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552:"Free software" means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, "free software" is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of "free" as in "free speech," not as in "free beer". We sometimes call it "libre software," borrowing the French or Spanish word for "free" as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is gratis.
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584:. Like "free beer", positive liberty promises equal access by all without cost or regard to income, of a given good (assuming the good exists). Like "free speech", negative liberty safeguards the right to use of something (in this case, speech) without regard to whether in a given case there is a cost involved for this use.
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of research articles is and always was intended for modification and re-use: that is how research progresses.) There are no copyright barriers to modifying, developing, building upon and re-using an author's ideas and findings, once they have been published, as long as the author and published source
683:
For published research articles, the case for making their text accessible free for all online (Gratis) is even stronger than it is for software code, because in the case of software, some developers may wish to give their code away for free, while others may wish to sell it, whereas in the case of
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their authors, without exception, give them away for free: None seek or get royalties or fees from their sale. On the contrary, any access-denial to potential users means loss of potential research impact
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appears in few
English dictionaries, although there is no other English single-word adjective signifying "liberty" exclusively, without also meaning "at no monetary cost".
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The original gratis/libre distinction concerns software (i.e., code), with which users can potentially do two kinds of things: 1. access and use it; and 2. modify and
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to use the software, make modifications, etc., whether or not this freely usable software is to be exchanged for money. Therefore, this distinction became important.
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In order to reflect real-world differences in the degree of open access, the distinction between gratis open access and libre open access was added in 2006 by
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of an additional unit is zero, it is common for developers to make software available at no cost. One of the early and basic forms of this model is called
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between open software and open access has been made, along with the generalization of the gratis/libre distinction from the one field to the other.
572:, in the software development and computer law fields for encapsulating this distinction. The distinction is similar to the distinction made in
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definition of open access publishing. Gratis open access refers to online access free of charge (which
Knowledge indicates with the icon
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259:). This ambiguity can cause issues where the distinction is important, as it often is in dealing with laws concerning the use of
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A quote from the GNU free software definition was used in a section on positive and negative liberty by
Guinevere Nell in
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517:. With freeware, software is licensed only for personal use and the developer does not gain any monetary payment.
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movement, license schemes were created to give developers more freedom in terms of code sharing, commonly called
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does not distinguish between "for free" and "liberty", the phrases "free as in freedom of speech" (
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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are credited—but modifications to the published text are another matter. Apart from verbatim
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finds about 5 monoglot
English dictionaries including "libre"; about 30 include "gratis"
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to modify and re-use the code, without a permission barrier. The target content of the
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of a research article is not intended for modification and re-use. (In contrast, the
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to access and use the code, without a price-barrier, while "libre" pertains to being
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544:, freeware) were adopted. Many in the free software movement feel strongly about the
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at
Isummit 2008. This contradicts the usual definition and instead illustrates
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Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities
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in
English is commonly used in one of two meanings: "at no monetary cost" (
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946:: "Obs. Of the will: Free". Access to the OED is libre, but not gratis.
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Rediscovering Fire: Basic
Economic Lessons From the Soviet Experiment
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is much weaker than for software code, because, unlike software, the
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to be obsolete, but the word has come back into limited use. Unlike
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For published research articles, the case for allowing text
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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336:, not free beer." This basically means: "Think free as in
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and legal restrictions that cover them, especially in the
532:(called FLOSS, FOSS, or F/OSS). As the English adjective
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in altered form (without the permission of the author).
30:"Free as in freedom" redirects here. For the book, see
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Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
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Comparison of free and open-source software licenses
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302:. For example, they are used to distinguish "
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73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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206:Learn how and when to remove this message
188:Learn how and when to remove this message
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253:) or "with little or no restriction" (
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963:. Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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27:Two meanings of "free" in English
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1001:. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
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1550:Free Software Foundation
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957:"What is free software?"
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1735:SCO/Linux controversies
1113:15 January 2013 at the
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1029:. MIT Press. pp.
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900:(September 2006).
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736:as well as
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600:Peter Suber
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526:open source
334:free speech
261:information
112:introducing
1862:Categories
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1416:Commercial
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1436:Community
830:Footnotes
788:Free Beer
718:quotation
265:copyright
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65:talk page
1847:Category
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1565:GNU LGPL
1560:GNU AGPL
1525:Beerware
1520:Artistic
1497:Licenses
1464:Advocacy
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1070:14 April
1064:Archived
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164:Please
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1072:2019
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