: 6557: 6501: 6485: 6381: 6341: 6269: 6109: 5981: 5925: 5741: 5677: 5637: 5605: 5589: 5517: 5405: 5373: 5317: 5285: 5245: 5145: 4958: 4942: 4926: 4910: 4902: 4878: 4870: 4722: 4649: 4525: 4258: 3757: 2868:The Works of a Sans-Souci Philosopher 2727: 2234:goal was to remove the Poles through 13462: 12122: 11370: 11210: 10857:. Vol. I. London: John Murray. 10676:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 10529:Frederick the Great: A Military Life 10193:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 10021: 9069: 9053: 8770: 7412: 7322: 6421: 3658:De la Superstition et de la Religion 3199:Much of the structure of the modern 3030:(leaning forward in a purple coat), 2590:), Barruel described an influential 2341:In his earliest published work, the 657:, and his patronage of the arts and 14175:de Valori, Guy Louis Henri (1820). 13831: 13698:Gaffney, Thomas L. (15 June 2020). 12727: 12557: 12403:The Oxford History of Modern Europe 12399:"Military Modernization, 1789-1918" 12285:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. 11602:Luvaas, Jay (1999) . Introduction. 9691: 9674: 9663:Sicherheit Europas dargestellt hat. 9656: 7809: 3509:Preuss, J. D. E., ed. (1846–1857). 2815:and seven arias. Additionally, the 2757:accompanies him on a fortepiano by 2422:Around 1751, Frederick founded the 2023:Miracle of the House of Brandenburg 1868: 1854:soundly defeated the Saxons at the 24: 16607:People of the Age of Enlightenment 16200: 16185: 16173: 16150: 16138: 16119: 16091: 15946:Prince Friedrich Heinrich Albrecht 14282:History of Frederick II of Prussia 14262:Free scores by Frederick the Great 14210:. New York: Harper & Brothers. 13961: 13945:"In Our Time: Frederick the Great" 13922:. pp. 104–107. Archived from 13707:Colorado Council of Kadosh Oration 13664:"Der "Alte Fritz"— ein Tierfreund" 13448:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1934.tb01802.x 13346:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1956.tb02169.x 12931:Proceedings of the British Academy 11927:. New York: Macmillan Publishers. 11641:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 10772:. New York: Frederick a. Praeger. 10252:. London, UK: Pelican Publishing. 10133:. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J.Brill. 9999:. New York: Ticknor & Fields. 9976:from the original on 3 March 2021. 3559:Musical works: Frederick the Great 3133:skills, especially his use of the 3101: 1171:Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué 829:George Louis of Brunswick-Lüneburg 25: 16748: 14223: 13889: 13864:(in German). 2012. Archived from 13858:"Der preußische "Kartoffelkönig"" 12672:The American Mathematical Monthly 12522:A New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry 12255:The Making of Frederick the Great 11830:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 11573:Lukowski, Jerzy Tadeusz (2013) . 11279:. Rochester, N.Y.: Camden House. 11271:; Simpson, Patricia Anne (2011). 11245:A Brief Outline of Polish History 11114:Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta (1995). 10680:. New York: Fromm International. 8388: 3603:According to the French diplomat 2990:Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff 2152:after the First Partition in 1772 2073:idealized portraits of Frederick. 1954:and another Austrian army at the 1072:Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 967:, and the Prussian ambassador in 27:King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 16592:18th-century German LGBTQ people 16582:18th-century classical composers 16307: 16217:Forfeit rights to the succession 16210: 16124: 16077: 16045: 15653: 15652: 14293:Voltaire and Frederick the Great 14213: 14188: 14143: 14119: 14074: 14052: 14030: 14010: 13985: 13813:Jones, Tamara (18 August 1991). 13716:from the original on 16 May 2021 12547: 12506: 12167:New York: Ticknor & Fields. 12144: 11993: 11938: 11904:Frederick the Great: A Biography 11841: 11812: 11535: 11495:. London: MacMillan. p. 8. 11422: 11409:The Youth of Frederick the Great 11362: 11326: 11259: 11242:Konopczyński, Władysław (1919). 10980: 10963:Hodgetts, E. A. Brayley (1914). 10894: 10868: 10424:Craig, Gordon Alexander (1978). 10060: 9979: 9685: 9668: 3701: 3691: 3678: 3668: 3649: 3616: 3308:Portraits of Frederick the Great 2930:Königliche Deutsche Gesellschaft 2453:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 1616: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1556: 1544: 1532: 1515: 1503: 1486: 1474: 1462: 1450: 1438: 1426: 1414: 1402: 1385: 1373: 1361: 1349: 1330: 1323: 1316: 896:Sexuality of Frederick the Great 475: 278: 254: 32:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 16662:German male classical composers 13641:"A Prussian King and His Money" 13539:Storring, Adam Lindsay (2017). 13492:Walthall, Charles (Fall 1986). 13099:Oleskiewicz, Mary (Fall 2012). 12879:Journal of the History of Ideas 12401:. In Blanning, T. C. W. (ed.). 12193:The Wars of Frederick the Great 11664:Melton, James Van Horn (2001). 11146:; Bourne, Joyce, eds. (2006) . 10880:The Balance of Power, 1715–1789 10104:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 3597: 3396: 1846:. Frederick then turned toward 1153:; he noted the weakness of the 982: 889: 188: 16717:Prince-electors of Brandenburg 16642:German critics of Christianity 14112:. London: J. Nourse. pp. 14007:London: Constable and Company. 14003:. Vol. II. Translated by 13982:London: Constable and Company. 13932: 13648:Deutsche Bundesbank Eurosystem 12837:The American Historical Review 12734:The American Historical Review 12684:10.1080/00029890.1927.11986664 12431:The Seven Years' War in Europe 12374:. Herndon, VA: Potomac Books. 12133:. London: Wilson & Milne. 11972:Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin 11799:The Age of Frederick the Great 11766:. New York: Harper Perennial. 11544:Lowenstein, Steven M. (1994). 11150:The Oxford Dictionary of Music 10824:Frederick the Great. A Profile 10740:. New York: Harper Perennial. 10709:. Cambridge University Press. 10498:Frederick the Great. A Profile 10367:Homosexuality and Civilization 9961:. Madrid: Ediciones Alamanda. 3622:In the second printing of the 3333:History of Frederick the Great 3246:, whom he referred to as his " 3007:Science and the Berlin Academy 2951:Architecture and the fine arts 2738:The Flute Concert of Sanssouci 2501:, and has been described as a 2410:, was also minted to oust the 2266:War of the Bavarian Succession 2248:War of the Bavarian Succession 2242:War of the Bavarian Succession 2150:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1899:in which Habsburg Austria and 1826:in August 1744, beginning the 1705:War of the Austrian Succession 1662:War of the Austrian Succession 1286:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1200: 922:Peter Karl Christoph von Keith 694:Frederick William I of Prussia 643:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 536:Louisa Ulrika, Queen of Sweden 304:War of the Austrian Succession 235:Frederick William I of Prussia 13: 1: 16597:18th-century kings of Prussia 16587:18th-century German composers 14159:. In Macartney, C. A. (ed.). 14136:. London: J. Nourse. p. 14087:. In Snyder, Louis L. (ed.). 13978:. Vol. I. Translated by 13598:Baron, Clémentine V. (2015). 13268:The English Historical Review 13239:The English Historical Review 13043:Journal of Management History 12883:Encyclopedia of Enlightenment 12857:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t4dn4jz77 12573:History of the Human Sciences 12308:Stern, Fritz Richard (1977). 12219:Showalter, Dennis E. (2012). 12190:Showalter, Dennis E. (1996). 12153:Showalter, Dennis E. (1986). 11437:. Brandeis University Press. 11097:The First Partition of Poland 11082:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality 9804:Langhof & Güldenberg 2020 9796:Langhof & Güldenberg 2019 3684:George Keith and his brother 3586: 3374:Frederick's equestrian statue 2992:. This style became known as 2005: 1808:Attack of Prussian Infantry, 1735: 1243:, who asserted in 1786 that " 1139:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 771: 708:Frederick was a supporter of 16212: 16126: 16079: 16047: 14696: 14582:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 14239:Works by Frederick the Great 13524:Smeall, Cheryl Lynn (2010). 12699:Carruth, William H. (1899). 11693:Middleton, Richard (1985) . 11080:. In Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.). 10370:. Harvard University Press. 10046:The Antichristian Conspiracy 10022:Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). 9952:Aramayo, Roberto R. (2019). 9708:Elkins & Hofmeister 1988 9503:, pp. 398–400, 414–415. 3713: 3517:Works of Frederick the Great 3055:Prussian Academy of Sciences 2959:South, or garden façade and 2711:Frederick founded the first 2321:Administrative modernisation 2203:Stanisław August Poniatowski 2078:The sudden death of Empress 1143:War of the Polish Succession 997:Electorate of the Palatinate 778:Frederick William of Prussia 649:, his reorganisation of the 509:Princess Charlotte Albertine 91:31 May 1740 – 17 August 1786 7: 16707:People of the Silesian Wars 16602:18th-century male musicians 16577:18th-century art collectors 14551: 14130:"Superstition and Religion" 13898:(in French). Archived from 13840:(in German). Archived from 13736:(in German). Archived from 13670:(in German). Archived from 13606:(in French). Archived from 13577:(in German). Archived from 12428:Szabo, Franz. A.J. (2008). 12065:Schweizer, Karl W. (1989). 11850:Redman, Herbert J. (2014). 11789:Philippson, Martin (1905). 11550:. Oxford University Press. 11518:Longman, Frederick (1899). 11093:Kaplan, Herbert H. (1962). 10826:. New York: Hill and Wang. 10816:Gundolf, Friedrich (1972). 10500:. New York: Hill and Wang. 10493:"Frederick and the Academy" 10464:. Oxford University Press. 10190:Blanning, T. C. W. (2016). 10072:Companion to Historiography 9929:. New York: Vintage Books. 9894:Alford, Kenneth D. (2000). 7592:St. Hedwig's Cathedral 2019 3574: 3512:Œuvres de Frédéric Le Grand 3497:. London: J. Nourse. 1758 . 3428:The History of My Own Times 3096:Julien Offray de La Mettrie 2606:Environment and agriculture 2481: 2315: 1929:Frederick the Great at the 37:For the board wargame, see 10: 16753: 16637:German classical flautists 16632:German classical composers 16075:Prince Alexander Ferdinand 16017:Prince Friedrich Sigismund 14477: 14296:by Lytton Strachey at the 14027:. (Anonymous translation). 13790:Krysmanski, Bernd (2022). 13615:Citino, Robert M. (2010). 13419:10.1177/007327539002800401 13114:(1): 18–26. Archived from 12965:Harvard Theological Review 12918:Klippel, Diethelm (1999). 12585:10.1177/095269518900200203 12281:. In Snyder, Louis (ed.). 11735:. New York: E. P. Dutton. 11579:. Routledge. p. 176. 11076:Johansson, Warren (2016). 11047:Kakel, Carroll P. (2013). 10764:Goerlitz, Walter (1957) . 10275:Citino, Robert M. (2005). 10196:. New York: Random House. 10098:Berridge, Vanessa (2015). 10043:Barruel, Augustin (1799). 10025:"Elizabeth Petrovna" 9852: 9764:Krimmer & Simpson 2011 8323:paras. <4>–<5> 3686:James Francis Edward Keith 3305: 3162:War of Austrian Succession 3063:Pierre Louis de Maupertuis 2455:, Frederick took over his 2392:Cologne mark of silver to 2294:American Revolutionary War 2245: 2208:After Russia occupied the 2133: 2027:Friedrich August von Finck 1872: 1686:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 1665: 893: 782:Sophia Dorothea of Hanover 527:Prince Ludwig Karl Wilhelm 245:Sophia Dorothea of Hanover 36: 29: 16429: 16375: 16316: 16305: 16263: 16196: 16161: 16107: 16035: 15964: 15913: 15877: 15831: 15800: 15769: 15761:Prince Augustus Ferdinand 15738: 15722: 15707: 15639: 15593: 15495: 15452: 15431: 15378: 15347: 15331: 15278: 15212: 15164: 15128: 15095: 15014: 14973: 14817: 14706: 14702: 14691: 14596:Methodological skepticism 14487: 14483: 14472: 14422: 14414: 14403: 14399:First partition of Poland 14392: 14382: 14369: 14354: 14345: 14337: 14332: 14305: 13685:Christian Science Monitor 13569:Alings, Reinhard (2022). 13561: 13309:10.1017/S0018246X11000069 13280:10.1093/ehr/XXIX.CXIV.257 13251:10.1093/ehr/XXIX.CXIII.79 12977:10.1017/S0017816015000504 12812:10.1017/S0008938900018136 12775:10.1017/S0954586712000146 12609:ANU Historical Journal II 11822:Reddaway, William Fiddian 11633:MacDonogh, Giles (2000). 11431:Liberles, Robert (2012). 11315:. London: Henry G. Bohn. 11188:. New York: W W. Norton. 11184:Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis 10989:Hoffmann, Hilmar (1997). 10940:. Yale University Press. 10903:Henderson, W. O. (1963). 10849:Hamilton, Andrew (1880). 10822:. In Paret, Peter (ed.). 10732:Gaines, James R. (2006). 10703:Friedrich, Karin (2000). 10496:. In Paret, Peter (ed.). 10127:Billows, Richard (1995). 10069:Bentley, Michael (2002). 8055:Kennedy & Bourne 2006 3663:Superstition and Religion 3605:Louis Guy Henri de Valori 3402:Selected works in English 3302:Historiography and legacy 3278:relocated the remains to 2673:, destroyed the region's 2329:Portrait of Frederick by 2215:First Partition of Poland 2160:Portrait of Frederick by 2136:First Partition of Poland 2130:First Partition of Poland 2104:Anglo-Prussian Convention 2067:Portrait of Frederick by 1893:Convention of Westminster 1881:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1798:Austrian or Czech Silesia 1298:First Partition of Poland 1227:First Partition of Poland 734:Frederick William II 655:First Partition of Poland 556:Prince Augustus Ferdinand 454: 291: 271: 266: 262: 250: 240: 230: 218: 209: 202: 198: 170: 157: 140: 120: 116: 106: 96: 86: 68: 56: 51: 16697:LGBTQ military personnel 16682:German opera librettists 16617:Crown princes of Prussia 16027:Prince Friedrich Leopold 16022:Prince Frederick Charles 15956:Prince Friedrich Wilhelm 15941:Prince Friedrich Leopold 14085:"Frederick's Will, 1769" 13755:"From Prussia with love" 13679:Donoghue, Steve (2016). 13517:Dissertations and theses 13164:Pulver, Jeffrey (1912). 13055:10.1108/JMH-05-2019-0034 13011:10.1177/2397002219869903 12800:Central European History 12618:10.22459/ANUHJII.2019.11 11900:Reiners, Ludwig (1960). 11795:Wright, John Henry (tr.) 10877:Hassall, Arthur (1896). 10793:. London: Dorset Press. 10640:Ergang, Robert (2017) . 10364:Crompton, Louis (2003). 10249:Maverick Guide to Berlin 9857: 6998:Stollberg-Rillinger 2018 3158:Battle of Hohenfriedberg 2888:Prussian Academy of Arts 2699:Frederick's interest in 2630:German Historical Museum 2513:as teachers in Silesia, 2290:American revolutionaries 1852:Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau 1840:Battle of Hohenfriedberg 1703:(1740–1742, part of the 1303: 1084:Maria Theresa of Austria 794:Benjamin Ursinus von Bär 506:Prince Friedrich William 331:Battle of Hohenfriedberg 30:Not to be confused with 16677:German military writers 16423:Electors of Brandenburg 15751:Prince Augustus William 13873:Robinson, Matt (2021). 13832:Lau, Karlheinz (2012). 13775:"Category: Federick II" 13371:Friedrich300-Colloquien 13361:Terne, Claudia (2008). 13080:College Music Symposium 12937:: 43–59. Archived from 12763:Cambridge Opera Journal 12565:Aarsleff, Hans (1989). 12036:Schui, Florian (2013). 11921:Richard, Ernst (1913). 11758:Ozment, Steven (2005). 10969:. New York: Bretano's. 10934:Hertz, Deborah (2008). 10555:Earle, Rebecca (2020). 10393:Connelly, Owen (2002). 10246:Brunhouse, Jay (2006). 10035:Encyclopædia Britannica 9923:Anderson, Fred (2001). 3264:Potsdam Garrison Church 3084:Johann Heinrich Lambert 2882:, whom he appointed as 2818:Hohenfriedberger Marsch 2640:swamps and opening new 2441:Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky 2372:Johann Philipp Graumann 2210:Danubian Principalities 2162:Anna Dorothea Therbusch 1861:Under the terms of the 1690:Emperor Charles VI 1680:dynasty had reigned as 831:, had succeeded to the 541:Prince Augustus William 16379:Elector of Brandenburg 16169:Prince Georg Friedrich 16055:Prince Louis Ferdinand 15977:Prince Eitel Friedrich 15787:Prince Louis Ferdinand 14646: 14580: 14546:Enlightened absolutism 14537: 14372:Elector of Brandenburg 14257:(in German and French) 13781:. 2018. Archived from 13650:. 2013. Archived from 13297:The Historical Journal 12957:Kloes, Andrew (2016). 12655:10.1093/ml/XXVIII.1.63 12600:Ashton, Bodie (2019). 12397:Strachan, Hew (2000). 12094:Scott, Hamish (2001). 12071:. Edwin Mellen Press. 11053:. New York: Springer. 11018:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 10785:Gooch, G. P. (1990) . 10582:Egremont, Max (2011). 10307:(1888). Introduction. 9695: 9679: 9661: 8327: 8002: 7610:Bonney & Trim 2006 7596: 7214: 4709: 3657: 3638: 3628: 3609: 3323: 3319:Wochenspruch der NSDAP 3291: 3248:marquises de Pompadour 3235: 3229: 3220:Grave of Frederick at 3193: 3125: 3050: 2982:Schloss Charlottenburg 2969: 2939: 2929: 2762: 2646: 2633: 2580: 2549:Gerson von Bleichröder 2545: 2534: 2494: 2491:St. Hedwig's Cathedral 2459:factory, now known as 2347: 2338: 2335:Schloss Charlottenburg 2306: 2302:Catherine II of Russia 2261: 2195: 2169: 2153: 2092:Treaty of Hubertusburg 2075: 2012: 1939: 1818: 1746: 1245: 1230: 1210: 1176:Studying the works of 1122: 1103:and apartments at the 1080:Prince Eugene of Savoy 1076:Empress Anna of Russia 1067: 989:Hans Hermann von Katte 913: 710:enlightened absolutism 686: 672: 614: 498:Prince Frederick Louis 78:Elector of Brandenburg 16687:House of Hohenzollern 16622:German art collectors 16541:Frederick William III 16347:Frederick William III 16070:Prince Wilhelm Viktor 15987:Prince August Wilhelm 15951:Prince Joachim Albert 15890:Prince Friedrich Karl 15808:Frederick William III 14512:Counter-Enlightenment 14425:Prince of East Frisia 14312:House of Hohenzollern 14285:by Thomas Carlyle at 14154:"Political Testament" 13769:on 19 September 2015. 13501:The Flutist Quarterly 13392:on 12 September 2021. 13149:10.1353/hsp.2012.0011 13137:Historically Speaking 13108:The Flutist Quarterly 12895:10.1353/jhi.2006.0025 12457:Teter, Magda (2005). 12366:Stone, David (2006). 11303:Kugler, Franz Theodor 9865:Adler, Simon (2020). 3315: 3219: 3212:Later years and death 3188: 3109: 3080:Joseph-Louis Lagrange 3014: 2958: 2823:Johann Joachim Quantz 2779:Johann Sebastian Bach 2735: 2613: 2540: 2489: 2328: 2255: 2159: 2147: 2066: 1995: 1927: 1897:Diplomatic Revolution 1856:Battle of Kesselsdorf 1806: 1781:League of Nymphenburg 1773:Electorate of Bavaria 1729: 1310:The major battles of 1221:, his inheritance of 1216: 1208: 1117: 1105:Berliner Stadtschloss 1050: 903: 675:) and was nicknamed " 631:, declaring himself 469:House of Hohenzollern 435:Battle of Burkersdorf 341:Battle of Hennersdorf 16722:Princes of Neuchâtel 16536:Frederick William II 16352:Frederick William IV 16342:Frederick William II 16146:Prince Franz Wilhelm 15972:Crown Prince Wilhelm 15839:Frederick William IV 15777:Frederick William II 14466:Age of Enlightenment 14386:Frederick William II 14307:Frederick the Great 13902:on 10 November 2013. 13885:on 11 December 2023. 13674:on 21 December 2020. 13555:on 12 November 2020. 13510:on 27 February 2021. 13340:(141–143): 100–112. 12516:Waite, Arthur Edward 12124:Shaw, William Arthur 11976:"Frederic the Great" 11883:On Playing the Flute 11492:Magnificent Monarchs 11371:Ladd, Brian (2018). 11215:A History of Prussia 11211:Koch, H. W. (1978). 7998:The Potato King 2012 3226:German reunification 3201:German General Staff 3067:Étienne de Condillac 3024:Alte Nationalgalerie 3001:Jean-Antoine Watteau 2974:State Library Berlin 2791:, and composing 121 2784:The Musical Offering 2759:Gottfried Silbermann 2747:Alte Nationalgalerie 2578:. In his 1797 book, 2270:Austrian Netherlands 2166:Palace of Versailles 2116:Veitel Heine Ephraim 2071:(1870). One of many 2018:Battle of Kunersdorf 1891:with Britain at the 951:, Field Marshal von 929:arrange the marriage 440:Siege of Schweidnitz 415:Battle of Kunersdorf 153:, Kingdom of Prussia 136:, Kingdom of Prussia 111:Frederick William II 16737:Writers from Berlin 16562:Frederick the Great 16526:Frederick William I 16332:Frederick William I 16257:Monarchs of Prussia 16207:Weimar Constitution 16087:Prince Wilhelm-Karl 15730:Frederick William I 15472:Feijóo y Montenegro 15423:Vorontsova-Dashkova 14376:Prince of Neuchâtel 14362:as King of Prussia 14341:Frederick William I 14254:University of Trier 14089:Frederick the Great 13908:Sontheimer, Michael 13785:on 3 February 2022. 13668:Süddeutsche Zeitung 13610:on 2 December 2020. 13411:1990HisSc..28..333T 12924:and in the Vormärz" 12732:by Francis Hanus". 12643:Music & Letters 12283:Frederick the Great 12009:Frederick the Great 11731:Frederick the Great 11489:Locke, Ian (1999). 8948:, pp. 333–364. 8936:, pp. 193–206. 7672:, pp. 102–108. 7550:, pp. 371–399. 6536:, pp. 100–112. 3626:, Voltaire changed 3592:Informational notes 3092:Francesco Algarotti 3071:Republic of Letters 2978:Humboldt University 2909:Louis XIV of France 2771:Carl Heinrich Graun 2693:(the Potato King). 2647:Peuplierungspolitik 2615:The King Everywhere 2569:double-headed eagle 2535:Testament politique 2353:Political Testament 2348:Testament politique 2278:Peace of Westphalia 2097:Catherine the Great 2080:Elizabeth of Russia 1998:Battle of Hochkirch 1987:Battle of Hochkirch 1835:Francis of Lorraine 1828:Second Silesian War 1790:Battle of Chotusitz 1682:Holy Roman Emperors 1672:Second Silesian War 1645:Second Silesian War 1312:Frederick the Great 1178:Niccolò Machiavelli 1088:Elisabeth Christine 841:Königs Wusterhausen 825:Brandenburg-Prussia 673:Friedrich der Große 663:Frederick the Great 485:Frederick William I 410:Battle of Hochkirch 326:Second Silesian War 319:Battle of Chotusitz 101:Frederick William I 52:Frederick the Great 40:Frederick the Great 16318:Kingdom of Prussia 15701:Princes of Prussia 14611:Natural philosophy 13941:Blanning, T. C. W. 13879:Berlin Experiences 13868:on 2 January 2021. 13801:. pp. 24–30. 13760:The New York Times 13734:Sankt Hedwig Mitte 13399:History of Science 12492:History of Prussia 11269:Krimmer, Elisabeth 10995:. Berghahn Books. 10646:. Borodino Books. 10524:Duffy, Christopher 10428:Germany, 1866–1945 10331:Clark, Christopher 8692:Frederick II 1750a 7658:Frederick II 1750b 7227:Frederick II 1740c 7206:Frederick II 1740b 7182:Frederick II 1740a 3629:premier domestique 3535:] (in German). 3519:] (in French). 3390:servant leadership 3324: 3322:on 24 August 1941. 3276:United States Army 3270:, German dictator 3266:. Near the end of 3244:Italian greyhounds 3230: 3166:Battle of Rossbach 3164:in June 1745; the 3146:Napoleon Bonaparte 3126: 3051: 2994:Frederician Rococo 2970: 2892:Berlin State Opera 2763: 2728:Arts and education 2691:Der Kartoffelkönig 2634: 2619:Robert Warthmüller 2495: 2361:Samuel von Cocceji 2339: 2262: 2170: 2154: 2140:Prussian Partition 2076: 2069:Wilhelm Camphausen 2038:Battle of Liegnitz 2021:later called the " 2013: 1983:Battle of Zorndorf 1952:Battle of Rossbach 1940: 1931:Battle of Zorndorf 1918:Battle of Lobositz 1906:Third Silesian War 1875:Third Silesian War 1819: 1785:Charles of Bavaria 1752:Battle of Mollwitz 1747: 1701:First Silesian War 1668:First Silesian War 1654:Third Silesian War 1636:First Silesian War 1231: 1211: 1163:Schloss Rheinsberg 1123: 1101:Schönhausen Palace 1068: 1053:Schloss Salzdahlum 914: 814:Madame de Montbail 425:Battle of Liegnitz 405:Battle of Zorndorf 385:Battle of Rossbach 365:Battle of Lobositz 355:Third Silesian War 314:Battle of Mollwitz 309:First Silesian War 73:King in/of Prussia 16657:German landowners 16652:German Freemasons 16549: 16548: 16516:Frederick William 16501:Joachim Frederick 16491:Joachim II Hector 16389: 16388: 16294:Frederick William 16223: 16222: 16099:Prince Karl Franz 15667: 15666: 15635: 15634: 15631: 15630: 14687: 14686: 14683: 14682: 14660:Scientific method 14517:Critical thinking 14433: 14432: 14383:Succeeded by 14365: 14287:Project Gutenberg 14243:Project Gutenberg 13844:on 17 August 2021 13821:Los Angeles Times 13693:on 15 March 2017. 13534:on 29 April 2021. 13170:The Musical Times 12723:on 20 March 2020. 12533:978-0-517-19148-4 12470:978-0-521-85673-7 12441:978-0-582-29272-7 12412:978-0-19-285371-4 12381:978-1-84486-036-4 12350:978-0-691-17911-7 12321:978-0-394-49545-3 12292:978-0-13-330605-7 12232:978-1-78303-479-6 12203:978-0-582-06259-7 12174:978-0-89919-352-6 12165:Asprey, Robert B. 12107:978-0-521-79269-1 12078:978-0-88946-465-0 12049:978-0-19-959396-5 12003:Schieder, Theodor 11863:978-0-7864-7669-5 11773:978-0-06-093483-5 11708:978-0-521-26546-1 11677:978-0-521-46969-2 11586:978-1-136-10364-3 11557:978-0-19-535942-8 11524:. F. W. Longman. 11502:978-0-330-37496-5 11444:978-1-61168-246-5 11384:978-0-226-55872-1 11286:978-1-282-99415-7 11226:978-0-88029-158-3 11161:978-0-19-861459-3 11127:978-0-226-42729-4 11060:978-1-137-39169-8 11031:978-0-691-00796-0 11002:978-1-57181-122-6 10947:978-0-300-15003-2 10918:978-0-415-38203-8 10747:978-0-00-715658-0 10716:978-0-521-58335-0 10687:978-0-88064-261-3 10653:978-1-78720-424-9 10624:978-1-135-83505-7 10595:978-0-374-53356-4 10566:978-1-108-48406-0 10539:978-0-7100-9649-4 10471:978-0-19-820171-7 10461:Europe: A History 10439:978-0-19-822113-5 10377:978-0-674-03006-0 10348:978-0-674-02385-7 10288:978-0-7006-1624-4 10259:978-1-58980-301-5 10230:978-3-03910-570-0 10203:978-1-4000-6812-8 10174:978-0-393-06212-0 10157:Blackbourn, David 10140:978-90-04-10177-7 10111:978-1-4456-4336-6 10082:978-0-203-99145-9 10006:978-0-89919-352-6 9989:Asprey, Robert B. 9936:978-0-375-70636-3 9907:978-0-306-82090-8 9900:. Da Capo Press. 9878:978-3-030-31006-6 9846:, pp. 29–33. 9806:, pp. 32–68. 9453:Frederick II 1769 7243:Sainte-Beuve 1877 7194:Frederick II 1752 6966:Konopczyński 1919 6803:Konopczyński 1919 6755:Konopczyński 1919 4097:, pp. 24–30. 3639:premier Magistrat 3581:André Noël (chef) 3542:Editions of music 3284:Burg Hohenzollern 3170:Battle of Leuthen 3048:Marquis d'Argens. 2935:Königsberg Castle 2922:Thirty Years' War 2884:Royal Chamberlain 2857:Il tempio d'Amore 2777:. A meeting with 2713:veterinary school 2652:improves the soil 2596:French Revolution 2592:conspiracy theory 2553:Otto von Bismarck 2499:religious sceptic 2469:indirect taxation 2365:Prussian Law Code 1956:Battle of Leuthen 1863:Treaty of Dresden 1794:Treaty of Breslau 1713:Augustus III 1278:Farther Pomerania 1119:Rheinsberg Palace 1096:Kronprinzenpalais 1017:Holy Roman Empire 762:World War II 659:the Enlightenment 599: 598: 458: 457: 390:Battle of Leuthen 214: 213: 16:(Redirected from 16744: 16486:Joachim I Nestor 16416: 16409: 16402: 16393: 16392: 16311: 16279:Albert Frederick 16265:Duchy of Prussia 16250: 16243: 16236: 16227: 16226: 16216: 16204: 16189: 16177: 16154: 16142: 16130: 16123: 16095: 16083: 16065:Prince Frederick 16051: 16007:Prince Sigismund 15931:Prince Sigismund 15900:Prince Alexander 15859:Prince Frederick 15694: 15687: 15680: 15671: 15670: 15656: 15655: 14704: 14703: 14693: 14692: 14651: 14585: 14556: 14542: 14485: 14484: 14474: 14473: 14459: 14452: 14445: 14436: 14435: 14415:Preceded by 14359: 14338:Preceded by 14328: 14321: 14303: 14302: 14298:Internet Archive 14258: 14234:Internet Archive 14218: 14217: 14211: 14206:. Translated by 14193: 14192: 14186: 14171: 14169: 14158: 14148: 14147: 14141: 14124: 14123: 14117: 14100: 14079: 14078: 14072: 14057: 14056: 14050: 14035: 14034: 14028: 14015: 14014: 14008: 13990: 13989: 13983: 13956: 13927: 13926:on 12 July 2018. 13903: 13892:"Boyer D'argens" 13886: 13881:. Archived from 13869: 13853: 13851: 13849: 13828: 13818: 13809: 13807: 13796: 13786: 13770: 13768: 13763:. Archived from 13749: 13747: 13745: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13715: 13704: 13694: 13692: 13687:. Archived from 13675: 13658: 13657:on 5 April 2021. 13656: 13645: 13636: 13634: 13632: 13623:. Archived from 13611: 13594: 13582: 13581:on 29 June 2022. 13556: 13554: 13547: 13535: 13511: 13509: 13498: 13488: 13459: 13430: 13393: 13391: 13385:. Archived from 13368: 13357: 13328: 13291: 13274:(114): 257–275. 13262: 13233: 13198:Ropes, Arthur R. 13193: 13176:(835): 599–601. 13160: 13134: 13122: 13120: 13105: 13095: 13074: 13040: 13031: 13013: 12988: 12962: 12953: 12951: 12949: 12943: 12928: 12914: 12875:Israel, Jonathan 12870: 12868: 12831: 12794: 12757: 12724: 12719:. Archived from 12695: 12666: 12637: 12636:on 16 July 2020. 12635: 12629:. Archived from 12620: 12606: 12596: 12570: 12558:Journal articles 12552: 12551: 12545: 12525: 12511: 12510: 12504: 12482: 12453: 12424: 12393: 12373: 12362: 12333: 12304: 12280: 12268: 12258: 12244: 12215: 12186: 12158: 12149: 12148: 12142: 12119: 12090: 12061: 12032: 12012: 11998: 11997: 11991: 11967: 11957: 11943: 11942: 11936: 11917: 11907: 11896: 11886: 11875: 11846: 11845: 11839: 11817: 11816: 11810: 11785: 11765: 11754: 11734: 11720: 11700: 11689: 11660: 11640: 11629: 11609: 11598: 11569: 11540: 11539: 11533: 11514: 11485: 11456: 11427: 11426: 11420: 11396: 11367: 11366: 11360: 11359:on 26 July 2020. 11358: 11352:. Archived from 11343: 11331: 11330: 11324: 11298: 11264: 11263: 11257: 11238: 11218: 11207: 11187: 11173: 11153: 11144:Kennedy, Michael 11139: 11110: 11100: 11089: 11072: 11043: 11014: 10985: 10984: 10978: 10959: 10930: 10910: 10899: 10898: 10892: 10873: 10872: 10866: 10845: 10821: 10812: 10792: 10781: 10771: 10759: 10739: 10728: 10699: 10679: 10665: 10636: 10607: 10578: 10551: 10519: 10495: 10488:Dilthey, Wilhelm 10483: 10451: 10431: 10420: 10400: 10389: 10360: 10340: 10326: 10300: 10271: 10242: 10215: 10186: 10166: 10152: 10123: 10094: 10065: 10064: 10058: 10039: 10027: 10018: 9998: 9984: 9983: 9977: 9975: 9960: 9948: 9919: 9890: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9825: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9793: 9787: 9777: 9771: 9761: 9755: 9741: 9735: 9721: 9715: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9654: 9648: 9638: 9632: 9622: 9616: 9606: 9600: 9590: 9584: 9574: 9568: 9558: 9552: 9542: 9536: 9526: 9520: 9510: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9482: 9476: 9466: 9460: 9450: 9444: 9438: 9432: 9422: 9416: 9406: 9400: 9390: 9384: 9374: 9368: 9358: 9352: 9342: 9336: 9326: 9320: 9310: 9304: 9294: 9288: 9278: 9272: 9262: 9256: 9246: 9240: 9230: 9224: 9214: 9205: 9195: 9189: 9179: 9173: 9163: 9157: 9147: 9141: 9131: 9125: 9115: 9109: 9099: 9093: 9083: 9077: 9067: 9061: 9051: 9045: 9035: 9029: 9019: 9013: 9003: 8997: 8987: 8981: 8971: 8965: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8922: 8912: 8906: 8892: 8886: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8832: 8826: 8816: 8810: 8800: 8794: 8784: 8778: 8768: 8762: 8752: 8743: 8733: 8727: 8717: 8711: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8673: 8667: 8649: 8643: 8633: 8627: 8617: 8611: 8601: 8592: 8574: 8568: 8550: 8544: 8534: 8528: 8518: 8512: 8494: 8488: 8478: 8472: 8454: 8448: 8430: 8424: 8414: 8408: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8370: 8364: 8354: 8348: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8316: 8310: 8300: 8294: 8291:Table 1, pp. 3–4 8284: 8278: 8268: 8262: 8255:Oleskiewicz 2012 8252: 8246: 8236: 8230: 8204: 8198: 8184: 8178: 8168: 8162: 8152: 8146: 8132: 8126: 8111:Oleskiewicz 2012 8108: 8102: 8092: 8086: 8076: 8070: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7995: 7989: 7979: 7973: 7963: 7957: 7947: 7941: 7931: 7925: 7915: 7909: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7871: 7865: 7855: 7849: 7839: 7833: 7823: 7817: 7807: 7801: 7791: 7785: 7775: 7769: 7759: 7753: 7743: 7737: 7727: 7721: 7711: 7705: 7695: 7689: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7639: 7633: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7589: 7583: 7573: 7567: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7525: 7519: 7509: 7503: 7493: 7487: 7477: 7471: 7461: 7455: 7445: 7439: 7429: 7420: 7410: 7401: 7395: 7386: 7376: 7365: 7355: 7346: 7336: 7330: 7320: 7314: 7304: 7298: 7280: 7274: 7256: 7250: 7240: 7234: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7163: 7157: 7147: 7141: 7123: 7117: 7091: 7085: 7067: 7061: 7043: 7037: 7027: 7021: 7011: 7005: 6995: 6989: 6979: 6973: 6963: 6954: 6944: 6938: 6928: 6922: 6912: 6906: 6896: 6890: 6880: 6874: 6864: 6858: 6848: 6842: 6832: 6826: 6816: 6810: 6800: 6794: 6784: 6778: 6768: 6762: 6752: 6746: 6736: 6730: 6720: 6714: 6704: 6698: 6688: 6682: 6672: 6661: 6651: 6645: 6635: 6629: 6619: 6613: 6603: 6597: 6587: 6581: 6571: 6565: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6515: 6509: 6499: 6493: 6483: 6477: 6467: 6461: 6451: 6445: 6435: 6429: 6419: 6413: 6395: 6389: 6363: 6357: 6323: 6317: 6307: 6301: 6283: 6277: 6267: 6261: 6243: 6237: 6211: 6205: 6187: 6181: 6155: 6149: 6131: 6125: 6107: 6101: 6083: 6077: 6059: 6053: 6027: 6021: 6003: 5997: 5971: 5965: 5939: 5933: 5923: 5917: 5907: 5901: 5891: 5885: 5867: 5861: 5843: 5837: 5819: 5813: 5795: 5789: 5771: 5765: 5755: 5749: 5739: 5733: 5723: 5717: 5699: 5693: 5675: 5669: 5651: 5645: 5635: 5629: 5603: 5597: 5587: 5581: 5563: 5557: 5547: 5541: 5531: 5525: 5515: 5509: 5499: 5493: 5483: 5477: 5467: 5461: 5443: 5437: 5427: 5421: 5395: 5389: 5363: 5357: 5347: 5341: 5331: 5325: 5315: 5309: 5299: 5293: 5275: 5269: 5259: 5253: 5235: 5229: 5219: 5213: 5195: 5189: 5171: 5165: 5143: 5137: 5119: 5113: 5095: 5089: 5079: 5073: 5063: 5057: 5039: 5033: 5023: 5017: 5007: 4998: 4988: 4982: 4972: 4966: 4956: 4950: 4940: 4934: 4924: 4918: 4900: 4894: 4868: 4862: 4844: 4838: 4828: 4822: 4812: 4806: 4796: 4790: 4780: 4774: 4764: 4758: 4748: 4742: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711:Staatshaushalts. 4698: 4692: 4682: 4676: 4666: 4657: 4647: 4641: 4631: 4625: 4615: 4609: 4599: 4593: 4583: 4577: 4567: 4561: 4551: 4545: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4507: 4501: 4491: 4485: 4475: 4469: 4451: 4445: 4435: 4429: 4419: 4413: 4403: 4397: 4379: 4373: 4363: 4357: 4347: 4341: 4331: 4322: 4312: 4306: 4296: 4290: 4280: 4274: 4240: 4234: 4208: 4202: 4184: 4178: 4160: 4154: 4144: 4138: 4120: 4114: 4104: 4098: 4064: 4058: 4048: 4042: 4016: 4010: 4000: 3994: 3968: 3962: 3936: 3930: 3920: 3914: 3888: 3882: 3872: 3861: 3843: 3837: 3827: 3821: 3803: 3797: 3787: 3781: 3771: 3765: 3755: 3749: 3739: 3733: 3723: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3644:first magistrate 3641: 3631: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3601: 3570: 3536: 3520: 3498: 3488: 3478: 3475:Holcroft, Thomas 3464: 3461:Holcroft, Thomas 3450: 3447:Holcroft, Thomas 3436: 3433:Holcroft, Thomas 3422: 3378:Unter den Linden 3296: 3241: 3150:Fourth Coalition 3123: 3094:, d'Argens, and 3088:Johann Castillon 3032:Marquis d'Argens 2942: 2932: 2880:Marquis d'Argens 2876:philosopher-king 2813:military marches 2789:transverse flute 2701:land reclamation 2656:land lying waste 2649: 2627: 2583: 2576:Augustin Barruel 2537: 2523:Pope Clement XIV 2401: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2350: 2345:, and his later 2311: 2200: 2088:Holstein-Gottorp 2046:Battle of Torgau 2033:on 20 November. 2010: 2007: 1979:siege to Olomouc 1944:Battle of Prague 1910:Seven Years' War 1869:Seven Years' War 1743:Gripsholm Castle 1740: 1737: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1626: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1565: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1370: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1320: 1288:. He was titled 1282:Duchy of Prussia 1274:Hither Pomerania 1248: 1065: 874:in spite of the 806:Augustus William 798:Frederick I 750:World War I 684: 670: 609: 591: 584: 577: 479: 463:Prussian Royalty 460: 459: 430:Battle of Torgau 420:Siege of Dresden 400:Siege of Olomouc 395:Siege of Breslau 370:Battle of Prague 350:Seven Years' War 284: 282: 281: 273: 258: 200: 199: 192: 190: 147: 130: 128: 92: 61: 49: 48: 21: 16752: 16751: 16747: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16742: 16741: 16732:Royal reburials 16552: 16551: 16550: 16545: 16425: 16420: 16390: 16385: 16371: 16312: 16303: 16259: 16254: 16224: 16219: 16218: 16209: 16192: 16162:11th generation 16157: 16108:10th generation 16103: 16060:Prince Hubertus 16031: 16002:Prince Waldemar 15982:Prince Adalbert 15960: 15936:Prince Waldemar 15909: 15873: 15869:Prince Waldemar 15864:Prince Adalbert 15827: 15796: 15792:Prince Augustus 15765: 15734: 15718: 15715:King in Prussia 15703: 15698: 15668: 15663: 15662: 15649: 15627: 15589: 15491: 15448: 15427: 15374: 15343: 15339:Carvalho e Melo 15327: 15274: 15208: 15160: 15124: 15091: 15010: 14969: 14813: 14698: 14679: 14665:Spanish America 14539:Encyclopédistes 14502:Civil liberties 14479: 14468: 14463: 14428: 14420: 14409: 14406:King of Prussia 14401: 14396: 14388: 14379: 14374: 14358: 14351: 14348:King in Prussia 14343: 14322: 14320:24 January 1712 14316: 14315: 14308: 14276:Mutopia Project 14256: 14226: 14221: 14212: 14187: 14167: 14156: 14142: 14118: 14073: 14051: 14029: 14009: 13993: 13984: 13964: 13962:Primary sources 13959: 13935: 13930: 13847: 13845: 13805: 13794: 13743: 13741: 13740:on 19 July 2021 13719: 13717: 13713: 13702: 13654: 13643: 13630: 13628: 13627:on 30 July 2016 13564: 13559: 13552: 13545: 13519: 13514: 13507: 13496: 13442:(74): 115–123. 13389: 13366: 13214:10.2307/3678050 13121:on 14 May 2021. 13118: 13103: 12947: 12945: 12944:on 2 March 2021 12941: 12926: 12881:(Review of the 12849:10.2307/1833470 12746:10.2307/1843138 12711:(10): 580–598. 12633: 12604: 12560: 12555: 12546: 12534: 12505: 12487:Tuttle, Herbert 12471: 12442: 12413: 12382: 12351: 12322: 12293: 12233: 12204: 12175: 12143: 12108: 12079: 12050: 12021: 11992: 11948:Ritter, Gerhard 11937: 11864: 11840: 11811: 11774: 11743: 11709: 11678: 11649: 11618: 11587: 11558: 11534: 11503: 11474: 11445: 11421: 11401:Lavisse, Ernest 11385: 11361: 11356: 11341: 11325: 11287: 11258: 11227: 11196: 11162: 11128: 11061: 11032: 11003: 10979: 10948: 10919: 10893: 10867: 10834: 10801: 10748: 10717: 10688: 10654: 10625: 10596: 10567: 10540: 10508: 10472: 10440: 10409: 10378: 10349: 10289: 10260: 10231: 10204: 10175: 10141: 10112: 10083: 10059: 10007: 9978: 9973: 9958: 9937: 9908: 9879: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9826: 9822: 9814: 9810: 9794: 9790: 9778: 9774: 9762: 9758: 9742: 9738: 9722: 9718: 9706: 9702: 9690: 9686: 9673: 9669: 9655: 9651: 9639: 9635: 9623: 9619: 9607: 9603: 9591: 9587: 9575: 9571: 9559: 9555: 9543: 9539: 9527: 9523: 9511: 9507: 9499: 9495: 9483: 9479: 9467: 9463: 9451: 9447: 9439: 9435: 9423: 9419: 9407: 9403: 9391: 9387: 9375: 9371: 9359: 9355: 9343: 9339: 9327: 9323: 9311: 9307: 9295: 9291: 9279: 9275: 9263: 9259: 9247: 9243: 9231: 9227: 9215: 9208: 9196: 9192: 9180: 9176: 9164: 9160: 9148: 9144: 9132: 9128: 9116: 9112: 9100: 9096: 9084: 9080: 9068: 9064: 9052: 9048: 9036: 9032: 9020: 9016: 9004: 9000: 8988: 8984: 8972: 8968: 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8932: 8925: 8913: 8909: 8893: 8889: 8877: 8873: 8865: 8861: 8833: 8829: 8817: 8813: 8801: 8797: 8785: 8781: 8769: 8765: 8753: 8746: 8734: 8730: 8718: 8714: 8702: 8698: 8690: 8686: 8674: 8670: 8650: 8646: 8634: 8630: 8618: 8614: 8602: 8595: 8575: 8571: 8551: 8547: 8535: 8531: 8519: 8515: 8495: 8491: 8479: 8475: 8455: 8451: 8431: 8427: 8415: 8411: 8399: 8395: 8387: 8383: 8371: 8367: 8355: 8351: 8339: 8335: 8317: 8313: 8301: 8297: 8285: 8281: 8269: 8265: 8253: 8249: 8237: 8233: 8205: 8201: 8185: 8181: 8169: 8165: 8153: 8149: 8133: 8129: 8109: 8105: 8093: 8089: 8077: 8073: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8027:Blackbourn 2006 8025: 8021: 8013: 8009: 7996: 7992: 7982:Blackbourn 2006 7980: 7976: 7966:Blackbourn 2006 7964: 7960: 7950:Blackbourn 2006 7948: 7944: 7934:Blackbourn 2006 7932: 7928: 7918:Blackbourn 2006 7916: 7912: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7872: 7868: 7856: 7852: 7840: 7836: 7826:Philippson 1905 7824: 7820: 7808: 7804: 7792: 7788: 7776: 7772: 7760: 7756: 7744: 7740: 7728: 7724: 7712: 7708: 7696: 7692: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7640: 7636: 7608: 7604: 7590: 7586: 7574: 7570: 7558: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7510: 7506: 7494: 7490: 7478: 7474: 7462: 7458: 7446: 7442: 7430: 7423: 7411: 7404: 7398:Bundesbank 2013 7396: 7389: 7377: 7368: 7356: 7349: 7337: 7333: 7321: 7317: 7305: 7301: 7281: 7277: 7257: 7253: 7241: 7237: 7225: 7221: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7164: 7160: 7148: 7144: 7124: 7120: 7092: 7088: 7068: 7064: 7044: 7040: 7028: 7024: 7012: 7008: 6996: 6992: 6980: 6976: 6964: 6957: 6945: 6941: 6929: 6925: 6913: 6909: 6897: 6893: 6881: 6877: 6865: 6861: 6849: 6845: 6833: 6829: 6817: 6813: 6801: 6797: 6785: 6781: 6769: 6765: 6753: 6749: 6737: 6733: 6721: 6717: 6705: 6701: 6689: 6685: 6673: 6664: 6652: 6648: 6636: 6632: 6620: 6616: 6604: 6600: 6590:Lowenstein 1994 6588: 6584: 6572: 6568: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6516: 6512: 6500: 6496: 6484: 6480: 6468: 6464: 6452: 6448: 6436: 6432: 6420: 6416: 6396: 6392: 6364: 6360: 6324: 6320: 6308: 6304: 6284: 6280: 6268: 6264: 6244: 6240: 6212: 6208: 6188: 6184: 6156: 6152: 6132: 6128: 6108: 6104: 6084: 6080: 6060: 6056: 6028: 6024: 6004: 6000: 5972: 5968: 5940: 5936: 5924: 5920: 5908: 5904: 5892: 5888: 5868: 5864: 5844: 5840: 5820: 5816: 5796: 5792: 5772: 5768: 5756: 5752: 5740: 5736: 5724: 5720: 5700: 5696: 5676: 5672: 5652: 5648: 5636: 5632: 5604: 5600: 5588: 5584: 5564: 5560: 5548: 5544: 5532: 5528: 5516: 5512: 5500: 5496: 5484: 5480: 5468: 5464: 5444: 5440: 5428: 5424: 5396: 5392: 5364: 5360: 5348: 5344: 5332: 5328: 5316: 5312: 5300: 5296: 5276: 5272: 5260: 5256: 5236: 5232: 5220: 5216: 5196: 5192: 5172: 5168: 5144: 5140: 5120: 5116: 5096: 5092: 5080: 5076: 5064: 5060: 5040: 5036: 5024: 5020: 5008: 5001: 4989: 4985: 4973: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4941: 4937: 4925: 4921: 4901: 4897: 4869: 4865: 4845: 4841: 4829: 4825: 4813: 4809: 4797: 4793: 4781: 4777: 4765: 4761: 4749: 4745: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4701:Sontheimer 2016 4699: 4695: 4683: 4679: 4667: 4660: 4648: 4644: 4632: 4628: 4616: 4612: 4600: 4596: 4584: 4580: 4568: 4564: 4552: 4548: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4508: 4504: 4492: 4488: 4476: 4472: 4452: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4404: 4400: 4380: 4376: 4364: 4360: 4348: 4344: 4332: 4325: 4313: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4281: 4277: 4241: 4237: 4209: 4205: 4185: 4181: 4161: 4157: 4145: 4141: 4121: 4117: 4105: 4101: 4095:Krysmanski 2022 4065: 4061: 4051:Wilhelmine 1888 4049: 4045: 4017: 4013: 4001: 3997: 3969: 3965: 3937: 3933: 3921: 3917: 3889: 3885: 3873: 3864: 3844: 3840: 3828: 3824: 3804: 3800: 3788: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3756: 3752: 3740: 3736: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3654: 3650: 3621: 3617: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3577: 3549:Spitta, Philipp 3547: 3524: 3508: 3491: 3481: 3467: 3453: 3439: 3425: 3419: 3407: 3399: 3345:Joseph Goebbels 3310: 3304: 3214: 3196:when fighting. 3117: 3115:Hugo Ungewitter 3104: 3102:Military theory 3009: 2953: 2897:encyclopédistes 2730: 2671:natural habitat 2669:vast swaths of 2621: 2608: 2527:Ignacy Krasicki 2484: 2473:coffee sniffers 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2380:Prussian thaler 2376:mint facilities 2323: 2318: 2250: 2244: 2142: 2134:Main articles: 2132: 2029:capitulated at 2008: 1948:Battle of Kolín 1908:and the larger 1877: 1871: 1738: 1719:and Elector of 1674: 1666:Main articles: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1294:King of Prussia 1290:King in Prussia 1203: 1074:, the niece of 1059: 1045: 985: 898: 892: 774: 680: 666: 637:after annexing 634:King of Prussia 628:King in Prussia 625:monarch titled 605: 595: 450: 449: 448: 380:Siege of Prague 375:Battle of Kolín 298: 279: 277: 267:Military career 194: 191: 1733) 186: 182: 179: 166: 149: 145: 132: 131:24 January 1712 126: 124: 90: 82: 64: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16750: 16740: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16547: 16546: 16544: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16511:George William 16508: 16506:John Sigismund 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16457: 16452: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16430: 16427: 16426: 16419: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16396: 16387: 16386: 16383:German Emperor 16376: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16323: 16321: 16314: 16313: 16306: 16304: 16302: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16289:George William 16286: 16284:John Sigismund 16281: 16276: 16270: 16268: 16261: 16260: 16253: 16252: 16245: 16238: 16230: 16221: 16220: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16190: 16178: 16165: 16163: 16159: 16158: 16156: 16155: 16143: 16131: 16115:Prince Michael 16111: 16109: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16101: 16096: 16084: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16043:Prince Wilhelm 16039: 16037: 16036:9th generation 16033: 16032: 16030: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15997:Prince Joachim 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15968: 15966: 15965:8th generation 15962: 15961: 15959: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15917: 15915: 15914:7th generation 15911: 15910: 15908: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15881: 15879: 15878:6th generation 15875: 15874: 15872: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15849:Prince Charles 15846: 15841: 15835: 15833: 15832:5th generation 15829: 15828: 15826: 15825: 15823:Prince William 15820: 15815: 15810: 15804: 15802: 15801:4th generation 15798: 15797: 15795: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15773: 15771: 15770:3rd generation 15767: 15766: 15764: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15742: 15740: 15739:2nd generation 15736: 15735: 15733: 15732: 15726: 15724: 15723:1st generation 15720: 15719: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15697: 15696: 15689: 15682: 15674: 15665: 15664: 15661: 15660: 15642: 15641: 15640: 15637: 15636: 15633: 15632: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15599: 15597: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15501: 15499: 15493: 15492: 15490: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15458: 15456: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15446: 15441: 15435: 15433: 15429: 15428: 15426: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15384: 15382: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15351: 15349: 15345: 15344: 15342: 15341: 15335: 15333: 15329: 15328: 15326: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15284: 15282: 15276: 15275: 15273: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15216: 15214: 15210: 15209: 15207: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15170: 15168: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15132: 15130: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15101: 15099: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15018: 15016: 15012: 15011: 15009: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14977: 14975: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14821: 14819: 14815: 14814: 14812: 14811: 14809:Wollstonecraft 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14710: 14708: 14700: 14699: 14689: 14688: 14685: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14586: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14548: 14543: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14488: 14481: 14480: 14470: 14469: 14462: 14461: 14454: 14447: 14439: 14431: 14430: 14421: 14418:Charles Edzard 14416: 14412: 14411: 14402: 14397: 14390: 14389: 14384: 14381: 14367: 14366: 14353: 14344: 14339: 14335: 14334: 14333:Regnal titles 14330: 14329: 14327:17 August 1786 14309: 14306: 14301: 14300: 14289: 14278: 14269: 14259: 14245: 14236: 14225: 14224:External links 14222: 14220: 14219: 14194: 14172: 14149: 14125: 14101: 14080: 14058: 14036: 14016: 13995:de Catt, Henri 13991: 13970:de Catt, Henri 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13957: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13928: 13910:(March 2016). 13904: 13887: 13870: 13854: 13829: 13810: 13787: 13771: 13750: 13726: 13695: 13676: 13659: 13637: 13612: 13595: 13583: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13557: 13536: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13512: 13489: 13477:10.2307/844051 13471:(3): 226–240. 13460: 13438:. New Series. 13431: 13405:(4): 333–364. 13394: 13358: 13329: 13303:(2): 371–399. 13292: 13263: 13245:(113): 79–93. 13234: 13194: 13182:10.2307/907651 13161: 13123: 13096: 13086:(1): 117–125. 13075: 13049:(2): 137–164. 13032: 12989: 12971:(1): 102–128. 12954: 12915: 12889:(3): 523–545. 12871: 12843:(3): 460–478. 12832: 12806:(2): 115–128. 12795: 12758: 12740:(3): 527–528. 12725: 12705:The Open Court 12696: 12678:(3): 122–130. 12667: 12638: 12611:(1): 109–136. 12597: 12579:(2): 193–206. 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12553: 12532: 12512: 12483: 12469: 12454: 12440: 12425: 12411: 12394: 12380: 12363: 12349: 12334: 12320: 12305: 12291: 12278:"Introduction" 12269: 12245: 12231: 12216: 12202: 12187: 12173: 12150: 12120: 12106: 12091: 12077: 12062: 12048: 12033: 12019: 11999: 11968: 11944: 11918: 11897: 11876: 11862: 11847: 11818: 11786: 11772: 11755: 11741: 11725:Mitford, Nancy 11721: 11707: 11690: 11676: 11661: 11647: 11630: 11616: 11599: 11585: 11570: 11556: 11541: 11515: 11501: 11486: 11472: 11457: 11443: 11428: 11397: 11383: 11368: 11332: 11313:Menzel, Adolph 11299: 11285: 11273:"Introduction" 11265: 11239: 11225: 11208: 11194: 11174: 11160: 11140: 11126: 11111: 11090: 11073: 11059: 11044: 11030: 11015: 11001: 10986: 10960: 10946: 10931: 10917: 10900: 10874: 10846: 10832: 10813: 10799: 10782: 10761: 10746: 10729: 10715: 10700: 10686: 10666: 10652: 10637: 10623: 10608: 10594: 10579: 10565: 10552: 10538: 10520: 10506: 10484: 10470: 10456:Davies, Norman 10452: 10438: 10421: 10407: 10390: 10376: 10361: 10347: 10327: 10301: 10287: 10272: 10258: 10243: 10229: 10223:. Peter Lang. 10216: 10202: 10187: 10173: 10153: 10139: 10124: 10110: 10095: 10081: 10066: 10040: 10030:Chisholm, Hugh 10019: 10005: 9985: 9949: 9935: 9920: 9906: 9891: 9877: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9836: 9820: 9808: 9788: 9772: 9756: 9736: 9732:Heilbrunn 2012 9716: 9700: 9684: 9667: 9649: 9633: 9625:MacDonogh 2000 9617: 9601: 9585: 9569: 9553: 9537: 9521: 9505: 9493: 9477: 9461: 9445: 9433: 9417: 9409:MacDonogh 2000 9401: 9393:MacDonogh 2000 9385: 9369: 9353: 9337: 9321: 9305: 9289: 9273: 9257: 9241: 9233:Showalter 1996 9225: 9206: 9190: 9174: 9158: 9142: 9126: 9110: 9094: 9078: 9062: 9046: 9030: 9014: 8998: 8990:Showalter 1986 8982: 8966: 8950: 8938: 8923: 8907: 8887: 8879:MacDonogh 2000 8871: 8859: 8827: 8811: 8795: 8779: 8763: 8744: 8728: 8712: 8704:MacDonogh 2000 8696: 8684: 8668: 8660:MacDonogh 2000 8644: 8636:MacDonogh 2000 8628: 8612: 8593: 8569: 8561:MacDonogh 2000 8545: 8537:MacDonogh 2000 8529: 8513: 8489: 8473: 8449: 8425: 8409: 8393: 8381: 8365: 8349: 8341:Lifschitz 2021 8333: 8311: 8295: 8279: 8263: 8247: 8231: 8223:MacDonogh 2000 8199: 8179: 8163: 8147: 8127: 8103: 8087: 8071: 8047: 8043:Das Gupta 2013 8035: 8019: 8007: 7990: 7974: 7958: 7942: 7926: 7910: 7894: 7882: 7866: 7850: 7834: 7818: 7802: 7786: 7778:MacDonogh 2000 7770: 7754: 7746:Brunhouse 2006 7738: 7730:MacDonogh 2000 7722: 7706: 7698:MacDonogh 2000 7690: 7674: 7662: 7650: 7634: 7626:MacDonogh 2000 7602: 7584: 7568: 7552: 7540: 7528:Henderson 1963 7520: 7512:Henderson 1963 7504: 7488: 7472: 7456: 7448:Henderson 1963 7440: 7421: 7402: 7387: 7366: 7347: 7331: 7315: 7299: 7291:MacDonogh 2000 7275: 7251: 7235: 7219: 7198: 7186: 7174: 7158: 7142: 7118: 7102:MacDonogh 2000 7086: 7070:MacDonogh 2000 7062: 7046:MacDonogh 2000 7038: 7022: 7006: 6990: 6974: 6955: 6939: 6923: 6907: 6891: 6875: 6859: 6843: 6827: 6811: 6795: 6779: 6763: 6747: 6731: 6723:Friedrich 2000 6715: 6699: 6691:MacDonogh 2000 6683: 6662: 6646: 6630: 6614: 6598: 6582: 6574:Henderson 1963 6566: 6550: 6546:Schweizer 1989 6538: 6526: 6518:Middleton 1692 6510: 6494: 6478: 6462: 6446: 6430: 6414: 6390: 6358: 6318: 6302: 6278: 6262: 6238: 6222:MacDonogh 2000 6206: 6182: 6150: 6126: 6102: 6094:MacDonogh 2000 6078: 6054: 6022: 6014:MacDonogh 2000 5998: 5966: 5934: 5918: 5902: 5886: 5870:MacDonogh 2000 5862: 5838: 5830:MacDonogh 2000 5814: 5790: 5766: 5750: 5734: 5718: 5694: 5670: 5646: 5630: 5622:MacDonogh 2000 5598: 5582: 5566:MacDonogh 2000 5558: 5542: 5526: 5510: 5494: 5478: 5462: 5438: 5422: 5414:Showalter 2012 5390: 5358: 5342: 5326: 5310: 5294: 5270: 5254: 5230: 5214: 5190: 5166: 5138: 5114: 5090: 5074: 5058: 5034: 5018: 4999: 4983: 4967: 4951: 4935: 4919: 4895: 4863: 4847:MacDonogh 2000 4839: 4823: 4807: 4791: 4775: 4759: 4743: 4727: 4715: 4693: 4677: 4658: 4642: 4634:MacDonogh 2000 4626: 4610: 4594: 4578: 4562: 4546: 4530: 4518: 4502: 4486: 4470: 4454:MacDonogh 2000 4446: 4430: 4414: 4398: 4390:MacDonogh 2000 4374: 4358: 4342: 4323: 4307: 4299:MacDonogh 2000 4291: 4275: 4235: 4203: 4179: 4155: 4139: 4131:MacDonogh 2000 4115: 4099: 4087:Johansson 2016 4059: 4043: 4027:MacDonogh 2000 4011: 4003:MacDonogh 2000 3995: 3979:MacDonogh 2000 3963: 3955:Showalter 1986 3939:MacDonogh 2000 3931: 3923:Christian 1888 3915: 3883: 3862: 3838: 3822: 3814:MacDonogh 2000 3798: 3782: 3766: 3750: 3742:MacDonogh 2000 3734: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3700: 3690: 3677: 3667: 3648: 3624:Anti-Machiavel 3615: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3551:, ed. (1889). 3539: 3538: 3522: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3479: 3465: 3451: 3437: 3423: 3417: 3398: 3395: 3328:Thomas Carlyle 3303: 3300: 3262:father in the 3213: 3210: 3140:interior lines 3103: 3100: 3076:Leonhard Euler 3061:, D'Alembert, 3008: 3005: 2962:corps de logis 2952: 2949: 2803:for flute and 2795:for flute and 2729: 2726: 2607: 2604: 2519:Netze District 2483: 2480: 2432:fire insurance 2408:Friedrich d'or 2343:Anti-Machiavel 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2246:Main article: 2243: 2240: 2174:Polish Prussia 2131: 2128: 2084:Peter III 2042:raiding Berlin 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1844:Battle of Soor 1810:Hohenfriedberg 1717:King of Poland 1663: 1660: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1574: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1485: 1480: 1473: 1468: 1461: 1456: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1360: 1355: 1348: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1202: 1199: 1189:Anti-Machiavel 1044: 1041: 984: 981: 959:ambassador in 933:King George II 912:, Netherlands) 891: 888: 884:predestination 833:British throne 821:Potsdam Giants 773: 770: 687:der Alte Fritz 597: 596: 594: 593: 586: 579: 571: 568: 567: 561: 560: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 525: 520: 515: 510: 507: 504: 499: 496: 488: 487: 481: 480: 472: 471: 465: 464: 456: 455: 452: 451: 447: 446: 445: 444: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 360:Siege of Pirna 347: 346: 345: 344: 343: 338: 336:Battle of Soor 333: 323: 322: 321: 316: 300: 299: 297:Tree-like list 296: 295: 293: 289: 288: 275: 269: 268: 264: 263: 260: 259: 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 212: 211: 207: 206: 196: 195: 184: 180: 175: 174: 172: 168: 167: 161: 159: 155: 154: 148:(aged 74) 144:17 August 1786 142: 138: 137: 122: 118: 117: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 81: 80: 75: 69: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16749: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16702:LGBTQ royalty 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16647:German deists 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16557: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16521:Frederick III 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16431: 16428: 16424: 16417: 16412: 16410: 16405: 16403: 16398: 16397: 16394: 16384: 16380: 16374: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16362:Frederick III 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16315: 16310: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16251: 16246: 16244: 16239: 16237: 16232: 16231: 16228: 16215: 16214: 16208: 16203: 16202: 16195: 16188: 16187: 16182: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16164: 16160: 16153: 16152: 16147: 16144: 16141: 16140: 16135: 16132: 16129: 16128: 16122: 16121: 16116: 16113: 16112: 16110: 16106: 16100: 16097: 16094: 16093: 16088: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16050: 16049: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16034: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15969: 15967: 15963: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15918: 15916: 15912: 15906: 15905:Prince George 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15895:Prince Albert 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15885:Frederick III 15883: 15882: 15880: 15876: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15854:Prince Albert 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15836: 15834: 15830: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15799: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15774: 15772: 15768: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15737: 15731: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15721: 15716: 15712: 15706: 15702: 15695: 15690: 15688: 15683: 15681: 15676: 15675: 15672: 15659: 15651: 15650: 15648: 15646: 15638: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15600: 15598: 15596: 15595:United States 15592: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15502: 15500: 15498: 15494: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15455: 15451: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15430: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15385: 15383: 15381: 15377: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15355:Budai-Deleanu 15353: 15352: 15350: 15346: 15340: 15337: 15336: 15334: 15330: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15285: 15283: 15281: 15277: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15217: 15215: 15211: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15171: 15169: 15167: 15163: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15127: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15098: 15094: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15013: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14978: 14976: 14972: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14822: 14820: 14816: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14719:Ashley-Cooper 14717: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14694: 14690: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14621:Progressivism 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14591: 14587: 14584: 14583: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14570:Individualism 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14555: 14554: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14486: 14482: 14475: 14471: 14467: 14460: 14455: 14453: 14448: 14446: 14441: 14440: 14437: 14427: 14426: 14419: 14413: 14408: 14407: 14400: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14378: 14377: 14373: 14368: 14364: 14363: 14357: 14350: 14349: 14342: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14319: 14314: 14313: 14304: 14299: 14295: 14294: 14290: 14288: 14284: 14283: 14279: 14277: 14273: 14270: 14267: 14263: 14260: 14255: 14251: 14250: 14246: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14231: 14228: 14227: 14216: 14209: 14205: 14204: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14184: 14180: 14179: 14173: 14166: 14162: 14155: 14150: 14146: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14126: 14122: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14081: 14077: 14070: 14066: 14065: 14059: 14055: 14048: 14044: 14043: 14037: 14033: 14026: 14022: 14017: 14013: 14006: 14002: 14001: 13996: 13992: 13988: 13981: 13977: 13976: 13971: 13967: 13966: 13954: 13953:Bragg, Melvyn 13950: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13937: 13925: 13921: 13918:(in German). 13917: 13913: 13909: 13905: 13901: 13897: 13893: 13890:Sgard, Jean. 13888: 13884: 13880: 13876: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13830: 13826: 13822: 13817: 13811: 13804: 13800: 13793: 13788: 13784: 13780: 13776: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13727: 13712: 13708: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13682: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13660: 13653: 13649: 13642: 13638: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13567: 13566: 13551: 13544: 13543: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13528: 13522: 13521: 13506: 13502: 13495: 13490: 13486: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13466: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13395: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13373:(in German). 13372: 13364: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13235: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13124: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13102: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13081: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13039: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12961: 12955: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12925: 12923: 12922:Ancien Régime 12916: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12805: 12801: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12639: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12610: 12603: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12569: 12563: 12562: 12550: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12529: 12524: 12523: 12517: 12513: 12509: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12493: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12466: 12462: 12461: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12437: 12433: 12432: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12372: 12371: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12346: 12342: 12341: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12313: 12312: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12273:Snyder, Louis 12270: 12266: 12262: 12257: 12256: 12250: 12249:Simon, Edith. 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12228: 12224: 12223: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12157: 12151: 12147: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12131: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12099: 12098: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12074: 12070: 12069: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12045: 12041: 12040: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12020:0-582-01768-8 12016: 12011: 12010: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11956: 11955: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11925: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11906: 11905: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11885: 11884: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11848: 11844: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11828: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11769: 11764: 11763: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11742:0-525-48147-8 11738: 11733: 11732: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11704: 11699: 11698: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11673: 11669: 11668: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11648:0-312-25318-4 11644: 11639: 11638: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11617:0-306-80908-7 11613: 11608: 11607: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11578: 11577: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11542: 11538: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11522: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11498: 11494: 11493: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11473:9780691176420 11469: 11465: 11464: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11429: 11425: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11380: 11376: 11375: 11369: 11365: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11340: 11339: 11333: 11329: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11222: 11217: 11216: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11195:0-393-04994-9 11191: 11186: 11185: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11157: 11152: 11151: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11119: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11099: 11098: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11052: 11051: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10993: 10987: 10983: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10967: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10939: 10938: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10914: 10909: 10908: 10901: 10897: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10881: 10875: 10871: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10833:0-8090-4678-4 10829: 10825: 10820: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10800:0-88029-481-7 10796: 10791: 10790: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10770: 10769: 10762: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10743: 10738: 10737: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10678: 10677: 10671: 10670:Fraser, David 10667: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10620: 10616: 10615: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10591: 10587: 10586: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10558: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10535: 10531: 10530: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10507:0-8090-4678-4 10503: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10435: 10430: 10429: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10408:0-691-03186-X 10404: 10399: 10398: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10373: 10369: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10344: 10339: 10338: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10251: 10250: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10222: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10165: 10164: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10132: 10131: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10107: 10103: 10102: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10073: 10067: 10063: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9997: 9996: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9957: 9956: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9870: 9869: 9863: 9862: 9845: 9840: 9833: 9829: 9828:Blanning 2016 9824: 9817: 9816:Donoghue 2016 9812: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9781: 9780:Storring 2017 9776: 9769: 9765: 9760: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9740: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9713: 9709: 9704: 9697: 9693: 9688: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9664: 9658: 9653: 9646: 9642: 9637: 9630: 9626: 9621: 9614: 9610: 9609:Hoffmann 1997 9605: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9582: 9578: 9573: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9550: 9546: 9541: 9534: 9530: 9529:Valentin 1934 9525: 9518: 9514: 9509: 9502: 9497: 9490: 9486: 9485:Valentin 1934 9481: 9474: 9470: 9465: 9458: 9454: 9449: 9442: 9437: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9414: 9410: 9405: 9398: 9394: 9389: 9382: 9378: 9373: 9366: 9362: 9357: 9350: 9346: 9345:Strachan 2000 9341: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9318: 9314: 9313:Goerlitz 1957 9309: 9302: 9298: 9297:Connelly 2002 9293: 9286: 9282: 9281:Goerlitz 1957 9277: 9270: 9266: 9265:Goerlitz 1957 9261: 9254: 9250: 9249:Connelly 2002 9245: 9238: 9234: 9229: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9194: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9171: 9167: 9166:Connelly 2002 9162: 9155: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9123: 9119: 9114: 9107: 9103: 9098: 9091: 9087: 9082: 9075: 9071: 9066: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9027: 9023: 9018: 9011: 9007: 9002: 8995: 8991: 8986: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8947: 8942: 8935: 8934:Aarsleff 1989 8930: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8911: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8891: 8884: 8880: 8875: 8868: 8867:ArtDaily 2013 8863: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8820: 8819:Kaufmann 1995 8815: 8808: 8804: 8803:Schieder 1983 8799: 8792: 8788: 8787:Hamilton 1880 8783: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8760: 8756: 8751: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8688: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8625: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8542: 8538: 8533: 8526: 8522: 8517: 8510: 8506: 8505:Reddaway 1904 8502: 8498: 8493: 8486: 8482: 8477: 8470: 8466: 8465:Reddaway 1904 8462: 8458: 8453: 8446: 8442: 8441:Schieder 1983 8438: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8390: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8358: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8329: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8288: 8283: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8244: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8160: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8131: 8124: 8120: 8119:Walthall 1986 8116: 8112: 8107: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8044: 8039: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8016: 8015:Robinson 2021 8011: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7987: 7983: 7978: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7955: 7951: 7946: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7891: 7886: 7879: 7875: 7870: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7799: 7795: 7790: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7659: 7654: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7599: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7577: 7572: 7565: 7561: 7560:Liberles 2012 7556: 7549: 7544: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7513: 7508: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7485: 7481: 7480:Schieder 1983 7476: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7407: 7399: 7394: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7339:Schieder 1983 7335: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7248: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7167: 7166:Blanning 2016 7162: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7083: 7079: 7078:Schieder 1983 7075: 7071: 7066: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6936: 6932: 6931:Egremont 2011 6927: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6872: 6868: 6867:Hodgetts 1914 6863: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6776: 6772: 6771:Lukowski 2013 6767: 6760: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6654:Schieder 1983 6650: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6548:, p. 97. 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6471: 6470:Anderson 2001 6466: 6459: 6455: 6454:Anderson 2001 6450: 6443: 6439: 6438:Anderson 2001 6434: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6255: 6254:Schieder 1983 6251: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6046:Schieder 1983 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5991: 5990:Schieder 1983 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5715: 5711: 5710:Schieder 1983 5707: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5502:Schieder 1983 5498: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4856: 4855:Schieder 1983 4852: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4618:Hamilton 1880 4614: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4479: 4478:Reddaway 1904 4474: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4438:Crompton 2003 4434: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4407: 4406:Reddaway 1904 4402: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251:Blanning 2015 4248: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4171:Schieder 1983 4168: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4148: 4147:Berridge 2015 4143: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079:Blanning 2016 4076: 4072: 4071:Blanning 2015 4068: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3908: 3907:Schieder 1983 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3775: 3774:Schieder 1983 3770: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3731: 3727: 3726:Schieder 1983 3722: 3718: 3704: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3634:first servant 3630: 3625: 3619: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3418:9780821405598 3414: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3309: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3184:Robert Citino 3181: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3135:oblique order 3132: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059:Immanuel Kant 3056: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:Adolph Menzel 3017: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872:Enlightenment 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2827:Baroque style 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767:C. P. E. Bach 2760: 2756: 2755:C. P. E. Bach 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743:Adolph Menzel 2740: 2739: 2734: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2654:, cultivates 2653: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2601: 2600:Denis Diderot 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424:Emden Company 2420: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2236:Germanisation 2231: 2229: 2228:Vistula River 2225: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:debased coins 2105: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2003: 2002:Carl Röchling 1999: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1936:Carl Röchling 1933: 1932: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1816: 1815:Carl Röchling 1812: 1811: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1757:Kurt Schwerin 1753: 1744: 1733: 1732:Antoine Pesne 1728: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1669: 1655: 1646: 1637: 1625: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1518: 1506: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1453: 1441: 1429: 1417: 1405: 1388: 1376: 1364: 1352: 1326: 1319: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:Silesian Wars 1215: 1207: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Imperial Army 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:Prussian Army 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1063: 1058: 1057:J. 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2775:Franz Benda 2706:cultivation 2679:rationalist 2622: [ 2451:during the 2412:Dutch ducat 2331:Anton Graff 2308:Fürstenbund 2112:mintmasters 2009: 1900 1739: 1740 1270:Brandenburg 1251:great power 1223:East Frisia 1201:Inheritance 1141:during the 1060: [ 953:Seckendorff 204:Regnal name 97:Predecessor 16556:Categories 16444:Wenceslaus 16367:William II 15921:William II 15487:Villarroel 15482:Jovellanos 15418:Radishchev 15365:Micu-Klein 15303:Niemcewicz 15270:Swammerdam 15260:Nieuwentyt 15250:Mandeville 15105:Farmakidis 14991:Burlamaqui 14900:La Mettrie 14875:Fontenelle 14830:d'Argenson 14825:d'Alembert 14749:Harrington 14675:Utopianism 14575:Liberalism 14532:Empiricism 14507:Classicism 14497:Capitalism 14429:1744–1786 14410:1772–1786 14380:1740–1786 14352:1740–1772 14097:1158321391 13949:BBC Sounds 12479:1264880635 12421:1264970240 12359:1077613642 12183:1018166962 12130:Well-being 11836:1154299633 11686:1267424369 11626:1023180593 11482:1151104252 11393:1039503412 11350:1073799048 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1947 8638:, p. 8606:, p. 8587:, p. 8579:, p. 8563:, p. 8555:, p. 8553:Gooch 1947 8539:, p. 8523:, p. 8507:, p. 8499:, p. 8467:, p. 8459:, p. 8435:, p. 8403:, p. 8319:Terne 2008 8305:, p. 8273:, p. 8243:xxii–xxiii 8225:, p. 8217:, p. 8209:, p. 8173:, p. 8157:, p. 8155:Loewy 1990 8143:IMSLP 2018 8137:, p. 8113:, p. 8081:, p. 8065:, p. 8057:, p. 7984:, p. 7968:, p. 7952:, p. 7936:, p. 7920:, p. 7904:, p. 7876:, p. 7874:Melton2001 7860:, p. 7844:, p. 7842:Waite 1921 7812:, p. 7796:, p. 7794:Stern 1977 7780:, p. 7764:, p. 7748:, p. 7732:, p. 7716:, p. 7684:, p. 7670:Kloes 2016 7644:, p. 7628:, p. 7620:, p. 7612:, p. 7578:, p. 7562:, p. 7548:Schui 2011 7514:, p. 7498:, p. 7482:, p. 7466:, p. 7464:Schui 2013 7450:, p. 7434:, p. 7432:Adler 2020 7360:, p. 7358:Schui 2013 7341:, p. 7325:, p. 7309:, p. 7307:Clark 2006 7293:, p. 7285:, p. 7269:, p. 7261:, p. 7259:Clark 2006 7229:, p. 7208:, p. 7168:, p. 7128:, p. 7000:, p. 6984:, p. 6982:Hagen 1976 6968:, p. 6949:, p. 6947:Kakel 2013 6933:, p. 6917:, p. 6915:Clark 2006 6901:, p. 6851:Scott 2001 6835:Teter 2005 6821:, p. 6819:Scott 2001 6805:, p. 6789:, p. 6773:, p. 6739:Hagen 1976 6725:, p. 6709:, p. 6707:Clark 2006 6693:, p. 6677:, p. 6675:Scott 2001 6656:, p. 6624:, p. 6622:Duffy 1985 6608:, p. 6606:Clark 2006 6592:, p. 6576:, p. 6560:, p. 6558:Hertz 2008 6520:, p. 6504:, p. 6502:Szabo 2008 6488:, p. 6486:Stone 2006 6472:, p. 6440:, p. 6424:, p. 6408:, p. 6400:, p. 6384:, p. 6382:Rose 1914b 6376:, p. 6352:, p. 6342:Gooch 1947 6336:, p. 6328:, p. 6312:, p. 6296:, p. 6270:Gooch 1947 6248:, p. 6232:, p. 6224:, p. 6200:, p. 6192:, p. 6160:, p. 6144:, p. 6136:, p. 6120:, p. 6112:, p. 6110:Gooch 1947 6096:, p. 6088:, p. 6072:, p. 6048:, p. 6040:, p. 6032:, p. 5984:, p. 5982:Gooch 1947 5928:, p. 5926:Rose 1914a 5912:, p. 5896:, p. 5880:, p. 5872:, p. 5784:, p. 5760:, p. 5744:, p. 5742:Ropes 1891 5728:, p. 5712:, p. 5704:, p. 5688:, p. 5680:, p. 5678:Duffy 1985 5664:, p. 5640:, p. 5638:Ropes 1891 5624:, p. 5608:, p. 5606:Duffy 1985 5592:, p. 5590:Ropes 1891 5576:, p. 5552:, p. 5536:, p. 5520:, p. 5518:Clark 2006 5504:, p. 5488:, p. 5472:, p. 5456:, p. 5448:, p. 5406:Duffy 1985 5374:Duffy 1985 5352:, p. 5336:, p. 5320:, p. 5318:Duffy 1985 5304:, p. 5286:Duffy 1985 5264:, p. 5246:Duffy 1985 5224:, p. 5208:, p. 5200:, p. 5184:, p. 5176:, p. 5160:, p. 5146:Duffy 1985 5132:, p. 5124:, p. 5108:, p. 5100:, p. 5084:, p. 5068:, p. 5052:, p. 5044:, p. 5028:, p. 5012:, p. 4993:, p. 4959:Clark 2006 4945:, p. 4943:Kulak 2015 4929:, p. 4927:Clark 2006 4911:Duffy 1985 4903:Clark 2006 4889:, p. 4879:Duffy 1985 4871:Clark 2006 4857:, p. 4849:, p. 4833:, p. 4817:, p. 4753:, p. 4737:, p. 4723:Baron 2015 4687:, p. 4671:, p. 4652:, p. 4650:Duffy 1985 4636:, p. 4620:, p. 4604:, p. 4588:, p. 4572:, p. 4540:, p. 4526:Locke 1999 4512:, p. 4464:, p. 4456:, p. 4440:, p. 4424:, p. 4408:, p. 4368:, p. 4352:, p. 4336:, p. 4317:, p. 4301:, p. 4269:, p. 4261:, p. 4259:Simon 1963 4221:, p. 4213:, p. 4197:, p. 4149:, p. 4133:, p. 4109:, p. 4081:, p. 4053:, p. 4037:, p. 4029:, p. 4021:, p. 4005:, p. 3981:, p. 3957:, p. 3949:, p. 3941:, p. 3909:, p. 3776:, p. 3760:, p. 3758:Gooch 1947 3744:, p. 3728:, p. 3587:References 3537:(46 vols.) 3521:(31 vols.) 3306:See also: 3293:Bundeswehr 3044:La Mettrie 2878:, and the 2835:recitative 2667:eliminated 2517:, and the 2404:seignorage 2337:, Berlin). 2286:supporting 2258:Waffenrock 2222:connected 1768:for them. 1709:Oder River 1296:after the 1266:Ravensberg 1183:The Prince 1180:, such as 1167:Rheinsberg 910:Huis Doorn 894:See also: 802:Wilhelmine 772:Early life 752:, and the 726:homosexual 127:1712-01-24 16531:Frederick 16460:Sigismund 16449:Sigismund 16357:William I 15844:William I 15608:Jefferson 15550:Hutcheson 15439:Obradović 15408:Lomonosov 15403:Kheraskov 15313:Śniadecki 15077:Weishaupt 15072:Thomasius 15062:Pufendorf 14905:Lavoisier 14890:d'Holbach 14885:Helvétius 14865:Descartes 14860:Condorcet 14855:Condillac 14789:Priestley 14606:Modernity 14527:Democracy 14356:Recreated 13997:(1916) . 13972:(1916) . 13427:143320471 13383:1867-948X 13325:159768370 13230:163496270 13157:161323897 13071:210582785 13063:1751-1348 13028:203079516 13020:2397-0022 12985:163011048 12911:159524449 12828:143976746 12791:193195979 12627:194264613 12593:144502234 12542:777435960 12518:(1994) . 12450:470987920 12390:255309021 12330:895758966 12314:. Knopf. 12265:633592760 12241:848270249 12139:472824658 12087:925033688 12058:868492693 12005:(2000) . 11988:226414234 11974:(1877) . 11964:969781207 11950:(1974) . 11914:221946415 11893:993453962 11872:911211481 11782:876581764 11751:317097274 11727:(1984) . 11717:185308412 11657:247328824 11595:469802840 11566:468053530 11453:793207865 11417:560874037 11321:249507287 11305:(1845) . 11295:642845346 11235:878984854 11204:759932866 11170:315814951 11136:904781018 11069:865160408 11011:833642907 10975:752702416 10927:762511848 10863:831959319 10809:945677799 10778:638655829 10725:827756844 10696:316869398 10662:982450924 10633:230766184 10604:812066422 10548:851984981 10490:(1972) . 10480:851818872 10417:636080992 10386:727025329 10357:988484180 10297:255036325 10239:799969494 10212:994869052 10183:939012570 10149:465569961 10120:958484538 10055:745190442 9945:906979201 9916:883414554 9070:Koch 1978 9054:Koch 1978 8994:xviii–xix 8771:Ladd 2018 7413:Shaw 1895 7323:Weil 1960 6422:Bain 1911 4255:3:55–4:56 3714:Citations 3567:257496423 3236:Der Alte 3222:Sanssouci 3040:Algarotti 2967:Sanssouci 2852:Montezuma 2843:Coriolano 2809:sinfonias 2801:concertos 2751:Sanssouci 2663:marshland 2660:Oderbruch 2565:Freemason 2557:canon law 2457:porcelain 2282:Joseph II 2168:, France) 2054:Pomerania 1971:Brunswick 1745:, Sweden) 1300:in 1772. 1135:Neuruppin 1092:Habsburgs 1029:Frederick 1021:beheading 1009:execution 941:Frederick 872:Calvinist 848:governess 790:Friedrich 766:Habsburgs 738:Sanssouci 722:Catholics 682:‹See Tfd› 677:Old Fritz 668:‹See Tfd› 641:from the 607:‹See Tfd› 251:Signature 165:, Potsdam 163:Sanssouci 107:Successor 16476:Albert I 15717:in 1701. 15658:Category 15603:Franklin 15570:Playfair 15540:Ferguson 15497:Scotland 15444:Mrazović 15398:Kantemir 15393:Fonvizin 15332:Portugal 15298:Krasicki 15293:Konarski 15288:Kołłątaj 15240:Koerbagh 15189:Genovesi 15174:Beccaria 15136:Berkeley 15067:Schiller 15032:Humboldt 15006:Saussure 15001:Rousseau 14965:Voltaire 14920:Maréchal 14895:Jaucourt 14850:Châtelet 14845:Chamfort 14794:Reynolds 14697:Thinkers 14601:Midlands 14590:Lumières 14560:Humanism 14553:Haskalah 14200:(1888). 13943:(2015). 13862:Die Welt 13825:Archived 13803:Archived 13711:Archived 13456:24401202 13354:24402910 13317:23017977 13129:(2012). 13092:40374049 12903:30141040 12783:23256492 12489:(1888). 12275:(1971). 12251:(1963). 12212:32236821 12156:Foreword 12126:(1895). 12116:45888917 12029:50663120 11824:(1904). 11511:40982247 11403:(1892). 11180:(2000). 11107:59019600 10672:(2001). 10526:(1985). 10458:(1996). 10333:(2006). 10268:68263059 10159:(2006). 9991:(1986). 9971:Archived 9692:Lau 2012 9675:Lau 2012 9657:Lau 2012 8345:vii–xlii 7810:Fay 1945 3575:See also 3382:Cold War 3349:Bismarck 3131:tactical 3028:Voltaire 2902:Rousseau 2849:(1753), 2845:(1749), 2811:, three 2797:continuo 2685:and the 2642:farmland 2638:draining 2482:Religion 2449:deferral 2434:, and a 2316:Policies 1889:alliance 1766:doctrine 1755:Marshal 1678:Habsburg 1340:125miles 1241:Mirabeau 1225:and the 1194:Voltaire 1033:Bayreuth 993:Mannheim 965:Grumbkow 957:Austrian 876:Lutheran 845:Huguenot 698:Austrian 685:German: 671:German: 494:Children 272:Service/ 16381:; also 15613:Madison 15585:Stewart 15525:Burnett 15520:Boswell 15505:Beattie 15477:Moratín 15462:Cadalso 15413:Novikov 15348:Romania 15323:Wybicki 15318:Staszic 15265:Spinoza 15235:Huygens 15230:Grotius 15184:Galvani 15179:Galiani 15129:Ireland 15110:Feraios 15082:Wieland 15047:Lessing 15042:Leibniz 15015:Germany 14996:Prévost 14981:Abauzit 14945:Quesnay 14935:Morelly 14925:Meslier 14910:Leclerc 14870:Diderot 14759:Johnson 14734:Collins 14729:Bentham 14714:Addison 14707:England 14655:Science 14492:Atheism 14274:at the 14268:(IMSLP) 14264:at the 14252:at the 14232:at the 14114:280–281 13593:. 2013. 13436:History 13407:Bibcode 13334:History 13222:3678050 12948:2 March 12866:1833470 12820:4545765 12754:1843138 12717:2298702 12692:2298702 12501:6178216 11807:7148407 11797:(ed.). 11530:3555337 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15623:Paine 15618:Mason 15580:Smith 15530:Burns 15515:Blair 15510:Black 15454:Spain 15360:Maior 15255:Meyer 15199:Verri 15166:Italy 15151:Swift 15146:Burke 15141:Boyle 15087:Wolff 14915:Mably 14835:Bayle 14784:Price 14764:Locke 14754:Hooke 14724:Bacon 14522:Deism 14325:Died: 14318:Born: 14181:[ 14168:(PDF) 14157:(PDF) 14067:[ 14045:[ 13806:(PDF) 13795:(PDF) 13714:(PDF) 13703:(PDF) 13655:(PDF) 13644:(PDF) 13553:(PDF) 13546:(PDF) 13508:(PDF) 13497:(PDF) 13481:JSTOR 13452:JSTOR 13423:S2CID 13390:(PDF) 13367:(PDF) 13350:JSTOR 13321:S2CID 13313:JSTOR 13284:JSTOR 13255:JSTOR 13226:S2CID 13218:JSTOR 13186:JSTOR 13153:S2CID 13119:(PDF) 13104:(PDF) 13088:JSTOR 13067:S2CID 13024:S2CID 12981:S2CID 12942:(PDF) 12927:(PDF) 12907:S2CID 12899:JSTOR 12861:JSTOR 12824:S2CID 12816:JSTOR 12787:S2CID 12779:JSTOR 12750:JSTOR 12713:JSTOR 12688:JSTOR 12659:JSTOR 12634:(PDF) 12623:S2CID 12605:(PDF) 12589:S2CID 12163:. 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