4068:
this military calamity highlights another angle of their flawed conceptualization and planning in anticipation of
Operation Barbarossa. Like Hitler, Napoleon was the conqueror of Europe and foresaw his war on Russia as the key to forcing England to make terms. Napoleon invaded with the intention of ending the war in a short campaign centred on a decisive battle in western Russia. As the Russians withdrew, Napoleon's supply lines grew and his strength was in decline from week to week. The poor roads and harsh environment took a deadly toll on both horses and men, while politically Russia's oppressed serfs remained, for the most part, loyal to the aristocracy. Worse still, while Napoleon defeated the Russian Army at Smolensk and Borodino, it did not produce a decisive result for the French and each time left Napoleon with the dilemma of either retreating or pushing deeper into Russia. Neither was really an acceptable option, the retreat politically and the advance militarily, but in each instance, Napoleon opted for the latter. In doing so the French emperor outdid even Hitler and successfully took the Russian capital in September 1812, but it counted for little when the Russians simply refused to acknowledge defeat and prepared to fight on through the winter. By the time Napoleon left Moscow to begin his infamous retreat, the Russian campaign was doomed.
3065:
3043:
was covered, and searched all the floors and still nothing was found. Finally, when we assembled and were ready to leave, I once more inspected a little hut somewhat removed from the village. Around it from top to bottom were heaped bundles of hemp and shives, which I tore down; and, as I worked my way to the ground, sacks full of flour appeared. Now I joyfully called all my comrades so that we might dispose of the booty. In the village we saw sieves; these we took to sift the flour mixed with chaff an inch long; and, after that, we refilled the sacks. ... Then the question of carrying and dividing the grain arose, but it occurred to me that I had seen a horse in one of the houses. Everyone immediately hurried to find the horse. We found two instead of one, but unfortunately they were both colts, and one could not be used at all. We took the largest, placed two sacks on it, and started out very slowly. While we were marching there, the
Russians saw us from a distance with this booty; and at the same moment we saw a troop of peasants in the valley, about fifty. These ran toward us. What could we do but shoot at them?
83:
3964:", which depicted Russia as a strange, backward, exotic and barbaric "Asian" nation that was intrinsically inferior to the West, especially France. The picture drawn by the French is that of a vastly superior army being defeated by geography, the climate and just plain bad fortune. German-language sources are not as hostile to the Russians as French sources, but many of the Prussian officers such as Carl von Clausewitz (who did not speak Russian) who joined the Russian Army to fight against the French found service with a foreign army both frustrating and strange, and their accounts reflected these experiences. Lieven compared those historians who use Clausewitz's account of his time in Russian service as their main source for the 1812 campaign to those historians who might use an account written by a Free French officer who did not speak English who served with the British Army in World War II as their main source for the British war effort in the Second World War.
3759:. Because the Baltic German nobles tended to be better educated than the ethnic Russian nobility, the Baltic Germans were often favoured with positions in high command and various technical positions. The Russian Empire had no universal educational system, and those who could afford it had to hire tutors or send their children to private schools. The educational level of the Russian nobility and gentry varied enormously depending on the quality of the tutors and private schools, with some Russian nobles being extremely well educated while others were just barely literate. The Baltic German nobility was more inclined to invest in their children's education than the ethnic Russian nobility, which led to the government favouring them when granting officers' commissions. Of the 800 doctors in the Russian Army in 1812, almost all of them were Baltic Germans. The British historian
707:
683:
671:
659:
635:
623:
599:
587:
575:
563:
551:
527:
503:
489:
229:
114:
4035:
because of them. Furthermore, Emperor
Alexander I often gave the impression at the time that he found Russia a place that was not worthy of his ideals, and he cared more about Europe as a whole than about Russia. Alexander's conception of a war to free Europe from Napoleon lacked appeal to many nationalist-minded Russian historians, who preferred to focus on a campaign in defence of the homeland rather than what Lieven called Alexander's rather "murky" mystical ideas about European brotherhood and security. Lieven observed that for every book written in Russia on the campaigns of 1813–1814, there are a hundred books on the campaign of 1812 and that the most recent Russian grand history of the war of 1812–1814 gave 490 pages to the campaign of 1812 and 50 pages to the campaigns of 1813–1814. Lieven noted that Tolstoy ended
267:
3893:
2859:
3643:
experiences of short campaigns had left the French supply services completed unprepared for Russia, and this was despite the precautions
Napoleon had taken. There was no quick remedy that might have repaired these inadequacies from one campaign to the next. The limitations of horse-drawn transport and the road networks to support it were simply not up to the task. Indeed, modern militaries have long been in agreement that Napoleon's military machine at its apex, and the scale on which he attempted to operate with it in 1812 and 1813, had become an anachronism that could succeed only with the use of railroads and the telegraph. And these had not yet been invented.
3275:
719:
2339:
361:
4019:
with
Communist ideology, with Marshal Kutuzov and Prince Bagration transformed into peasant generals, Alexander I alternatively ignored or vilified, and the war becoming a massive "People's War" fought by the ordinary people of Russia with almost no involvement on the part of the government. During the Cold War, many Western historians were inclined to see Russia as "the enemy", and there was a tendency to downplay and dismiss Russia's contributions to the defeat of Napoleon. As such, Napoleon's claim that the Russians did not defeat him and he was just the victim of fate in 1812 was very appealing to many Western historians.
3482:) along with agile Russian cavalry, launched relentless assaults on isolated French units foraging for supplies. Maintaining a fully supplied army became an insurmountable challenge due to the vast stretches of uninterrupted forests. The absence of grazing fields and fodder took a heavy toll on the surviving horses, resulting in the demise of nearly all of them due to either starvation or their use as sustenance by starving soldiers. Depleted of their mounts, the French cavalry faced dissolution, compelling generals and troopers alike to proceed on foot. The scarcity of horses also forced the abandonment of numerous cannons,
373:
446:
3433:
123:
515:
611:
349:
2101:
left our allies at her mercy. Russia is hurried away by a fatality: her destinies will be fulfilled. Does she think us degenerated? Are we no more the soldiers who fought at
Austerlitz? She places us between dishonour and war—our choice cannot be difficult. Let us then march forward; let us cross the Niemen and carry the war into her country. This second Polish war will be as glorious for the French arms as the first has been, but the peace we shall conclude shall carry with it its own guarantee, and will terminate the fatal influence which Russia for fifty years past has exercised in Europe.
3780:
291:
103:
280:
74:
337:
4082:
313:
3216:
539:
413:
325:
1552:
695:
647:
255:
1588:
1518:
3992:
important role in defeating
Napoleon; Austrian historians giving that honour to their nation; Russian historians writing that it was Russia that played the greatest role in the victory, and Prussian and later German historians writing that it was Prussia that made the difference. In such a context, various historians liked to diminish the contributions of their allies. Von Lieven's account doesn't mention the influence of Polish national feeling on convictions concerning the war, which were also significant, also in the aftermath.
385:
1600:
432:
242:
2111:
3939:
1530:
1501:
3562:
1564:
2478:
1576:
1612:
3796:
2230:, and several small ones throughout the Russian interior. The French also captured numerous intact Russian supply dumps, which the Russians had failed to destroy or empty, and Moscow itself was filled with food. Twenty train battalions provided most of the transportation, with a combined load of 8,390 tons. Twelve of these battalions had a total of 3,024 heavy wagons drawn by four horses each, four had 2,424 one-horse light wagons and four had 2,400 wagons drawn by
3615:
to help them along—which practically meant carrying them. They begged one to let them alone. There were bivouacs all along the road—ought one to take them to a campfire? Once these poor wretches fell asleep they were dead. If they resisted the craving for sleep, another passer-by would help them along a little farther, thus prolonging their agony for a short while, but not saving them, for in this condition the drowsiness engendered by cold is irresistibly strong.
1463:
1470:
3053:
3996:
401:
3698:(−38 °C, −36 °F)) on their return. The numbers on this chart have 422,000 crossing the Neman with Napoleon, 22,000 taking a side trip early on in the campaign, 100,000 surviving the battles en route to Moscow and returning from there; only 4,000 survive the march back, to be joined by 6,000 that survived from that initial 22,000 in the feint attack northward; in the end, only 10,000 crossed the Neman back out of the initial 422,000.
1956:
2942:
3724:
1046:
1034:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
929:
916:
904:
892:
880:
860:
848:
836:
824:
812:
800:
788:
776:
756:
742:
460:
3239:
had marked other campaigns that he had conducted. The entirety of the Guard was still available to
Napoleon, and in refusing to use it he lost this singular chance to destroy the Russian Army. Borodino was a pivotal point in the campaign, as it was the last offensive action fought by Napoleon in Russia. By withdrawing, the Russian Army preserved its combat strength, eventually allowing it to force Napoleon out of the country.
4137:
1477:
3860:
at the time of capture of Vilna in
December had 70,000 men, whereas its number at the start of the invasion had been about 150,000. Thus, total losses would come to 210,000 men. Of these, about 40,000 returned to duty. Losses of the formations operating in secondary areas of operations as well as losses in militia units were about 40,000. Thus, he came up with the number of 210,000 men and militiamen. According to
6080:
94:
3455:. Lacking clear direction or adequate supplies, the army began its retreat from the region, facing the prospect of even worse disasters ahead. Napoleon traveled along the Old Kaluga road, heading south in search of untouched, prosperous territories. His goal was to avoid the destruction caused on the previous eastward march, opting instead for alternative routes, particularly the westward path through
7489:
2927:
2660:(25,000 Bavarians) crossed at Pilona. He was to throw himself between the two Russian armies and cut off all communication between them. He followed the II Corps to Polotsk, forming the northern flank. Both corps never saw Moscow. With French forces moving through different routes in the direction of Polotsk and Vitebsk, the first major engagement took place on 25 July at the
2918:
be set up for the purpose. He reported the times, dates and places of events, reporting new thunderstorms on 6 July and men dying of sunstroke a few days later. Rapid forced marches quickly caused desertion, suicide and starvation, and exposed the troops to filthy water and disease, while the logistics trains lost horses by the thousands, further exacerbating the problems.
2246:
Napoleon's troops. The supply route from
Smolensk to Moscow was therefore entirely dependent on light wagons with small loads. Central to the problem were the expanding distances to supply magazines and the fact that no supply wagon could keep up with a forced marched infantry column. The weather itself became an issue, where, according to historian Richard K. Riehn:
1861:
nearly 1,400 artillery pieces. However, the surviving count dwindled to a mere 120,000 men (excluding early deserters); signifying a staggering loss of approximately 380,000 lives throughout the campaign, half of which resulted from diseases. This catastrophic outcome shattered Napoleon's once-untarnished reputation of invincibility.
3690:
formation, with perhaps another 35,000 stragglers, for a total of fewer than 70,000 known survivors. Adam Zamoyski estimated that between 550,000 and 600,000 French and allied troops (including reinforcements) operated beyond the Niemen, of which as many as 400,000 troops died but this includes deaths of prisoners during captivity.
3579:. Minard's map shows that the opposite is true as the French losses were highest in the summer and autumn, due to inadequate preparation of logistics resulting in insufficient supplies, while many troops were also killed by disease. Thus, the outcome of the campaign was decided long before the cold weather became a factor.
3620:
temperature dropped again 23 November. From the Berezina, the retreat was nothing but utter flight. The preservation of war materiel and military positions was no longer considered. When the night-time temperature dropped to minus 35 degrees Celsius it proved catastrophic for Loison's untried soldiers. Some suffered from
1787:. Remaining in Moscow for five weeks, Napoleon awaited a peace proposal that never materialized. Due to favorable weather conditions, Napoleon delayed his retreat and, hoping to secure supplies, began a different route westward than the one the army had devastated on the way there. However, after losing the
3856:
civilians—fairly evenly split between the French and Russians. Military losses amounted to 300,000 French, about 72,000 Poles, 50,000 Italians, 80,000 Germans, and 61,000 from 16 other nations. As well as the loss of human life, the French also lost some 150,000 horses and over 1,300 artillery pieces.
4072:
The invasion by Germany was called the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet government, to evoke comparisons with the victory by Alexander I over Napoleon's invading army. In addition, the Germans, like the French, took solace from the notion they had been defeated by the Russian winter, rather than the
3952:
Dominic Lieven wrote that much of the historiography about the campaign for various reasons distorts the story of the Russian war against France in 1812–14. The number of Western historians who are fluent in French or German vastly outnumbers those who are fluent in Russian, which has the effect that
3855:
Russian casualties in the few open battles are comparable to the French losses, but civilian losses along the devastating campaign route were much higher than the military casualties. In total, despite earlier estimates giving figures of several million dead, around one million were killed, including
3833:
It is estimated that of the 612,000 combatants who entered Russia only 112,000 returned to the frontier. Among the casualties, 100,000 are thought to have been killed in action, 200,000 to have died from other causes, 50,000 to have been left sick in hospitals, 50,000 to have deserted, and 100,000 to
3598:
led to the loss of tens of thousands of men. Heavy artillery pieces, loot, and wagons were abandoned as irreplaceable draft animals perished. The intense cold enfeebled the brains of those whose health had already suffered, especially of those who had had dysentery, but soon, while the cold increased
3235:, and eventually captured the main positions on the battlefield but failed to destroy the Russian army. About a third of Napoleon's soldiers were killed or wounded; Russian losses, while heavier, could be replaced due to Russia's large population, since Napoleon's campaign took place on Russian soil.
3148:
on August 16–18 became the first real confrontation. Napoleon surrounded the southern bank of the Dniepr, while the northern bank was guarded by Barclay's army. When Bagration moved further east, to prevent the French from crossing the river and attacking the Russians from behind, Napoleon began the
3009:
Davout had lost 10,000 men marching to Minsk, which he reached on the 8th and would not attack Bagration without Jerome joining him. He ordered Polish cavalry to search for the thousands of looting soldiers who stayed behind. Davout left the city after four days where a Polish governor was appointed;
2917:
A Lieutenant Mertens—a Württemberger serving with Ney's III Corps—reported in his diary that oppressive heat followed by cold nights and rain left them with dead horses and camping in swamp-like conditions with dysentery and fever raging through the ranks with hundreds in a field hospital that had to
2887:
Since the end of April, the Russian headquarters was centred in Vilna but on June 24 couriers rushed news about the crossing of the Niemen to Barclay de Tolley. Before the night had passed, orders were sent out to Bagration and Platov, who commanded the Cossacks, to take the offensive. Alexander left
2245:
networks of Germany and France, proved too cumbersome for the sparse and primitive Russian dirt tracks, further damaged by the unstable weather. Many horses also died during the march towards Vilnius through forests which lacked the necessary fodder, slowing even further the transport of supplies for
4030:
or Germans who had entered Russian service. At the time the conception held by the Russian elite was that the Russian empire was a multi-ethnic entity, in which the Baltic German aristocrats in service to the House of Romanov were considered part of that elite—an understanding of what it meant to be
4022:
Russian historians tended to focus on the French invasion of Russia in 1812 and ignore the campaigns in 1813–1814 fought in Germany and France, because a campaign fought on Russian soil was regarded as more important than campaigns abroad and because in 1812 the Russians were commanded by the ethnic
3763:
noted that, at the time, the Russian elite defined Russianness in terms of loyalty to the House of Romanov rather in terms of language or culture, and as the Baltic German aristocrats were very loyal, they were considered and considered themselves to be Russian despite speaking German as their first
3649:
Napoleon lacked the apparatus to efficiently move so many troops across such large distances of hostile territory. The French supply depots established in the Russian interior failed in their purpose as supplies could not be distributed quickly enough. The French train battalions did their best, but
3614:
was no longer supportable. Bad luck to those who fell asleep by a campfire! Furthermore, disorganization was perceptibly gaining ground in the Guard. One constantly found men who, overcome by the cold, had been forced to drop out and had fallen to the ground, too weak or too numb to stand. Ought one
3394:
Kutuzov's food supplies and reinforcements were mostly coming up through Kaluga from the fertile and populous southern provinces, his new deployment gave him every opportunity to feed his men and horses and rebuild their strength. He refused to attack; he was happy for Napoleon to stay in Moscow for
3196:
instead of risking the army in an open battle. Napoleon's superiority in numbers was almost eliminated. The Russian Army fell back ever deeper into Russia's empty and forested interior as Napoleon continued to move east. Unable because of political pressure to give up Moscow without a fight, Kutuzov
3089:
From Smolensk to Moshaisk the war displayed its horrible work of destruction: all the roads, fields, and woods lay as though sown with people, horses, wagons, burned villages and cities; everything looked like the complete ruin of all that lived. In particular, we saw ten dead Russians to one of our
1860:
While exact figures remain elusive due to the absence of meticulous records, estimations varied and often included exaggerated counts, overlooking auxiliary troops. Napoleon's initial force upon entering Russia exceeded 450,000 men, accompanied by over 150,000 horses, approximately 25,000 wagons and
3859:
The losses of the Russian armies are difficult to assess. The 19th-century historian Michael Bogdanovich assessed reinforcements of the Russian armies during the war using the Military Registry archives of the General Staff. According to this, the reinforcements totalled 134,000 men. The main army
3839:
Recent Russian studies show that Russians captured over 110,000 prisoners during the six-month-long campaign. The harsh winter, as well as popular violence, malnutrition, sickness and hardships during transportation, meant that two-thirds of these men (and women) perished within weeks of captivity.
3450:
As the Tsar remained unresponsive and Napoleon took advantage of the unusually fine and warm weather lasting into October, he lingered in Moscow beyond his welcome. After five weeks, the French Army finally left the city on 19 October, a rainy day. Despite still numbering 108,000 strong, Napoleon's
3363:
Although Saint Petersburg was the political capital at that time, Napoleon had occupied Moscow, the spiritual capital of Russia, but Alexander I decided that there could not be peaceful coexistence with Napoleon. There would be no appeasement. On 19 September Murat lost sight of Kutuzov who changed
3238:
The battle ended with the Russian Army, while out of position, still offering resistance. The state of exhaustion of the French forces and the lack of recognition of the state of the Russian Army led Napoleon to remain on the battlefield with his army, instead of engaging in the forced pursuit that
3183:
to organize the militia, as Barclay had led the French right into the capital. Political pressure on Barclay to give battle and the general's continuing reluctance to do so led to his removal after the defeat. On 20 August he was replaced in his position as commander-in-chief by the popular veteran
2994:
Conflicting orders and lack of information had almost placed Bagration in a bind marching into Davout; however, Jerome could not arrive in time over the same mud tracks, supply problems, and weather, that had so badly affected the rest of the Grande Armée. Command disputes between Jerome, Vandamme
2100:
Soldiers, the second Polish war is begun. The first terminated at Friedland, and at Tilsit, Russia vowed an eternal alliance with France, and war with the English. She now breaks her vows and refuses to give any explanation of her strange conduct until the French eagles have repassed the Rhine, and
4067:
Historical comparisons reveal that many fundamental points that denote Hitler's failure in 1941 were actually foreshadowed in past campaigns. The most obvious example is Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia in 1812. The German High Command's inability to grasp some of the essential hallmarks of
3358:
On the march into the city or rather on the march toward it, from a hill in a forest an hour and a half away, we saw the huge city lying before us. Clouds of fire, red smoke, great gilded crosses of the church towers glittered, shimmered, and billowed up toward us from the city... there were broad
3242:
Borodino was the bloodiest day of battle in the Napoleonic Wars. The Russian Army could only muster half of its strength on September 8. Kutuzov chose to act in accordance with his scorched earth tactics and retreat, leaving the road to Moscow open. Kutuzov also ordered the evacuation of the city.
3042:
River. In this region I once left the bivouac to seek provisions. There were eight of us, and we came to a very distant village. Here we searched all the houses. There were no peasants left. I later realized how heedless I had been, since each one ran into a house alone, broke open everything that
2250:
The thunderstorms of the 29th turned into other downpours, turning the tracks—some diarists claim there were no roads in Lithuania—into bottomless mires. Wagons sank up to their hubs; horses dropped from exhaustion; men lost their boots. Stalled wagons became obstacles that forced men around them
2154:, reinforced his understanding of the imperative to transport as many supplies as possible. The French Army's prior experience operating in the sparsely populated and underdeveloped regions of Poland and East Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) also informed their approach.
4018:
is that certain events are just fated to happen, and there is nothing that a leader can do to challenge destiny, a view of history that dramatically discounts leadership as a factor in history. During the Soviet period, historians engaged in what Lieven called huge distortions to make history fit
3991:
Furthermore, the 19th century was a great age of nationalism and there was a tendency by historians in the Allied nations to give the lion's share of the credit for defeating France to their own respective nation with British historians claiming that it was the United Kingdom that played the most
3746:
Thus, the grand total of all the forces was 488,000 men, of which about 428,000 gradually came into action against the Grande Armee. This bottom line, however, includes more than 80,000 Cossacks and militiamen, as well as about 20,000 men who garrisoned the fortresses in the operational area. The
3742:
Of these, about 105,000 men were actually available for the defence against the invasion. In the third line were the 36 recruit depots and militias, which came to a total of approximately 161,000 men of various and highly disparate military values, of which about 133,000 actually took part in the
3642:
The military machine Napoleon the artilleryman had created was perfectly suited to fight short, violent campaigns, but whenever a long-term sustained effort was in the offing, it tended to expose feet of clay. In the end, the logistics of the French military machine proved wholly inadequate. The
3518:
affair is false. It's true that from November 7th to the 16th, with the thermometer falling to 18 and even 22 degrees, 30,000 of my cavalry and artillery horses died; I abandoned several thousand ambulance wagons and baggage cars for lack of horses. The roads were covered in ice. In this terrible
3158:
could have been decisive but the Russians succeeded to escape via a diversion on the road to Moscow. The French discussed their options or prepare for a new attack after winter. Napoleon pressed his army on after the Russians. Murat implored him to stop, but Napoleon could see nothing but Moscow.
2891:
Napoleon reached Vilna on 28 June with only light skirmishing but leaving more than 5,000 dead horses in his wake. These horses were vital to bringing up further supplies to an army in desperate need; he was forced to leave up to 100 guns and up to 500 artillery wagons. Napoleon had supposed that
2277:
Inadequate supplies played a key role in the losses suffered by the army as well. Davidov and other Russian campaign participants record wholesale surrenders of starving members of the Grande Armée even before the onset of the frosts. Caulaincourt describes men swarming over and cutting up horses
2185:
In thinly populated and agriculturally sparse regions, the lack of food and water led to casualties among troops and their mounts, exposing them to waterborne diseases from drinking contaminated water and consuming spoiled food and forage. While the foremost sections of the army received whatever
4034:
One consequence of this is that many Russian historians liked to disparage the officer corps of the Imperial Russian Army because of the high proportion of Baltic Germans serving as officers, which further reinforces the popular stereotype that the Russians won despite their officers rather than
4014:, which depicted the war as a triumph of what Lieven called the "moral strength, courage and patriotism of ordinary Russians" with military leadership a negligible factor, has shaped the popular understanding of the war in both Russia and abroad from the 19th century onward. A recurring theme of
3904:
In January 1813 the French army gathered behind the Vistula some 23,000 strong. The Austrian and Prussian troops mustered some 35,000 men in addition. The number of deserters and stragglers having left Russia alive is unknown by definition. The number of new inhabitants of Russia is unknown. The
3250:
Both armies began to move and rebuild. The Russian retreat was significant for two reasons: firstly, the move was to the south and not the east; secondly, the Russians immediately began operations that would continue to deplete the French forces. Platov, commanding the rear guard on September 8,
2909:
The foraging in Lithuania proved hard as the land was mostly barren and forested. The supplies of forage were less than that of Poland, and two days of forced marching made a bad supply situation worse. Some 50,000 stragglers and deserters became a lawless mob warring with the local peasantry in
2875:
On the 25th of June Murat's reserve cavalry provided the vanguard with Napoleon, the Imperial guard and Davout's 1st Corps following behind. Napoleon spent the night and the next day in Kaunas, allowing only his guards, not even the generals to enter the city. The next day he rushed towards the
3537:, marked the campaign's final significant engagement, and proved to be a disastrous culmination for the French. Compounding their plight, the onset of thaw caused the ice to melt, necessitating the construction of two bridges. From a military standpoint, the subsequent escape could be deemed a
3532:
bolstered the numerical strength of the Grande Armée back up to approximately 49,000 French combatants alongside some 40,000 stragglers. Despite this reinforcement, as all French corps advanced towards Borisov, they encountered another critical obstacle: the strategic bridge needed to cross the
3076:
Exactly at midnight, on July 16, Napoleon left Vilnius. On 19 July the Tsar left the army in Polotsk and headed for Moscow, taking the discredited Von Phull with him. Barclay, the Russian commander-in-chief, refused to fight despite Bagration's urgings. Several times he attempted to establish a
2087:
Committed to Catherine the Great's expansion policy, Alexander I issued an ultimatum in April 1812, demanding the evacuation of French troops from Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. When Napoleon chose war over retreat, between June 8 and 20, the troops remained in constant motion, enduring
2011:, a blockade aimed at the United Kingdom. However, the treaty imposed significant economic strain on Russia, prompting Tsar Alexander to break away from the Continental blockade on December 31, 1810. This decision left Napoleon without his primary foreign policy tool against the United Kingdom.
3976:. Likewise, because many of the officers who were also veterans who stayed loyal during the Decembrist uprising went on to become ministers in the tyrannical regime of Emperor Nicholas I, they had a negative reputation among the radical intelligentsia of 19th century Russia. For example, Count
3888:
The Russian victory over the French Army in 1812 was a significant blow to Napoleon's ambitions of European dominance. This war was the reason the other coalition allies triumphed once and for all over Napoleon. His army was shattered and morale was low, both for French troops still in Russia,
2904:
The results were most disastrous to the French forces. The movement of troops was impeded or absolutely checked and the vast troop and supply trains on the Vilnius-Kaunas Road became disorganized. The existing roads became little better than quagmires causing the horses to break down under the
2285:
Though starvation caused horrendous casualties in Napoleon's army, losses arose from other sources as well. The main body of Napoleon's Grande Armée diminished by a third in just the first eight weeks of the campaign, before the major battle was fought. This loss in strength was in part due to
2262:
Then on June 29th came a fresh and awful and extraordinary storm; such a terrible tempest had not been known in the memory of man.Thunder and lightning burst forth from every side of the horizon; soldiers were struck dead; torrents of rain flooded the bivouacs; the downpour lasted all the next
3844:
Hay has argued that the destruction of the Dutch contingent (15,000) of the Grande Armée was not a result of the death of most of its members. Rather, its various units disintegrated and the troops scattered. Later, some of its personnel were collected and reorganised into the new Dutch army.
3680:
says that Napoleon crossed the Niemen with over 600,000 soldiers, only half of whom were from France, the others being mainly Poles and Germans. Felix Markham thinks that 450,000 crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812. When Ney and the rearguard recrossed the Niemen on December 14, he had barely a
3022:
on his way to Smolensk. Davout thought Bagration had some 60,000 men and Bagration thought Davout had 70,000. Bagration was getting orders from both Alexander's staff and Barclay (which Barclay didn't know) and left Bagration without a clear picture of what was expected of him and the general
3619:
This befell a Grande Armée that was ill-equipped for cold weather. The French deficiencies in equipment caused by the assumption that their campaign would be concluded before the cold weather set in were a large factor in the number of casualties they suffered. After a few days of thaw, the
2162:
Napoleon and the Grande Armée were accustomed to utilizing the method of living off the land, which proved successful in the densely populated and agriculturally prosperous regions of central Europe, characterized by a well-connected network of roads. Swift forced marches had disoriented the
3689:
believes that 420,000 crossed with Napoleon and 150,000 eventually followed, for a grand total of 570,000. Richard K. Riehn provides the following figures: 685,000 men marched into Russia in 1812, of whom around 355,000 were French; 31,000 soldiers marched out again in some sort of military
3246:
By this point the Russians had managed to draft large numbers of reinforcements (volunteers) into the army, bringing the Russian army to their peak strength in 1812 of 904,000, with perhaps 100,000 in the vicinity of Moscow—the remnants of Kutuzov's army from Borodino partially reinforced.
2122:, particularly in situations where the available terrain cannot sustain the large number of deployed troops. Napoleon meticulously prepared for supplying his army, significantly surpassing the logistical efforts of previous campaigns. To sustain the Grande Armée and its operations, twenty
2822:
was part of the reserve. It was created later in the late summer. It contained an entire division of reformed deserters. This corps, based in Poland did not participate in military operations in Russia until November/December. Augereau also had at his disposal a division of 10,000
3259:
to send reinforcements from Smolensk to Moscow and from Minsk to Smolensk. The French Army began to move out on September 10 with the still ill Napoleon not leaving until the 12th. Some 18,000 men were ordered in from Smolensk, and Marshal Victor's corps supplied another 25,000.
3153:
in the evening. In the middle of the night Barclay de Tolly withdrew his troops from the burning city to avoid a big battle with no chance of victory. When the French army moved in the Russians left on the east side. Ney, Junot and Oudinot tried to halt their army. The
2964:, passing beyond Macdonald and Oudinot's operations with Wittgenstein's rear guard clashing with Oudinout's forward elements. Barclay continued his retreat and, with the exception of the occasional rearguard clash, remained unhindered in his movements ever further east.
2175:
During the campaign, the widespread death and depletion of horses emerged as a significant issue. Forced marches often forced troops to go without essential supplies, as supply wagons struggled to keep pace; The scarcity of roads, frequently turned to mud by rainstorms
3834:
have been taken as prisoners of war. The French themselves lost 70,000 in action and 120,000 wounded, as against the non-French contingents' 30,000 and 60,000. Russian casualties have been estimated at 200,000 killed, 50,000 dispersed or deserting, and 150,000 wounded.
2899:
Several days after crossing the Niemen, a number of soldiers began to develop high fevers and a red rash on their bodies. Typhus had made its appearance. On 29/30 June, a violent thunderstorm struck Lithuania during the night and continued for several hours or a day.
3349:
On September 14, 1812, Napoleon moved into Moscow. However, he was surprised to have received no delegation from the city. Before the order was received to evacuate Moscow, the city had a population of approximately 270,000 people. 48 hours later three quarters of
3077:
strong defensive position, but each time the French advance was too quick for him to finish preparations and he was forced to retreat once more. When the French Army progressed further (under conditions of extreme heat and drought, rivers and wells filled with
3167:, 30 feet wide; Eugene on the left, Poniatowski on the right and Murat in the centre, with the Emperor, the Guard, I Corps and III Corps in the second line. Joseph Barbanègre was appointed commander of the devastated city and had to organise new supplies.
2273:
administration failed to distribute with sufficient rigor the supplies that were built up or captured. By that, despite all these preparations, the Grande Armée was not self-sufficient logistically and still depended on foraging to a significant extent.
6714:
Henri-Pierre Everts, pp. 115, 123. In: Carnets et journal sur la campagne de Russie : extraits du Carnet de La Sabretache, années 1901–1902–1906–1912. Paris: Librairie Historique F. Teissèdre, 1997; E.J. Rieksen (2020) Voetstappen zonder echo, p.
3967:
In Russia, the official historical line until 1917 was that the peoples of the Russian Empire had rallied together in defence of the throne against a foreign invader. Because many of the younger Russian officers in the 1812 campaign took part in the
3132:
On 4 August the corps of Barclay and Bagration finally succeeded to unite in Smolensk. On 5 August they held a council of war. Under pressure, Barclay de Tolly decided to launch an offensive. (The French army arrived on Russian territory before the
3141:. The next day Napoleon celebrated his 43rd birthday with a review of the army. In the late afternoon, Murat's cavalry and Ney's infantry closed up to the western side of Smolensk. The main body of the army did not come up until late the next day.
2871:
were actually small dirt tracks through areas of birched woodland and marshes. At the beginning of the war supply lines already simply could not keep up with the forced marches of the corps and rear formations always suffered the worst privations.
3377:
to Kaluga and Medyn so that Napoleon could not turn south or southwest. This position not only allowed him to harass the French lines of communication but also stay in contact with the Russian forces under Tormasov and Chichagov, commander of the
2146:
in French-controlled Germany and Poland. This logistical preparation served as a significant trial of Napoleon's administrative and logistical acumen, with his focus in the first half of 1812 dedicated mainly to provisioning his invading army.
3693:
Minard's famous infographic (see below) depicts the march ingeniously by showing the size of the advancing army, overlaid on a rough map, as well as the retreating soldiers together with temperatures recorded (as much as 30 below zero on the
3137:). A Russian force was sent west. Napoleon hoped that the Russian advance would lead to the long-desired battle and the unification of the Russian armies forced Napoleon to change his plans. On 14 August, Ney crossed the Dniepr and won the
2186:
provisions could be supplied, formations behind them suffered from starvation. During the attack phase, Vilna stood as the most advanced magazine in the operational area. Beyond that point, the army had to rely solely on its own resources.
2905:
additional strain. The delay and frequent loss of these supply trains caused both troops and horses to suffer. Napoleon's forces traditionally were well supplied by his transportation corps, but they proved inadequate during the invasion.
1919:). Napoleon termed this war the "Second Polish War" in an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots. Though the stated goal of the war was the resurrection of the Polish state on the territories of the former
2006:
along the Neman River. These treaties progressively solidified Russia's alignment with France, allowing Napoleon to exert dominance over neighboring states. The accord rendered Russia an ally of France, leading to their adoption of the
2866:
Napoleon initially met little resistance and moved quickly into the enemy's territory in spite of the transport of more than 1,100 cannons, being opposed by the Russian armies with more than 900 cannons. But the roads in this area of
3254:
On 8 September the Russian army began retreating east from Borodino. They camped outside Mozhaysk. When the village of Mozhaysk was captured by the French on the 9th, the Grande Armée rested for two days to recover. Napoleon asked
3920:(an English rendition of the Russian Отечественная война) became a symbol for a strengthened national identity that had a great effect on Russian patriotism in the 19th century. A series of revolutions followed, starting with the
3720:(Book X) he was unpopular and regarded as a foreigner by Bagration who was higher in rank but had to follow his orders. Kutuzov replaced Barclay and acted as Commander-in-chief during the retreat following the Battle of Smolensk.
2797:
was sent to help extricate the remnants of the Grand Army in its retreat. Within a few days many of Loison's unexperienced soldiers died of the extreme cold. Napoleon arrested him for not marching with his division to the front.
3650:
the distances, the speed required, and the poor conditions they labored under meant that the demands Napoleon placed on them were too great. Napoleon's demand of a speedy advance by the Grande Armée over a network of dirt roads
3359:
streets, long straight alleys, tall buildings massively built of brick, church towers with burned roofs and half-melted bells, and copper roofs which had rolled from the buildings; everything was uninhabited and uninhabitable.
4039:
in December 1812 and that many Russian historians have followed Tolstoy in focusing on the campaign of 1812 while ignoring the greater achievements of campaigns of 1813–1814 that ended with the Russians marching into Paris.
3466:, a testament to Kutuzov's strategic acumen, forced the French Army to retrace its steps along the Old Smolensk road, reversing their previous eastward advance. Kutuzov's tactical brilliance extended further as he employed
3160:
2967:
The operation intended to split Bagration's forces from Barclay's forces by driving to Vilna had cost the French forces 25,000 losses from all causes in a few days. Strong probing operations were advanced from Vilna towards
2876:
capital Vilna, pushing the infantry forward in columns that suffered from stifling heat, heavy rain and more heat. The central group marched 110 kilometres (70 mi) in two days. Ney's III Corps marched down the road to
2728:
Junot was sent to bypass the left flank of the Russian army, but he got lost and was unable to carry out this operation. Junot, a heavy drinker, was blamed for allowing the Russian army to retreat arriving too late at the
3523:
Russian forces also seized control of the French supply depots at Polotsk, Vitebsk and Minsk, dealing a severe blow to Napoleon's already faltering campaign. However, the convergence of forces led by Victor, Oudinot and
2914:, which further hindered supplies reaching the Grande Armée. Central to the problem were the expanding distances to supply magazines and the fact that no supply wagon could keep up with a forced marched infantry column.
3840:
Official reports from forty-eight Russian provinces reveal that 65,503 prisoners had died in Russia by February 1813. Other 39,645 were still held prisoner by the same date, including a group of 50 women and 7 children.
3064:
4795:
Raoult D, Dutour O, Houhamdi L, Jankauskas R, Fournier PE, Ardagna Y, Drancourt M, Signoli M, La VD, Macia Y, Aboudharam G. "Evidence for louse-transmitted diseases in soldiers of Napoleon's Grand Army in Vilnius".
3372:
where he would be more protected by the surrounding hills and the Nara river. On 3 October Kutuzov and his entire staff arrived at Tarutino and camped there for two weeks. He controlled the three-pronged roads from
3164:
3671:
On 24 June 1812, around 400,000–500,000 men of the Grande Armée, the largest army assembled up to that point in European history, crossed the border into Russia and headed towards Moscow. Anthony Joes wrote in the
5793:"Narrative of Events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte (And the Retreat of the French Army, 1812) || Preliminary Remarks | Wilson, Robert Thomas; Randolph, Herbert | download"
2064:
ports Stettin and Danzig. During this period, Napoleon's physical and mental condition underwent changes. He experienced weight gain and increasing susceptibility to various health issues. In May 1812 he left his
3889:
fighting battles just before the campaign ended, and for the troops on other fronts. Napoleon alone was able to maintain any semblance of order; with his absence, Murat and the other officers lost all authority.
3419:
about the lack of food and fodder; each day he lost 200 men captured by Russians. On 18 October, at dawn during breakfast, Murat's camp in a forest was surprised by an attack by forces led by Bennigsen, known as
1774:
Kutuzov made the critical decision not to defend the city but to orchestrate a general withdrawal, prioritizing the preservation of the Russian army. On 14 September, Napoleon and his roughly 100,000-strong army
2677:
on 1 July, and moved towards Bagration's (second western) army. It seems he was advancing slowly so the stragglers could catch up. On the order of Napoleon Davout secretly took over the command on 6 July. The
3548:
On 3 December Napoleon published the 29th Bulletin in which he informed the outside world for the first time of the catastrophic state of his army. He abandoned the army on 5 December and returned home on a
2808:(33,000). The majority was sent to Smolensk in early September; he took over the command from St. Cyr. At the end of October, he retreated, losing significant supplies in Vitebsk to Wittgenstein. Victor and
10098:
2987:'s III Russian Cavalry Corps. Napoleon assumed this was Bagration's 2nd Army and rushed out, before being told it was not. Napoleon then attempted to use Davout, Jerome, and Eugene out on his right in a
4031:
Russian defined in terms of dynastic loyalty rather than language, ethnicity, and culture that does not appeal to those later Russians who wanted to see the war as purely a triumph of ethnic Russians.
2282:
was popular. The French simply were unable to feed their army. Starvation led to a general loss of cohesion. Constant harassment of the French Army by Cossacks added to the losses during the retreat.
2218:, with the Vilna base having enough rations to feed 100,000 men for 40 days. It also contained 27,000 muskets, 30,000 pairs of shoes along with brandy and wine. Medium-sized depots were established at
1770:, located 110 kilometres (70 mi) west of Moscow, concluded as a narrow victory for the French although Napoleon was not able to beat the Russian army and Kutuzov could not stop the French. At the
3519:
cold storm, the bivouac became unbearable for my people; many moved away in the evening in search of houses and shelter; I had no cavalry left to protect them. The Cossacks picked up several thousand.
3026:
After five weeks, the loss of troops from disease and desertion had reduced Napoleon's effective fighting strength to about half. Ney and his corps were given ten days to recover and search for food.
3938:
7150:
3590:
shoes for the horses to enable them to traverse roads that had become iced over. The most devastating effect of the cold weather upon Napoleon's forces occurred during their retreat. Starvation and
4095:
An event of epic proportions and momentous importance for European history, the French invasion of Russia has been the subject of much discussion among historians. The campaign's sustained role in
7351:
4932:
This article is reprinted and adapted from Peterson, R. K. D. 1995. Insects,disease, and military history: the Napoleonic campaigns and historical perception, in the journal Anerican Entomologist.
2896:
demanded that the French returned across the Niemen before negotiations. Barclay continued to retreat to Drissa, deciding that the concentration of the 1st and 2nd armies was his first priority.
3322:'s vanguard. Napoleon, who suffered from a cold and lost his voice, spent the night at Vyazyomy Manor (on the same sofa in the library) within 24 hours. On Sunday afternoon the Russian military
3109:, Napoleon planned not to go further than Smolensk and make Vilnius his headquarters for the winter. However, he could not go back at the end of July. His position was unfavourable according to
2171:
there is no order or administration; the Army must live by the sword, and even on Prussian territory and with their allies, the troops pillage atrociously, as if they were in an enemy’s country.
8428:
3223:
The Battle of Borodino, fought on 7 September 1812, was the largest battle of the French invasion of Russia, involving more than 250,000 troops and resulting in at least 70,000 casualties. The
3346:
would not give up his rearguard duties until September 14, allowing Moscow to be evacuated. Miloradovich finally retreated under a flag of truce. Kutuzov withdrew to the southeast of Moscow.
2618:, who protected the road to St Petersburg. Oudinot didn't succeed in joining up with Macdonald and joined the VIth corps. For two months these corps kept Wittgenstein at a distance until the
3848:
Most of the Prussian contingent survived thanks to the Convention of Tauroggen and almost the whole Austrian contingent under Schwarzenberg withdrew successfully. The Russians formed the
1869:
The French invasion is known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, the Second Polish campaign, the Patriotic War of 1812, or the War of 1812. It should not be confused with the
5753:
3251:
offered such strong resistance that Napoleon remained on the Borodino field. On the following day, Miloradovich assumed command of the rear guard, adding his forces to the formation.
2251:
and stopped supply wagons and artillery columns. Then came the sun which would bake the deep ruts into canyons of concrete, where horses would break their legs and wagons their wheels.
2720:
who was sent home in early July. Jérôme Bonaparte took over but resigned on 15 July when he found out Davout had been secretly given the command. Early August the command was given to
2278:
that slipped and fell, even before the horse had been killed. Other accounts describe eating the flesh of horses still walking, too cold to react in pain; drinking blood and preparing
2267:
The heavy losses to disease, hunger and desertion in the early months of the campaign were in large part due to the inability to transport provisions quickly enough to the troops. The
2126:
battalions with 7,848 vehicles, were mobilized to provide a 40-day supply. Extensive magazines were strategically set up in towns and cities across Poland and East Prussia, while the
1628:
4047:. What the reaction of the Russian peasantry would have been if he had lived up to the traditions of the French Revolution, bringing liberty to the serfs, is an intriguing question.
3072:
was 6.5 kilometres, with a height of up to 19 metres and a width of up to 5.2 metres, and a total of 38 watchtowers. The Kremlin lost nine towers because of the bombardment and fire.
7891:
Four Men and a Woman: Remarkable Dutch Experiences during the Russian Campaign of Napoleon in 1812 by: Mariska Pool and Mark van Hattem of the Royal Netherlands Army and Arms Museum
6755:
6415:
5922:
5688:
Four Men and a Woman: Remarkable Dutch Experiences during the Russian Campaign of Napoleon in 1812 by: Mariska Pool and Mark van Hattem of the Royal Netherlands Army and Arms Museum
7042:
2202:
were turned into grain depots, milling vast quantities of flour for delivery to Thorn, where 60,000 biscuits were produced every day. A large bakery was established at Villenberg (
2163:
traditional Austrian and Prussian armies, relying extensively on foraging for sustenance. Colonel Pion documented the logistical challenges that this strategy imposed on the army:
6876:
3302:. Russian sources suggest Kutuzov wrote a number of orders and letters to Rostopchin, the Moscow military governor, about saving the city or the army. On 12 September [
2960:
Although Barclay wanted to give battle, he assessed it as a hopeless situation and ordered Vilna's magazines burned and its bridge dismantled. Wittgenstein moved his command to
1220:
2238:'s II Corps alone took 600 carts formed into six companies. The wagon trains were supposed to carry enough bread, flour and medical supplies for 300,000 men for two months.
82:
5865:
2520:; early September he returned to Riga with his entire force. On 18 December, a few days after the French left the Russian Empire, he drew back to Königsberg, followed by
1341:
1794:
As early November arrived, snowfall and frost complicated the retreat. Shortages of food and winter attire for the soldiers and provision for the horses, combined with
10093:
6363:
3981:
6691:
6320:
6017:
5974:
2255:
4334:; 50,000 volunteers, perhaps 3,000 women and some children. A Dutch general noted that all commanders exaggerated the number of their soldiers in order to look good.
3739:
These forces, however, could count on reinforcements from the second line, which totalled 129,000 men and 8,000 Cossacks with 434 guns and 433 rounds of ammunition.
1443:
8634:
6549:
6239:
3163:
to write the tsar his readiness for peace negotiations; then the general was sent to Paris as honorary prisoner. On 24 August, the Grande Armée marched out on the
4684:
3486:, a loss that significantly weakened Napoleon's forces in subsequent campaigns. A wagon or a piece of artillery could not be transported across even the smallest
3470:
tactics, repeatedly striking at vulnerable points to prevent any potential southern retreat. As the French retreat devolved into chaos, bands of Cossacks (under
9455:
6280:
3707:
3299:
2354:
was established in Warsaw, forming a crucial part of the logistical infrastructure. The distribution of artillery was concentrated across strategic locations at
3654:
further broke down his logistical network as weakened draft animals collapsed from overwork and vehicles that could not be repaired broke down. As the graph of
6049:
5110:
2030:. This move was seen unfavorably by Russia, perceiving the territory's annexation as a potential threat for a French invasion point. Russia's foreign Minister
1346:
1841:, Napoleon commanded only around 49,000 troops alongside 40,000 stragglers of little military significance. On 5 December, Napoleon departed from the army at
10147:
3424:. Bennigsen was supported by Kutuzov from his headquarters at distance. Bennigsen asked Kutuzov to provide troops for the pursuit. However, Kutuzov refused.
3228:
2158:
However, nothing was to go as planned, because Napoleon had failed to take into account conditions that were totally different from what he had known so far.
2056:
received orders to clandestinely prepare for a demonstration of military strength aimed at impressing Russia. This plan involved deploying (Dutch) troops to
1967:. Napoleon, rising to power in 1799 and assuming autocratic rule over France, orchestrated numerous military campaigns that led to the establishment of the
10775:
7142:
1391:
3098:
Napoleon discovered that the Russians were able to slip away during the night. The city, at the intersection of important trade routes, and the palace of
10196:
7343:
5048:
1817:, Napoleon faced a critical scarcity of cavalry and artillery due to severe snowfall and icy conditions. Employing a strategic maneuver, he deployed the
1361:
1213:
5192:
5147:
3129:). Mid-July Napoleon's brother Jérome resigned and decided to go home. (For Napoleon he lost the opportunity to destroy the Russian armies separately.)
7544:
7533:
3813:
Napoleon lost more than 500,000 men in Russia. Out of an original force of 615,000, only 110,000 frostbitten and half-starved survivors stumbled back.
3586:, the army was still equipped with summer clothing and did not have the means to protect themselves from the cold or snow. It had also failed to forge
8414:
4581:
3980:
is thought by von Lievewn to have achieved good results militarily in 1812 commanding a Cossack company, but because he later become the Chief of the
3716:
and field commander of the First Western Army and General of Infantry served as the Commander in Chief of the Russian Armies. According to Tolstoy in
3002:
was appointed as Governor of Lithuania organizing hospitals for the wounded in Vilnius and supplies for the army; Louis Henri Loison was appointed in
12706:
12332:
10162:
9492:
6167:
4184:
3553:, leaving the sick Murat in command. In the following weeks, the Grande Armée shrank further, and on 14 December 1812, it left Russian territory.
2472:
2461:
17:
8950:
7905:
6470:
4973:
3099:
12656:
12629:
10281:
4907:
4826:
8488:
6105:
2991:
to catch Bagration and to destroy the 2nd Army in an operation before reaching Minsk. This operation had failed to produce results on his left.
10359:
10026:
9718:
5749:
2789:
During the campaign reinforcements of 80,000 and the baggage trains with 30,000 men were sent on different dates. In November, the division of
1206:
246:
12721:
10135:
9248:
3984:
as the secret police were called, was one of the closest friends of Nicholas I and is infamous for his persecution of Russia's national poet
1716:. In a span of fewer than six months, the campaign exacted a staggering toll, claiming the lives of nearly a million soldiers and civilians.
7627:
Napoléon Et la Grande Armée en Russie, Ou, Examen Critique de L'ouvrage de M. Le Comte Ph. de Ségur by Gaspard Baron Gourgaud (1825), p. 418
4774:
1837:
were forced to take a detour. Despite the consolidation of several retreating French corps with the main army, by the time they reached the
12327:
10376:
6077:
3415:
left Moscow to meet Kutuzov at his headquarters. Kutuzov agreed to meet, despite the orders of the Tsar. On 10 October Murat complained to
6399:
3490:
without the loss of 12 to 15 horses. Starvation and disease ravaged the troops, exacerbating their already dire circumstances. Defeats at
3411:. Each side avoided the other and seemed no longer to wish to get into a fight. On 5 October, on order of Napoleon, the French ambassador
2436:, where Napoleon arrived on 18 June. Meanwhile, Davout had ordered his I corps to pillage the town. The corps coming from Warsaw used the
12701:
10644:
10088:
10083:
9343:
7038:
271:
5900:
3541:
for the French, albeit amidst substantial losses. However, it also represented a missed opportunity for the Russians, who laid blame on
12741:
10004:
9404:
8711:
6860:
6520:
5717:
4174:
3767:
Sweden, Russia's only ally, did not send supporting troops, but the alliance made it possible to withdraw the 45,000-man Russian corps
2528:
found himself isolated because the Russian army blocked the road. After five days he was urged by his officers (and in the presence of
10572:
2809:
2234:. Auxiliary supply convoys were formed on Napoleon's orders in early June 1812, using vehicles requisitioned in East Prussia. Marshal
405:
12711:
10592:
10452:
6236:"History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815]"
3912:
started in 1813 as the Russian campaign was decisive for the Napoleonic Wars and led to Napoleon's defeat and exile on the island of
1845:
in a sled and returned to Paris. Within a few days, an additional 20,000 people succombed to the bitter cold and diseases carried by
7870:
3658:, given below, shows, the Grande Armée incurred the majority of its losses during the march to Moscow during the summer and autumn.
12237:
9630:
7890:
7626:
5687:
2082:
9321:
7901:
Mikaberidze, A. (2014). "Napoleon's Lost Legions. The Grande Armée Prisoners of War in Russia". Napoleonica. La Revue, 21, 35–44.
7224:
3113:. There was the heat—also at night—and the lack of supplies. He had lost a third of his army due to sickness and straggling. The
12599:
12257:
10634:
9485:
9470:
3006:. The main problem was forage from East Prussia. For three weeks, the Dutch soldiers had hardly seen bread and only eaten soup.
1731:
into Russia. Employing extensive forced marches, Napoleon rapidly advanced his army of nearly half a million individuals through
113:
3735:
horsemen of the Russian steppes were best suited to reconnaissance, scouting and harassing the enemy's flanks and supply lines.
10236:
10167:
9460:
9394:
1963:
From 1792 onwards, France found itself frequently embroiled in conflicts with major European powers, a direct aftermath of the
9316:
5737:
3953:
many Western historians simply ignore Russian language sources when writing about the campaign because they cannot read them.
12457:
12357:
12277:
9764:
9166:
9080:
8898:
8669:
8554:
8535:
8269:
7279:
7203:
6843:
6785:
5481:
5407:
5382:
5177:
3999:
3713:
3603:
3315:
2743:
933:
699:
603:
8694:
8448:
8359:
6356:
4855:
Histoire de la Campagne de Russie Pendant L'année 1812 et de la Captivité des Prisonniers Français en Sibérie (1846), p. 404
12162:
10115:
10105:
9399:
6684:
6313:
6010:
5967:
4023:
Russian Kutuzov while in the campaigns in 1813–1814 the senior Russian commanders were mostly ethnic Germans, being either
3102:
would be his base for the next two weeks. His army needed to recover and rest, but Napoleon asked himself what to do next.
2805:
946:
711:
687:
6951:
5643:
4957:
Seconde Guerre de Pologne; ou, considerations sur la paix publique du continent et sur l'independance maritime de l'Europe
4882:
3814:
2980:
in the east, the location of Bagration on his way to Minsk. Bagration ordered Platov and Dokhturov to distract the enemy.
12691:
12252:
10694:
10140:
5611:
3185:
3023:
situation. This stream of confused orders to Bagration had him upset with Barclay, which would have repercussions later.
2564:
2482:
2206:). 50,000 cattle were collected to follow the army. After the invasion began, large magazines were constructed at Kovno (
2037:
In an attempt to secure greater cooperation from Russia, Napoleon initially pursued an alliance by proposing marriage to
1888:
1747:
totaling approximately 180,000–220,000 soldiers at that juncture. Despite losing half of his men within six weeks due to
11890:
6576:
6542:
6235:
3192:, a border village. The weather was still unbearably hot and Kutuzov went on with Barclay's successful strategy, using
1903:", a term which should not be confused with the conflict between Great Britain and the United States, also known as the
12681:
12533:
11134:
10552:
10354:
10186:
10073:
9552:
9237:
8863:
8308:
5800:
5435:
5357:
4668:
3944:
3400:
2999:
2766:
at the end of July, Schwarzenberg and Reynier were cut off from supplies. On 18 September the Austrians withdrew when
2707:
1920:
1760:
6273:
2693:
2045:, the daughter of the Austrian emperor. Subsequently, France and Austria solidified their relationship by signing an
1763:
compelling the invaders to rely on an inadequate supply system, incapable of sustaining their vast army in the field.
12452:
12447:
12432:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12272:
12247:
11875:
10704:
10296:
9915:
9861:
9856:
9804:
9799:
9789:
9754:
9749:
9739:
9729:
9707:
9702:
9679:
9674:
9649:
9625:
9620:
9605:
9465:
9286:
9218:
9110:
9036:
8975:
8919:
8835:
8807:
8779:
8742:
8628:
8575:
8470:
6409:
6161:
4768:
4678:
3114:
2697:
31:
6041:
5102:
4330:
The "Grande Armée" is estimated between 450 and 600,000 soldiers, half of them foreigners. About 120,000 were young
2790:
12462:
12317:
12297:
10806:
9898:
9834:
9659:
9572:
4168:
3956:
According to von Lieven, memoirs written by French veterans of the campaign together with much of the work done by
3343:
2636:
which could be used to escape; he then went to Polotsk. Second Central force crossed at Pilona 20 km upstream.
2560:
2294:
and typhus and the need for garrison supply centres. There are eyewitness reports of cannibalism in November 1812.
1740:
12322:
10577:
5777:
Dedem van de Gelder, Anton Boudewijn Gijsbert van; Lecky, Elisabeth van Dedem "Mrs W. E. H. Lecky (May 18, 1900).
3399:
Kutuzov avoided frontal battles involving large masses of troops in order to reinforce his army and to wait there
2686:'s troops. Jérôme left the army after being criticised by Davout. He went home at the end of July, taking a small
12746:
12696:
12538:
12367:
12242:
11598:
11003:
10291:
10051:
10036:
9977:
9336:
9139:
Narrative of events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Retreat of the French Army, 1812
9005:
2892:
Alexander would sue for peace at this point and was to be disappointed; it would not be his last disappointment.
2046:
10191:
8990:
8594:"The Dutch Experience and Memory of the Campaign of 1812: a Final Feat of Arms of the Dutch Imperial Contingent"
3407:
and others, but also by Tsar Alexander. Barclay de Tolly interrupted his service for five months and settled in
12736:
12578:
12262:
12207:
12202:
11558:
11436:
11079:
10957:
10780:
9759:
9723:
8353:
6870:
4189:
3295:
2592:(72,000), the strongest corps, left Vilnius on 1 July and occupied Minsk a week later. His goal was to cut off
2042:
295:
12644:
8601:
5040:
3294:, who entered military service again. The next day Tsar Alexander signed a document that Kutuzov was promoted
2770:
arrived from the south and seized Minsk on 18 November. On 14 December 1812 Schwarzenberg crossed the border.
2142:
organized five supply lines from the Rhine to the Vistula, establishing administrative headquarters in three
12634:
12604:
11265:
10557:
10445:
10174:
9925:
9654:
9480:
9475:
9430:
5143:
3892:
3303:
2858:
2489:
1713:
994:
514:
284:
12212:
11945:
11844:
11512:
7485:
12731:
12726:
12624:
12362:
11537:
11285:
11200:
10912:
10624:
10251:
10221:
10216:
10157:
10046:
10041:
10009:
9950:
9871:
9829:
9712:
4573:
4114:
2998:
In the first two weeks of July, the Grande Armée lost 100,000 men due to sickness and desertion. On 8 July
2657:
2425:
2092:
and compel Czar Alexander I to rejoin to the Continental System. From 21–22 June 1812, Bonaparte stayed at
896:
675:
418:
2713:
2492:
12 June] 1812 with Napoleon's army crossing the border. The army was split up into five columns:
11663:
11365:
11099:
11053:
11048:
10821:
10765:
10480:
10386:
10369:
10241:
10110:
10078:
10014:
9903:
9794:
9779:
9615:
4209:
3339:
3269:
2559:. Afterwards, Murat's cavalry and three corps crossed the river destined for Vilnius. Then they followed
2552:
2525:
2505:
1984:
1776:
1575:
1517:
1351:
723:
10977:
6151:
3818:
2773:
2747:
2625:
2378:
Magdeburg contained a siege artillery train housing 100 heavy guns and storing 462 cannons, two million
1469:
579:
12716:
12609:
12420:
12302:
12036:
11441:
11325:
11028:
10760:
10582:
10508:
10494:
10473:
10286:
9824:
9814:
9784:
9774:
9389:
9329:
8930:
7401:
6462:
5779:"Un général hollandais sous le premier empire. Mémoires du général Bon de Dedem de Gelder, l774–1825 …"
4970:
4249:
50,000 were Austrians, Prussians, and other Germans, 20,000 were Poles, and just 35,000 were Frenchmen.
3977:
3909:
3404:
3118:
2151:
1988:
1976:
1871:
1462:
1401:
1050:
804:
792:
303:
207:
12342:
12167:
11734:
8462:
Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494–2007
4927:
4830:
4346:
was responsible for the initial plan for the defence of Russia - the retreat to the fortified camp at
2815:
2801:
2653:
2639:
2603:
2338:
2310:
companies, six miner companies and an engineer park were deployed for the invasion force. Large-scale
531:
12503:
12172:
11965:
11744:
11688:
11638:
11517:
11270:
11250:
11094:
11043:
11018:
10947:
10927:
10846:
10747:
10125:
10019:
8492:
6097:
3747:
majority of the officer corps came from the aristocracy. About 7% of the officer corps came from the
3676:
that figures on how many men Napoleon took into Russia and how many eventually came out vary widely.
3606:
recounted scenes of massive loss, and offered a vivid description of mass death through hypothermia:
3463:
3334:
was invited also and explained the difficult decision in quite a few remarkable chapters in his book
3145:
2725:
1907:. In Russian literature written before the Russian revolution, the war was occasionally described as
1788:
1752:
1599:
1563:
1376:
1309:
1114:
1083:
11759:
11390:
11370:
11180:
10866:
10602:
6274:"The Napoleon Series: How Many Troops Did Napoleon Have on the Niemen in 1812? By François Lelouard"
3274:
2703:
2585:
2501:
2066:
353:
348:
12498:
12282:
12122:
11940:
11739:
11683:
11678:
11613:
11542:
11410:
11310:
11149:
11089:
10937:
10438:
10266:
9972:
9547:
9351:
6224:
Coloman Rupprecht von Virtsolog (1871) Geschichte des k.k. 60. Linien-Infanterie-Regimentes, p. 126
6203:
Coloman Rupprecht von Virtsolog (1871) Geschichte des k.k. 60. Linien-Infanterie-Regimentes, p. 118
4162:
4104:
3495:
3459:. Evading Kutuzov became Napoleon's main priority, but he encountered an obstacle in his progress.
3416:
3307:
3256:
3095:
2619:
1611:
1371:
1279:
780:
12197:
11870:
11205:
9260:
3515:
2643:
2551:, occupied the other side of the Niemen. Around noon, the next morning, Napoleon, followed by the
1849:. Murat and Ney assumed command, pressing forward but leaving over 20,000 men in the hospitals of
519:
12686:
12548:
12217:
12071:
11643:
11563:
11451:
11320:
11305:
11240:
11235:
11008:
10942:
10836:
10719:
10179:
9908:
9527:
4758:
4312:
3682:
3432:
3176:
3138:
2950:
2836:
2737:
he had only 2,000 men left. In July 1813, Junot jumped out of a window; he died a few days later.
2533:
2139:
2038:
1686:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1244:
122:
12523:
11809:
11774:
10861:
8234:
4165:, a Roman invasion of Parthian Empire, which is widely compared to Napoleon's invasion of Russia
3905:
number of prisoners is estimated at around 100,000, of whom more than 50,000 died in captivity.
3575:
Following the campaign, a saying arose that "General Winter" defeated Napoleon, alluding to the
3525:
2015:
12583:
12543:
12528:
12508:
12483:
12337:
12081:
11996:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11930:
11920:
11824:
11779:
11764:
11295:
11013:
10917:
10892:
10851:
10801:
10785:
10381:
10056:
9577:
9512:
6140:. Napoleon against Russia: A Concise History of 1812. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2004.
3756:
3752:
2911:
2544:
2441:
12488:
11175:
9769:
6357:"Mémoires du général de Caulaincourt, duc de Vicence, grand écuyer de l'Empereur, pp. 61, 133"
38:
12287:
12187:
12051:
12046:
12041:
11991:
11880:
11804:
11794:
11628:
11568:
11497:
11330:
11280:
11215:
11210:
10887:
10714:
10597:
10311:
10271:
10031:
9960:
9409:
8686:
8618:
5897:
4343:
4214:
3865:
3849:
3655:
3351:
3279:
2780:(17,000 Saxons) stayed in the Grodno region and cooperated with Schwarzenberg to protect the
2706:(36,000 (Polish) soldiers) under Poniatowski joined Davout and went to Mogilev and Smolensk.
2670:
2089:
1999:
1830:
1780:
747:
543:
538:
341:
336:
11220:
10816:
8715:
6516:
5862:
5713:
102:
12568:
12518:
12132:
12021:
12011:
11986:
11885:
11819:
11633:
11623:
11603:
11583:
11492:
11472:
11350:
11144:
11069:
10871:
9844:
9517:
9414:
9384:
5193:
Proclamation of 22 June 1812. Correspondance de Napoléon 1er, No. 18855, vol. XXIII, p. 528
4364:
4056:
3973:
3503:
3483:
3475:
3134:
3106:
2954:
2935:
2679:
2597:
2589:
2513:
2509:
2396:
Stettin contained 263 guns, a million cartridges and 200,000 pounds/90 tonnes of gunpowder;
1825:, who obstructed the primary road to Krasny, effectively isolating him from the main army.
1802:, resulted in significant losses. More than half of the soldiers perished from exhaustion,
1529:
1500:
1329:
1299:
1284:
1264:
1259:
1249:
958:
920:
908:
555:
389:
384:
365:
360:
12192:
11446:
11315:
11255:
11154:
11084:
5678:
H.P. Everts, Campagne et captivité de Russie, p. 147; Memoirs of Sergeant Bourgogne, p. 63
4155:, a piece of music written in 1882 (seventy years after the fact) by the Russian composer
3779:
3057:
3011:
2835:
for the duration of the campaign. Augereau never left Berlin; his younger brother general
2683:
2682:
was a tactical victory for the Russians; Jerome let Platov escape by deploying too few of
2497:
2402:
Glogau contained 108 guns, a million cartridges and 100,000 pounds/45 tonnes of gunpowder.
2093:
651:
591:
8:
12573:
12352:
12347:
12076:
12026:
11910:
11895:
11799:
11693:
11593:
11507:
11395:
11355:
11275:
11245:
11225:
11159:
11124:
11074:
11038:
11033:
10993:
10856:
10841:
10826:
10811:
10770:
10547:
10419:
10349:
10206:
9734:
9669:
9440:
8298:
7862:
7105:
Memoiren des Königlich Preussischen Generals der Infanterie Ludwig Freiherrn von Wolzogen
7100:
3925:
3807:
3771:
from Finland and use it in the later battles (20,000 men were sent to Riga and Polotsk).
3467:
3189:
2529:
1995:
1968:
1807:
1431:
1416:
1411:
1381:
706:
682:
670:
658:
634:
622:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
526:
502:
488:
377:
234:
228:
140:
73:
11814:
11109:
11104:
10952:
5698:
4081:
3624:. Within three days, his division of 15,000 soldiers lost 12,000 men without a battle.
3126:
1853:. The remnants of the principal armies, disheartened, crossed the frozen Niemen and the
12619:
12614:
12558:
12513:
12442:
12312:
12157:
12147:
12142:
12061:
12001:
11849:
11769:
11729:
11713:
11703:
11673:
11658:
11648:
11608:
11578:
11532:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11260:
11195:
10967:
10932:
10907:
10709:
10659:
10609:
10587:
10567:
10562:
10409:
10391:
10344:
10326:
10306:
9945:
9697:
9595:
9567:
9450:
9435:
9276:
8769:
8732:
8565:
8460:
7220:
5954:
3784:
3534:
3452:
3451:
forces suffered a significant blow with the near-destruction of Murat's cavalry in the
3379:
3210:
3180:
3155:
2893:
2794:
2759:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2661:
2615:
2556:
2521:
2488:
After two days of preparation, the invasion commenced on Wednesday, 24 June [
2311:
2306:
companies, three pontoon trains with 100 pontoons each, two companies of marines, nine
2119:
2031:
2008:
2003:
1818:
1767:
1705:
1587:
1551:
1437:
1406:
1396:
1366:
1335:
1319:
1269:
1120:
1108:
1089:
1077:
1038:
1006:
718:
567:
451:
329:
324:
44:"Patriotic War of 1812" redirects here. For the 1812–15 conflict in North America, see
11405:
11335:
11300:
11290:
3215:
11970:
11935:
11905:
11865:
11839:
11829:
11784:
11754:
11708:
11653:
11573:
11522:
11502:
11487:
11477:
11456:
11400:
11360:
11185:
11119:
11114:
10972:
10902:
10755:
10674:
10669:
10316:
10256:
10063:
9989:
9967:
9866:
9744:
9557:
9537:
9532:
9522:
9357:
9282:
9233:
9214:
9162:
9156:
9137:
9106:
9100:
9076:
9054:
9032:
8971:
8915:
8894:
8859:
8831:
8803:
8775:
8738:
8665:
8624:
8571:
8550:
8531:
8466:
8376:
8349:
8345:
8304:
8265:
7592:
Achilles Rose (2003) Napoleon's Campaign in Russia Anno 1812 Medico-Historical, p. 34
7275:
7199:
7124:
7116:
6866:
6839:
6781:
6405:
6157:
6098:"INS Scholarship 1997: Davout & Napoleon: A Study in Their Personal Relationship"
5477:
5431:
5403:
5378:
5353:
5173:
4809:
4764:
4674:
4611:
Bogdanovich, "History of Patriotic War 1812", Spt., 1859–1860, Appendix, pp. 492–503.
4096:
4044:
3985:
3969:
3957:
3921:
3896:"Enlistment in the Cossacks of captured Poles of Napoleon's army, 1813". Painting of
3788:
3728:
3538:
3499:
3421:
3412:
3331:
3287:
3193:
3015:
1980:
1964:
1814:
1784:
1751:
conditions, diseases and scarcity of provisions, Napoleon emerged victorious in the
1426:
1421:
1356:
828:
610:
317:
312:
11426:
4971:
La Grande Armée et les Juifs de Pologne de 1806 à 1812 : une alliance inespérée
3306:
31 August] 1812, the main forces of Kutuzov departed from the village, now
3184:
Mikhail Kutuzov. The former head of the St. Petersburg militia and a member of the
2596:
from Barclay de Tolly. He already had lost a third of his men but beat Bagration at
12493:
12377:
12177:
12016:
11915:
11900:
11749:
11698:
11618:
11527:
11482:
11431:
11345:
11230:
11139:
11129:
11023:
10962:
10724:
10301:
10246:
10152:
9893:
9664:
9634:
9600:
9445:
8942:
7109:
Memoirs of the Royal Prussian General of the Infantry Ludwig Freiherrn von Wolzogen
5778:
4919:
4801:
4303:
4237:
4204:
4089:
3768:
3677:
3491:
3382:. He was also well placed to watch over the workshops and arms factories in nearby
3369:
3150:
3122:
3090:
men, although every day our numbers fell off considerably. In order to pass through
3069:
2988:
2984:
2840:
2123:
2061:
1912:
1892:
1795:
1709:
1677:
1386:
1294:
1289:
1274:
1022:
868:
840:
764:
12267:
9317:
La Grande Armée de 1812, organisation à l'entrée en campagne par François Houdecek
8395:
8280:
3695:
2110:
2088:
arduous marches amid intense heat. Napoleon's primary objective was to defeat the
1975:
served as a testament to Napoleon's military prowess. He secured victories in the
12372:
12307:
12292:
12182:
12066:
12056:
12031:
12006:
11834:
11668:
11190:
10998:
10922:
10897:
10649:
10537:
10461:
10321:
10068:
9920:
9888:
9562:
9542:
9310:
9026:
8909:
8853:
8690:
8680:
8659:
8452:
8445:
8339:
7909:
6749:
6580:
6084:
5916:
5904:
5869:
4977:
4360:
4288:
4273:
4258:
4199:
4027:
3897:
3869:
3611:
3542:
3529:
3408:
3323:
3291:
2946:
2819:
2781:
2767:
2763:
2607:
2593:
2406:
2379:
2235:
2203:
2027:
2019:
1972:
1771:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1732:
1728:
1665:
1018:
982:
884:
852:
816:
760:
694:
646:
639:
507:
437:
259:
254:
60:
12639:
8511:
DTIC ADA398046: The Effects of Infectious Disease on Napoleon's Russian Campaign
7971:
7591:
7486:"L' Europe pendant le Consulat et l'Empire de Napoléon, Volume 3, p. 306 (1841)"
3561:
3290:. Kutuzov settled in a Vyazyomy Manor on the high road to Moscow. The owner was
3224:
2762:'s third army prevented him from joining up with Davout. When Tormasov occupied
2326:), had beds for 28,000. The main hospital was in Vilnius, another was set up in
1720:
12651:
12563:
12553:
12086:
11925:
11789:
11588:
11340:
10684:
10664:
10654:
10614:
10487:
10404:
10231:
9994:
9984:
9361:
8987:"Rear services and foraging in the 1812 campaign: Reasons of Napoleon's defeat"
8825:
8797:
8244:
6947:
6073:
5636:
4875:
4179:
4024:
3988:, he is not well remembered in Russia and his role in 1812 is usually ignored.
3861:
3826:
3760:
3621:
3576:
3569:
3197:
took up a defensive position some 120 kilometres (75 mi) before Moscow at
3082:
3031:
2969:
2824:
2477:
2343:
2303:
2143:
2096:(in Polish: Wilkowiszky). There Napoleon announced the following proclamation:
2053:
1701:
1254:
1045:
1033:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
928:
915:
903:
891:
879:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
755:
741:
465:
459:
190:
158:
10699:
7395:
6573:
2445:
2437:
1708:. Widely studied, Napoleon's incursion into Russia stands as a focal point in
12675:
12127:
10831:
10689:
10619:
10364:
10201:
9839:
8509:
7183:
6401:
Napoleon and the Operational Art of War: Essays in Honor of Donald D. Horward
6125:
A.F.F. Seydlitz (1823) Tagebuch des königlich Preussischen Armeekorps, p. 113
4363:, one of Napoleon's main opponents. A few weeks earlier she also had visited
4151:
4142:
4109:
4085:
4003:
3873:
3825:
who was one of the few women who survived the retreat. It is questionable if
3748:
3686:
3479:
3471:
3335:
3319:
3110:
3039:
2844:
2575:
2393:
Danzig had a siege train with 130 heavy guns and 300,000 pounds of gunpowder;
2279:
2194:
Danzig contained enough provisions to feed 400,000 men for 50 days. Breslau,
2135:
970:
615:
5792:
3502:
further diminished the strength of the Grande Armée. In a letter to Emperor
3014:
had to organize the logistics. Davout crossed the Berezina and ran into the
3003:
2421:
2323:
1198:
10679:
10515:
10120:
9644:
9610:
9365:
7128:
4813:
4122:
4060:
3822:
3383:
3121:
and the Russian general Pavel Chichagov headed north-west. His former ally
3027:
2828:
2777:
2023:
1822:
1719:
On 24 June 1812 and subsequent days, the initial wave of the multinational
864:
663:
9881:
9009:
8946:
7190:. Pen & Sword Military. Translated by North, Jonathan (2nd ed.).
5918:
Mémoires et correspondence politique et militaire de Eugène de Beauharnais
4923:
3125:
broke off relations with France and entered into an alliance with Russia (
2199:
12467:
12437:
12425:
12382:
12137:
10226:
9955:
9876:
9809:
9639:
8446:
The Campaign of 1812 in Russia: Translated from the German ... With a Map
8335:
8239:(in Russian). Vol. XXII. Опека – Оутсайдер. Friedrich A. Brockhaus (
7188:
Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812
6137:
4908:"Insects, Disease, and Military History: Destruction of the Grande Armée"
4670:
Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812
4156:
4055:
Academics have drawn parallels between the French invasion of Russia and
3961:
3795:
3595:
3327:
2751:
2647:
1904:
1854:
152:
45:
7902:
4827:"Insects, Disease, and Military History: Destruction of the Grand Armée"
3510:
The story of the Krasnoye affair, where I was said to have retired at a
12152:
10261:
10211:
10130:
9999:
4331:
4010:
Leo Tolstoy was not a historian, but his popular 1869 historical novel
3995:
3877:
3651:
3052:
2650:. Napoleon's stepson had orders to avoid Vilnius on his way to Vitebsk.
2629:
2555:(47,000), crossed the river on one of the three pontoon bridges nearby
2429:
2287:
2242:
2178:
1834:
627:
9249:"Continuity and Change in Guerrilla War: The Spanish and Afghan Cases"
8931:"Napoleon's Lost Legions. The Grande Armée Prisoners of War in Russia"
5612:
1812 : Eyewitness accounts of Napoleon's defeat in Russia, p. 242
2973:
2877:
2359:
9849:
8986:
6078:
Napoleon's Paper Kingdom: The Life and Death of Westphalia, 1807–1813
4171:, a monument built in 1817 to commemorate the victory over the French
3533:
Berezina River had been destroyed by the Russian army. The ensuing
3311:
3286:
On 10 September the main quarter of the Russian army was situated at
3175:
Meanwhile, Wittgenstein was forced to retreat to the north after the
3038:
Finally we arrived at Polotsk, a large city on the other side of the
2941:
2868:
2755:
2687:
2633:
2537:
2433:
2387:
2355:
2327:
2291:
2269:
2131:
2057:
1955:
1928:
1842:
3636:, Riehn sums up the limitations of Napoleon's logistics as follows:
2041:, the youngest sister of Alexander. However, he ultimately married
12117:
10414:
10276:
8593:
7191:
5957:(2004) Napoleon against Russia: A Concise History of 1812; Appendix
4805:
3723:
3591:
3583:
3444:
3440:
3395:
as long as possible, avoiding complicated movements and manoeuvres.
3326:
discussed the risks and agreed to abandon Moscow without fighting.
3232:
3198:
2977:
2961:
2832:
2579:
2517:
2241:
The standard heavy wagons, well-suited for the dense and partially
2227:
1838:
1697:
494:
10430:
7198:, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Pen & Sword Books Limited.
5637:"The Effects of Infectious Disease on Napoleon's Russian Campaign"
4876:"The Effects of infectious Disease on Napoleon's Russian Campaign"
2410:
2130:
river valley was developed into a vital supply base in 1811–1812.
2070:
9129:
A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev
8427:. Translated by Francis Egerton. London: John Murray Publishers.
8240:
7751:
7195:
7112:
3802:
3732:
3587:
3506:, his father-in-law, Napoleon would later lament these setbacks:
3436:
3387:
3374:
3365:
3081:) it encountered serious problems in foraging, aggravated by the
3078:
2548:
2414:
2363:
2351:
2315:
2219:
2211:
2127:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1850:
1799:
1736:
7120:
4997:
4837:
2983:
Murat advanced to Nemenčinė on July 1, running into elements of
1979:(1803–1806, leading to the dissolution of the thousand-year-old
136:
French soldiers struggling with thirst and heat by Albrecht Adam
9353:
8378:
With Napoleon in Russia: the memoirs of General de Caulaincourt
7938:
5822:
The Military and Diplomatic Career of Jacques Etienne Macdonald
5781:. Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit, et cie – via Internet Archive.
5738:
Edward Foord (1914) Napoleon's Russian Campaign of 1812, p. 17
4347:
3511:
3019:
2931:
2674:
2568:
2452:. On 23 June Napoleon arrived at Naugardiškė, south of Kaunas.
2371:
2367:
2319:
2307:
2207:
1932:
1924:
1826:
1803:
1724:
93:
37:"Second Polish War" redirects here. For the 1794 uprising, see
8545:
Fierro, Alfred; Palluel-Guillard, André; Tulard, Jean (1995).
7057:
6517:"Herinneringen uit den veldtogt van Rusland, in den jare 1812"
5279:
4236:
During this period, Moscow held considerable significance but
3876:
was superior from the start with a good supply of horses; the
2118:
The invasion of Russia starkly highlights the pivotal role of
6206:
5827:
5566:
5564:
5534:
5532:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
3487:
3456:
2881:
2611:
2504:
of 30,000 men (half of them Prussians) crossed the Niemen at
2449:
2383:
2223:
2215:
2195:
2150:
Napoleon's study of Russian geography and history, including
1846:
8544:
7977:
7832:
7830:
7715:
7596:
7573:
7561:
6917:
6915:
6655:
6653:
6187:
6185:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
3972:
of 1825, their roles in history were erased at the order of
2839:
and his troops were compelled to surrender to the partisans
1739:, in a bid to dismantle the disparate Russian forces led by
7655:
7643:
7534:
CG12 – 32060. – À Maret, Ministre des Relations Extérieures
6978:
6928:
5616:
5593:
5009:
4699:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
3913:
3550:
2417:(Marienburg) served as vital ammunition and supply depots.
2231:
1947:), in fact, this issue was of no real concern to Napoleon.
8737:. Vol. 2. New York : Columbia University Press.
7164:
6042:"Experience of War: 'I Have Never Seen As Much Suffering'"
5583:
5581:
5579:
5561:
5529:
5502:
5221:
5209:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4568:
4566:
4415:
4413:
2926:
2673:, King of Westphalia (62,000). He crossed the Niemen near
2297:
9309:
When Europe Invaded Russia: 1812 Napoleon Documentary by
9232:(Hardcover ed.). Paris: Histoire & Collections.
7827:
7691:
7679:
7466:
7101:
Wolzogen und Neuhaus, Justus Philipp Adolf Wilhelm Ludwig
7019:
6966:
6912:
6900:
6730:
6650:
6614:
6380:
6182:
5269:
5124:
4539:
4503:
3219:
Napoleon and his staff at Borodino by Vasily Vereshchagin
2600:
and then went to Smolensk, where he joined the main army.
2034:
advocated for a closer alliance with France in response.
9202:
1812: Eyewitness accounts of Napoleon's defeat in Russia
8661:
The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805
8150:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8105:
7959:
7926:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7549:
7344:"Napoleon's Russian campaign: From the Niemen to Moscow"
7251:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6665:
6543:"Lithuanian Military Digest (2020) No 7 (26), pp. 14–23"
5839:
5776:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5490:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
4648:
4619:
4617:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4391:
8121:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8051:
8049:
8024:
8022:
7995:
7983:
7817:
7815:
7739:
7727:
7703:
7397:
Kutusov, Russian movie from 1944 with English subtitles
6496:
5991:
5576:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5313:
5311:
5298:
5296:
5294:
4740:
4738:
4629:
4563:
4551:
4469:
4467:
4410:
3708:
List of Russian commanders in the Patriotic War of 1812
3403:. This tactic was sharply criticised by Chief of Staff
3227:
attacked the Imperial Russian Army near the village of
2632:(39,000) defended downstream the 4th pontoon bridge at
30:"Russian campaign" redirects here. For other uses, see
8567:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
8300:
Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary; France
8198:
8186:
8090:
8034:
8007:
7667:
7454:
7442:
7430:
7418:
7406:
7377:
7365:
7324:
7312:
7300:
7069:
5334:(in French) (1st ed.). Paris: F. Didot & Cie.
5021:
4430:
4428:
3545:
for his failure to fully capitalize on the situation.
2888:
Vilna on June 26 and Barclay assumed overall command.
10148:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
9073:
Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East
8712:"Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies"
8210:
8162:
8133:
8102:
7842:
7787:
7763:
7631:
7515:
7503:
7288:
7239:
7081:
7007:
6990:
6815:
6803:
6718:
6638:
6626:
6602:
6590:
6515:
Boisminart, Willem Pieter D'Auzon de (May 18, 1824).
6484:
6442:
6430:
6337:
6314:"Correspondance de Napoleon, Tome XXIV, 18998, p. 92"
6011:"Correspondance de Napoleon, Tome XXIV, 18984, p. 80"
5968:"Correspondance de Napoleon, Tome XXIV, 18911, p. 28"
5875:
5544:
5246:
4711:
4614:
4522:
4379:
4317:
2182:), further impeded horse-drawn wagons and artillery.
1691:
8682:
A Circumstantial Narrative of the Campaign in Russia
8232:
8174:
8073:
8061:
8046:
8019:
7812:
7608:
7545:
CG13 – 32230. – À François II, Empereur D’Autriche
7099:
5444:
5308:
5291:
5197:
5103:"Le 33e Régiment d'infanterie légère de 1810 à 1814"
5003:
4937:
4735:
4723:
4464:
4132:
3829:, ‘Courtisane de la Grande Armée’, was another one.
3159:
After five or six days Napoleon invited the wounded
2399:
Küstrin contained 108 guns and a million cartridges;
8889:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2016). Leggiere, M. (ed.).
8547:
Histoire et Dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire
8508:DTIC, Defense Technical Information Center (1998).
8233:Arsenyev, Konstantin; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1897).
6069:
6067:
5074:
5062:
4491:
4479:
4452:
4440:
4425:
3982:
Third Section Of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery
9281:. Hertfordshire: Ware : Wordsworth Editions.
9230:Borodino, The Moscova: The Battle for the Redoubts
8734:Napoleon : from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815
7775:
6923:Napoleon against Russia: A Concise History of 1812
6897:General Sir Robert Wilson's Russian Journal, p. 80
4981:, Napoleonica. La Revue 2019/2 (N° 34), pp. 18–33.
4359:On the day before he left the capital he met with
3300:highest military rank of the Imperial Russian Army
3030:describes his foraging experience during Russia's
3018:with Bagration; he went to Orsha, and crossed the
2812:were ordered to cover the retreat to the Berezina.
1899:" is also occasionally referred to as simply the "
8823:
8334:Bourgogne, Adrien Jean Baptiste François (1899).
7757:
6585:Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences
5172:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 85.
5168:A. Bell, David (2015). "5: Downfall, 1812–1815".
3947:. Compare on Minard's Map the location of Vilna.
3599:daily, its pernicious effect was noticed in all.
2880:, with Oudinot marching on the other side of the
12673:
10163:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
9493:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
7914:
6064:
5660:
4367:and Rostopchin the governors of Kyiv and Moscow.
4185:List of battles of the French invasion of Russia
2578:(32,000) advanced to Vilnius and Polotsk in the
2473:Order of battle of the French invasion of Russia
2462:List of battles of the French invasion of Russia
2189:
1791:, he was compelled to retrace his initial path.
1102:
1071:
12630:England expects that every man will do his duty
10282:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
10197:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
9004:
8911:The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon versus Kutuzov
8616:
8528:Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée
8375:Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis de (1935).
8282:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905)
7567:
7063:
2862:27 June, 1812. Quartier Général at Mykoliškiai
2540:. Yorck's resolution had enormous consequences.
9102:The Visual Display of Quantitative Information
6133:
6131:
5945:"1812" Napoleon I in Russia by V. Verestchagin
5634:
5428:Human Voices from the Russian Campaign of 1812
5400:Human Voices from the Russian Campaign of 1812
5350:Human Voices from the Russian Campaign of 1812
4955:Jean Gabriel Maurice Rocques De Montgaillard,
4873:
2466:
2022:and France included a clause that transferred
1755:. However, the Russian Army, now commanded by
10446:
10136:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
9337:
8651:Europäische Befreiungskriege 1808 bis 1814/15
6925:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2004.
6838:. New York, New York: Doubleday. p. 58.
6087:, p. 252. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
5941:
5939:
5892:
5890:
5377:. New York, New York: Doubleday. p. 52.
3685:says 510,000 Imperial troops entered Russia.
3068:The total length of the city wall around the
2921:
2322:and Danzig, while hospitals in East Prussia (
1882:
1876:
1228:
1214:
9075:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
8374:
7602:
7579:
7221:"Усадьба Большие Вяземы • Architecture Best"
6934:
5714:"Digby Smith (2004) Napoleon Against Russia"
5622:
5599:
5015:
4196:, including "Napoleon's retreat from Moscow"
1714:most devastating military endeavors globally
148:French soldiers attacked by Russian Cossacks
10089:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
10084:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
8928:
8907:
8888:
8709:
8324:
8236:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
7965:
7944:
7661:
7649:
6984:
6972:
6128:
5587:
5570:
5538:
5523:
5402:. London: Ken Trotman Ltd. pp. 46–47.
5285:
5240:
4959:, 1812, The British Library, 27 April 2010.
4605:
4073:Russians themselves or their own mistakes.
3943:Minard's Map of French casualties see also
3852:from other German prisoners and deserters.
2669:Right flank force under Napoleon's brother
1759:, opted for a strategic retreat, employing
10453:
10439:
9405:Military history of the Russian Federation
9344:
9330:
8458:
8412:
8393:
7989:
7836:
7697:
7685:
6906:
6858:
6736:
6514:
6463:"Вильна в 1812 году (продолжение, IX–XII)"
6212:
6191:
5936:
5887:
5845:
5833:
5329:
4843:
4705:
4545:
4516:
4175:General Confederation of Kingdom of Poland
3937:
2646:(45,000 Italians) crossed the Niemen near
1706:continental blockade of the United Kingdom
1221:
1207:
9655:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
8341:Memoirs of Sergeant Bourgogne (1812–1813)
8333:
6502:
6303:J. North (2005) Napoleon's army in Russia
4159:to commemorate the victory over Napoleon.
3582:When winter arrived on 6 November with a
3204:
3117:had come to an end as Kutuzov signed the
2995:and Davout would not help the situation.
2930:Cossacks feigning retreat against Polish
442:
428:
12707:Battles of the French invasion of Russia
9154:
8984:
8965:
8851:
8730:
7932:
7721:
7555:
7257:
6821:
6809:
6671:
6343:
6259:
6257:
6149:
5997:
5772:
5770:
5430:. London: Ken Trotman Ltd. p. 116.
5352:. London: Ken Trotman Ltd. p. 103.
4943:
4905:
4756:
4642:
4385:
4113:, and the identification of it with the
4080:
3994:
3891:
3794:
3778:
3722:
3701:
3661:
3602:In his memoir, Napoleon's close adviser
3560:
3431:
3273:
3214:
3063:
3051:
2940:
2925:
2857:
2476:
2337:
2109:
2083:1812 French declaration of war on Russia
1954:
27:1812 conflict during the Napoleonic Wars
9616:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
9486:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
9028:1812 : Napoleon's Russian campaign
8891:Napoleon and the Operational Art of War
8795:
8678:
8648:
8486:
7821:
7745:
7733:
7614:
5881:
5425:
5397:
5347:
5167:
3514:, is a flat fabrication. The so-called
3354:. A French Army foot soldier recalled:
2298:Combat service and support and medicine
2018:, concluding the 1809 conflict between
1994:In 1807, following a French triumph at
409:
14:
12674:
10776:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
10237:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
10168:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
10027:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
10005:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
9719:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
9395:Military history of the Russian Empire
9135:
9070:
8879:
8830:. New York : Barnes & Noble.
8767:
8620:Borodino 1812: Napoleon's Great Gamble
8525:
8381:(translated by Jean Hanoteau ed.)
8348:, via reprint, Moscow: Ripol Classic.
8296:
8278:
8259:
8216:
8204:
8192:
8168:
8156:
8144:
8127:
8115:
8096:
8084:
8067:
8055:
8040:
8028:
8013:
8001:
7806:
7673:
7460:
7448:
7436:
7424:
7412:
7383:
7371:
7330:
7318:
7306:
7272:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier
7269:
7170:
7075:
6836:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier
6778:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier
6775:
6460:
6233:
5555:
5474:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier
5471:
5375:The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier
5372:
5273:
5203:
5144:"Württemberg in 1812 – Jonathan North"
5130:
4717:
4623:
4533:
4473:
4404:
4240:served as a capital from 1712 to 1918.
3783:Napoleon's retreat, surrounded by the
3314:, 20 km to the west, followed by
2750:of 34,000 men (Austrians) crossed the
2710:formed the largest foreign contingent.
12458:Spanish American wars of independence
10434:
10387:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
9765:Russian colonization of North America
9325:
9190:
9126:
9098:
9089:
9052:
9024:
8758:
8697:from the original on 27 February 2024
8657:
8563:
8362:from the original on 27 February 2024
8180:
7903:https://doi.org/10.3917/napo.153.0035
7848:
7781:
7769:
7709:
7637:
7521:
7509:
7472:
7294:
7245:
7087:
7045:from the original on 17 November 2021
7025:
7013:
7001:
6879:from the original on January 15, 2023
6833:
6724:
6659:
6644:
6632:
6620:
6608:
6596:
6523:from the original on January 15, 2023
6490:
6448:
6436:
6418:from the original on January 15, 2023
6386:
6254:
6242:from the original on January 15, 2023
6170:from the original on January 15, 2023
5767:
5496:
5459:
5421:
5419:
5343:
5341:
5317:
5302:
5215:
5080:
5068:
5027:
4777:from the original on January 15, 2023
4744:
4729:
4687:from the original on January 15, 2023
4666:
4654:
4557:
4497:
4485:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4419:
2708:Polish legions, including Lithuanians
2524:. On 25 December one of his generals
2076:
1202:
9400:Military history of the Soviet Union
9094:. New York: Oxford University Press.
8604:from the original on 29 October 2021
8507:
7182:
5666:
3352:Moscow was reduced to ashes by arson
3263:
3047:
2610:(37,000) crossed the Niemen and the
2026:from Austria and annexing it to the
1779:, only to discover it deserted, and
206:Escalation of the conflict into the
157:Marshal Ney at the Kowno redoubt by
12443:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
10460:
10141:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
9158:Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March
9053:Ségur, Comte Philippe Paul (1980).
8761:Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
8591:
8487:Davydov, Denis Vasilievich (2010).
7920:
7274:. New York: Doubleday. p. 61.
7218:
6780:. New York: Doubleday. p. 53.
6685:"Correspondance de Napoleon, p. 31"
5476:. New York: Doubleday. p. 51.
4115:German invasion during World War II
3115:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
2483:Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur
2167:There is no fodder for the horses;
2152:Charles XII's invasion of 1708–1709
1889:German invasion of the Soviet Union
1187:Total military and civilian deaths:
145:Moscow burning by Viktor Mazurovsky
24:
12702:19th century in the Russian Empire
10187:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
9553:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
9278:The Wordsworth Pocket Encyclopedia
9184:
9092:Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812
8953:from the original on 25 April 2021
8549:. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont.
8465:. Jefferson, NC : McFarland.
8434:from the original on 21 April 2021
7111:] (in German) (1st ed.).
6234:Alison, Archibald (May 18, 1850).
5416:
5338:
4169:Arches of Triumph in Novocherkassk
4076:
4050:
4006:with portraits of Russian generals
3945:Attrition warfare against Napoleon
3872:) was well organized. The Russian
3751:nobility from the governorates of
3342:, whose population was evacuated.
3060:with the burning city of Smolensk
1909:"the invasion of twelve languages"
1761:attrition warfare against Napoleon
1727:River, marking the entry from the
25:
12758:
12742:Wars involving the Russian Empire
10052:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
9303:
8824:Marshall-Cornwall, James (1998).
7978:FierroPalluel-GuillardTulard 1995
7860:
7227:from the original on May 13, 2021
6954:from the original on 14 July 2023
6052:from the original on May 18, 2022
4584:from the original on 8 March 2022
3931:
3791:. Painting by Vasily Vereshchagin
3566:Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia
2853:
2742:The right or southern wing under
32:Russian campaign (disambiguation)
12722:France–Russia military relations
12712:Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
12318:Frederick William III of Prussia
12298:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
10106:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
9899:Russian conquest of Central Asia
9835:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
9631:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
9573:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
9105:. Cheshire, CN: Graphics Press.
8617:Haythornthwaite, Philip (2012).
8303:. Creative Media Partners, LLC.
7956:D. Lieven (2009), pp. 80–81, 290
7950:
7895:
7884:
7854:
7620:
7585:
7538:
7527:
7478:
7389:
7336:
7263:
7212:
7186:(2005) . North, Jonathan (ed.).
7176:
7135:
7093:
7031:
6940:
6891:
6852:
6827:
6794:
6769:
6742:
6708:
6677:
6566:
6535:
6508:
6454:
6392:
6349:
6306:
6297:
6266:
6227:
6218:
6197:
6143:
6119:
6090:
6034:
6003:
5004:Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1897
4353:
4337:
4135:
2481:On the border of Nieman 1812 by
2069:; one month later he arrived in
1682:Оте́чественная война́ 1812 го́да
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1528:
1516:
1499:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1044:
1032:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
927:
914:
902:
890:
878:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
754:
740:
717:
705:
693:
681:
669:
657:
645:
633:
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
561:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
487:
458:
444:
430:
411:
399:
383:
371:
359:
347:
335:
323:
311:
289:
278:
265:
253:
240:
227:
121:
112:
101:
92:
81:
72:
18:French invasion of Russia (1812)
12438:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
12368:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
10392:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
10037:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
9978:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
9031:. New York : McGraw-Hill.
8993:from the original on 2017-08-25
8929:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2014).
8908:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2007).
8637:from the original on 2024-02-27
7873:from the original on 2023-06-29
7863:"Souvenirs d'une actrice (2/3)"
7492:from the original on 2023-12-15
7354:from the original on 2022-01-26
7153:from the original on 2021-05-13
6758:from the original on 2023-01-15
6697:from the original on 2022-01-21
6587:Volume 30, No. 1 – Spring 1984.
6555:from the original on 2021-12-28
6473:from the original on 2022-01-23
6369:from the original on 2022-02-20
6326:from the original on 2022-01-21
6286:from the original on 2022-02-04
6156:. University of Georgia Press.
6108:from the original on 2022-05-01
6023:from the original on 2022-01-21
5980:from the original on 2022-01-21
5960:
5948:
5925:from the original on 2023-01-15
5909:
5851:
5814:
5803:from the original on 2022-01-07
5785:
5756:from the original on 2022-01-21
5742:
5731:
5720:from the original on 2023-12-01
5706:
5692:
5681:
5672:
5649:from the original on 2023-11-30
5628:
5605:
5465:
5391:
5366:
5323:
5186:
5161:
5150:from the original on 2022-02-14
5136:
5113:from the original on 2023-06-01
5095:
5086:
5051:from the original on 2022-05-24
5033:
4984:
4962:
4949:
4906:Peterson, Robert K. D. (1995).
4899:
4888:from the original on 2023-11-30
4867:
4858:
4849:
4819:
4789:
4750:
4660:
4596:
4324:
4319:Otechestvennaya voyna 1812 goda
4297:
4282:
4267:
4252:
4243:
4230:
4059:, the German invasion of 1941.
3666:
3556:
3443:attacking French troops at the
2508:on the 24th. He moved north in
1700:with the aim of compelling the
1693:Otéchestvennaya voyná 1812 góda
151:Crossing the Berezina River by
12353:Prince Regent John of Portugal
12263:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
12208:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
12203:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
10074:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
9724:War of the Austrian Succession
9136:Wilson, Robert Thomas (1860).
9090:Tarle, Yevgeny Eugene (1942).
8827:Napoleon as Military Commander
8416:The campaign of 1812 in Russia
6865:. Princeton University Press.
6751:Mémoires Eugène de Beauharnais
6574:"Napoleon's Lithuanian Forces"
5861:translated by Jonathan North,
5750:"Conscription Quotas for 1812"
3652:that dissolved into deep mires
3085:tactics of the Russian forces.
2793:assisted Reynier. In December
2120:logistics in military strategy
1921:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1884:Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna
1147:200,000 died from other causes
139:The end of Borodino battle by
13:
1:
12378:Prince Charles John of Sweden
10297:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
10175:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
9926:Russian invasion of Manchuria
9916:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
9862:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
9857:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
9800:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
9790:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
9755:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
9750:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
9740:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
9730:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
9708:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
9703:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
9680:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
9675:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
9650:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
9626:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
9621:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
9606:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
9481:List of wars involving Russia
9476:Sino-Russian border conflicts
9209:Clausewitz, Carl von (1996).
8968:Napoleon's Invasion of Russia
8855:Johann Ewald: Jäger Commander
8413:Clausewitz, Carl von (1843).
8394:Clausewitz, Carl von (1906).
8327:History of Patriotic War 1812
8260:Austin, Paul Britten (1996).
6859:Clausewitz, Carl von (1989).
5170:Napoleon: A Concise Biography
4373:
4308:Отечественная война 1812 года
4099:may be seen in Leo Tolstoy's
3681:thousand men fit for action.
3610:The cold was so intense that
3364:direction and turned west to
2448:before arriving at the river
2346:, a large military warehouse
2333:
2318:, Warsaw, Thorn, Marienburg,
2190:Provisions and transportation
1950:
1190:
131:Top to bottom, left to right:
10252:Eritrean War of Independence
10222:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
10217:East German uprising of 1953
10158:Eastern Front (World War II)
10047:Red Army invasion of Georgia
10042:Red Army invasion of Armenia
10010:Estonian War of Independence
9951:Russian occupation of Tabriz
9872:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
9830:War of the Seventh Coalition
9713:War of the Polish Succession
9660:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
9247:Joes, Anthony James (1996).
9211:The Russian campaign of 1812
9200:Brett-James, Antony (1967).
8491:(in Russian). Archived from
8459:Clodfelter, Micheal (2008).
8421:Der Feldzug 1812 in Russland
8397:Der Feldzug 1812 in Russland
6754:. Michel Lévy frères. 1860.
5921:. Michel Lévy frères. 1860.
4800:2006 Jan 1; 193(1):112–120.
4757:Chandler, David G. (2009) .
4293:seconde campagne de Pologne
4278:seconde guerre de la Pologne
4117:, which became known as the
3924:of 1825 and ending with the
3883:
3338:. This came at the price of
2949:leading a detachment of the
2716:(17,000 Westphalians) under
2534:neutralization of his troops
2105:
1829:successfully broke through,
1735:, encompassing present-day
7:
10292:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
10242:Sino-Soviet border conflict
10111:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
10079:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
10015:Latvian War of Independence
9904:Russian conquest of Bukhara
9795:War of the Fourth Coalition
9780:War of the Second Coalition
9253:Journal of Conflict Studies
9131:. Harvard University Press.
9056:Napoleon's Russian campaign
8852:McIntyre, James R. (2021).
8530:. New York: Da Capo Press.
8489:"Diary of partisan actions"
8338:; Hénault, Maurice (eds.).
4318:
4210:War and Peace (film series)
4128:
3674:Journal of Conflict Studies
3634:Napoleon's Russian Campaign
3270:French occupation of Moscow
2543:In the evening of June 23,
2516:. Early August he occupied
2467:Crossing the Russian border
2455:
1985:War of the Fourth Coalition
1917:нашествие двенадцати языков
1883:
1878:Великая Отечественная война
1692:
10:
12763:
12692:1812 in the Russian Empire
12213:Frederick I of Württemberg
10583:Confederation of the Rhine
10287:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
9825:War of the Sixth Coalition
9815:War of the Fifth Coalition
9785:War of the Third Coalition
9390:Military history of Russia
9352:Armed conflicts involving
9228:Hourtoulle, F. G. (2001).
9213:. Transaction Publishers.
9025:Riehn, Richard K. (1990).
8731:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
8570:. New York : DK Pub.
8225:
7219:Man, Archi (May 4, 2020).
7103:(1851). Wigand, O. (ed.).
6153:The Russian Campaign, 1812
3978:Alexander von Benckendorff
3910:War of the Sixth Coalition
3705:
3627:
3427:
3267:
3208:
2922:March on Vitebsk and Minsk
2470:
2459:
2420:Troops gathered in Thorn,
2080:
1989:War of the Fifth Coalition
1977:War of the Third Coalition
1798:from Russian peasants and
1712:, recognized as among the
1066:450,000 – 685,000 total:
934:Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy
793:Alexander von Benckendorff
688:Ambroży Mikołaj Skarżyński
179:24 June – 24 December 1812
43:
36:
29:
12682:French invasion of Russia
12592:
12476:
12391:
12373:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
12363:William, Prince of Orange
12226:
12173:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
12106:
12099:
11979:
11858:
11722:
11551:
11465:
11419:
11168:
11062:
10986:
10880:
10794:
10746:
10737:
10633:
10534:
10525:
10502:French Invasion of Russia
10468:
10400:
10335:
10126:Soviet invasion of Poland
9936:
9820:French invasion of Russia
9688:
9586:
9505:
9431:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
9423:
9380:
9373:
9161:. London: HarperCollins.
9099:Tufte, Edward R. (2001).
8985:Nafziger, George (2021).
8966:Nafziger, George (1984).
8914:. London: Pen&Sword.
8658:Kagan, Frederick (2007).
8623:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
8592:Hay, Mark Edward (2013).
8444:And at Google Books here
6887:– via Google Books.
6531:– via Google Books.
6426:– via Google Books.
6250:– via Google Books.
6178:– via Google Books.
5859:Napoleon's Army in Russia
5330:Des Loches, Pion (1889).
4785:– via Google Books.
4760:The Campaigns of Napoleon
4695:– via Google Books.
4574:"The retreat from Moscow"
4307:
4000:The hall of military fame
3774:
3464:Battle of Maloyaroslavets
3146:Battle of Smolensk (1812)
2726:Battle of Smolensk (1812)
2114:French attack by infantry
1959:The French Empire in 1812
1916:
1877:
1789:Battle of Maloyaroslavets
1783:by its military governor
1681:
1658:French invasion of Russia
1457:French invasion of Russia
1240:
1232:French invasion of Russia
1185:
1128:
1097:508,000 – 723,000 total:
1059:
472:
219:
171:
66:
58:
54:French invasion of Russia
53:
12283:Archduke John of Austria
12278:Prince von Schwarzenberg
12123:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
10267:South African Border War
10192:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
10094:Chechen uprising of 1932
9775:Russo-Persian War (1796)
8768:Lieven, D. C. B (2010).
8679:Labaume, Eugène (1817).
6800:Lieven, D (2010), p. 151
6519:. Gebroeders van Cleef.
6263:Zamoyski (2004), 504–505
6150:Fezensac, M. De (2009).
5426:Chuquet, Arthur (1994).
5398:Chuquet, Arthur (1994).
5348:Chuquet, Arthur (1994).
5107:frederic.berjaud.free.fr
4994:, Kurpisz, Poznań, 1999.
4667:North, Jonathan (1990).
4224:
4105:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
3100:Alexander of Württemberg
2620:Second Battle of Polotsk
2440:. Several corps, except
1971:. Starting in 1803, the
1864:
1161:50,000–100,000 prisoners
1150:50,000 died in captivity
1144:100,000 killed in combat
781:Mikhail Barclay de Tolly
580:François Joseph Lefebvre
272:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
12218:Frederick VI of Denmark
12168:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
10958:Greater Poland uprising
10781:Duc d'Enghien Execution
9909:Khivan campaign of 1873
9760:Russo-Polish War (1792)
9191:Adams, Michael (2006).
9155:Zamoyski, Adam (2004).
8796:Markham, Felix (1963).
8771:Russia against Napoleon
8649:Helmert, Heinz (1986).
8297:Bodart, Gaston (1916).
8279:Bodart, Gaston (1908).
8262:1812: The Great Retreat
7039:"The Burning of Moscow"
6102:www.napoleon-series.org
5752:. Napoleon-series.org.
5635:Brian M. Allen (1998).
4874:Brian M. Allen (1998).
4578:Encyclopædia Britannica
4220:, an opera by Prokofiev
4097:Russian popular culture
4043:Napoleon did not touch
3960:show the influence of "
3916:. For Russia, the term
3683:James Marshall-Cornwall
3188:arrived on the 29th at
3177:First Battle of Polotsk
3139:first Battle of Krasnoi
2754:on a pontoon bridge at
2512:but did not succeed in
2382:and 300,000 pounds/135
1923:(modern territories of
1672:) and in Russia as the
1141:284,000 – 350,000 dead
532:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
12747:Wars involving Prussia
12697:19th-century conflicts
12338:Ferdinand VII of Spain
10786:Coronation of Napoleon
10382:Western Libya campaign
10057:East Karelian uprising
9578:Wagner Group rebellion
9513:Uprising of Bolotnikov
9195:. Hambledon Continuum.
9071:Stahel, David (2010).
9008:. 2021. Archived from
8880:McLynn, Frank (2011).
8455:(accessed 7 Jan 2022).
7758:Marshall-Cornwall 1998
7270:Walter, Jakob (1991).
6834:Jakob, Walter (1991).
6776:Walter, Jakob (1991).
5896:Clausewitz (1843), p.
5699:Andrew Roberts (2015)
5472:Walter, Jakob (1991).
5373:Walter, Jakob (1991).
5092:D. Lieven, pp. 285–286
4846:, pp. 47, 52, 94.
4763:. Simon and Schuster.
4262:
4092:
4070:
4007:
3901:
3842:
3836:
3817:took care of wounded.
3810:
3792:
3736:
3647:
3617:
3604:Armand de Caulaincourt
3572:
3521:
3447:
3401:for Napoleon's retreat
3397:
3361:
3283:
3278:Napoleon watching the
3231:, west of the town of
3220:
3205:The Battle of Borodino
3092:
3073:
3061:
3045:
2957:
2951:Russian Imperial Guard
2938:
2907:
2863:
2700:(8,000) joined Davout.
2565:First Army of the West
2485:
2347:
2265:
2253:
2173:
2160:
2115:
2103:
1960:
1806:, and the unforgiving
1777:took control of Moscow
1669:
700:Karl von Schwarzenberg
473:Commanders and leaders
12737:Wars involving France
12625:Conference of Dresden
12534:Paris (February 1812)
12463:Swedish–Norwegian War
12288:Alexander I of Russia
10377:Intervention in Syria
10312:Tajikistani Civil War
10020:Lithuanian–Soviet War
9961:Battle of Robat Karim
9410:Post-Soviet conflicts
9142:. London: John Murray
9127:Volin, Lazar (1970).
8947:10.3917/napo.153.0035
8882:Napoleon: A Biography
8564:Grant, R. G. (2009).
6921:Smith, Digby George.
4912:American Entomologist
4602:Zamoyski 2005, p. 536
4344:Karl Ludwig von Phull
4163:Antony's Parthian War
4084:
4065:
3998:
3895:
3866:Alexander Chernyshyov
3850:Russian-German Legion
3837:
3831:
3798:
3782:
3726:
3712:Barclay de Tolly the
3702:Imperial Russian Army
3662:Historical assessment
3656:Charles Joseph Minard
3638:
3608:
3564:
3508:
3435:
3392:
3356:
3296:General Field Marshal
3277:
3218:
3087:
3067:
3055:
3036:
2944:
2929:
2902:
2861:
2480:
2341:
2260:
2256:Jean-François Boulart
2248:
2165:
2156:
2113:
2098:
2090:Imperial Russian Army
2067:palace in Saint-Cloud
2028:Grand Duchy of Warsaw
2000:Alexander I of Russia
1987:(1806–1807), and the
1958:
1897:Patriotic War of 1812
1831:Eugene de Beauharnais
1674:Patriotic War of 1812
1129:Casualties and losses
520:Eugène de Beauharnais
12579:Fontainebleau (1814)
12133:Louis-Nicolas Davout
11054:Invasion of Portugal
10360:Annexation of Crimea
10064:Central Asian Revolt
9973:Ukrainian–Soviet War
9845:Russo-Circassian War
9528:Pugachev's Rebellion
9471:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
9415:Russian Armed Forces
9385:Early modern warfare
8970:. Hippocrene Books.
8935:Napoleonica la Revue
8802:. New York: Mentor.
8710:Leavenworth (2006).
8693:: E. Peck & Co.
8689:: Silas Andrus, and
8526:Elting, J. (1997) .
8325:Bogdanovich (1859).
7568:Napoleon – 1812 2021
7064:Haythornthwaite 2012
5820:R.E. Parrish (2005)
5041:"Treaties of Tilsit"
4930:on August 20, 2008.
4808:. Epub 2005 Nov 18.
4057:Operation Barbarossa
3504:Francis I of Austria
3484:limbers and caissons
3476:Vasily Orlov-Denisov
3135:Partitions of Poland
3107:Antoine-Henri Jomini
2955:Battle of Saltanovka
2831:, which remained in
2690:of guards with him.
2526:Yorck von Wartenburg
2496:The left wing under
2342:Napoleon stopped at
2016:Treaty of Schönbrunn
1696:), was initiated by
1660:, also known as the
1650: Austrian corps
1638: Prussian corps
959:Peter von der Pahlen
921:Vasily Orlov-Denisov
909:Mikhail Miloradovich
556:Louis-Nicolas Davout
12732:Invasions of Russia
12727:Invasions by France
12605:Bourbon Restoration
12348:Maria I of Portugal
12333:Prince of Hohenlohe
12323:Gebhard von Blücher
11266:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
10573:Swiss Confederation
10420:Sphere of influence
10350:Russo-Ukrainian War
10207:First Indochina War
10180:Soviet–Japanese War
10116:Xinjiang War (1937)
9985:Kazakhstan Campaign
9770:Kościuszko Uprising
9670:Second Northern War
9548:Coup attempt (1991)
9441:Soviet-Finnish wars
9275:Wordsworth (1994).
9259:(2). Archived from
9193:Napoleon and Russia
8247:). pp. 404–414
7980:, pp. 159–161.
7947:, pp. 492–503.
7724:, pp. 311–312.
7475:, pp. 321–322.
7173:, pp. 210–211.
7115:, Germany: Wigand.
7028:, pp. 255–256.
6662:, pp. 174–175.
6623:, pp. 182–184.
6461:КУДРИНСКИЙ, Федот.
6389:, pp. 159–162.
6138:Smith, Digby George
5836:, pp. 230–252.
5499:, pp. 139–153.
5288:, pp. 271–272.
5133:, pp. 490–520.
4924:10.1093/ae/41.3.147
4833:on August 20, 2008.
4657:, pp. 212–213.
4422:, pp. 77, 501.
4407:, pp. 126–127.
4119:Great Patriotic War
3970:Decembrist uprising
3926:February Revolution
3864:Russian espionage (
3808:Zygmunt Rozwadowski
3190:Tsaryovo-Zaymishche
3119:Treaty of Bucharest
2530:Carl von Clausewitz
1969:first French empire
1872:Great Patriotic War
1808:continental climate
1704:to comply with the
947:Fabian Osten-Sacken
805:Levin von Bennigsen
304:Rhine Confederation
141:Vasily Vereshchagin
39:Kościuszko Uprising
12620:Continental System
12615:Congress of Erfurt
12539:Paris (March 1812)
12313:Peter Wittgenstein
12238:Duke of Wellington
12193:Prince Poniatowski
12158:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
12143:Auguste de Marmont
11538:Arroyo dos Molinos
11386:Walcheren Campaign
11376:Armistice of Znaim
11271:Dalmatian Campaign
11196:Tyrolean Rebellion
10410:Russian Revolution
10345:Russo-Georgian War
10327:Second Chechen War
10307:Georgian Civil War
9946:Russo-Japanese War
9698:Great Northern War
9596:Russo-Crimean Wars
9568:Second Chechen War
9466:Russo-Turkish wars
9461:Russo-Swedish wars
9451:Russo-Persian Wars
9436:Russo-Crimean Wars
8664:. Hachette Books.
8451:2024-02-27 at the
8243:), Ilya A. Efron (
7908:2023-01-15 at the
7041:. 31 August 2015.
6579:2021-10-27 at the
6083:2022-01-26 at the
5955:Digby George Smith
5903:2023-01-15 at the
5868:2023-01-15 at the
4976:2021-10-09 at the
4263:Campagne de Russie
4093:
4008:
3974:Emperor Nicholas I
3902:
3811:
3793:
3737:
3573:
3535:Battle of Berezina
3453:Battle of Tarutino
3448:
3380:Army of the Danube
3284:
3221:
3211:Battle of Borodino
3181:Aleksey Arakcheyev
3179:. Bagration asked
3171:Kutuzov in command
3156:Battle of Valutino
3074:
3062:
3000:Dirk van Hogendorp
2958:
2939:
2864:
2735:Battle of Borodino
2731:Battle of Valutino
2662:Battle of Ostrowno
2616:Peter Wittgenstein
2522:Peter Wittgenstein
2486:
2348:
2312:military hospitals
2116:
2077:Declaration of war
2060:and occupying the
2049:on 14 March 1812.
2032:Nikolay Rumyantsev
2009:Continental System
1961:
1887:), a term for the
1768:Battle of Borodino
1753:Battle of Smolensk
1670:Campagne de Russie
1039:Peter Wittgenstein
1007:Alexander Tormasov
897:Charles de Lambert
568:Jean-Andoche Junot
12717:Conflicts in 1812
12669:
12668:
12665:
12664:
12657:Types of military
12453:Russo-Turkish War
12448:Russo-Persian War
12416:Anglo-Turkish War
12411:Anglo-Swedish War
12406:Anglo-Spanish War
12401:Anglo-Russian War
12328:Duke of Brunswick
12231:political leaders
12111:political leaders
12095:
12094:
11100:Medina de Rioseco
10822:Haslach-Jungingen
10756:French Revolution
10733:
10732:
10516:Seventh Coalition
10428:
10427:
10317:First Chechen War
10272:Soviet–Afghan War
10257:Angolan Civil War
10032:Polish–Soviet War
9990:Finnish Civil War
9968:Russian Civil War
9867:November Uprising
9805:Anglo-Russian War
9745:Bar Confederation
9558:First Chechen War
9538:Russian Civil War
9533:Decembrist revolt
9523:Bulavin Rebellion
9518:Razin's Rebellion
9501:
9500:
9456:Russo-Polish Wars
9424:Lists by opponent
9168:978-0-00-712375-9
9082:978-0-521-76847-4
9006:"Napoleon – 1812"
8900:978-90-04-27034-3
8893:. Leiden: Brill.
8671:978-0-306-81645-1
8556:978-2-221-05858-9
8537:978-0-306-80757-2
8346:William Heinemann
8271:978-1-85367-246-0
8159:, pp. 11–12.
7712:, pp. 49–52.
7603:Caulaincourt 1935
7580:Caulaincourt 1935
7281:978-0-307-81756-3
7205:978-1-84415-161-5
7147:www.nivasposad.ru
6935:Caulaincourt 1935
6845:978-0-307-81756-3
6787:978-0-307-81756-3
6572:Henry L. Gaidis.
6215:, p. 68, 77.
5623:Caulaincourt 1935
5600:Caulaincourt 1935
5483:978-0-307-81756-3
5409:978-0-946879-54-0
5384:978-0-307-81756-3
5179:978-0-19-026271-6
5146:. Jpnorth.co.uk.
5030:, pp. 42–43.
5016:Caulaincourt 1935
4708:, pp. 4, 25.
4673:. Pen and Sword.
4316:
4045:serfdom in Russia
3986:Alexander Pushkin
3958:French historians
3922:Decembrist revolt
3819:Marshall Lefebvre
3789:Battle of Krasnoi
3729:irregular cavalry
3539:strategic victory
3422:Battle of Winkovo
3413:Jacques Lauriston
3332:Fyodor Rostopchin
3288:Bolshiye Vyazyomy
3282:in September 1812
3264:Capture of Moscow
3194:attrition warfare
3165:Old Smolensk road
3096:battle of Vitebsk
3048:March on Smolensk
3016:Battle of Mogilev
3012:Joseph Barbanègre
2976:in the north and
2784:against Tormasov.
2684:Józef Poniatowski
2574:Cavalry corps of
2547:, accompanied by
2286:diseases such as
2094:Vilkaviškis Manor
1981:Holy Roman Empire
1965:French Revolution
1815:Battle of Krasnoi
1785:Fyodor Rostopchin
1690:
1452:
1451:
1197:
1196:
1136:434,000 – 500,000
829:Eufemiusz Czaplic
676:Laurent Saint-Cyr
652:Józef Poniatowski
592:Étienne Macdonald
247:Kingdom of Poland
215:
214:
16:(Redirected from
12754:
12433:Dano-Swedish War
12421:Anglo-Danish War
12273:Archduke Charles
12188:Jérôme Bonaparte
12104:
12103:
12037:Castel di Sangro
11946:Fère-Champenoise
11599:García Hernández
11513:Fuentes de Oñoro
11029:Guttstadt-Deppen
10766:Second Coalition
10744:
10743:
10725:French Royalists
10532:
10531:
10481:Fourth Coalition
10455:
10448:
10441:
10432:
10431:
10302:Transnistria War
10247:War of Attrition
10153:Continuation War
10102:
9894:January Uprising
9735:Seven Years' War
9635:Time of Troubles
9601:Russo-Kazan Wars
9446:Russo-Kazan Wars
9378:
9377:
9346:
9339:
9332:
9323:
9322:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9271:
9269:
9268:
9243:
9224:
9205:
9196:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9132:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9095:
9086:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9001:
8999:
8998:
8981:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8925:
8904:
8885:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8764:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8718:on June 13, 2006
8714:. Archived from
8706:
8704:
8702:
8675:
8654:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8560:
8541:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8433:
8426:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8330:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8275:
8264:. Greenhill Pr.
8256:
8254:
8252:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8166:
8160:
8154:
8148:
8142:
8131:
8130:, pp. 9–10.
8125:
8119:
8113:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8071:
8065:
8059:
8053:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8026:
8017:
8011:
8005:
8004:, pp. 4–13.
7999:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7966:Mikaberidze 2014
7963:
7957:
7954:
7948:
7945:Bogdanovich 1859
7942:
7936:
7930:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7899:
7893:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7825:
7819:
7810:
7804:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7662:Mikaberidze 2016
7659:
7653:
7650:Mikaberidze 2016
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7571:
7565:
7559:
7553:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7298:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7267:
7261:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7143:"Большие Вязёмы"
7139:
7133:
7132:
7097:
7091:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6988:
6985:Mikaberidze 2007
6982:
6976:
6973:Mikaberidze 2014
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6919:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6696:
6689:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6361:
6353:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6325:
6318:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6285:
6278:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6126:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6094:
6088:
6071:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6048:. May 30, 2019.
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6015:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5979:
5972:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5913:
5907:
5894:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5746:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5710:
5704:
5701:Napoleon: A Life
5696:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5641:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5588:Leavenworth 2006
5585:
5574:
5571:Mikaberidze 2016
5568:
5559:
5553:
5542:
5539:Mikaberidze 2016
5536:
5527:
5524:Mikaberidze 2016
5521:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5442:
5441:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5306:
5300:
5289:
5286:Mikaberidze 2016
5283:
5277:
5271:
5244:
5241:Mikaberidze 2016
5238:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5045:Oxford Reference
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4988:
4982:
4966:
4960:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4926:. Archived from
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4880:
4871:
4865:
4864:Zamoyski, p. 536
4862:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4829:. Archived from
4823:
4817:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4627:
4621:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4570:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4520:
4514:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4423:
4417:
4408:
4402:
4389:
4383:
4368:
4357:
4351:
4341:
4335:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4301:
4295:
4286:
4280:
4271:
4265:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4238:Saint Petersburg
4234:
4205:Vasilisa Kozhina
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4090:Alexander Column
3941:
3678:Georges Lefebvre
3310:and camped near
3151:Smolensk Kremlin
3127:Treaty of Örebro
3070:Smolensk Kremlin
2989:hammer and anvil
2985:Dmitry Dokhturov
2841:Aleksandr Figner
2694:IV Cavalry Corps
2671:Jérôme Bonaparte
2380:paper cartridges
2314:were created at
2004:Treaty of Tilsit
1918:
1893:Second World War
1886:
1880:
1879:
1796:guerilla warfare
1741:Barclay de Tolly
1710:military history
1695:
1685:
1683:
1662:Russian campaign
1649:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1402:Nowo Schwerschen
1235:
1233:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1051:Aleksey Yermolov
1049:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1005:
1004:
993:
992:
981:
980:
969:
968:
957:
956:
945:
944:
936:
932:
931:
919:
918:
907:
906:
895:
894:
883:
882:
873:
863:
862:
851:
850:
841:Dmitry Dokhturov
839:
838:
827:
826:
815:
814:
803:
802:
791:
790:
779:
778:
769:
759:
758:
745:
744:
722:
721:
710:
709:
698:
697:
686:
685:
674:
673:
662:
661:
650:
649:
638:
637:
626:
625:
614:
613:
602:
601:
590:
589:
578:
577:
566:
565:
554:
553:
544:Jérôme Bonaparte
542:
541:
530:
529:
518:
517:
506:
505:
492:
491:
463:
462:
454:
450:
448:
447:
440:
436:
434:
433:
421:
417:
415:
414:
404:
403:
402:
388:
387:
376:
375:
374:
364:
363:
352:
351:
340:
339:
328:
327:
316:
315:
294:
293:
292:
283:
282:
281:
270:
269:
268:
258:
257:
245:
244:
243:
232:
231:
202:Russian victory
173:
172:
125:
116:
105:
96:
85:
76:
51:
50:
21:
12762:
12761:
12757:
12756:
12755:
12753:
12752:
12751:
12672:
12671:
12670:
12661:
12588:
12472:
12393:
12387:
12343:Miguel de Álava
12308:Pyotr Bagration
12303:Count Bennigsen
12293:Mikhail Kutuzov
12258:Thomas Cochrane
12230:
12228:
12222:
12183:Louis Bonaparte
12110:
12108:
12107:French and ally
12091:
11975:
11891:Château-Thierry
11854:
11718:
11689:Maloyaroslavets
11547:
11461:
11415:
11206:Yevenes/Yébenes
11164:
11080:Rosily Squadron
11058:
10982:
10948:Waren-Nossentin
10876:
10807:Cape Finisterre
10790:
10761:First Coalition
10739:
10729:
10636:
10629:
10540:
10536:
10527:
10521:
10509:Sixth Coalition
10495:Fifth Coalition
10474:Third Coalition
10464:
10462:Napoleonic Wars
10459:
10429:
10424:
10396:
10337:
10331:
10322:War of Dagestan
10096:
10069:August Uprising
9938:
9932:
9921:Boxer Rebellion
9889:Amur Annexation
9690:
9684:
9588:
9582:
9563:War of Dagestan
9543:August Uprising
9497:
9419:
9369:
9350:
9311:Jesse Alexander
9306:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9274:
9266:
9264:
9246:
9240:
9227:
9221:
9208:
9199:
9187:
9185:Further reading
9182:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9145:
9143:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9083:
9061:
9059:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9015:
9013:
8996:
8994:
8978:
8956:
8954:
8922:
8901:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8842:
8840:
8838:
8814:
8812:
8810:
8786:
8784:
8782:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8721:
8719:
8700:
8698:
8691:Rochester, N.Y.
8672:
8640:
8638:
8631:
8607:
8605:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8557:
8538:
8516:
8514:
8498:
8496:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8453:Wayback Machine
8437:
8435:
8431:
8424:
8403:
8401:
8384:
8382:
8365:
8363:
8356:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8287:
8285:
8272:
8250:
8248:
8228:
8223:
8215:
8211:
8203:
8199:
8191:
8187:
8179:
8175:
8167:
8163:
8155:
8151:
8143:
8134:
8126:
8122:
8114:
8103:
8099:, pp. 6–7.
8095:
8091:
8083:
8074:
8066:
8062:
8054:
8047:
8043:, pp. 5–6.
8039:
8035:
8027:
8020:
8016:, pp. 4–5.
8012:
8008:
8000:
7996:
7990:Clausewitz 1906
7988:
7984:
7976:
7972:
7964:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7943:
7939:
7931:
7927:
7919:
7915:
7910:Wayback Machine
7900:
7896:
7889:
7885:
7876:
7874:
7861:Fusil, Louise.
7859:
7855:
7847:
7843:
7837:Clausewitz 1843
7835:
7828:
7820:
7813:
7805:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7756:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7720:
7716:
7708:
7704:
7698:Clausewitz 1843
7696:
7692:
7686:Clausewitz 1906
7684:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7648:
7644:
7636:
7632:
7625:
7621:
7613:
7609:
7601:
7597:
7590:
7586:
7578:
7574:
7566:
7562:
7554:
7550:
7543:
7539:
7532:
7528:
7520:
7516:
7508:
7504:
7495:
7493:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7471:
7467:
7459:
7455:
7447:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7423:
7419:
7411:
7407:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7370:
7366:
7357:
7355:
7342:
7341:
7337:
7329:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7305:
7301:
7293:
7289:
7282:
7268:
7264:
7256:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7230:
7228:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7156:
7154:
7141:
7140:
7136:
7098:
7094:
7086:
7082:
7074:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7048:
7046:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6991:
6983:
6979:
6971:
6967:
6957:
6955:
6946:
6945:
6941:
6933:
6929:
6920:
6913:
6907:Clausewitz 1906
6905:
6901:
6896:
6892:
6882:
6880:
6873:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6832:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6808:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6774:
6770:
6761:
6759:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6737:Clausewitz 1906
6735:
6731:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6709:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6670:
6666:
6658:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6595:
6591:
6581:Wayback Machine
6571:
6567:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6524:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6476:
6474:
6459:
6455:
6447:
6443:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6419:
6412:
6404:. Brill. 2016.
6398:
6397:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6342:
6338:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6298:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6255:
6245:
6243:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6213:Clausewitz 1906
6211:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6192:Clausewitz 1906
6190:
6183:
6173:
6171:
6164:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6111:
6109:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6085:Wayback Machine
6072:
6065:
6055:
6053:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6004:
5996:
5992:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5937:
5928:
5926:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5905:Wayback Machine
5895:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5870:Wayback Machine
5856:
5852:
5846:Clausewitz 1906
5844:
5840:
5834:Clausewitz 1906
5832:
5828:
5819:
5815:
5806:
5804:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5775:
5768:
5759:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5732:
5723:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5577:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5545:
5537:
5530:
5522:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5470:
5466:
5458:
5445:
5438:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5346:
5339:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5309:
5301:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5247:
5239:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5166:
5162:
5153:
5151:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5054:
5052:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4992:Wojna 1812 roku
4990:Marian Kukiel,
4989:
4985:
4978:Wayback Machine
4967:
4963:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4904:
4900:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4844:Clausewitz 1906
4842:
4838:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4771:
4755:
4751:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4706:Clausewitz 1906
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4681:
4665:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4630:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4546:Clodfelter 2008
4544:
4540:
4532:
4523:
4517:Clodfelter 2008
4515:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4426:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4361:Madame de Stael
4358:
4354:
4342:
4338:
4329:
4325:
4302:
4298:
4287:
4283:
4272:
4268:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4200:Nadezhda Durova
4141:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4079:
4077:Cultural impact
4053:
4051:German invasion
3950:
3949:
3948:
3934:
3898:Nikolay Karazin
3886:
3870:Karl Nesselrode
3777:
3714:Minister of War
3710:
3704:
3669:
3664:
3630:
3559:
3543:Pavel Chichagov
3430:
3409:Nizhny Novgorod
3324:council at Fili
3292:Dmitry Golitsyn
3272:
3266:
3213:
3207:
3050:
2924:
2856:
2782:Duchy of Warsaw
2768:Pavel Chichagov
2764:Brest (Belarus)
2698:Latour Maubourg
2594:Pyotr Bagration
2561:Barclay de Toll
2557:Napoleon's Hill
2532:), at least to
2475:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2407:Modlin Fortress
2336:
2300:
2236:Nicolas Oudinot
2204:Braniewo County
2192:
2144:arrondissements
2108:
2085:
2079:
2052:In March 1811,
2047:alliance treaty
2024:Western Galicia
1973:Napoleonic Wars
1953:
1867:
1772:Council at Fili
1757:Mikhail Kutuzov
1749:extreme weather
1745:Pyotr Bagration
1729:Duchy of Warsaw
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1377:Maloyaroslavets
1236:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1189:
1179:50,000 deserted
1176:150,000 wounded
1158:50,000 deserted
1115:Maloyaroslavets
1084:Maloyaroslavets
1055:
1043:
1031:
1023:
1019:Nikolay Tuchkov
1011:
999:
995:Pavel Stroganov
987:
983:Nikolay Raevsky
975:
963:
951:
939:
926:
925:
913:
901:
889:
885:Mikhail Kutuzov
877:
869:
857:
853:Dmitry Golitsyn
845:
833:
821:
817:Pavel Chichagov
809:
797:
785:
773:
765:
761:Pyotr Bagration
753:
739:
736:
735:
728:
716:
704:
692:
680:
668:
656:
644:
640:Nicolas Oudinot
632:
620:
608:
604:Édouard Mortier
596:
584:
572:
560:
548:
536:
524:
512:
508:Pierre Augereau
500:
486:
483:
482:
457:
445:
443:
441:
431:
429:
427:
422:
412:
410:
408:
400:
398:
394:
382:
372:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
310:
307:
306:
298:
290:
288:
287:
279:
277:
266:
264:
260:Duchy of Warsaw
252:
241:
239:
238:
226:
208:Sixth Coalition
193:
181:(6 months)
180:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
132:
128:
127:
126:
118:
117:
108:
107:
106:
98:
97:
88:
87:
86:
78:
77:
61:Napoleonic Wars
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12760:
12750:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12689:
12687:1812 in France
12684:
12667:
12666:
12663:
12662:
12660:
12659:
12654:
12652:Longwood House
12649:
12648:
12647:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12596:
12594:
12590:
12589:
12587:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12480:
12478:
12474:
12473:
12471:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12429:
12428:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12397:
12395:
12389:
12388:
12386:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12358:Count of Feira
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12253:Horatio Nelson
12250:
12245:
12240:
12234:
12232:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12163:Marshal Victor
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12114:
12112:
12101:
12097:
12096:
12093:
12092:
12090:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11983:
11981:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11958:
11953:
11948:
11943:
11941:Arcis-sur-Aube
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11862:
11860:
11856:
11855:
11853:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11726:
11724:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11684:Venta del Pozo
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11561:
11559:Ciudad Rodrigo
11555:
11553:
11549:
11548:
11546:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11469:
11467:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11437:Ciudad Rodrigo
11434:
11429:
11423:
11421:
11417:
11416:
11414:
11413:
11411:Alba de Tormes
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11311:Aspern-Essling
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11172:
11170:
11166:
11165:
11163:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11059:
11057:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10990:
10988:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10913:Jena–Auerstedt
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10884:
10882:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10798:
10796:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10752:
10750:
10741:
10735:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10685:Ottoman Empire
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10645:United Kingdom
10641:
10639:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10615:Ottoman Empire
10612:
10610:Denmark–Norway
10607:
10606:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10553:Polish Legions
10550:
10544:
10542:
10529:
10523:
10522:
10520:
10519:
10512:
10505:
10498:
10491:
10488:Peninsular War
10484:
10477:
10469:
10466:
10465:
10458:
10457:
10450:
10443:
10435:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10405:Russian Winter
10401:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10347:
10341:
10339:
10333:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10232:Vlora incident
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10171:
10170:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10144:
10143:
10133:
10128:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10023:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10002:
9997:
9995:Sochi conflict
9992:
9987:
9982:
9981:
9980:
9965:
9964:
9963:
9953:
9948:
9942:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9930:
9929:
9928:
9918:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9906:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9847:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9721:
9716:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9694:
9692:
9686:
9685:
9683:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9592:
9590:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9509:
9507:
9503:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9489:
9488:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9427:
9425:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9381:
9375:
9371:
9370:
9349:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9305:
9304:External links
9302:
9301:
9300:
9287:
9272:
9244:
9239:978-2908182965
9238:
9225:
9219:
9206:
9197:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9180:
9167:
9152:
9133:
9124:
9111:
9096:
9087:
9081:
9068:
9050:
9037:
9022:
9012:on 5 July 2017
9002:
8989:(in Russian).
8982:
8976:
8963:
8926:
8920:
8905:
8899:
8886:
8877:
8865:978-1682619414
8864:
8858:. Knox Press.
8849:
8836:
8821:
8808:
8793:
8780:
8765:
8763:. Vol. 2.
8759:Lentz (2004).
8756:
8743:
8728:
8707:
8676:
8670:
8655:
8646:
8629:
8614:
8589:
8576:
8561:
8555:
8542:
8536:
8523:
8505:
8484:
8471:
8456:
8410:
8391:
8372:
8354:
8331:
8322:
8310:978-1371465520
8309:
8294:
8276:
8270:
8257:
8245:St. Petersburg
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8209:
8207:, p. 337.
8197:
8195:, p. 448.
8185:
8173:
8161:
8149:
8132:
8120:
8101:
8089:
8072:
8060:
8045:
8033:
8018:
8006:
7994:
7982:
7970:
7958:
7949:
7937:
7935:, p. 537.
7925:
7913:
7894:
7883:
7853:
7851:, p. 395.
7841:
7826:
7811:
7786:
7774:
7772:, p. 397.
7762:
7760:, p. 220.
7750:
7748:, p. 199.
7738:
7736:, p. 190.
7726:
7714:
7702:
7690:
7678:
7676:, p. 570.
7666:
7664:, p. 313.
7654:
7652:, p. 280.
7642:
7640:, p. 407.
7630:
7619:
7607:
7605:, p. 259.
7595:
7584:
7582:, p. 155.
7572:
7560:
7558:, p. 841.
7548:
7537:
7526:
7524:, p. 321.
7514:
7512:, p. 326.
7502:
7477:
7465:
7463:, p. 209.
7453:
7451:, p. 181.
7441:
7439:, p. 296.
7429:
7427:, p. 253.
7417:
7415:, p. 203.
7405:
7388:
7386:, p. 252.
7376:
7374:, p. 214.
7364:
7335:
7333:, p. 177.
7323:
7321:, p. 175.
7311:
7309:, p. 170.
7299:
7297:, p. 290.
7287:
7280:
7262:
7260:, p. 297.
7250:
7248:, p. 265.
7238:
7211:
7204:
7184:Adam, Albrecht
7175:
7163:
7134:
7092:
7090:, p. 262.
7080:
7078:, p. 159.
7068:
7056:
7030:
7018:
7016:, p. 253.
7006:
7004:, p. 260.
6989:
6987:, p. 217.
6977:
6965:
6948:"Тучков П. А."
6939:
6927:
6911:
6899:
6890:
6871:
6851:
6844:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6793:
6786:
6768:
6741:
6729:
6727:, p. 176.
6717:
6707:
6676:
6674:, p. 780.
6664:
6649:
6647:, p. 171.
6637:
6635:, p. 170.
6625:
6613:
6611:, p. 167.
6601:
6599:, p. 168.
6589:
6565:
6534:
6507:
6503:Bourgogne 1899
6495:
6493:, p. 180.
6483:
6453:
6451:, p. 179.
6441:
6439:, p. 166.
6429:
6410:
6391:
6379:
6348:
6336:
6305:
6296:
6265:
6253:
6226:
6217:
6205:
6196:
6181:
6162:
6142:
6127:
6118:
6089:
6063:
6033:
6002:
6000:, p. 776.
5990:
5959:
5947:
5935:
5908:
5886:
5874:
5857:Adam (2005) ,
5850:
5838:
5826:
5824:, pp. 169–171
5813:
5784:
5766:
5741:
5730:
5705:
5691:
5680:
5671:
5659:
5627:
5625:, p. 213.
5615:
5604:
5602:, p. 191.
5592:
5575:
5573:, p. 273.
5560:
5558:, p. 569.
5543:
5541:, p. 272.
5528:
5526:, p. 271.
5501:
5489:
5482:
5464:
5462:, p. 169.
5443:
5437:978-0946879540
5436:
5415:
5408:
5390:
5383:
5365:
5359:978-0946879540
5358:
5337:
5322:
5320:, p. 139.
5307:
5305:, p. 151.
5290:
5278:
5276:, p. 566.
5245:
5243:, p. 270.
5220:
5208:
5196:
5185:
5178:
5160:
5135:
5123:
5094:
5085:
5073:
5061:
5032:
5020:
5018:, p. 294.
5008:
4996:
4983:
4961:
4948:
4936:
4898:
4881:. p. 34.
4866:
4857:
4848:
4836:
4818:
4806:10.1086/498534
4788:
4769:
4749:
4747:, p. 285.
4734:
4732:, p. 263.
4722:
4720:, p. 134.
4710:
4698:
4679:
4659:
4647:
4645:, p. 536.
4628:
4626:, p. 128.
4613:
4604:
4595:
4562:
4550:
4548:, p. 163.
4538:
4536:, p. 127.
4521:
4519:, p. 175.
4502:
4500:, p. 493.
4490:
4488:, p. 239.
4478:
4476:, p. 445.
4463:
4461:, p. 491.
4451:
4449:, p. 241.
4439:
4437:, p. 159.
4424:
4409:
4390:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4352:
4336:
4323:
4296:
4281:
4266:
4251:
4242:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4180:Kutuzov (film)
4177:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4147:
4146:
4130:
4127:
4078:
4075:
4052:
4049:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:Historiography
3930:
3885:
3882:
3862:Dominic Lieven
3827:Ida Saint Elme
3776:
3773:
3761:Dominic Lieven
3706:Main article:
3703:
3700:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3629:
3626:
3622:snow blindness
3577:Russian Winter
3570:Adolph Northen
3568:, painting by
3558:
3555:
3429:
3426:
3280:fire of Moscow
3268:Main article:
3265:
3262:
3209:Main article:
3206:
3203:
3173:
3172:
3149:attack on the
3083:scorched earth
3049:
3046:
3032:scorched earth
2923:
2920:
2855:
2854:March on Vilna
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:on 9 November.
2827:under General
2813:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2711:
2701:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2651:
2637:
2623:
2601:
2583:
2553:Imperial Guard
2541:
2514:occupying Riga
2471:Main article:
2468:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2350:A significant
2344:Castle Malbork
2335:
2332:
2299:
2296:
2191:
2188:
2107:
2104:
2081:Main article:
2078:
2075:
2054:Marshal Davout
1952:
1949:
1866:
1863:
1733:Western Russia
1702:Russian Empire
1646:
1644: Napoleon
1640:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:50,000 wounded
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
783:
771:
751:
733:
732:
731:
729:
727:
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
666:
654:
642:
630:
618:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
522:
510:
498:
480:
479:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:
466:Russian Empire
455:
425:French allies:
393:
392:
380:
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
302:
301:
300:
275:
274:
262:
222:
221:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
199:
195:
194:
191:Russian Empire
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
169:
168:
162:
161:
159:Auguste Raffet
155:
149:
146:
143:
137:
133:
130:
129:
120:
119:
111:
110:
109:
100:
99:
91:
90:
89:
80:
79:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12759:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12679:
12677:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12646:
12643:
12642:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12597:
12595:
12593:Miscellaneous
12591:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12481:
12479:
12475:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12427:
12424:
12423:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12398:
12396:
12390:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12268:Manuel Lapeña
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12225:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12198:Prince Eugène
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12148:André Masséna
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12128:Joachim Murat
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12115:
12113:
12105:
12102:
12098:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12072:Rocheserviere
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11984:
11982:
11978:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11863:
11861:
11857:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11760:San Sebastián
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11721:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11556:
11554:
11550:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11464:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11424:
11422:
11418:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11321:Sankt Michael
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11236:Teugen-Hausen
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11173:
11171:
11167:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11061:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10985:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10879:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10793:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10745:
10742:
10736:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10632:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10538:client states
10533:
10530:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10513:
10511:
10510:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10499:
10497:
10496:
10492:
10490:
10489:
10485:
10483:
10482:
10478:
10476:
10475:
10471:
10470:
10467:
10463:
10456:
10451:
10449:
10444:
10442:
10437:
10436:
10433:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10399:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10371:
10370:2022 invasion
10368:
10366:
10365:War in Donbas
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10334:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10202:Ili Rebellion
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10123:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10100:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10007:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9969:
9966:
9962:
9959:
9958:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9935:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9901:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9841:
9840:Caucasian War
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9687:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9585:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9504:
9494:
9491:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9422:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9382:
9379:
9376:
9372:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9347:
9342:
9340:
9335:
9333:
9328:
9327:
9324:
9318:
9315:
9312:
9308:
9307:
9290:
9288:9781853263019
9284:
9280:
9279:
9273:
9263:on 2013-06-20
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9245:
9241:
9235:
9231:
9226:
9222:
9220:1-4128-0599-6
9216:
9212:
9207:
9203:
9198:
9194:
9189:
9188:
9170:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9153:
9141:
9140:
9134:
9130:
9125:
9114:
9112:9780961392147
9108:
9104:
9103:
9097:
9093:
9088:
9084:
9078:
9074:
9069:
9058:
9057:
9051:
9040:
9038:9780070527317
9034:
9030:
9029:
9023:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8992:
8988:
8983:
8979:
8977:0-88254-681-3
8973:
8969:
8964:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8927:
8923:
8921:9781844156030
8917:
8913:
8912:
8906:
8902:
8896:
8892:
8887:
8883:
8878:
8867:
8861:
8857:
8856:
8850:
8839:
8837:9780451627988
8833:
8829:
8828:
8822:
8811:
8809:9780451627988
8805:
8801:
8800:
8794:
8783:
8781:9780670021574
8777:
8773:
8772:
8766:
8762:
8757:
8746:
8744:9780231033138
8740:
8736:
8735:
8729:
8717:
8713:
8708:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8677:
8673:
8667:
8663:
8662:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8636:
8632:
8630:9781849086974
8626:
8622:
8621:
8615:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8590:
8579:
8577:9780756655785
8573:
8569:
8568:
8562:
8558:
8552:
8548:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8529:
8524:
8513:
8512:
8506:
8495:on 2009-03-22
8494:
8490:
8485:
8474:
8472:9786612280498
8468:
8464:
8463:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8430:
8422:
8418:
8417:
8411:
8399:
8398:
8392:
8380:
8379:
8373:
8361:
8357:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8323:
8312:
8306:
8302:
8301:
8295:
8284:
8283:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8263:
8258:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8219:, p. 30.
8218:
8213:
8206:
8201:
8194:
8189:
8183:, p. 25.
8182:
8177:
8171:, p. 12.
8170:
8165:
8158:
8153:
8147:, p. 11.
8146:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8129:
8124:
8118:, p. 10.
8117:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8106:
8098:
8093:
8086:
8081:
8079:
8077:
8069:
8064:
8057:
8052:
8050:
8042:
8037:
8030:
8025:
8023:
8015:
8010:
8003:
7998:
7991:
7986:
7979:
7974:
7967:
7962:
7953:
7946:
7941:
7934:
7933:Zamoyski 2004
7929:
7922:
7917:
7911:
7907:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7887:
7872:
7868:
7867:gutenberg.org
7864:
7857:
7850:
7845:
7839:, p. 94.
7838:
7833:
7831:
7823:
7818:
7816:
7809:, p. 23.
7808:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7783:
7778:
7771:
7766:
7759:
7754:
7747:
7742:
7735:
7730:
7723:
7722:Lefebvre 1969
7718:
7711:
7706:
7700:, p. 47.
7699:
7694:
7688:, p. 52.
7687:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7663:
7658:
7651:
7646:
7639:
7634:
7628:
7623:
7616:
7611:
7604:
7599:
7593:
7588:
7581:
7576:
7569:
7564:
7557:
7556:Chandler 2009
7552:
7546:
7541:
7535:
7530:
7523:
7518:
7511:
7506:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7474:
7469:
7462:
7457:
7450:
7445:
7438:
7433:
7426:
7421:
7414:
7409:
7403:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7380:
7373:
7368:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7339:
7332:
7327:
7320:
7315:
7308:
7303:
7296:
7291:
7283:
7277:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7258:Zamoyski 2004
7254:
7247:
7242:
7226:
7222:
7215:
7207:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7172:
7167:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7089:
7084:
7077:
7072:
7066:, p. 74.
7065:
7060:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7027:
7022:
7015:
7010:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6986:
6981:
6974:
6969:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6937:, p. 77.
6936:
6931:
6924:
6918:
6916:
6909:, p. 59.
6908:
6903:
6894:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6855:
6847:
6841:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6822:Nafziger 2021
6818:
6811:
6810:Nafziger 1984
6806:
6797:
6789:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6745:
6739:, p. 83.
6738:
6733:
6726:
6721:
6711:
6693:
6686:
6680:
6673:
6672:Chandler 2009
6668:
6661:
6656:
6654:
6646:
6641:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6617:
6610:
6605:
6598:
6593:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6569:
6551:
6544:
6538:
6522:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6445:
6438:
6433:
6417:
6413:
6411:9789004310032
6407:
6403:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6365:
6358:
6352:
6345:
6344:McIntyre 2021
6340:
6322:
6315:
6309:
6300:
6282:
6275:
6269:
6260:
6258:
6241:
6238:. Blackwood.
6237:
6230:
6221:
6214:
6209:
6200:
6194:, p. 65.
6193:
6188:
6186:
6169:
6165:
6163:9780820334417
6159:
6155:
6154:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6122:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6074:Mustafa, S.A.
6070:
6068:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6019:
6012:
6006:
5999:
5998:Chandler 2009
5994:
5976:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5951:
5942:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5884:, p. 30.
5883:
5878:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5848:, p. 53.
5847:
5842:
5835:
5830:
5823:
5817:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5780:
5773:
5771:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5734:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5695:
5689:
5684:
5675:
5668:
5663:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5608:
5601:
5596:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5557:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5498:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5420:
5411:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5342:
5333:
5332:Mes Campagnes
5326:
5319:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5287:
5282:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5242:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5217:
5212:
5206:, p. 14.
5205:
5200:
5194:
5189:
5181:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5089:
5083:, p. 25.
5082:
5077:
5071:, p. 26.
5070:
5065:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4987:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4968:Nils Renard,
4965:
4958:
4952:
4945:
4944:Chandler 2009
4940:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4798:J Infect Dis.
4792:
4776:
4772:
4770:9781439131039
4766:
4762:
4761:
4753:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4731:
4726:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4686:
4682:
4680:9781473816589
4676:
4672:
4671:
4663:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4643:Zamoyski 2004
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4608:
4599:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4460:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4388:, p. 87.
4387:
4386:Zamoyski 2004
4382:
4378:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4246:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4216:War and Peace
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4152:1812 Overture
4149:
4148:
4144:
4143:France portal
4133:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4110:1812 Overture
4106:
4102:
4101:War and Peace
4098:
4091:
4087:
4086:Palace Square
4083:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4037:War and Peace
4032:
4029:
4026:
4025:Baltic German
4020:
4017:
4016:War and Peace
4013:
4012:War and Peace
4005:
4004:Winter Palace
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3940:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3918:Patriotic War
3915:
3911:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:light cavalry
3871:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3821:arrived with
3820:
3816:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3749:Baltic German
3744:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:War and Peace
3715:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3696:Réaumur scale
3691:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3594:coupled with
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:Denis Davydov
3477:
3473:
3472:Matvei Platov
3469:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3340:losing Moscow
3337:
3336:War and Peace
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:Joachim Murat
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:State Council
3182:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:Adam Zamoyski
3108:
3105:According to
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3056:Napoleon and
3054:
3044:
3041:
3040:Western Dvina
3035:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2936:Battle of Mir
2933:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:guerrilla war
2906:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2860:
2846:
2845:Denis Davydov
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:H.W. Daendels
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:Schwarzenberg
2741:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:Battle of Mir
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2571:and Polotsk.
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:near Warsaw,
2408:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2280:black pudding
2275:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Quartermaster
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:Anna Pavlovna
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1998:Napoleon and
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1629:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1531:
1519:
1502:
1471:
1464:
1445:
1444:Pleshchenitsy
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:Dahlenkirchen
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
986:
984:
979:
974:
972:
971:Matvei Platov
967:
962:
960:
955:
950:
948:
943:
938:
935:
930:
924:
922:
917:
912:
910:
905:
900:
898:
893:
888:
886:
881:
876:
874:
872:
866:
861:
856:
854:
849:
844:
842:
837:
832:
830:
825:
820:
818:
813:
808:
806:
801:
796:
794:
789:
784:
782:
777:
772:
770:
768:
762:
757:
752:
750:
749:
743:
738:
737:
730:
725:
720:
715:
713:
712:Claude Victor
708:
703:
701:
696:
691:
689:
684:
679:
677:
672:
667:
665:
660:
655:
653:
648:
643:
641:
636:
631:
629:
624:
619:
617:
616:Joachim Murat
612:
607:
605:
600:
595:
593:
588:
583:
581:
576:
571:
569:
564:
559:
557:
552:
547:
545:
540:
535:
533:
528:
523:
521:
516:
511:
509:
504:
499:
497:
496:
490:
485:
484:
477:
476:
471:
468:
467:
461:
456:
453:
439:
426:
423:
420:
407:
396:
391:
386:
381:
379:
369:
367:
362:
357:
355:
350:
345:
343:
338:
333:
331:
326:
321:
319:
314:
309:
308:
305:
299:
297:
286:
273:
263:
261:
256:
251:
250:
249:
248:
237:
236:
235:French Empire
230:
224:
223:
218:
209:
205:
204:
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
188:
185:
184:
178:
175:
174:
170:
160:
156:
154:
150:
147:
144:
142:
138:
135:
134:
124:
115:
104:
95:
84:
75:
65:
62:
57:
52:
47:
40:
33:
19:
12640:Grande Armée
12600:Bibliography
12584:Paris (1815)
12544:Paris (1814)
12529:Paris (1810)
12509:Finckenstein
12484:Campo Formio
12243:Rowland Hill
12229:military and
12109:military and
12082:Rocquencourt
11951:Saint-Dizier
11921:Bar-sur-Aube
11876:Mincio River
11371:Schöngrabern
11150:2nd Zaragoza
11090:1st Zaragoza
11044:Stralsund II
10893:Campo Tenese
10867:Schöngrabern
10852:Cape Ortegal
10802:Diamond Rock
10680:Papal States
10514:
10507:
10501:
10500:
10493:
10486:
10479:
10472:
10121:World War II
9819:
9645:Smolensk War
9611:Livonian War
9292:. Retrieved
9277:
9265:. Retrieved
9261:the original
9256:
9252:
9229:
9210:
9201:
9192:
9172:. Retrieved
9157:
9144:. Retrieved
9138:
9128:
9116:. Retrieved
9101:
9091:
9072:
9060:. Retrieved
9055:
9042:. Retrieved
9027:
9014:. Retrieved
9010:the original
8995:. Retrieved
8967:
8955:. Retrieved
8938:
8934:
8910:
8890:
8881:
8869:. Retrieved
8854:
8841:. Retrieved
8826:
8813:. Retrieved
8798:
8785:. Retrieved
8770:
8760:
8748:. Retrieved
8733:
8720:. Retrieved
8716:the original
8699:. Retrieved
8687:Hartford, CT
8681:
8660:
8653:(in German).
8650:
8639:. Retrieved
8619:
8606:. Retrieved
8598:Academia.edu
8597:
8581:. Retrieved
8566:
8546:
8527:
8515:. Retrieved
8510:
8497:. Retrieved
8493:the original
8476:. Retrieved
8461:
8436:. Retrieved
8420:
8415:
8402:. Retrieved
8396:
8383:. Retrieved
8377:
8364:. Retrieved
8340:
8336:Cottin, Paul
8326:
8314:. Retrieved
8299:
8286:. Retrieved
8281:
8261:
8251:18 September
8249:. Retrieved
8235:
8212:
8200:
8188:
8176:
8164:
8152:
8123:
8092:
8087:, p. 9.
8070:, p. 8.
8063:
8058:, p. 6.
8036:
8031:, p. 5.
8009:
7997:
7985:
7973:
7961:
7952:
7940:
7928:
7916:
7897:
7886:
7875:. Retrieved
7866:
7856:
7844:
7822:Helmert 1986
7777:
7765:
7753:
7746:Markham 1963
7741:
7734:Markham 1963
7729:
7717:
7705:
7693:
7681:
7669:
7657:
7645:
7633:
7622:
7615:Davydov 2010
7610:
7598:
7587:
7575:
7563:
7551:
7540:
7529:
7517:
7505:
7494:. Retrieved
7480:
7468:
7456:
7444:
7432:
7420:
7408:
7391:
7379:
7367:
7356:. Retrieved
7348:napoleon.org
7347:
7338:
7326:
7314:
7302:
7290:
7271:
7265:
7253:
7241:
7231:November 17,
7229:. Retrieved
7214:
7187:
7178:
7166:
7155:. Retrieved
7146:
7137:
7108:
7104:
7095:
7083:
7071:
7059:
7047:. Retrieved
7033:
7021:
7009:
6980:
6975:, p. 4.
6968:
6956:. Retrieved
6950:6 May 2013.
6942:
6930:
6922:
6902:
6893:
6881:. Retrieved
6861:
6854:
6835:
6829:
6817:
6805:
6796:
6777:
6771:
6760:. Retrieved
6750:
6744:
6732:
6720:
6710:
6699:. Retrieved
6679:
6667:
6640:
6628:
6616:
6604:
6592:
6584:
6568:
6557:. Retrieved
6537:
6525:. Retrieved
6510:
6505:, p. 2.
6498:
6486:
6475:. Retrieved
6466:
6456:
6444:
6432:
6420:. Retrieved
6400:
6394:
6382:
6371:. Retrieved
6351:
6339:
6328:. Retrieved
6308:
6299:
6288:. Retrieved
6268:
6244:. Retrieved
6229:
6220:
6208:
6199:
6172:. Retrieved
6152:
6145:
6121:
6110:. Retrieved
6101:
6092:
6054:. Retrieved
6045:
6036:
6025:. Retrieved
6005:
5993:
5982:. Retrieved
5962:
5950:
5927:. Retrieved
5917:
5911:
5882:Labaume 1817
5877:
5858:
5853:
5841:
5829:
5821:
5816:
5805:. Retrieved
5797:ur.booksc.eu
5796:
5787:
5758:. Retrieved
5744:
5733:
5722:. Retrieved
5708:
5700:
5694:
5683:
5674:
5662:
5651:. Retrieved
5630:
5618:
5607:
5595:
5492:
5473:
5467:
5427:
5399:
5393:
5374:
5368:
5349:
5331:
5325:
5281:
5218:, chapter 8.
5211:
5199:
5188:
5169:
5163:
5152:. Retrieved
5138:
5126:
5115:. Retrieved
5106:
5097:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5053:. Retrieved
5044:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4999:
4991:
4986:
4969:
4964:
4956:
4951:
4939:
4931:
4928:the original
4915:
4911:
4901:
4890:. Retrieved
4869:
4860:
4851:
4839:
4831:the original
4821:
4797:
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4759:
4752:
4725:
4713:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4669:
4662:
4650:
4607:
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4577:
4553:
4541:
4493:
4481:
4454:
4442:
4381:
4365:Miloradovich
4355:
4339:
4326:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4254:
4245:
4232:
4215:
4191:
4150:
4123:Soviet Union
4118:
4108:
4100:
4094:
4071:
4066:
4061:David Stahel
4054:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4009:
3990:
3966:
3955:
3951:
3917:
3907:
3903:
3887:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3823:Louise Fusil
3812:
3801:Napoleon in
3800:
3766:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3717:
3711:
3692:
3687:Eugene Tarle
3673:
3670:
3667:Grande Armée
3648:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3618:
3609:
3601:
3581:
3574:
3565:
3557:Cold weather
3547:
3522:
3509:
3461:
3449:
3398:
3393:
3362:
3357:
3348:
3344:Miloradovich
3285:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3225:Grande Armée
3222:
3174:
3143:
3131:
3104:
3093:
3088:
3075:
3037:
3028:Jakob Walter
3025:
3008:
2997:
2993:
2982:
2966:
2959:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2882:Viliya river
2874:
2865:
2733:. After the
2487:
2419:
2405:
2349:
2301:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2240:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2117:
2099:
2086:
2051:
2043:Marie Louise
2036:
2013:
1993:
1962:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1823:Miloradovich
1812:
1793:
1765:
1723:crossed the
1721:Grande Armée
1718:
1673:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1436:
1334:
1230:
1186:
1173:210,000 dead
1167:
1166:
1135:
1134:
1096:
1065:
1024:
870:
865:Yakov Kulnev
766:
746:
724:Johann Yorck
664:Jean Reynier
493:
464:
424:
397:
395:
276:
233:
225:
220:Belligerents
201:
59:Part of the
12468:War of 1812
12426:Gunboat War
12383:Louis XVIII
12138:Jean Lannes
12052:Quatre Bras
12042:San Germano
11992:Occhiobello
11881:Champaubert
11871:La Rothière
11795:San Marcial
11679:2nd Polotsk
11644:1st Polotsk
11629:Majadahonda
11569:Villagarcia
11498:Campo Maior
11286:Piave River
11211:Ciudad Real
11201:Villafranca
11070:Dos de Mayo
11019:Stralsund I
10771:18 Brumaire
10705:Netherlands
10603:Württemberg
10227:Vietnam War
10097: [
9956:World War I
9877:Crimean War
9810:Finnish War
9726:(1740–1748)
9715:(1733–1738)
9640:Ingrian War
9356:(including
8400:(in German)
8217:Stahel 2010
8205:Stahel 2010
8193:Stahel 2010
8169:Lieven 2010
8157:Lieven 2010
8145:Lieven 2010
8128:Lieven 2010
8116:Lieven 2010
8097:Lieven 2010
8085:Lieven 2010
8068:Lieven 2010
8056:Lieven 2010
8041:Lieven 2010
8029:Lieven 2010
8014:Lieven 2010
8002:Lieven 2010
7807:Lieven 2010
7674:Elting 1997
7461:Wilson 1860
7449:Wilson 1860
7437:Lieven 2010
7425:Lieven 2010
7413:Wilson 1860
7384:Lieven 2010
7372:Lieven 2010
7331:Wilson 1860
7319:Wilson 1860
7307:Wilson 1860
7171:Lieven 2010
7076:Wilson 1860
7049:17 November
5556:Elting 1997
5274:Elting 1997
5204:Wilson 1860
5131:McLynn 2011
4918:: 147–160.
4718:Lieven 2010
4624:Bodart 1916
4588:27 February
4534:Bodart 1916
4474:Bodart 1908
4405:Bodart 1916
4192:In Our Time
4157:Tchaikovsky
3962:orientalism
3815:Desgenettes
3612:bivouacking
3596:hypothermia
3328:Leo Tolstoy
3058:Poniatowski
2837:Jean-Pierre
2758:on 2 July.
2752:Western Bug
2644:Beauharnais
2446:Marijampolė
2438:Suwałki Gap
2002:signed the
1905:War of 1812
1901:War of 1812
1891:during the
1813:During the
1766:The fierce
1422:2nd Krasnoi
1392:2nd Vitebsk
1372:2nd Polotsk
1315:1st Polotsk
1305:1st Krasnoi
1280:1st Vitebsk
748:Alexander I
406:Switzerland
354:Württemberg
153:Victor Adam
46:War of 1812
12676:Categories
12610:Casualties
12524:Schönbrunn
12499:Artlenburg
12248:John Moore
12153:Michel Ney
12022:Scapezzano
12012:Cesenatico
11956:Montmartre
11886:Montmirail
11820:Wartenburg
11775:Großbeeren
11634:Gorodechno
11624:Klyastitsy
11604:Saltanovka
11493:Casal Novo
11366:Hollabrunn
11351:Korneuburg
11145:Somosierra
11049:Copenhagen
10872:Austerlitz
10862:Dürenstein
10598:Westphalia
10541:and allies
10262:Ogaden War
10212:Korean War
10131:Winter War
10000:Heimosodat
9587:Tsardom of
9313:on YouTube
9267:2008-08-03
8997:2006-12-09
8774:. Viking.
8701:7 December
8641:2021-11-17
8366:7 December
8355:5875000767
8344:. London:
8181:Volin 1970
7877:2023-06-29
7849:Riehn 1990
7782:Tufte 2001
7770:Tarle 1942
7710:Riehn 1990
7638:Riehn 1990
7522:Riehn 1990
7510:Riehn 1990
7496:2024-02-27
7473:Riehn 1990
7358:2022-01-26
7295:Riehn 1990
7246:Riehn 1990
7157:2021-05-11
7088:Riehn 1990
7026:Riehn 1990
7014:Riehn 1990
7002:Riehn 1990
6872:0691018545
6762:2022-01-12
6725:Riehn 1990
6701:2022-01-21
6660:Riehn 1990
6645:Riehn 1990
6633:Riehn 1990
6621:Riehn 1990
6609:Riehn 1990
6597:Riehn 1990
6559:2022-01-08
6491:Riehn 1990
6477:2022-01-23
6449:Riehn 1990
6437:Riehn 1990
6387:Riehn 1990
6373:2022-02-20
6330:2024-05-15
6290:2022-02-04
6112:2022-01-29
6046:HistoryNet
6027:2022-01-21
5984:2022-01-21
5929:2022-01-12
5807:2022-01-07
5760:2022-02-26
5724:2024-02-14
5653:2023-11-28
5497:Riehn 1990
5460:Riehn 1990
5318:Riehn 1990
5303:Riehn 1990
5216:Riehn 1990
5154:2022-02-26
5117:2023-06-04
5081:Riehn 1990
5069:Riehn 1990
5055:2022-05-30
5028:Kagan 2007
4892:2023-11-28
4745:Riehn 1990
4730:Riehn 1990
4655:Grant 2009
4558:Lentz 2004
4498:Riehn 1990
4486:Riehn 1990
4459:Riehn 1990
4447:Riehn 1990
4435:Riehn 1990
4420:Riehn 1990
4374:References
4332:conscripts
4194:programmes
3880:were not.
3878:musketeers
3787:after the
3785:Old Guards
3764:language.
3526:Dombrowski
3123:Bernadotte
3094:After the
3004:Königsberg
2714:VIII Corps
2614:to combat
2460:See also:
2430:Insterburg
2422:Königsberg
2334:Ammunition
2324:Königsberg
2288:diphtheria
2270:Intendance
2243:paved road
2210:), Vilna (
2179:rasputitsa
1951:Background
1835:Michel Ney
1781:set ablaze
1347:Zvenigorod
1330:Shevardino
1300:Gorodechno
1285:Klyastitsy
1260:Saltanovka
1103:First wave
1072:First wave
628:Michel Ney
495:Napoleon I
342:Westphalia
12574:Casalanza
12549:Tauroggen
12504:Pressburg
12489:Lunéville
12394:conflicts
12227:Coalition
12077:La Suffel
12027:Tolentino
11911:Montereau
11896:Vauchamps
11845:Bornhöved
11800:Dennewitz
11745:Tarragona
11694:Chashniki
11594:Salamanca
11518:Tarragona
11442:Barquilla
11396:Almonacid
11356:Stockerau
11326:Stralsund
11296:2nd Porto
11276:Ebelsberg
11246:Abensberg
11216:1st Porto
11176:Castellón
11160:Benavente
11125:Valmaseda
11039:Friedland
11034:Heilsberg
11004:Ostrołęka
10994:Mohrungen
10928:Magdeburg
10857:Amstetten
10842:Trafalgar
10827:Elchingen
10812:Wertingen
10710:Brunswick
10635:Coalition
9882:Åland War
9850:Murid War
9689:18th–19th
8941:(3): 35.
5667:DTIC 1998
4560:, vol. 2.
4313:romanized
3928:of 1917.
3884:Aftermath
3799:Painting
3769:Steinheil
3743:defence.
3405:Bennigsen
3312:Odintsovo
3308:Golitsyno
2970:Nemenčinė
2869:Lithuania
2774:VII Corps
2756:Drohiczyn
2748:XII Corps
2746:with the
2724:. In the
2688:battalion
2634:Aleksotas
2626:III Corps
2538:armistice
2500:with the
2498:Macdonald
2444:, passed
2434:Gumbinnen
2388:gunpowder
2356:Magdeburg
2328:Hlybokaye
2292:dysentery
2258:reported:
2200:Wyszogród
2132:Intendant
2106:Logistics
2058:Magdeburg
1996:Friedland
1929:Lithuania
1843:Smorgonie
1819:Old Guard
1687:romanized
1432:Loschniza
1417:Kaidanowo
1412:Wolkowisk
1382:Chashniki
1193:1,000,000
12645:Uniforms
12559:Chaumont
12477:Treaties
12178:Joseph I
12118:Napoleon
12062:Waterloo
12002:Casaglia
11966:Toulouse
11850:Sehested
11825:Bidassoa
11805:2nd Kulm
11790:1st Kulm
11780:Katzbach
11770:Sorauren
11765:Pyrenees
11730:Castalla
11714:Berezina
11704:Smoliani
11674:Tarutino
11659:Borodino
11649:Valutino
11639:Smolensk
11609:Ostrovno
11579:Maguilla
11543:Valencia
11533:Saguntum
11381:Talavera
11261:Ratisbon
11251:Landshut
11226:Bergisel
11221:Medellín
11135:Espinosa
11095:Valencia
10968:Czarnowo
10938:Pasewalk
10933:Prenzlau
10908:Saalfeld
10847:Caldiero
10817:Günzburg
10695:Sardinia
10670:Portugal
10415:Cold War
10277:Gulf War
9633:and the
9506:Internal
9362:Imperial
9294:17 April
9174:17 April
9146:17 April
9118:17 April
9062:18 April
9044:10 April
9016:18 April
8991:Archived
8957:25 April
8951:Archived
8843:17 April
8815:17 April
8799:Napoleon
8787:15 April
8750:17 April
8722:17 April
8695:Archived
8635:Archived
8608:18 April
8602:Archived
8583:18 April
8517:17 April
8499:17 April
8478:15 April
8449:Archived
8438:10 April
8429:Archived
8404:21 April
8385:15 April
8360:Archived
8316:15 April
8288:25 April
7921:Hay 2013
7906:Archived
7871:Archived
7490:Archived
7488:. 1841.
7352:Archived
7225:Archived
7192:Barnsley
7151:Archived
7121:16012211
7043:Archived
6952:Archived
6877:Archived
6756:Archived
6692:Archived
6577:Archived
6550:Archived
6521:Archived
6471:Archived
6467:Камертон
6416:Archived
6364:Archived
6321:Archived
6281:Archived
6240:Archived
6168:Archived
6106:Archived
6081:Archived
6050:Archived
6018:Archived
5975:Archived
5923:Archived
5901:Archived
5866:Archived
5801:Archived
5754:Archived
5718:Archived
5644:Archived
5148:Archived
5111:Archived
5049:Archived
4974:Archived
4883:Archived
4814:16323139
4775:Archived
4685:Archived
4582:Archived
4190:List of
4129:See also
4063:writes:
4028:nobility
3592:gangrene
3584:blizzard
3468:partisan
3445:Berezina
3441:Bashkirs
3417:Belliard
3370:Tarutino
3257:Berthier
3233:Mozhaysk
3229:Borodino
3199:Borodino
3034:tactics:
2978:Ashmyany
2962:Klaipeda
2945:General
2910:all-out
2894:Balashov
2833:Holstein
2820:Augereau
2816:XI Corps
2802:IX Corps
2760:Tormasov
2718:Vandamme
2654:VI Corps
2640:IV Corps
2604:II Corps
2580:vanguard
2518:Dunaburg
2510:Courland
2456:Invasion
2426:Znamensk
2228:Smolensk
2214:), and
2169:as usual
2138:General
1991:(1809).
1839:Berezina
1821:against
1800:Cossacks
1698:Napoleon
1485:300miles
1438:Berezina
1407:Smoliani
1397:Liaskowa
1367:Tarutino
1342:Mozhaysk
1336:Borodino
1320:Valutino
1310:Smolensk
1270:Ostrovno
1121:Berezina
1119:126,000
1113:129,000
1109:Borodino
1107:118,000
1090:Berezina
1082:108,000
1078:Borodino
1076:134,000
1070:449,000
1060:Strength
186:Location
12392:Related
11971:Bayonne
11936:Craonne
11906:Mormant
11866:Brienne
11840:Nivelle
11830:Leipzig
11785:Dresden
11755:Vitoria
11740:Bautzen
11709:Krasnoi
11654:Mesoten
11614:Vitebsk
11574:Almaraz
11564:Badajoz
11523:Albuera
11508:Almeida
11503:Sabugal
11488:Redinha
11478:Barrosa
11457:Bussaco
11452:Almeida
11432:Astorga
11401:Tamames
11361:Gefrees
11316:Alcañiz
11256:Eckmühl
11186:Corunna
11155:Sahagún
11120:Zornoza
11115:Vimeiro
11085:Cabezón
11009:Kolberg
10978:Pułtusk
10973:Golymin
10963:Hamelin
10943:Stettin
10903:Schleiz
10748:Prelude
10740:battles
10715:Hanover
10660:Prussia
10650:Austria
10588:Bavaria
10568:Etruria
10563:Holland
10535:France,
10528:gerents
10355:Outline
10338:century
9939:century
9691:century
9374:Related
9358:Tsarist
8241:Leipzig
8226:Sources
7402:YouTube
7196:England
7129:5034988
7113:Leipzig
6958:14 July
6883:May 20,
6527:May 20,
6422:May 20,
6246:May 20,
6174:May 20,
6076:(2017)
6056:May 18,
5863:plate 7
4781:May 20,
4691:May 20,
4315::
4304:Russian
4218:(opera)
4121:in the
4002:in the
3803:Smorgon
3757:Livonia
3753:Estonia
3733:Cossack
3628:Summary
3588:caulkin
3528:at the
3516:Viceroy
3496:Polotsk
3437:Kalmyks
3428:Retreat
3388:Briansk
3375:Obninsk
3366:Podolsk
3316:Mortier
3161:Tuchkov
3079:carrion
2974:Molėtai
2953:at the
2947:Raevsky
2934:at the
2878:Sudervė
2791:Durutte
2778:Reynier
2704:V Corps
2658:St. Cyr
2608:Oudinot
2598:Mogilev
2586:I Corps
2549:sappers
2536:and an
2502:X Corps
2442:X Corps
2415:Malbork
2364:Stettin
2360:Küstrin
2352:arsenal
2316:Breslau
2304:pontoon
2220:Vitebsk
2212:Vilnius
2128:Vistula
2020:Austria
1983:), the
1945:Ukraine
1941:Belarus
1937:Estonia
1913:Russian
1895:. The "
1851:Vilnius
1737:Belarus
1689::
1678:Russian
1427:Borisov
1362:Ustyluh
1357:Mesoten
1168:410,000
1101:98,000
1088:33,000
1025:†
871:†
767:†
452:Prussia
438:Austria
330:Bavaria
12569:Mantua
12519:Cintra
12514:Tilsit
12494:Amiens
12032:Ancona
12017:Pesaro
11987:Panaro
11916:Orthez
11901:Garris
11815:Roßlau
11810:Göhrde
11750:Luckau
11735:Lützen
11699:Vyazma
11669:Burgos
11664:Moscow
11619:Kobryn
11528:Usagre
11483:Pombal
11473:Gebora
11346:Wagram
11306:Tarvis
11281:Girona
11241:Raszyn
11231:Sacile
11140:Tudela
11130:Burgos
11110:Roliça
11105:Bailén
11024:Mileto
11014:Danzig
10953:Lübeck
10918:Erfurt
10837:Verona
10720:Nassau
10700:Sweden
10690:Persia
10675:Sicily
10655:Russia
10637:forces
10620:Persia
10593:Saxony
10578:Naples
10548:France
10526:Belli-
9665:Deluge
9589:Russia
9368:times)
9366:Soviet
9354:Russia
9285:
9236:
9217:
9165:
9109:
9079:
9035:
8974:
8918:
8897:
8871:15 May
8862:
8834:
8806:
8778:
8741:
8668:
8627:
8574:
8553:
8534:
8469:
8423:]
8352:
8307:
8268:
7278:
7202:
7127:
7119:
6869:
6862:On War
6842:
6784:
6408:
6160:
5480:
5434:
5406:
5381:
5356:
5176:
4812:
4767:
4677:
4348:Drissa
4289:French
4274:French
4259:French
3900:, 1881
3775:Losses
3731:, the
3512:gallop
3500:Krasny
3492:Vyazma
3488:ravine
3330:wrote
3298:, the
3020:Dniepr
2932:uhlans
2806:Victor
2795:Loison
2675:Grodno
2648:Pilona
2612:Viliya
2590:Davout
2569:Drissa
2545:Morand
2506:Tilsit
2432:, and
2384:tonnes
2372:Glogau
2368:Danzig
2320:Elbing
2308:sapper
2226:, and
2208:Kaunas
2062:Baltic
1933:Latvia
1925:Poland
1827:Davout
1804:typhus
1725:Niemen
1666:French
1648:
1642:
1636:
1387:Vyazma
1352:Moscow
1295:Swolna
1290:Inkovo
1275:Kobrin
1245:Grodno
1021:
867:
763:
449:
435:
416:
318:Saxony
296:Naples
198:Result
12635:Films
12067:Wavre
12057:Ligny
12047:Gaeta
12007:Ronco
11997:Carpi
11961:Paris
11931:Reims
11835:Hanau
11427:Cádiz
11406:Ocaña
11391:Ölper
11336:María
11301:Wörgl
11291:Grijó
11191:Valls
11181:Uclés
11075:Bruch
10999:Eylau
10923:Halle
10898:Maida
10888:Gaeta
10738:Major
10665:Spain
10625:Spain
10558:Italy
10101:]
8432:(PDF)
8425:(PDF)
8419:[
7107:[
6695:(PDF)
6688:(PDF)
6553:(PDF)
6546:(PDF)
6367:(PDF)
6360:(PDF)
6324:(PDF)
6317:(PDF)
6284:(PDF)
6277:(PDF)
6021:(PDF)
6014:(PDF)
5978:(PDF)
5971:(PDF)
5647:(PDF)
5640:(PDF)
4886:(PDF)
4879:(PDF)
4225:Notes
4088:with
3457:Medyn
2829:Ewald
2825:Danes
2722:Junot
2576:Murat
2450:Neman
2411:Thorn
2302:Nine
2224:Orsha
2216:Minsk
2196:Plock
2140:Dumas
2124:train
2071:Toruń
1865:Names
1483:500km
419:Spain
390:Baden
366:Hesse
285:Italy
12564:Kiel
12554:Ried
12100:Info
12087:Issy
11980:1815
11926:Laon
11859:1814
11723:1813
11589:Ekau
11552:1812
11466:1811
11420:1810
11341:Graz
11331:Raab
11169:1809
11063:1808
10987:1807
10881:1806
10795:1805
10336:21st
9937:20th
9364:and
9296:2021
9283:ISBN
9234:ISBN
9215:ISBN
9176:2021
9163:ISBN
9148:2021
9120:2021
9107:ISBN
9077:ISBN
9064:2021
9046:2021
9033:ISBN
9018:2021
8972:ISBN
8959:2021
8916:ISBN
8895:ISBN
8873:2024
8860:ISBN
8845:2021
8832:ISBN
8817:2021
8804:ISBN
8789:2021
8776:ISBN
8752:2021
8739:ISBN
8724:2021
8703:2021
8666:ISBN
8625:ISBN
8610:2021
8585:2021
8572:ISBN
8551:ISBN
8532:ISBN
8519:2021
8501:2021
8480:2021
8467:ISBN
8440:2021
8406:2021
8387:2021
8368:2021
8350:ISBN
8318:2021
8305:ISBN
8290:2021
8266:ISBN
8253:2023
7276:ISBN
7233:2021
7200:ISBN
7125:OCLC
7117:LCCN
7051:2021
6960:2023
6885:2022
6867:ISBN
6840:ISBN
6782:ISBN
6529:2022
6424:2022
6406:ISBN
6248:2022
6176:2022
6158:ISBN
6058:2022
5478:ISBN
5432:ISBN
5404:ISBN
5379:ISBN
5354:ISBN
5174:ISBN
4810:PMID
4783:2022
4765:ISBN
4693:2022
4675:ISBN
4590:2022
3914:Elba
3908:The
3755:and
3551:sled
3530:Bobr
3498:and
3478:and
3462:The
3439:and
3386:and
3384:Tula
3368:and
3318:and
3304:O.S.
3144:The
2843:and
2490:O.S.
2413:and
2370:and
2263:day.
2232:oxen
2198:and
2014:The
1943:and
1847:lice
1833:and
1743:and
1656:The
1265:Riga
1255:Ekau
734:List
481:List
378:Berg
176:Date
11584:Mir
11447:Côa
10832:Ulm
8943:doi
7400:on
4920:doi
4802:doi
4107:'s
3806:by
3727:As
3632:In
2884:.
2818:of
2804:of
2776:of
2696:of
2656:of
2642:of
2630:Ney
2628:of
2606:of
2588:of
2567:to
2563:'s
2386:of
2374:.
1855:Bug
1250:Mir
12678::
10099:ru
9360:,
9257:16
9255:.
9251:.
8949:.
8939:21
8937:.
8933:.
8685:.
8633:.
8600:.
8596:.
8358:.
8135:^
8104:^
8075:^
8048:^
8021:^
7869:.
7865:.
7829:^
7814:^
7789:^
7350:.
7346:.
7223:.
7194:,
7149:.
7145:.
7123:.
6992:^
6914:^
6875:.
6715:95
6690:.
6652:^
6583:.
6548:.
6469:.
6465:.
6414:.
6362:.
6319:.
6279:.
6256:^
6184:^
6166:.
6130:^
6104:.
6100:.
6066:^
6044:.
6016:.
5973:.
5938:^
5898:48
5889:^
5799:.
5795:.
5769:^
5716:.
5642:.
5578:^
5563:^
5546:^
5531:^
5504:^
5446:^
5418:^
5340:^
5310:^
5293:^
5248:^
5223:^
5109:.
5105:.
5047:.
5043:.
4916:41
4914:.
4910:.
4773:.
4737:^
4683:.
4631:^
4616:^
4580:.
4576:.
4565:^
4524:^
4505:^
4466:^
4427:^
4412:^
4393:^
4310:,
4306::
4291::
4276::
4261::
4125:.
4103:,
3868:,
3494:,
3474:,
3201:.
2972:,
2428:,
2424:,
2366:,
2362:,
2358:,
2330:.
2290:,
2222:,
2073:.
1939:,
1935:,
1931:,
1927:,
1915::
1881:,
1857:.
1810:.
1684:,
1680::
1668::
1536:10
1524:11
1512:12
1507:13
1495:14
1490:15
1191:c.
10454:e
10447:t
10440:v
9345:e
9338:t
9331:v
9298:.
9270:.
9242:.
9223:.
9204:.
9178:.
9150:.
9122:.
9085:.
9066:.
9048:.
9020:.
9000:.
8980:.
8961:.
8945::
8924:.
8903:.
8884:.
8875:.
8847:.
8819:.
8791:.
8754:.
8726:.
8705:.
8674:.
8644:.
8612:.
8587:.
8559:.
8540:.
8521:.
8503:.
8482:.
8442:.
8408:.
8389:.
8370:.
8329:.
8320:.
8292:.
8274:.
8255:.
7992:.
7968:.
7923:.
7880:.
7824:.
7784:.
7617:.
7570:.
7499:.
7361:.
7284:.
7235:.
7208:.
7160:.
7131:.
7053:.
6962:.
6848:.
6824:.
6812:.
6790:.
6765:.
6704:.
6562:.
6480:.
6376:.
6346:.
6333:.
6293:.
6115:.
6060:.
6030:.
5987:.
5932:.
5872:.
5810:.
5763:.
5727:.
5669:.
5656:.
5590:.
5486:.
5440:.
5412:.
5387:.
5362:.
5182:.
5157:.
5120:.
5058:.
5006:.
4946:.
4922::
4895:.
4816:.
4804::
4592:.
4350:.
3390:.
2664:.
2622:.
2582:.
2390:;
2176:(
2134:/
1911:(
1875:(
1676:(
1664:(
1623:1
1618:2
1606:3
1594:4
1582:5
1570:6
1558:7
1546:8
1541:9
1222:e
1215:t
1208:v
48:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.