1037:
4838:
2145:
2939:
2955:
2463:
211:
2729:
939:
2013:
953:
844:
2341:
869:
289:
4552:
2030:
2850:
2921:
2987:
967:
328:
995:
897:
883:
816:
925:
911:
25:
197:
2619:
830:
981:
3009:
1571:
802:
1586:
2842:
2365:
2706:, is often regarded as his greatest display of leadership and military prowess. But by then it was the end (or "the finish"), and it was during the years before when various European states conspired against France. While Napoleon and his holdings idled and worsened, the rest of Europe agreed to avenge the revolutionary events of 1792.
2756:, Napoleon had to fall back upon the frontiers of 1809, and then—having refused the peace offered to him by Austria at the Congress of Prague (4 June – 10 August 1813), from fear of losing Italy, where each of his victories had marked a stage in the accomplishment of his dream—on those of 1805, despite the victories at
2752:, and the entry into Moscow, he was defeated by the country and the climate, and by Alexander's refusal to make terms. After this came the terrible retreat in the harsh Russian winter, while all of Europe was turning against him. Pushed back, as he had been in Spain, from bastion to bastion, after the crossing of the
2567:
emulate the
Spanish. On 10 April 1809, Austria invaded France's ally, Bavaria. The campaign of 1809, however, would not be nearly as long and troublesome for France as the one in Spain and Portugal. Following a short and decisive action in Bavaria, Napoleon opened up the road to the Austrian capital of
2474:
Talleyrand had advised
Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. After Tilsit, instead of trying to reconcile Europe, as Talleyrand had advised, Napoleon wanted to defeat Britain and complete his Italian dominion. To the coalition of
2654:
The alliance arranged at Tilsit was seriously shaken by the
Austrian marriage, the threat of Polish restoration to Russia, and the Continental System. The very persons whom he had placed in power were counteracting his plans. With many of his siblings and relations performing unsuccessfully or even
2877:
which confirmed the
Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status. Napoleon by this time, however, thought himself more of an enlightened despot. He preserved numerous social gains of the Revolution while suppressing political liberty. He admired efficiency
2638:
Undermining forces, however, had already begun to impinge on the faults inherent in
Napoleon's achievements. Britain, protected by the English Channel and its navy, was persistently active, and rebellion of both the governing and of the governed broke out everywhere. Napoleon, though he underrated
2307:
to stay out of the Third
Coalition. With the diplomatic situation changing, Napoleon offered Great Britain the province as part of a peace proposal. To this, combined with growing tensions in Germany over French hegemony, Prussia responded by forming an alliance with Russia and sending troops into
2908:
France justified the spread of her empire as one of spreading her superior culture, bringing
Enlightenment thinking and modern civilisation to what they viewed as backwards peoples. However this consequently led to attitudes of contempt against many of the nations France conquered and repression
2697:
gradually turned many of
Napoleon's subjects against him. Amidst profound silence from the press and the assemblies, a protest was raised against imperial power by the literary world, against the excommunicated sovereign by Catholicism, and against the author of the Continental Blockade by the
2566:
Spain used up the soldiers needed for
Napoleon's other fields of battle, and they had to be replaced by conscripts. Spanish resistance affected Austria, and indicated the potential of national resistance. The provocations of Talleyrand and Britain strengthened the idea that the Austrians could
2743:
Napoleon had hardly succeeded in putting down the revolt in
Germany when the emperor of Russia himself headed a European insurrection against Napoleon. To put an end to this, ensure his own access to the Mediterranean, and exclude his chief rival, Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. Despite his
2954:
265:
264:
263:
3071:
According to his father's will only. Between 23 June and 7 July, France was held by a Commission of Government of five members, which never summoned Napoleon II as emperor in any official act, and no regent was ever appointed while waiting the return of the
262:
3501:
Elected to the Tribunate in 1802, he showed himself increasingly alienated by Napoleon's personal ambition and voted against both the Consul for Life and the proclamation of the Empire. Unlike many former Revolutionaries, Carnot had little
2384:
ended the war between Russia and France and began an alliance between the two empires that held as much power as the rest of Europe. The two empires secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against the
2888:
during the early days of the Revolution out of pragmatism, Napoleon became increasingly autocratic as his political career progressed, and once in power embraced certain aspects of both liberalism and authoritarianism—for example,
2808:
to arrest him. Upon meeting Ney's army, Napoleon dismounted and walked into firing range, saying "If one of you wishes to kill his emperor, here I am!" But instead of firing, the soldiers went to join Napoleon's side shouting
2610:, shed light upon his future policy. He gradually withdrew power from his siblings and concentrated his affection and ambition on his son, the guarantee of the continuance of his dynasty, marking the high point of the Empire.
4319:
2598:, and his domains were incorporated into the French Empire. The Senate's decision on 17 February 1810 created the title "King of Rome", and made Rome the capital of Italy. Between 1810 and 1812 Napoleon's divorce of
4804:
1036:
260:
4312:
1758:. Despite his coronation, the state continued to be formally called the "French Republic" until October 1808. The empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the
2659:
conspired against her brother and against her husband Murat; the hypochondriac Louis, now Dutch in his sympathies, found the supervision of the blockade taken from him, and also the defence of the
4826:
261:
4305:
3037:
2682:
was convicted of speculation. By consequence of the spirit of conquest Napoleon had aroused, many of his marshals and officials, having tasted victory, dreamed of sovereign power: Marshal
2459:. Prussia was ordered to reduce its army to 40,000 men and to pay an indemnity of 100,000,000 francs. Observers in Prussia viewed the treaty as unfair and as a national humiliation.
4834:
3597:
Dwyer, Philip G. "Violence and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars: massacre, conquest and the imperial enterprise." Journal of Genocide Research 15, no. 2 (2013): 117-131.
2303:
in order to prevent Napoleon from becoming the next Emperor, ending a political power which had endured for over a thousand years. Prussia had been offered the territory of
1825:, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies. Early French victories exported many ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the
1675:
at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 3 May 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815, when Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena.
4819:
2783:(1 December 1813) which proclaimed it, he was forced to fall back upon the frontiers of 1795; and was later driven further back upon those of 1792—despite the forceful
5999:
3976:
2009:
followed thereafter resulting in 3,653,600 votes aye and 8,272 votes nay. On 2 August 1802 (14 Thermidor, An X), Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed Consul for life.
2053:, back in power over Britain, appealed once more for an Anglo-Austro-Russian coalition against Napoleon to stop the ideals of revolutionary France from spreading.
1809:, a population over 44 million people, ruled over 90 million subjects throughout Europe and in the overseas colonies, maintained an extensive military presence in
5779:
4812:
7898:
3582:
3297:
3275:
1837:
privileges in all places except Poland. France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the First French Empire and the beginning of the
2986:
2775:
Following his retreat from Russia, Napoleon continued to retreat, this time from Germany. After the loss of Spain, reconquered by an Allied army led by the
3359:
2111:
3412:
2206:, signed on 26 December 1805, extracted extensive territorial concessions from Austria, on top of a large financial indemnity. Napoleon's creation of the
7893:
1614:
2870:, a dislike and suspicion of foreign countries that had tried to reverse the Revolution—and a wish by Jacobins to extend France's revolutionary ideals.
5085:
2552:
3773:
3635:
2938:
988:
3734:
1903:
to name Bonaparte, Sieyès, and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government. Although Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, the
876:
3389:
2698:
discontented bourgeoisie, ruined by the crisis of 1811. Even as he lost his military principles, Napoleon maintained his gift for brilliance. His
2289:
6670:
6105:
5671:
1437:
309:
7883:
2518:
of formerly Roman Spain as Regent. Soon after, Napoleon had his brother, Joseph, crowned King of Spain and sent him there to take control.
7858:
1775:
7794:
1972:. To conceal his plans before their actual execution, he aroused French colonial aspirations against Britain and the memory of the 1763
2926:
1806:
300:
4537:
210:
7848:
5444:
2640:
2670:
After national insurrections and family recriminations came treachery from Napoleon's ministers. Talleyrand betrayed his designs to
2284:, the son of the Grand Duke of Baden. In addition to the vassal titles, Napoleon's closest relatives were also granted the title of
1888:
2920:
2776:
2560:
1911:
and secured his own election as First Consul. He thus became the most powerful person in France, a power that was increased by the
2503:
89:
5270:
5183:
1607:
3842:
3118:
2065:
61:
7838:
5819:
5804:
5721:
7623:
7005:
5572:
4098:
4064:
3965:
3890:
3469:
3042:
1899:) and the following day, troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte seized control. They dispersed the legislative councils, leaving a
1257:
4297:
3328:
3149:
2800:
After less than a year's exile on the island of Elba, Napoleon escaped to France with a thousand men and four cannons. King
122:
7868:
6203:
3927:
2784:
2679:
2535:
riots and subsequent reprisals, the Spanish government began an effective guerrilla campaign, under the oversight of local
68:
42:
7529:
3982:
2860:
Napoleon gained support by appealing to some common concerns of the French people. These included dislike of the emigrant
2490:
The application of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to Napoleon's first struggles with the Pope, centred around
2144:
5926:
5689:
5345:
5335:
4860:
4291:
3089:) until 1808: compare the French franc minted in 1808 and 1809, as well as Article 1 of the Constitution of the Year XII.
3022:
2285:
1375:
617:
7675:
6675:
5774:
4695:
4481:
4172:
4026:
3871:
3819:
3753:
3521:
3494:
3258:
3246:
3205:
1600:
5200:
3695:
2873:
Napoleon attracted power and imperial status and gathered support for his changes of French institutions, such as the
7888:
6319:
5746:
5731:
4257:
4210:
4191:
4045:
3718:
3684:
3487:
The encyclopedia of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: a political, social, and military history, Volume 1
2678:, corresponding with Austria in 1809 and 1810, entered into an understanding with Louis and also with Britain, while
2417:
2398:
2017:
1962:. When he recognised his error of raising the authority of the Pope from that of a figurehead, Napoleon produced the
1683:
1536:
890:
108:
75:
1805:, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had
6014:
5855:
5809:
4775:
2627:
1489:
274:
3271:
7301:
3579:
3546:
3180:
1558:
1276:
6463:
3351:
2825:, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he remained until his death in 1821. After the Hundred Days, the
57:
6034:
5609:
4725:
4705:
4238:
3420:
3052:
2973:
2894:
2829:, with Louis XVIII regaining the French throne, while the rest of Napoleon's conquests were disposed of in the
2794:
2603:
702:
46:
4007:
2544:
7878:
7739:
5957:
5577:
5518:
5513:
4690:
4582:
4461:
4436:
2969:
2826:
2525:
as he had done in Italy, in the Netherlands, and in Hesse. However, the exile of the Spanish Royal Family to
2207:
2073:
2022:
1908:
1838:
1814:
1553:
1546:
1531:
1519:
1504:
1306:
862:
231:
5599:
2793:, pronounced against Britain, was spoken of Napoleon. The empire briefly fell with Napoleon's abdication at
7853:
7734:
7618:
6285:
6024:
5503:
5340:
4791:
4328:
3779:
2965:
2498:. The emperor's Roman ambition was made more visible by the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples and of the
2462:
2373:
2313:
2281:
1872:
1818:
1787:
646:
506:
4278:
The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards and Artillery
1229:
7744:
6781:
6142:
5862:
5736:
5726:
5474:
5315:
5263:
2772:
also joined the Allies, and longstanding allied states, such as Saxony and Bavaria, forsook him as well.
2369:
2309:
1783:
1526:
3381:
2690:, like Murat, coveted the Spanish throne after that of Portugal, thus anticipating the treason of 1812.
2599:
2277:
7873:
6053:
5974:
5741:
5651:
5630:
5330:
5320:
5310:
4733:
4710:
4700:
4627:
4587:
2977:
2733:
2719:
2703:
2644:
2394:
2199:
2163:
1912:
1896:
1829:
throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalised divorce, and
1810:
1759:
1716:
1541:
1509:
1484:
1044:
1016:
4667:
2757:
2061:
7702:
6850:
6414:
6233:
5989:
5904:
5877:
5794:
5589:
5434:
4332:
3308:
The Government of the Republic is vested in an Emperor, who takes the title of Emperor of the French.
2993:
2745:
2715:
2360:, is one of several landmarks whose construction was started in Paris during the First French Empire.
2203:
1923:
1110:
1053:
689:
629:
590:
409:
216:
4662:
2693:
The country itself, though flattered by conquests, was tired of self-sacrifice. The unpopularity of
2539:. The Iberian Peninsula became a war zone from the Pyrenees to the Straits of Gibraltar and saw the
2187:
1922:(14 June 1800) inaugurated the political idea that was to continue its development until Napoleon's
1860:
7843:
7833:
7660:
7635:
7485:
7144:
7139:
5814:
5784:
5389:
4612:
2898:
2769:
2761:
2572:
2529:, together with the enthroning of Joseph Bonaparte, turned the Spanish against Napoleon. After the
2050:
1072:
2728:
2436:, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the
2273:
1988:. Napoleon would have ruling elites from a fusion of the new bourgeoisie and the old aristocracy.
7863:
7727:
7608:
7149:
7102:
7045:
6744:
6688:
6436:
6070:
5952:
5899:
5845:
5799:
5488:
5196:
5133:
5128:
4642:
4135:
3905:
3863:
2686:, who had helped him to the Consulate, played Napoleon false to win the crown of Sweden. Marshal
2667:
shores. The very nature of things was against the new dynasties, as it had been against the old.
2648:
2233:
began to marry into old European monarchies, gaining sovereignty over many states. Older brother
1880:
1514:
1499:
1494:
1187:
414:
82:
35:
5191:
3925:(1988). "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon".
2584:
2455:
was given to Russia, and the rest of the Polish lands in Prussian possession were set up as the
2042:
1219:
7749:
7650:
7645:
7333:
7281:
7201:
7134:
7038:
7023:
6916:
6683:
6637:
6478:
6365:
6175:
6137:
6095:
6080:
5872:
5694:
5594:
5256:
4987:
4738:
4715:
4607:
2671:
2037:
Pro-revolutionary sentiment swept through Germany aided by the "Recess of 1803", which brought
1973:
1679:
1447:
1326:
932:
745:
659:
424:
3235:
1999:, in favour of the Life Consulship for the leader of France. This action was confirmed by the
7680:
7640:
7453:
7328:
6392:
6382:
6341:
6312:
6100:
6090:
5882:
5706:
5614:
5549:
4992:
4946:
4847:
4843:
4652:
4622:
4451:
4380:
4327:
3922:
3668:
3619:
The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901
3558:
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2699:
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2095:
2057:
2038:
1755:
1720:
1687:
1457:
1384:
1346:
1286:
807:
519:
419:
7568:
5205:
4954:
3461:
3455:
3234:
1741:
582:
7773:
7603:
7573:
7448:
7379:
7350:
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facing the remnants of the Spanish Army, as well as British and Portuguese forces. General
2531:
2191:
2183:
2156:
2150:
2119:
2046:
1779:
1700:
1336:
1062:
974:
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2012:
288:
8:
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6840:
6559:
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6085:
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5889:
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5523:
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5366:
5361:
5163:
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4906:
4851:
4602:
4416:
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2780:
2511:
2340:
2325:
2321:
2295:
Met with opposition, Napoleon would not tolerate any neutral power. On 6 August 1806 the
2261:
2123:
2081:
1892:
1834:
1791:
1205:
1144:
1134:
730:
7181:
7171:
4926:
3617:
2548:
2130:
put at Napoleon's disposal the best military resources he had commanded, in the form of
2000:
1867:
constituting the executive branch of the French government—who sought his support for a
609:
196:
7578:
7558:
7541:
7492:
7357:
7166:
7117:
7050:
6968:
6909:
6904:
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6825:
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6483:
6458:
6120:
6065:
6019:
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5833:
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5235:
5075:
5055:
5007:
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4754:
4685:
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4527:
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4421:
4411:
3944:
3728:
3197:
2830:
2818:
2753:
2749:
2687:
2663:, which he had refused to ensure. Jérôme Bonaparte lost control of the blockade on the
2656:
2631:
2588:
2575:, Napoleon suffered his first serious tactical defeat, along with the death of Marshal
2507:
2437:
2390:
2381:
2329:
2300:
2246:
2230:
2179:
2029:
1951:
1795:
1767:
1672:
821:
676:
478:
5143:
5012:
4522:
4109:
1934:, was a temporary truce. He gradually extended his authority in Italy by annexing the
248:
7687:
7583:
7519:
7514:
7443:
7340:
7055:
6983:
6978:
6820:
6749:
6732:
6727:
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6522:
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6266:
6248:
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6213:
6152:
6115:
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5940:
5921:
5789:
5716:
5539:
5439:
5325:
5305:
5282:
5168:
5148:
5123:
5103:
5070:
5027:
4901:
4647:
4517:
4499:
4471:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4401:
4364:
4253:
4234:
4206:
4187:
4168:
4094:
4060:
4041:
4022:
3961:
3886:
3867:
3848:
3815:
3797:
3749:
3714:
3680:
3517:
3507:
3490:
3465:
3254:
3242:
3110:
3032:
3027:
2874:
2765:
2737:
2522:
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he responded with a second decree of blockade, dated from Milan on 17 December 1807.
2328:'s formerly mighty kingdom, obliging Russia and Prussia to make peace with France at
2296:
2250:
2195:
2167:
2110:
and Charlemagne, used to modify the historical evolution of France. Though the vague
1955:
1919:
1691:
1266:
1165:
1025:
835:
565:
494:
458:
437:
394:
4075:
2694:
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7261:
7191:
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7018:
7013:
6995:
6956:
6889:
6872:
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6803:
6798:
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6695:
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6625:
6608:
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3554:
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1964:
1927:
1904:
1900:
1876:
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1854:
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1239:
904:
323: De jure borders of client states, but under neither French nor client control
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633:
404:
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170:
148:
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Rowe, Michael (2014). "Borders, War, and Nation-Building in Napoleon's Europe".
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and several other small states ruled by the Russian emperor's German relatives.
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2132:
1357:
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6193:
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and strength and hated feudalism, religious intolerance, and civil inequality.
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2421:
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3580:
http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_frankfort.html
2813:" Napoleon retook the throne temporarily in 1815, reviving the empire in the "
327:
7827:
7809:
7796:
7778:
7665:
7460:
7433:
7406:
7384:
7362:
7129:
7112:
7097:
6941:
6894:
6882:
6808:
6700:
6574:
6569:
6544:
6426:
6280:
6110:
5894:
5582:
5060:
4959:
4878:
4637:
4155:
The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It
4144:
3676:
3014:
2491:
2257:
2115:
2107:
2077:
1996:
1931:
1575:
1316:
500:
488:
471:
7206:
7186:
3193:
3175:
7670:
7411:
7401:
7367:
7296:
7291:
7218:
7008:
6990:
6951:
6946:
6926:
6921:
6793:
6786:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6660:
6598:
6579:
6564:
6500:
5994:
5699:
5656:
5456:
5427:
5045:
4551:
3741:
3230:
2890:
2822:
2814:
2723:
2219:
2175:
2103:
1705:
1424:
1155:
773:
715:
293:
The First French Empire at its peak territorial control in September 1812:
5214:
5173:
5017:
3176:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
2452:
2397:, as agreed on by the treaty. Napoleon also forced Alexander to enter the
2229:, Napoleon installed his relatives as rulers of many European states. The
7389:
7374:
7223:
6936:
6845:
6835:
6761:
6409:
6404:
5661:
5564:
5409:
4748:
4509:
4491:
2801:
2607:
2576:
2402:
2088:
1976:, exacerbating British envy of France, whose borders now extended to the
1969:
1968:(1802) with the goal of becoming the legal protector of the papacy, like
1884:
1850:
1830:
1419:
601:
574:
550:
503:
491:
446:
2405:
against Sweden in order to force Sweden to join the Continental System.
7416:
7233:
7107:
7067:
7000:
6170:
5399:
3201:
2805:
2779:, the uprising in the Netherlands preliminary to the invasion, and the
2484:
2480:
2476:
2276:
was appointed Viceroy of Italy; and adopted daughter and second cousin
2099:
2069:
2006:
1682:
overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a
1092:
918:
663:
3948:
2768:, when Bernadotte—now Crown Prince of Sweden—turned upon him, General
2639:
it, soon felt his failure in coping with the Peninsular War. Men like
1712:
7306:
7077:
6961:
6931:
6712:
6586:
6377:
5508:
2664:
2655:
betraying him, Napoleon found himself obliged to revoke their power.
2409:
2092:
450:
4911:
24:
6707:
6490:
6448:
6387:
5098:
4563:
3940:
2885:
2861:
2618:
2579:, an able commander and dear friend of the emperor. The victory at
2413:
2351:
1992:
1985:
1935:
1747:
1668:
1664:
538:
5153:
5113:
2864:
who had escaped persecution, fear by some of a restoration of the
6620:
6549:
6505:
6360:
5422:
5290:
4873:
4868:
4657:
4574:
4374:
4356:
2660:
2526:
2444:
2304:
1981:
1119:
946:
849:
466:
454:
6421:
5248:
2587:, signed on 14 December 1809, resulted in the annexation of the
2222:
territories marked a new stage in the French Empire's progress.
6453:
6328:
5711:
5279:
4762:
3710:
2595:
2568:
2215:
2211:
1947:
1660:
1123:
960:
2992:
Europe in 1812, with the French Empire at its peak before the
7087:
5158:
5108:
4785:
4677:
4388:
3915:
European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France Against Europe
2425:
2106:. The memories of imperial Rome were for a third time, after
1977:
1943:
1939:
877:
S. Principality of the United Netherlands
381:
357:
4165:
The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture
3844:
Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814
2817:." However, he was defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the
5984:
5394:
2448:
2416:, which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of the
1959:
1082:
6297:
3237:
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution
2821:. He surrendered himself to the British and was exiled to
1954:. Then he laid siege to the Roman state and initiated the
2960:
Map of the First French Empire in 1812, divided into 130
2845:
Organigramme of the French Consulate and later the Empire
281:("Let's ensure the salvation of the Empire") (unofficial)
3435:
2451:
was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia,
3298:"Constitution de l'An XII – Empire – 28 floréal An XII"
2364:
348: Satellite states and occupied territories in 1812
3352:"The Proclamation of Empire by the Sénat Conservateur"
3225:
3223:
2764:, and on those of 1802 after his disastrous defeat at
2443:
The treaty removed about half of Prussia's territory:
334:
The French Empire with its colonial ownership in 1812:
2393:
against Britain. Russia also agreed to recognize the
1907:, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the
3697:
Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803–1815
3004:
2651:
had begun secretly preparing Prussia's retaliation.
1782:
in 1805. French dominance was reaffirmed during the
3707:
The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
3705:Fisher, Todd & Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2004).
3220:
2897:, and the emancipation of the Jews—while rejecting
2479:and Mediterranean ports, and to the bombardment of
2268:was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3796:
2893:, a generally liberal restructuring of the French
3978:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
3859:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
2056:On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was given the title of "
7825:
2583:, however, forced Austria to sue for peace. The
2475:the northern powers, he added the league of the
2408:More specifically, Alexander agreed to evacuate
2087:In four campaigns, the Emperor transformed his "
1405:
891:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
4228:
4203:Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée
1794:in 1807, before Napoleon's final defeat at the
1694:. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the
3902:The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction
3847:. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press. Archived from
3799:Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807
3484:
3321:"Bulletin des lois de la République française"
3170:
3142:"Bulletin des lois de la République française"
2787:. Paris capitulated on 30 March 1814, and the
2428:, which had been captured by Russian admirals
2166:, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old
1859:In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by
125:, the overseas colonies of France before 1830.
7899:States and territories disestablished in 1815
6313:
5264:
4820:
4313:
3831:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon: 1807–1815
3312:
1608:
989:Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)
7770:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
5640:
5619:
5479:
3883:The Cassel Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars
3811:Napoleon; from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815
3733:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3667:
3578:The Frankfort Declaration, 1 December 1813:
2836:
2312:, Napoleon destroyed the Prussian armies at
1801:A series of wars, known collectively as the
1739:
1724:
607:
580:
272:
246:
229:
162:
140:
4163:Broers, Michael; et al., eds. (2012).
3960:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 143–165.
3319:texte, France Auteur du (23 January 1804).
3164:
740:2,100,000 km (810,000 sq mi)
7894:States and territories established in 1804
6320:
6306:
5271:
5257:
4827:
4813:
4320:
4306:
4266:
3921:
3460:(1st ed.). Greenwood Press. pp.
2702:, which took place at the very end of the
2447:was given to Saxony, the left bank of the
1950:, and added this Italian territory to the
1698:to distinguish it from the restorationist
1678:Although France had already established a
1615:
1601:
287:
4556:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
4269:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon
4247:
3974:
3855:
3765:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe
3637:Europe and the French Imperium, 1799–1814
3140:texte, France Auteur du (23 April 1815).
2114:of Great Britain was never executed, the
1995:voted unanimously, with the exception of
341: The French Empire with its colonies
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4181:
4127:
3807:
3794:
3615:
3506:
2848:
2840:
2727:
2617:
2494:renewing the theocratic affirmations of
2461:
2363:
2339:
2143:
2028:
2011:
1915:, which made him First Consul for life.
1875:. The plot included Bonaparte's brother
1831:seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice
7594:
4118:
4073:
4054:
4016:
3958:Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914
3899:
3742:Godechot, Jacques; et al. (1971).
3693:
3272:"Decree upon the Term, French Republic"
2613:
2335:
1746:and was crowned on 2 December 1804 (11
7826:
4200:
4162:
4084:
4035:
3837:
3704:
3657:
3647:
3559:10.1093/oi/authority.20110803104634272
3413:"Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Friedland"
3278:from the original on 30 September 2022
3241:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 232.
2591:and recognised past French conquests.
2308:Bavaria on 1 October 1806. During the
2064:; finally, on 2 December 1804, he was
1958:to control the material claims of the
1750:year XIII), signifying the end of the
6301:
5252:
4808:
4301:
4275:
4250:Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars
4219:
4131:Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall
4107:
4005:
3771:
3633:
3453:
3441:
3318:
3229:
3139:
3043:Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte
2785:campaign of 1814 against the invaders
2504:Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis
1733:
4151:
3955:
3928:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
3912:
3880:
3828:
3762:
2324:against the Russians finally ruined
1778:, and allied states, notably at the
254:("Song of the Departure") (official)
186:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
7884:Historical transcontinental empires
4229:Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1995).
4040:. New York: Arcade Publishing Inc.
3410:
3392:from the original on 8 October 2014
3349:
3331:from the original on 23 August 2019
3208:from the original on 17 August 2018
3023:Armorial of the First French Empire
2909:against recalcitrant populations.
2604:Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria
2245:was installed on the throne of the
13:
7859:Former countries in French history
4186:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3775:The French Revolution and Napoleon
3609:
3604:
3362:from the original on 23 March 2016
2732:Napoleon and his staff during the
2594:The Pope was forcibly deported to
2389:, while Russia agreed to join the
2198:, which were reorganised into the
2139:
1719:), Napoleon was granted the title
326:
16:Empire in France from 1804 to 1815
14:
7910:
5278:
4285:
3152:from the original on 1 April 2021
2521:Napoleon tried to succeed in the
2018:Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne
1879:, then serving as speaker of the
7849:1815 disestablishments in France
4836:
4550:
4292:Napoleon, His Armies and Battles
3485:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006).
3121:from the original on 31 May 2023
3007:
2985:
2953:
2937:
2919:
2628:Frederick William III of Prussia
2102:empire into one modelled on the
1704:(1852–1870) ruled by his nephew
1584:
1569:
1035:
993:
979:
965:
951:
937:
923:
909:
895:
881:
867:
842:
828:
814:
800:
258:
209:
195:
23:
4267:Rothenberg, E. Gunther (1977).
4205:. New York: Da Capo Press Inc.
3591:
3572:
3539:
3530:
3478:
3447:
3404:
3374:
3343:
3181:International Studies Quarterly
2033:Imperial standard of Napoleon I
1655:) after 1809 and also known as
344:
337:
34:needs additional citations for
5610:Government of National Defense
3772:Hazen, Charles Downer (1917).
3748:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
3290:
3264:
3133:
3103:
3075:
3065:
3053:Succession of the Roman Empire
2502:, and by the entry of General
1:
7839:1804 establishments in France
5519:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
5514:War of the Spanish Succession
4222:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815
3814:. Columbia University Press.
3673:A History of the Modern World
3516:. Pen and Sword. p. 57.
3096:
2827:Bourbon monarchy was restored
2023:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
1909:Constitution of the Year VIII
1889:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
275:Veillons au salut de l'Empire
5201:Bouches-de-l'Èbre-Montserrat
4276:Smith, Digby George (1998).
3803:. Columbia University Press.
3745:The Napoleonic era in Europe
3650:Years of Endurance 1793–1802
2931:in 1801 during the Consulate
2881:Although a supporter of the
2738:Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
2709:
1930:, which cost him control of
1873:Constitution of the Year III
507:semi-constitutional monarchy
123:First French colonial empire
7:
7869:Former monarchies of Europe
6327:
4231:Napoleon's Military Machine
4143:
4009:Napoleon: The Path to Power
3999:
3975:Schroeder, Paul W. (1994).
3856:Schroeder, Paul W. (1996).
3660:Years of Victory, 1802–1812
3622:. The H. W. Wilson company.
3419:. about.com. Archived from
3388:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
3000:
2680:Louis Antoine de Bourrienne
2606:, followed by the birth of
2310:War of the Fourth Coalition
2241:in Naples; younger brother
2122:overshadowed the defeat at
1991:On 12 May 1802, the French
1784:War of the Fourth Coalition
933:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
621:(from 22 April 1815 onward)
594:(from 22 April 1815 onward)
184:20 March 1815 – 7 July 1815
10:
7915:
6000:French subdivisions by GDP
5747:2022 presidential election
5732:2017 presidential election
4588:Confederation of the Rhine
4294:(archived 25 October 2005)
4248:Uffindell, Andrew (2003).
4182:Chandler, David G (1995).
4019:Napoleon: A Political Life
3808:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
3795:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
3627:
3111:"National Motto of France"
3038:List of Napoleonic battles
2978:Confederation of the Rhine
2734:War of the Sixth Coalition
2720:War of the Sixth Coalition
2713:
2704:War of the Sixth Coalition
2395:Confederation of the Rhine
2316:. Successive victories at
2237:replaced the dispossessed
2200:Confederation of the Rhine
2164:War of the Third Coalition
1913:Constitution of the Year X
1897:French Republican Calendar
1848:
1760:War of the Third Coalition
1717:French Republican calendar
1684:kingdom under the Bourbons
618:Chamber of Representatives
120:
7763:
7715:
7232:
6636:
6335:
6261:
6151:
6061:
6052:
5948:
5939:
5841:
5832:
5770:
5761:
5682:
5563:
5532:
5504:Second Hundred Years' War
5455:
5408:
5375:
5354:
5346:Liberalism and radicalism
5298:
5289:
5223:
5182:
5084:
5026:
4973:
4945:
4887:
4859:
4784:
4761:
4747:
4724:
4676:
4573:
4562:
4548:
4508:
4490:
4387:
4373:
4355:
4344:
4224:. New York: Random House.
4184:The Campaigns of Napoleon
4167:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
4111:The Diplomacy of Napoleon
3713:: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
3694:Esdaile, Charles (2008).
3585:29 September 2020 at the
3489:. ABC-CLIO. p. 211.
3417:militaryhistory.about.com
3251:– via Google Books.
2837:Nature of Napoleon's rule
2716:French invasion of Russia
2506:into Rome; while General
2299:abdicated their title of
2076:, and was consecrated by
1844:
1667:, who established French
779:
769:
765:
755:
751:
744:
736:
729:
725:
712:
699:
686:
673:
656:
643:
639:
630:French Revolutionary Wars
625:
598:
571:
561:
557:
544:
532:
528:
518:
477:
465:
433:
373:
363:
353:
317: Military occupation
286:
241:
237:("Liberty, Public Order")
225:
191:
181:
132:
7889:Modern history of France
5775:Administrative divisions
5238:(autonomous departments)
4119:Roberts, Andrew (2014).
4017:Englund, Steven (2010).
4012:. Yale University Press.
3913:Ross, Steven T. (1969).
3763:Grab, Alexander (2003).
3634:Bruun, Geoffrey (1938).
3058:
2980:and Illyria and Dalmatia
2744:victorious advance, the
2684:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2674:and suffered dismissal.
2602:, and his marriage with
2290:Imperial House of France
2278:Stéphanie de Beauharnais
2214:, and his annexation of
2051:William Pitt the Younger
1887:, another Director, and
1833:were abolished, as were
1788:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
1735:[ɑ̃pʁœʁdefʁɑ̃sɛ]
1394:
1356:
1186:
1175:
1154:
121:Not to be confused with
5995:Franc (former currency)
5600:Coup of 2 December 1851
5573:Long nineteenth century
4850:(1792–1804) and of the
4643:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
4201:Elting, John R (1988).
4136:Oxford University Press
4128:Thompson, J.M. (1951).
4074:Markham, Felix (1963).
3906:Oxford University Press
3864:Oxford University Press
3671:; Palmer, R.R. (1992).
3658:Bryant, Arthur (1944).
3648:Bryant, Arthur (1942).
3616:Anderson, F.M. (1904).
3306:which reads in English
3302:Conseil constitutionnel
3194:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
3081:Domestically styled as
2964:, with the kingdoms of
2912:
2649:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
2622:Napoleon demanded that
2368:Napoleon reviewing the
1881:Council of Five Hundred
703:Treaty of Fontainebleau
364:Official languages
6015:Science and technology
5672:Provisional Government
5641:
5620:
5480:
4152:Bell, David A (2008).
4085:McLynn, Frank (1998).
4055:Johnson, Paul (2002).
4036:McLynn, Frank (1997).
4006:Dwyer, Philip (2008).
3923:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
3900:Rapport, Mike (2013).
3881:Pope, Stephen (1999).
3382:"Battle of Austerlitz"
3358:. Fondation Napoléon.
3086:
2857:
2846:
2781:manifesto of Frankfurt
2740:
2672:Klemens von Metternich
2635:
2571:for a second time. At
2559:, Portugal to General
2471:
2377:
2361:
2159:
2068:, after receiving the
2034:
2026:
1891:. On 9 November 1799 (
1861:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
1740:
1725:
1652:
1644:
1230:Valois-Angoulême kings
721:20 March – 7 July 1815
608:
581:
534:• 1804–1814/1815
331:
273:
247:
230:
163:
141:
7740:Medieval great powers
4947:Old Swiss Confederacy
4848:French First Republic
4220:Gates, David (2011).
4038:Napoleon: A Biography
3457:The History of France
3454:Haine, Scott (2000).
2852:
2844:
2748:, the victory on the
2731:
2645:August von Hardenberg
2624:Alexander I of Russia
2621:
2465:
2401:and to instigate the
2367:
2343:
2274:Eugène de Beauharnais
2147:
2058:Emperor of the French
2032:
2015:
1756:French First Republic
1726:Empereur des Français
1721:Emperor of the French
808:French First Republic
374:Common languages
330:
301:Directly administered
232:Liberté, Ordre Public
217:Imperial coat of arms
58:"First French Empire"
7879:Government of France
7810:48.86222°N 2.33250°E
7750:European colonialism
7735:Ancient great powers
5820:World Heritage Sites
5737:Coronavirus pandemic
4889:Austrian Netherlands
4333:French Revolutionary
4252:. Kent: Spellmount.
4108:Mowat, R.B. (1924).
3995:, advanced synthesis
3866:. pp. 177–560.
3782:on 22 September 2018
3679:: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
3547:"Treaties of Tilsit"
3087:République française
3048:Paris under Napoleon
2903:freedom of the press
2614:Intrigues and unrest
2585:Treaty of Schönbrunn
2336:Height of the Empire
2210:, the occupation of
2151:Battle of Austerlitz
2120:Battle of Austerlitz
2112:plan for an invasion
1780:Battle of Austerlitz
1438:Provisional Republic
1220:Valois-Orléans kings
975:Principality of Elba
647:Constitution adopted
142:République Française
43:improve this article
7854:First French Empire
7806: /
7745:Modern great powers
5958:Automotive industry
5742:2021 labor protests
5499:Peace of Westphalia
5367:History of Normandy
5362:History of Brittany
4988:Bouches-de-l'Escaut
4983:Bouches-de-la-Meuse
4852:French First Empire
4538:Swiss Confederation
3829:Muir, Rory (1996).
3444:, pp. 234–236.
3423:on 14 February 2017
2899:electoral democracy
2326:Frederick the Great
2264:; youngest brother
2204:Treaty of Pressburg
2153:, 2nd December 1805
2082:Notre-Dame de Paris
1965:Articles Organiques
1839:Bourbon Restoration
1792:Battle of Friedland
1711:On 18 May 1804 (28
1629:First French Empire
615:(until 4 June 1814)
6025:Telecommunications
5727:2015 Paris attacks
5590:Revolution of 1848
5418:Visigothic Kingdom
5236:Illyrian Provinces
4993:Bouches-de-l'Yssel
4975:Kingdom of Holland
4696:Lucca and Piombino
3508:Chandler, David G.
3411:Hickman, Kennedy.
3174:(September 1997).
2858:
2847:
2831:Congress of Vienna
2819:Battle of Waterloo
2797:on 11 April 1814.
2777:Duke of Wellington
2746:taking of Smolensk
2741:
2700:Six Days' Campaign
2688:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2657:Caroline Bonaparte
2636:
2589:Illyrian Provinces
2553:Francisco Castaños
2508:Jean-Andoche Junot
2472:
2438:Duchy of Oldenburg
2391:Continental System
2382:Treaties of Tilsit
2378:
2362:
2314:Jena and Auerstedt
2301:Holy Roman Emperor
2270:King of Westphalia
2262:Grand-Duke of Berg
2249:, formed from the
2247:Kingdom of Holland
2160:
2126:, and the camp at
2049:to France's side.
2035:
2027:
1952:Cisalpine Republic
1796:Battle of Waterloo
1742:Sénat conservateur
1673:continental Europe
1665:Napoleon Bonaparte
1653:Imperium Francicum
1591:History portal
1087: until 50 BC
822:Kingdom of Holland
690:Invasion of Russia
677:Treaties of Tilsit
583:Sénat conservateur
332:
7874:French Revolution
7815:48.86222; 2.33250
7789:
7788:
7711:
7710:
7676:Polish–Lithuanian
6851:Gurjara-Pratihara
6295:
6294:
6257:
6256:
6048:
6047:
5935:
5934:
5927:Political parties
5863:Foreign relations
5828:
5827:
5757:
5756:
5540:French Revolution
5494:Thirty Years' War
5475:Absolute monarchy
5440:Kingdom of France
5336:Foreign relations
5316:Political history
5246:
5245:
5192:Bouches-de-l'Èbre
5036:Bouches-de-l'Elbe
5028:Holy Roman Empire
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4701:Massa and Carrara
4546:
4545:
4233:. Da Capo Press.
4100:978-0-7126-6247-5
4066:978-0-670-03078-1
4059:. Penguin Books.
3967:978-1-137-32058-2
3892:978-0-304-35229-6
3536:Bulletin des Lois
3471:978-0-313-30328-9
3033:History of France
3028:French Revolution
2875:Concordat of 1801
2523:Iberian Peninsula
2466:Aftermath of the
2418:Russo-Turkish War
2399:Anglo-Russian War
2354:in honour of the
2253:; brother-in-law
2251:Batavian Republic
2168:Holy Roman Empire
1956:Concordat of 1801
1938:and by acquiring
1920:Battle of Marengo
1871:to overthrow the
1692:French Revolution
1657:Napoleonic France
1631:, officially the
1625:
1624:
1576:France portal
1469:
1468:
1366:
1365:
1277:Kingdom of France
1267:French Revolution
1258:Long 19th century
1248:
1247:
1196:
1195:
1166:Kingdom of France
1101:
1100:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
863:Kingdom of France
855:
854:
836:Ligurian Republic
495:absolute monarchy
459:Minority religion
438:Roman Catholicism
266:
119:
118:
111:
93:
7906:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7592:
7591:
7257:Austro-Hungarian
6957:Chagatai Khanate
6322:
6315:
6308:
6299:
6298:
6059:
6058:
5975:Economic history
5946:
5945:
5839:
5838:
5768:
5767:
5646:
5625:
5524:Seven Years' War
5489:Wars of Religion
5485:
5470:House of Bourbon
5465:Early modern era
5445:Fundamental laws
5321:Military history
5296:
5295:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5250:
5249:
5184:Kingdom of Spain
5041:Bouches-du-Weser
4927:Meuse-Inférieure
4841:
4840:
4839:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4571:
4570:
4557:
4554:
4353:
4352:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4244:
4225:
4216:
4197:
4178:
4159:
4139:
4124:
4121:Napoleon: A Life
4115:
4104:
4081:
4070:
4057:Napoleon: A life
4051:
4032:
4013:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3981:. Archived from
3971:
3952:
3918:
3909:
3896:
3877:
3852:
3834:
3825:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3778:. Archived from
3768:
3759:
3738:
3732:
3724:
3701:
3690:
3663:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3623:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3551:Oxford Reference
3543:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3504:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3350:Thierry, Lentz.
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3316:
3310:
3305:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3252:
3240:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3107:
3090:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2994:Russian Campaign
2989:
2957:
2941:
2923:
2891:public education
2811:Vive l'Empereur!
2790:Delenda Carthago
2561:Arthur Wellesley
2514:, Marshal Murat
2496:Pope Gregory VII
2266:Jérôme Bonaparte
2235:Joseph Bonaparte
2227:satellite states
2208:Kingdom of Italy
2172:southern Germany
2066:solemnly crowned
2002:Corps Législatif
1924:Russian campaign
1901:rump legislature
1855:French Consulate
1790:in 1806 and the
1752:French Consulate
1745:
1738:) by the French
1737:
1732:
1728:
1715:year XII on the
1617:
1610:
1603:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1465:
1381:
1380:
1263:
1262:
1216:
1215:
1177:Direct Capetians
1116:
1115:
1059:
1058:
1039:
1029:
1011:
1010:
997:
996:
983:
982:
969:
968:
955:
954:
941:
940:
927:
926:
913:
912:
905:Neutral Moresnet
899:
898:
885:
884:
871:
870:
859:
858:
846:
845:
832:
831:
818:
817:
804:
803:
797:
796:
781:
780:
613:
610:Corps législatif
591:Chamber of Peers
586:
347:
346:
340:
339:
322:
316:
307:
298:
291:
278:
268:
267:
252:
235:
213:
199:
187:
176:
175:
174:
166:
154:
153:
152:
144:
134:French Republic
130:
129:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7844:1810s in France
7834:1800s in France
7824:
7823:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7785:
7774:American Empire
7759:
7755:African empires
7707:
7590:
7282:Central African
7228:
7046:Romano-Germanic
6632:
6366:Middle Assyrian
6339:
6331:
6326:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6271:
6253:
6234:Public holidays
6147:
6106:Life expectancy
6044:
5931:
5824:
5753:
5722:Great Recession
5695:Fourth Republic
5690:1900 to present
5678:
5595:Second Republic
5559:
5528:
5451:
5404:
5371:
5350:
5285:
5277:
5247:
5242:
5226:Austrian Empire
5219:
5178:
5094:Alpes-Maritimes
5080:
5066:Rhin-et-Moselle
5022:
5013:Yssel-Supérieur
4998:Bouches-du-Rhin
4969:
4941:
4937:Sambre-et-Meuse
4883:
4855:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4803:
4794:
4780:
4757:
4743:
4720:
4672:
4566:
4558:
4555:
4542:
4504:
4486:
4383:
4369:
4347:
4340:
4337:Napoleonic Wars
4326:
4288:
4260:
4241:
4213:
4194:
4175:
4148:
4101:
4067:
4048:
4029:
4002:
3988:
3986:
3985:on 7 April 2019
3968:
3893:
3874:
3851:on 5 June 2013.
3839:Lieven, Dominic
3822:
3785:
3783:
3756:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3700:. Viking Adult.
3687:
3640:
3630:
3612:
3610:Primary sources
3607:
3605:Further reading
3602:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3587:Wayback Machine
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3497:
3483:
3479:
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3296:
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3249:
3228:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3083:French Republic
3080:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2958:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2855:Napoleonic Code
2839:
2726:
2714:Main articles:
2712:
2641:Baron von Stein
2616:
2555:, and Junot at
2547:capitulated at
2468:Battle of Eylau
2457:Duchy of Warsaw
2434:Dmitry Senyavin
2347:Arc de Triomphe
2338:
2288:and formed the
2243:Louis Bonaparte
2218:and its former
2192:Hesse-Darmstadt
2170:and created in
2157:François Gérard
2142:
2140:Early victories
2133:La Grande Armée
1984:, Hamburg, and
1980:and beyond, to
1974:Treaty of Paris
1946:, Tuscany, and
1928:Peace of Amiens
1895:VIII under the
1857:
1849:Main articles:
1847:
1827:Napoleonic Code
1807:130 departments
1803:Napoleonic Wars
1730:
1680:colonial empire
1645:Empire Français
1633:French Republic
1621:
1585:
1583:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1448:Fourth Republic
1429:
1396:Interwar period
1378:
1368:
1367:
1327:Second Republic
1260:
1250:
1249:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1113:
1103:
1102:
1056:
1027:
1020:
994:
980:
966:
952:
938:
924:
910:
896:
882:
868:
843:
829:
815:
801:
758:
718:
705:
692:
679:
669:2 December 1804
666:
649:
634:Napoleonic Wars
632:
620:
616:
614:
604:
593:
589:
587:
577:
547:
535:
514:
453:
449:
445:
429:
410:Western Romance
391:
390:
385:
380:
349:
343:
342:
336:
335:
333:
325:
324:
320:
318:
314:
312:
305:
303:
296:
282:
280:
270:
269:
259:
255:
253:
249:Chant du départ
236:
221:
220:
219:
214:
206:
205:
200:
185:
183:
177:
168:
164:Empire Français
161:
159:
158:
157:
155:
146:
139:
137:
136:
135:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7912:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7864:Former empires
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7556:
7551:
7550:
7549:
7539:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7512:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7377:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7331:
7321:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7284:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7043:
7042:
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7016:
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6998:
6993:
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6976:
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6965:
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6959:
6954:
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6929:
6924:
6919:
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6913:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6796:
6791:
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6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6638:Post-classical
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6596:
6595:
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6509:
6508:
6503:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6437:Middle Kingdom
6434:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6393:Neo-Babylonian
6390:
6385:
6383:Old Babylonian
6375:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6358:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6333:
6332:
6325:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6302:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6283:
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6270:
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6263:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6190:Cultural icons
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
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6130:
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6128:
6118:
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6108:
6103:
6098:
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6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Stock exchange
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5810:National parks
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5785:Climate change
5782:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5707:Fifth Republic
5704:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5633:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5615:Third Republic
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5550:First Republic
5547:
5545:Napoleonic era
5542:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5390:Greek colonies
5387:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5276:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5231:
5229:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5208:
5203:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
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5003:Ems-Occidental
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4286:External links
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3248:978-1349234363
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3172:Rein Taagepera
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3117:. 7 May 2015.
3115:French Moments
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2422:Ionian Islands
2387:Ottoman Empire
2374:Battle of Jena
2370:Imperial Guard
2337:
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2282:Karl (Charles)
2272:; adopted son
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1099:
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1097:50 BC – 486 AD
1095:
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1077:600 BC – 49 BC
1075:
1073:Greek colonies
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626:Historical era
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442:State religion
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7363:German Empire
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7103:Turco-Persian
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6807:
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6709:
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6690:
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6679:
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6408:
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6402:
6401:
6398:
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6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
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6380:
6379:
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6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
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6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
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6346:
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6338:
6334:
6330:
6323:
6318:
6316:
6311:
6309:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
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6227:
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6141:
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6134:
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6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:Birth control
6069:
6067:
6064:
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6060:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
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6018:
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5991:
5988:
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5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Constitutions
5844:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5766:
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5748:
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5709:
5708:
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5701:
5698:
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5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5643:Années folles
5639:
5638:
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5634:
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5624:
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5618:
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5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:Second Empire
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:July Monarchy
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
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5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:Ancien Régime
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5446:
5443:
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5380:
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5089:
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5077:
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5072:
5069:
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5064:
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5061:Mont-Tonnerre
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:Ems-Supérieur
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
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5031:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5016:
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5011:
5009:
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5001:
4999:
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4991:
4989:
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4978:
4976:
4972:
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4963:
4961:
4960:Mont-Terrible
4958:
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4953:
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4727:
4726:Mediterranean
4723:
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4709:
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4704:
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4689:
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4638:Salm-Horstmar
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4609:
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4583:Aschaffenburg
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4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
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4351:
4349:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4329:Client states
4323:
4318:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4259:1-86227-177-1
4255:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4212:0-306-80757-2
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4193:0-02-523660-1
4189:
4185:
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4053:
4049:
4047:1-55970-631-7
4043:
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4015:
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3776:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3722:
3720:1-84176-831-6
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3686:0-07-040826-2
3682:
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3299:
3293:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3231:Lyons, Martyn
3226:
3224:
3207:
3203:
3199:
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3177:
3173:
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3021:
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3016:
3015:France portal
3005:
2995:
2988:
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2940:
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2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:Ancien Régime
2863:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2804:sent Marshal
2803:
2798:
2796:
2795:Fontainebleau
2792:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
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2725:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:Joseph Fouché
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2634:in July 1807.
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:Pierre Dupont
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
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2427:
2423:
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2411:
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2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2350:, ordered by
2349:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:French Prince
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:Joachim Murat
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:vassal states
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:Battle of Ulm
2113:
2109:
2108:Julius Caesar
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:Pope Pius VII
2075:
2074:Lombard kings
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:Lazare Carnot
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:—one of five
1862:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
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1744:
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1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1701:Second Empire
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1671:over much of
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:French Empire
1634:
1630:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
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1599:
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1596:
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1581:
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1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:Années folles
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:Second Empire
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:July Monarchy
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1240:Bourbon kings
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:Ancien Régime
1207:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
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1080:
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1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1012:
992:
990:
987:
986:
978:
976:
973:
972:
964:
962:
959:
958:
950:
948:
945:
944:
936:
934:
931:
930:
922:
920:
917:
916:
908:
906:
903:
902:
894:
892:
889:
888:
880:
878:
875:
874:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
851:
848:
841:
840:
837:
834:
827:
826:
823:
820:
813:
812:
809:
806:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
711:
708:11 April 1814
707:
704:
698:
694:
691:
685:
681:
678:
672:
668:
665:
661:
655:
651:
648:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
619:
612:
611:
606:
603:
597:
592:
585:
584:
579:
576:
570:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
543:
540:
537:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:
482:
480:
476:
473:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
436:
432:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:West Germanic
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
329:
311:
310:Client states
302:
290:
285:
279:
277:
276:
251:
250:
244:
240:
234:
233:
228:
224:
218:
212:
204:
198:
190:
180:
172:
165:
156:French Empire
150:
143:
131:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
7791:
7530:Contemporary
7380:Indo-Persian
7368:Nazi Germany
7345:
7312:Contemporary
7214:Vijayanagara
7113:Great Seljuk
7024:Thessalonica
6952:Golden Horde
6592:Carthaginian
6371:Neo-Assyrian
6356:Neo-Sumerian
6176:Coat of arms
6166:Architecture
6138:Social class
6096:Homelessness
6081:Demographics
6035:Trade unions
5968:Central bank
5910:criminal law
5873:Human rights
5856:presidential
5700:Algerian War
5683:Contemporary
5657:Vichy France
5652:World War II
5622:Belle Époque
5555:First Empire
5554:
5457:Early Modern
5428:West Francia
5234:
5224:
5124:Méditerranée
5046:Ems-Oriental
4477:Transpadania
4277:
4268:
4249:
4230:
4221:
4202:
4183:
4164:
4154:
4130:
4120:
4110:
4086:
4076:
4056:
4037:
4021:. Scribner.
4018:
4008:
3987:. Retrieved
3983:the original
3977:
3957:
3932:
3926:
3914:
3901:
3882:
3858:
3849:the original
3843:
3830:
3810:
3798:
3784:. Retrieved
3780:the original
3774:
3767:. Macmillan.
3764:
3744:
3706:
3696:
3672:
3669:Colton, Joel
3664:, on Britsin
3659:
3649:
3636:
3618:
3593:
3574:
3564:22 September
3562:. Retrieved
3550:
3541:
3532:
3512:
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3421:the original
3416:
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3385:
3376:
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3356:napoleon.org
3355:
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3324:
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3266:
3236:
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3185:
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3135:
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3114:
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3082:
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2968:, Portugal,
2962:départements
2961:
2946:départements
2945:
2929:départements
2928:
2907:
2895:legal system
2880:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2823:Saint Helena
2815:Hundred Days
2810:
2799:
2788:
2774:
2742:
2724:Hundred Days
2695:conscription
2692:
2669:
2653:
2637:
2630:meet him at
2593:
2565:
2541:Grande Armée
2540:
2536:
2530:
2520:
2516:took control
2489:
2473:
2442:
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2379:
2357:Grande Armée
2355:
2345:
2294:
2224:
2161:
2148:
2131:
2104:Roman Empire
2086:
2055:
2036:
2016:
2005:. A general
2001:
1990:
1963:
1917:
1868:
1858:
1835:aristocratic
1800:
1710:
1706:Napoleon III
1699:
1696:First Empire
1695:
1677:
1656:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1579:
1537:Christianity
1425:Vichy France
1376:20th century
1358:Belle Époque
1297:First Empire
1296:
1210:
1206:Early modern
1156:West Francia
1145:Carolingians
1135:Merovingians
790:Succeeded by
789:
784:
774:French franc
757:• 1812
716:Hundred Days
695:24 June 1812
588:(until 1814)
546:• 1815
425:South Slavic
377:
271:
242:
227:Motto:
226:
127:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
7813: /
7118:Khwarezmian
7051:Carolingian
6856:Rashtrakuta
6560:Shaishunaga
6459:Hellenistic
6442:New Kingdom
6432:Old Kingdom
6286:WikiProject
6101:Immigration
6091:Health care
5953:Agriculture
5905:enforcement
5662:Free France
5631:World War I
5578:Restoration
5565:Late Modern
5435:Middle Ages
5410:Middle Ages
5395:Celtic Gaul
4897:Deux-Nèthes
4854:(1804–1814)
4844:departments
4749:Netherlands
4663:Württemberg
4510:Switzerland
4492:Netherlands
4452:Parthenopea
4339:(1792–1815)
4093:: Pimlico.
2802:Louis XVIII
2770:Jean Moreau
2577:Jean Lannes
2551:to General
2532:Dos de Mayo
2403:Finnish War
2372:before the
2188:Württemberg
2089:Carolingian
2043:Württemberg
1970:Charlemagne
1893:18 Brumaire
1885:Roger Ducos
1869:coup d'état
1851:18 Brumaire
1754:and of the
1635:, then the
1490:Health care
1420:Free France
1307:Restoration
1111:Middle Ages
1083:Celtic Gaul
1026:History of
785:Preceded by
682:7 July 1807
652:18 May 1804
602:Lower house
575:Upper house
562:Legislature
551:Napoleon II
504:Bonapartist
497:(1804–1814)
492:Bonapartist
447:Lutheranism
420:West Slavic
378:Unofficial:
182:1804 – 1814
160:(1808–1815)
138:(1804–1808)
7828:Categories
7801:02°19′57″E
7798:48°51′44″N
7688:Portuguese
7569:Revival Le
7559:Vietnamese
7202:Later Tran
7172:Vietnamese
7068:Singhasari
7056:Holy Roman
6680:Bulgarian
6616:Satavahana
6587:Phoenician
6523:Achaemenid
6484:Indo-Greek
6464:Macedonian
6378:Babylonian
6229:Philosophy
6214:Literature
6126:secularism
5922:Parliament
5717:2005 riots
5667:Liberation
5533:Revolution
5400:Roman Gaul
5385:Prehistory
5341:Journalism
5197:Montserrat
5134:Montenotte
5129:Mont-Blanc
4711:Pontecorvo
4653:Westphalia
4628:Regensburg
4564:Napoleonic
4467:Subalpinia
4427:Cispadania
4422:Cisalpinia
4240:1885119186
3885:. Cassel.
3654:on Britsin
3442:Lyons 1994
3188:(3): 501.
3097:References
2976:, and the
2806:Michel Ney
2485:Royal Navy
2481:Copenhagen
2231:Bonapartes
2225:To create
2096:republican
2070:Iron Crown
2007:plebiscite
1731:pronounced
1690:after the
1659:, was the
1126:settlement
1093:Roman Gaul
1063:Prehistory
919:Luxembourg
761:44 million
746:Population
664:Napoleon I
660:Coronation
566:Parliament
553:(disputed)
539:Napoleon I
479:Government
467:Demonym(s)
99:April 2024
69:newspapers
7681:Couronian
7319:Ethiopian
7307:Manchukuo
7262:Brazilian
7108:Ghaznavid
7078:Srivijaya
7029:Trebizond
7014:Byzantine
6996:North Sea
6991:Norwegian
6979:Almoravid
6962:Ilkhanate
6932:Majapahit
6905:Muromachi
6814:Solomonic
6799:Ethiopian
6713:Caliphate
6646:Aragonese
6474:Ptolemaic
6086:Education
6040:Transport
5890:Judiciary
5851:Elections
5805:Mountains
5763:Geography
5509:Louis XIV
5299:Overviews
5215:Sègre-Ter
5174:Trasimène
5018:Zuyderzée
4613:Frankfurt
4567:creations
4472:Tiberinia
4348:republics
4080:. Mentor.
3989:27 August
3786:27 August
3729:cite book
3427:15 August
3396:15 August
3366:15 August
3335:23 August
3212:20 August
3156:23 August
3085:(French:
2710:Last days
2665:North Sea
2600:Joséphine
2453:Białystok
2410:Wallachia
2322:Friedland
2297:Habsburgs
2124:Trafalgar
2060:" by the
1905:Consulate
1865:Directors
1798:in 1815.
1786:, at the
1663:ruled by
1559:Territory
1452:1946–1958
1442:1944–1946
1432:1940–1944
1411:1920–1929
1400:1919–1939
1389:1870–1940
1362:1871–1914
1351:1870–1940
1341:1852–1870
1331:1848–1852
1321:1830–1848
1311:1814–1830
1301:1804–1814
1291:1792–1804
1281:1791–1792
1271:1789–1799
1244:1589–1792
1234:1515–1589
1224:1498–1515
1192:1328–1498
451:Calvinism
434:Religion
7661:Japanese
7624:Scottish
7604:American
7596:Colonial
7525:Imperial
7493:Moroccan
7429:Japanese
7407:Afsharid
7266:Burmese
7252:Austrian
7207:Later Le
7182:Early Le
7167:Venetian
7093:Tiwanaku
7006:Hellenic
6969:Moroccan
6900:Kamakura
6890:Japanese
6873:Saffarid
6826:Georgian
6740:Chalukya
6718:Rashidun
6708:Calakmul
6676:Bruneian
6555:Haryanka
6533:Sasanian
6528:Parthian
6479:Bactrian
6469:Seleucid
6449:Goguryeo
6427:Egyptian
6361:Assyrian
6351:Akkadian
6342:Colonies
6276:Category
6209:Language
6121:Religion
6066:Abortion
6020:Taxation
5917:Military
5878:Intersex
5868:Politics
5834:Politics
5636:Interwar
5331:Economic
5326:Language
5311:Timeline
5099:Apennins
4879:Mer-Égée
4842:Annexed
4668:Würzburg
4528:Rauracia
4518:Helvetia
4457:Piedmont
4381:Connacht
4145:Military
4087:Napoleon
4077:Napoleon
4000:Napoleon
3841:(2009).
3677:New York
3583:Archived
3513:Napoleon
3510:(2000).
3390:Archived
3360:Archived
3329:Archived
3282:30 March
3276:Archived
3233:(1994).
3206:Archived
3150:Archived
3119:Archived
3001:See also
2886:Jacobins
2862:nobility
2754:Berezina
2512:Portugal
2510:invaded
2492:Pius VII
2414:Moldavia
2352:Napoleon
2280:married
2239:Bourbons
2220:Adriatic
2128:Boulogne
2118:and the
1993:Tribunat
1986:Cuxhaven
1936:Piedmont
1762:against
1748:Frimaire
1688:republic
1669:hegemony
1554:Taxation
1532:Religion
1527:Politics
1520:Consorts
1515:Monarchs
1510:Military
1505:Medicine
1181:987–1328
1170:987–1792
1124:Frankish
1122:and the
1045:Timeline
1017:a series
1015:Part of
770:Currency
395:Corsican
389:Regional
384:(formal)
345:
338:
7728:largest
7723:Empires
7703:Swedish
7698:Spanish
7693:Russian
7656:Italian
7631:Chinese
7619:English
7614:British
7609:Belgian
7584:Vietnam
7574:Tay son
7520:Tsarist
7515:Russian
7510:Ottoman
7476:Dzungar
7471:Khoshut
7444:Mexican
7439:Maratha
7422:Pahlavi
7402:Safavid
7397:Iranian
7324:Haitian
7287:Chinese
7247:Ashanti
7219:Wagadou
7145:Eastern
7140:Western
7123:Timurid
7083:Tibetan
7073:Songhai
7063:Serbian
6984:Almohad
6974:Idrisid
6878:Samanid
6868:Tahirid
6863:Iranian
6841:Kannauj
6821:Genoese
6757:Chinese
6750:Eastern
6745:Western
6733:Fatimid
6728:Abbasid
6723:Umayyad
6696:Burmese
6656:Ayyubid
6651:Angevin
6621:Xianbei
6609:Eastern
6604:Western
6550:Magadha
6513:Iranian
6506:Xiongnu
6491:Hittite
6400:Chinese
6388:Kassite
6337:Ancient
6329:Empires
6267:Outline
6249:Theatre
6244:Symbols
6204:Gardens
6194:Fashion
6186:Cuisine
6153:Culture
6143:Welfare
6116:Poverty
6054:Society
6030:Tourism
5990:Exports
5963:Banking
5941:Economy
5900:history
5795:Islands
5790:Borders
5423:Francia
5377:Ancient
5355:Regions
5306:History
5291:History
5139:Ombrone
5119:Marengo
4965:Simplon
4917:Jemmape
4874:Ithaque
4869:Corcyre
4846:of the
4755:Holland
4716:Tuscany
4686:Etruria
4658:Wetzlar
4598:Bavaria
4575:Germany
4523:Lemania
4500:Batavia
4442:Liguria
4417:Brescia
4412:Bologna
4407:Bergamo
4375:Ireland
4357:Germany
4331:of the
3628:Surveys
3325:Gallica
3253:(paper
3202:2600793
3146:Gallica
2948:in 1812
2944:French
2927:French
2883:radical
2766:Leipzig
2762:Bautzen
2661:Scheldt
2608:his son
2527:Bayonne
2500:Marches
2483:by the
2445:Cottbus
2426:Cattaro
2305:Hanover
2260:became
2255:Marshal
2216:Venetia
2180:Bavaria
2162:In the
2100:federal
2072:of the
2039:Bavaria
1982:Hanover
1811:Germany
1776:Britain
1768:Prussia
1764:Austria
1713:Floréal
1547:Judaism
1485:Economy
1464:present
1160:843–987
1149:751–987
1139:481–751
1120:Francia
1054:Ancient
947:Andorra
850:Andorra
714:•
701:•
688:•
675:•
658:•
645:•
600:•
573:•
520:Emperor
501:Unitary
489:Unitary
455:Judaism
354:Capital
243:Anthem:
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7666:Mongol
7651:German
7646:French
7636:Danish
7579:Dainam
7554:Tongan
7542:Somali
7537:Sokoto
7503:'Alawi
7481:Kalmyk
7461:Mongol
7454:Second
7434:Korean
7385:Mughal
7375:Indian
7358:German
7351:Second
7341:French
7334:Second
7270:Second
7242:Afghan
7234:Modern
7160:Kyrgyz
7155:Uighur
7150:Second
7130:Turkic
7098:Toltec
7034:Epirus
7019:Nicaea
6942:Mongol
6895:Yamato
6831:Huetar
6689:Second
6626:Rouran
6575:Shunga
6570:Maurya
6545:Kushan
6518:Median
6496:Hunnic
6454:Harsha
6281:Portal
6181:Cinema
6161:Anthem
6133:Racism
6111:People
6005:Mining
5980:Energy
5815:Rivers
5780:Cities
5712:May 68
5283:topics
5280:France
5164:Tanaro
4932:Ourthe
4912:Forêts
4907:Escaut
4776:Danzig
4771:Warsaw
4763:Poland
4706:Naples
4648:Saxony
4608:Erfurt
4533:Valais
4482:Venice
4402:Ancona
4346:Sister
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3711:Oxford
3683:
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3245:
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3125:21 May
2974:Naples
2758:Lützen
2750:Moskva
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2647:, and
2632:Tilsit
2596:Savona
2581:Wagram
2573:Aspern
2569:Vienna
2557:Cintra
2549:Bailén
2537:Juntas
2477:Baltic
2470:, 1807
2420:. The
2376:, 1806
2330:Tilsit
2212:Ancona
2202:. The
2196:Saxony
2194:, and
2093:feudal
2062:Senate
2045:, and
2025:, 1806
1948:Naples
1926:. The
1877:Lucien
1845:Origin
1823:Poland
1821:, and
1772:Russia
1686:and a
1661:empire
1641:French
1580:·
1578:
1476:Topics
1188:Valois
1129:
1067:
1028:France
1019:on the
961:Monaco
524:
509:(1815)
472:French
405:Basque
400:Breton
368:French
321:
315:
308:
306:
299:
297:
245:
171:French
167:
149:French
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7716:Lists
7671:Omani
7641:Dutch
7547:Isaaq
7498:Saadi
7466:Oirat
7449:First
7417:Qajar
7346:First
7329:First
7302:China
7275:Third
7135:First
7088:Tikal
7039:Morea
7009:Roman
6927:Latin
6922:Khmer
6917:Kanem
6883:Buyid
6809:Zagwe
6804:Aksum
6794:Chola
6701:First
6684:First
6671:Bornu
6666:Benin
6661:Aztec
6599:Roman
6580:Gupta
6565:Nanda
6501:White
6239:Sport
6224:Music
6219:Media
6076:Crime
5800:Lakes
5206:Sègre
5159:Stura
5154:Sésia
5114:Gênes
5109:Doire
5076:Sarre
5056:Lippe
5008:Frise
4955:Léman
4792:Spain
4786:Spain
4739:Egypt
4734:Malta
4691:Italy
4678:Italy
4623:Leyen
4618:Hesse
4593:Baden
4447:Lucca
4437:Italy
4432:Crema
4389:Italy
4365:Mainz
3945:JSTOR
3641:(PDF)
3502:(...)
3198:JSTOR
3072:king.
3059:Notes
2970:Italy
2966:Spain
2736:, by
2318:Eylau
2184:Baden
2155:, by
2047:Baden
1978:Rhine
1944:Parma
1940:Genoa
1932:Egypt
1819:Spain
1815:Italy
1649:Latin
1582:
1542:Islam
1500:LGBTQ
1462:1958–
731:Area
382:Latin
358:Paris
90:JSTOR
76:books
7486:Bogd
7412:Zand
7390:Sikh
7297:Qing
7292:Ming
7224:Wari
7192:Tran
7177:Dinh
6947:Yuan
6937:Mali
6846:Pala
6836:Inca
6787:Yuan
6777:Song
6772:Liao
6767:Tang
6540:Kush
6422:Dʿmt
6199:Flag
5985:Euro
5883:LGBT
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5149:Rome
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5071:Roer
4902:Dyle
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4603:Berg
4462:Rome
4397:Alba
4335:and
4254:ISBN
4235:ISBN
4207:ISBN
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4095:ISBN
4061:ISBN
4042:ISBN
4023:ISBN
3991:2017
3962:ISBN
3887:ISBN
3868:ISBN
3816:ISBN
3788:2017
3750:ISBN
3735:link
3715:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3566:2024
3518:ISBN
3491:ISBN
3466:ISBN
3429:2014
3398:2014
3368:2014
3337:2019
3284:2022
3255:ISBN
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3214:2021
3158:2019
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2972:and
2913:Maps
2901:and
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