French protectorate of Laos

3913: 108: 3974: 1077:. Nevertheless, the French did not plan to expand the Laotian economy and left commercial activity to the local populations. Geographic isolation also led to Laos being less influenced from France compared to other French colonies and in a 1937 estimate, only 574 French civilians along with a smaller number of government workers lived in Laos, a figure significantly smaller than in Vietnam and Cambodia. Under the French rule, the Vietnamese were encouraged to migrate to Laos, which was seen by the French colonists as a rational solution to a practical problem within the confines of an Indochina-wide colonial space. By 1943, the Vietnamese population stood at nearly 40,000, forming the majority in the largest cities of Laos and enjoying the right to elect their own leaders. As a result, 53% of the population of 1487:, finance minister in the new government, wrote after the war that while the return of the status quo was perhaps desirable to Crown Prince Savang "who had never worked in his life and who had never been concerned with the needs and aspirations of the Lao people" it was a "total misunderstanding of the evolution of our sentiments and views since the Siamese aggression of 1940 and the Japanese action of 1945. We could not allow it". The Lao Issara government asked the King to step down and await a decision regarding the future of the monarchy and on 10 November a group of 30 armed men led by Prince Sisoumang Saleumsak and Prince Bougnavat marched on the palace and put the royal family under house arrest. 705: 3877: 3961: 89: 73: 3998: 3986: 1461:, Prince Phetsarath moved to unite the southern provinces with the now independent Luang Prabang. This put him at odds with King Sisavong and the royal court, the King had already agreed with the French that he intended to have the country resume its former status as a French colony. Prince Phetsarath urged the King to reconsider and sent telegrams to all Laotian provincial governors notifying them that the Japanese surrender did not affect Laos' status as independent and warned them to resist any foreign intervention. On 15 September he declared the unification of the 4144: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4059: 4046: 4034: 4022: 3901: 3889: 3829: 4010: 725: 1134: 1511:

of Laos assured by de Gaulle and continued their support for French protection. They were also worried about perceived Chinese and Vietnamese threats due to their inability to in any way defend themselves. Worries about the Viet Minh were also prevalent among the Lao Issara supporters and Prince Phetsarath; in his appeal to the alles in October 1945 he said that the Lao "had become, on their own soil, a poor and backward minority" in reference to the Vietnamese majority in all major towns in Laos (aside from Luang Prabang).

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French education. By the 1930s, literacy rates among the Lao Loum and populations in the lowlands had increased considerably and Laotian students began to receive higher education in Hanoi or Paris. However, progress was stagnant in the highlands, where hill tribes were either too isolated to reach or refused to adopt the education system that was based on the foreign

1591:, who had previously been alienated during the group's ruling period in 1945–46 due to his strong support for the Viet Minh now argued that they fully relocate to inside Viet Minh controlled territory and continue their operations there. When this was rejected he resigned from the Lao Issara and fully joined the Viet Minh. He would become the leader of the communist 1229:, linking Vientiane with Pakse and the road continues to remain the most important highway in Laos today. In 1923, a law school opened in Vientiane to train local Laotians interested in participating in the government; however, a large portion of students at the school were Vietnamese, who continued to dominate political offices. 1396:. The paper, however, was not allowed to stray outside official French policy or to become explicitly nationalistic. The paper also covered the movements of King Sisavang Vong who, emboldened by the expansion of his kingdom and of secret French assurances of further expansion, made trips to several southern cities, including 1515:

urban-based movement, failing to connect with the rural population of Laos. In a last desperate attempt to legitimize their government the Lao Issara asked King Sisavang Vong to re-ascend the throne as constitutional monarch, to which he agreed. The withdrawal of the Chinese led to the French, under Colonel

1392:(Great Laos) in January 1941, slamming Thai policies over the Lao people and the ceded lands while promoting a sense of identity across Laos. It ran poetry competitions that celebrated Lao culture and history, and ran columns that reintroduced the ‘glorious lineage’ of the modern Lao from the time of 988:

and a royal court still remained, but it was later to be consisted of French appointed officials. The remaining nine provinces were directly ruled under the French government in Vientiane, with each province having a resident governor and military post. To financially support the colonial government,

1510:

began rising against the new occupiers and the French return in Vietnam. Sympathies to all involved factions; French, Thai, Vietnamese, Royal, Nationalist, could be found in Laos and the political situation became extremely confused. The monarchy of Luang Prabang had the promises of a united Kingdom

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Most of the French who came to Laos as officials, settlers or missionaries developed a strong affection for the country and its people, and many devoted decades to what they saw as bettering the lives of the Lao. Some took Lao wives, learned the language, became Buddhists and "went native"—something

950:

with warships. The kingdom was forced to recognise French control over the eastern side of the Mekong River. Pavie continued to support French expeditions in Laotian territory and gave the territory its modern-day name of Laos. Following Siam's acceptance of the ultimatum, to cede the lands east of

1072:

Economically, the French did not develop Laos to the scale that it had in Vietnam and many Vietnamese were recruited to work in the government in Laos instead of the Laotian people, causing some conflicts between locals and the government. Economic development occurred very slowly in Laos and was

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to the French. Unlike in the annexation of the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, which had become an official French protectorate at least nominally under the rule of the royal house, the French administration saw no benefit in a protectorate treaty with Champasak. For this reason, Champasak was declared

1553:

As the French administration was reestablished they found Laos had changed more than they had realized. Even the pro-French Laotians only saw the return of the French as temporary, although necessary, step on the road to full independence. On 27 August 1946 an agreement was signed that a unified

1383:

encouraged the rise of a Lao nationalist movement, the Movement for National Renovation, which sought to defend Lao territory from Thai expansion. A French report stated "If the protectorate government does not succeed in creating an autonomous Laotian individuality—at least among those who have

1240:

Although the French did impose an assimilation program in Laos as in Vietnam, they were slow to fully enforce it due to the isolation and lack of economic importance in the colony. Schools were found primarily in major cities and it was not until the 1920s that rural areas began to be exposed to

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Having been unsuccessful in their grand plan to annex Siam and with Laos being the least populated of its Indochinese possessions (the population was estimated to be 470,000 in 1900) and lacking seaports for trade, the French lost much interest in Laos, and for the next fifty years it remained a

830:

shortly thereafter, the restoration of French control over the country was opposed by the newly established Lao Issara government, who ultimately failed by April 1946. The protectorate was reestablished, but not too long after the kingdom was expanded to encompass all Laotian regions and given

1514:

The Lao Issara government started to lose control of the country by early 1946. They had fast ran out of money and could not rely on any foreign support due to Allied support for the return of the French. The main weakness of the Lao Issara has been cited to be that it always remained a small

1586:

The exiled Lao Issara meanwhile started to fracture. They had conducted small guerrilla raids against the French with the help of the Viet Minh, but after Thailand started shifting towards a pro-French policy in 1947, Lao Issara had to cease their military activities from the country. Prince

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more acceptable in the French Empire than in the British. With the racial attitudes typical of Europeans at this time, however, they tended to classify the Lao as gentle, amiable, childlike, naïve and lazy, regarding them with what one writer called "a mixture of affection and exasperation".

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and coffee cultivation began in the 1920s, the country's isolation and difficult terrain meant that Laos largely remained economically unviable to the French. More than 90% of the Lao remained subsistence farmers, growing just enough surplus produce to sell for cash to pay their taxes.

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majority. Vietnamese and Chinese merchants also later arrived to repopulate the towns (particularly Vientiane) and revive trade and some Lao Loum were later allowed to participate in local government. Despite these social reforms, many minority groups, especially the

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in 1941. In the south of the country later in the war, the Lao-Seri movement was formed in 1944 which unlike the Movement for National Renovation was not supportive of the French and declared a "Laos for Laotians" policy aimed at achieving outright independence.

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to Vientiane. However, Luang Prabang remained the seat of the royal family, whose power was reduced to figureheads while the actual power was transferred over to French officials including the vice consulate and Resident-General. In January 1896, France and the

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Instability continued in the north of Laos in 1919 when Hmong groups, who were the chief opium producers in Indochina, revolted against French taxation and special status given to the Lao Loum, who were minorities in the highlands, in a conflict known as the

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backwater of the French empire in Indochina. Officially, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang remained a protectorate with internal autonomy, but in practice it was controlled by French residents while the rest of Laos was governed as a colony. King

1384:

received education—then they will feel themselves increasingly attracted towards the neighboring country and this situation will create new difficulties". More schools were built in Laos during this period than in the last 40 years and the

1598:

Meanwhile, greater autonomy for Laos was granted in July 1949 from both internal and external pressure, this satisfied the Lao Issara who dissolved the group and gradually returned to Laos under amnesty. Laos could at this point join the

1196:. Hmong rebels claimed that both Lao and French officials were treating them as subordinate and uncivilised groups and were later defeated in March 1921. After the revolt, the French government granted Hmongs partial autonomy in the 1224:

To compete with Siamese trade, the French proposed a railway linking Hanoi with Vientiane but the plans were never approved. Nevertheless, infrastructure did improve for the first time in Laos as French colonists constructed

1334:, leading to a stalemate. The Japanese mediated a ceasefire and compelled the French colonial government to cede Champassak and Xaignabouli Province in Laos and Battambang Province in Cambodia to Thailand, ending the war. 1208:

Despite the unrest among minority hill tribes in the north, the central and southern portions of Laos saw a more favourable comparison under French rule versus Siamese rule and a considerable re-migration of Lao from the

1566:

in return for becoming Inspector-General of the new Kingdom for life. The provinces annexed by Thailand in 1941 were returned to their respective nations in November after France threatened to block Thai entry into the

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was named vice-consul to Luang Prabang and was in charge of expeditions occurring in Laotian territory, with the possibility of turning Laos into a French territory. In 1888, outlaws from China known as the

1361:. The renewed focus on Laos also brought significant modernization of the kingdoms administration and the French also said they would not object should the kingdom further extend itself southwards. Prince 1188:. Although the revolt initially started as a resistance against French influence and tightening of administration, it later changed objective into stopping the French suppression of the opium trade. 1353:

Maurice Roques signed an agreement on 21 August 1941 which attached the provinces of Xiangkhouang and Vientiane to the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, and placed the protectorate on the same footing as

915:

attacked Siam and its vassal state of Luang Prabang by sacking its capital. Pavie and French forces later intervened and evacuated the Lao royal family to safety. Additional French troops from

1036:

feared would have eventually led to a French annexation of Siam, upsetting the region's balance of power. Within French Administration in 1904, despite Cambodia's historical claim, Laos ceded

1349:

might choose to align themselves with Thailand should they become subordinate to another royal house. The territorial loss had already weakened French hold in the region. Savang Vatthana and

1165:(holy man) who led a messianic cult. The revolt challenged French control over Laos and was not fully suppressed until 1910, when Ong Keo was killed. However, his successor and lieutenant, 1176:

occurred as local hill tribe chiefs challenged French rule and assimilation policies being carried out in the highlands. At the height of the revolt, the unrest spread to the highlands of

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dissolved on 22 November 1904; the area was then managed directly by the colonial administration. By internal reclassification of the provinces and by giving some of the southern areas to

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where the population was predominantly Lao. As late as 1945, the French even drew up an ambitious plan to move massive Vietnamese population to three key areas, i.e. the Vientiane Plain,

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even though their foreign affairs and national defense was still controlled by France. Following world-wide anti-colonial sentiment and France's loss of control of Indochina during the

976:

union that was created in 1887 by unifying French possessions in Vietnam and Cambodia. A colonial governor was later installed in Vientiane and Laos was reorganised from two provinces (

2490: 206: 3644: 1318:, including the Lao, under one nation. Around October 1940 Thailand, sensing French weakness from the years previous events, began attacking the eastern banks of the Mekong between 107: 2987: 297: 3893: 2731: 1272:

Laos might have drifted along as a backwater of the French Empire indefinitely had it not been for dramatic outside events that heavily impacted the nation from 1940 onwards.

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a few months earlier. The subsequent occupation then occurred gradually, with Japanese garrisons being stationed across Indochina which was still administered by the French.

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The loss of the territories was a massive blow to French prestige in Indochina. The dominant Laotian province of Luang Prabang (the previous, and now mostly formal,

1040:

in exchange of the royal capital of Champassak which was temporally under Cambodia's Administration. In addition, prior to the Holy Man's Rebellion, the province of

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Social reforms also occurred under French administration, such as the suppression of banditry, abolishment of slavery, and ending the legal discrimination of the

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In 1902, a treaty with Siam forced the kingdom to also surrender lands on the western side of the Mekong River. These lands now form the province of

88: 6497: 5902: 4014: 2700: 1414: 690: 2973: 1256:(École Française d'Extrême-Orient), who undertook major archaeological works, found and published Lao historical texts, standardised the written 3766: 5897: 2480: 1571:. Elections were held in December for a new Constituent Assembly which met in March 1947 and endorsed a new constitution, giving birth to the 1436: 2667: 1520: 1516: 1377: 815: 4753: 4581: 4496: 4235: 4026: 3905: 2495: 1506:, did the same in the south. The British facilitated the French restoration while the Chinese obstructed it. All the while, the communist 1028:

French plans to expand the territory of Laos ended in 1907, after Siam began co-operating with the British to control French expansion in

1479:

In the ensuing power vacuum of neither French or Japanese control, the dismissed Prince Phetsarath and other Lao nationalists formed the

1442:

in March 1945. Large numbers of French officials in Laos were then imprisoned or executed by the Japanese. The staunchly pro-French King

927:. The bill designating Luang Prabang a protectorate of France was signed on 27 March 1889 between both sides despite a Siamese protest. 899:, soon feared that France was planning to annex Luang Prabang and signed a treaty with the French on 7 May 1886 which recognised Siam's 6121: 4136: 4124: 3733: 3466: 2264: 1558:. To ensure that the royal house of Luang Prabang was to ascend to the ruling position in this agreement; a secret protocol had Prince 1221:

fully asserted French rule over southern Laos, although cities still largely contained significant Vietnamese and Chinese minorities.

3434: 2355: 1252:

French contribution to Lao nationalism, apart from the creation of the Lao state itself, was made by the oriental specialists of the

4650: 386: 6512: 6023: 4968: 1021:, was allowed to keep his title for life and became governor of Champasak province, whose administrative center was relocated to 951:

the Mekong including its islands, the Protectorate of Laos was officially established and the administrative capital moved from

6522: 4240: 4162: 1451: 823: 473: 72: 2376: 1678: 5813: 5020: 4575: 4063: 3668: 3109: 2475: 2435: 1909: 1879: 1280: 308: 4985: 6507: 6432: 6038: 4205: 2693: 2455: 2236: 5473: 4038: 3612: 3150: 2999: 1260:, renovated neglected temples and tombs and in 1931, founded the Independent Lao Buddhist Institute in Vientiane, where 6517: 6482: 6477: 6442: 6106: 5952: 5478: 3857: 3845: 2065: 1345:. A secret French report from March 1941 recognized nationalistic aspirations among the people of Laos, but feared the 1213:

area of northeastern Siam to Laos boosted the population and revived trade. Mekong valley cities such as Vientiane and

6128: 5937: 4743: 4148: 3304: 1829: 1795: 1580: 1491: 368: 6447: 6064: 5288: 4088: 4076: 3833: 3294: 2465: 2611: 1069:, who became King of Luang Prabang in 1904, remained conspicuously loyal to the French through his 55-year reign. 923:

requested a French protectorate over his kingdom. Pavie later sent Oun Kham's request to the French government in

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was even renamed the "Temple for the National Idea of Laos". The movement also published a propaganda newspaper,

1354: 1010: 876: 3796: 5265: 4768: 3639: 3314: 2781: 2776: 2647: 2257: 1681:. Foreign Office Files: United States of America, Series Two: Vietnam, 1959–1975 ; Part 2: Laos, 1959–1963 1483:(Free Laos) which on 12 October 1945 took control of the government and reaffirmed the country's independence. 1465:

with the southern regions; this caused the King to dismiss him from his post as Prime Minister on 10 October.

1341:) demanded sovereignty over all of Laos as compensation, a proposition headed by French-educated Crown Prince 1303: 6472: 6467: 6457: 6258: 5102: 4050: 3427: 2386: 2302: 1634: 1385: 1253: 792: 2112: 6111: 5756: 4738: 4726: 4245: 4167: 4112: 3526: 3287: 3040: 2601: 2330: 2297: 1125:

of the Lao Soung, did not benefit from French rule and were not, if at all, influenced by French culture.

934:

was given by Pavie, now resident minister to Siam in Bangkok, in August 1892 to the Siamese government, a

6397: 5826: 5619: 5533: 5428: 5343: 5260: 4758: 4630: 4485: 4100: 4002: 3607: 3282: 2526: 2335: 1358: 2621: 868: 6280: 6202: 6003: 5766: 5681: 5270: 5168: 3966: 2952: 2657: 2425: 2391: 2307: 1624: 935: 551: 429: 5458: 2381: 6437: 6346: 6336: 6273: 6079: 5872: 5806: 5736: 5423: 5358: 5348: 5333: 4668: 4615: 4525: 3531: 3392: 3387: 3155: 2581: 2556: 2445: 2440: 2287: 2250: 2237:"The Flight of Lao War Captives From Burma Back to Laos in 1596: A Comparison of Historical Sources," 1454:

on 8 April 1945. Prince Phetsarath remained as Prime Minister in the newly independent puppet state.

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in January 1941. After initial Thai victories their offensive stalled, and the French scored a great

884: 788: 585: 5558: 1527:

towards the end of April 1946, freeing French prisoners with a French-Lao force supported by Prince

1450:, into declaring the French protectorate over his kingdom ended, while entering the nation into the 839:. It achieved full independence after the Franco-Lao Treaty in 1953, during the final stages of the 6277: 6231: 6116: 5993: 5178: 5158: 5123: 5076: 5030: 4382: 4198: 3929: 3420: 3374: 2873: 2551: 2546: 2536: 1000:. In 1904, the present border between Laos and Cambodia was established after Siam ceded Meluprey ( 807: 533: 403: 2591: 919:

later arrived to expel the Black Flags from Luang Prabang. Following his return to the city, King

795:. It was integrated into French Indochina and in the following years further Siamese vassals, the 6366: 6303: 6197: 5947: 5056: 4748: 4731: 4721: 4696: 4540: 4266: 2652: 2586: 2541: 2531: 2505: 2450: 2430: 1150: 193: 6174: 6143: 6138: 6028: 6018: 5972: 5776: 5691: 5538: 5250: 5183: 5051: 5000: 4932: 4832: 4822: 4620: 4555: 4362: 4291: 3346: 3199: 3099: 3089: 3020: 2996: 2754: 2709: 2561: 2418: 2292: 1612: 1548: 1366: 985: 883:(modern-day Southern Vietnam) to the south. In 1885, a French consulate was established in the 844: 754: 2177:. Translated by Walter E. J. Tips and Claudio Bertuccio. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press. 1870: 5998: 5761: 5741: 5721: 5584: 5548: 5503: 5448: 5240: 5235: 5010: 4957: 4782: 4691: 4660: 4600: 4550: 4332: 4322: 3506: 3236: 3030: 1900: 1743: 1729: 1307: 1299: 1197: 1001: 961: 864: 796: 4912: 984:) to ten provinces. The royal seat at Luang Prabang was still seen as the official ruler of 6462: 6293: 6248: 6212: 6089: 6069: 5882: 5877: 5799: 5746: 5665: 5629: 5579: 5438: 5363: 5148: 5025: 4817: 4592: 4570: 4565: 4530: 4472: 3881: 2510: 2401: 1264:

was taught so that the Lao could either study their own ancient history or Buddhist texts.

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A typical example of French colonial architecture (now a health centre) in Luang Prabang

6356: 5957: 5670: 5493: 5488: 5453: 5433: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5373: 5368: 5313: 5220: 5066: 4937: 4827: 4807: 4763: 4706: 4701: 4678: 4645: 4635: 4625: 4507: 3367: 3277: 3226: 3132: 3119: 3050: 2848: 2799: 2791: 2325: 1484: 1458: 1397: 1331: 1319: 1173: 1014: 997: 880: 827: 160: 1101:, which was only discarded by Japanese invasion of Indochina. Otherwise, according to 6253: 6217: 6133: 6074: 5981: 5932: 5922: 5696: 5686: 5649: 5523: 5508: 5383: 5353: 5323: 5318: 5293: 5230: 5225: 5215: 5086: 5035: 4922: 4917: 4640: 4276: 4261: 3990: 3649: 3597: 3536: 3341: 3324: 2947: 2942: 2485: 2218: 2208: 1905: 1875: 1825: 1791: 1424: 1193: 1102: 177: 164: 3654: 818:. The later annexed regions of Laos were, however, purely under French rule. During 6298: 6268: 6052: 6033: 5842: 5712: 5676: 5594: 5418: 5188: 5133: 5096: 5071: 5061: 4995: 4947: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4847: 4842: 4535: 4281: 3978: 3688: 3516: 3256: 3221: 2901: 2662: 2396: 2360: 2273: 1576: 1495: 1439: 1288: 973: 777: 445: 119: 3658: 1141: 6390: 6318: 6207: 6192: 6157: 5912: 5834: 5589: 5338: 5308: 5303: 5163: 5153: 5118: 5108: 5091: 4927: 4882: 4797: 4515: 4490: 4337: 3798: 3707: 3678: 3443: 3336: 3319: 2853: 2831: 2616: 2470: 2413: 2406: 1572: 1544: 1428: 1342: 1327: 1276: 1242: 1226: 1180:(northern Vietnam) and was largely concentrated among the minority groups of the 1154: 1098: 939: 912: 836: 770: 746: 712: 510: 415: 345: 146: 2196:

Breaking New Ground in Lao History: Essays on the Seventh to Twentieth Centuries

2184:, Pierre Brocheux (ed.), pp. 47–62. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille. 1607:

against the Viet Minh, the Kingdom of Laos was granted full independence in the

1498:

occupied and disarmed the Japanese in the northern half of the colony while the

6341: 6263: 6187: 5917: 5731: 5513: 5498: 5463: 5203: 5198: 5081: 5015: 4887: 4545: 4520: 4425: 4342: 4296: 3941: 3694: 3634: 3082: 3073: 3035: 2911: 2836: 2804: 2771: 2631: 2140:, L'Harmattan, 1997 (1ere édition en 1966, sous le nom de Michel Caply), p. 226 1600: 1568: 1503: 1499: 1446:

was also imprisoned and forced by the Japanese, and at much urging from Prince

1033: 957: 943: 758: 361: 94: 3628: 3231: 1871:

Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945

6426: 6406: 6371: 6361: 6326: 6308: 6243: 5378: 5143: 5138: 4560: 4418: 4377: 4357: 3683: 3589: 3556: 3476: 3331: 2924: 2841: 2814: 2626: 1588: 1532: 1443: 1370: 1166: 1090: 1066: 1013:, the former Kingdom of Champasak disappeared from the map, leaving only the 952: 907: 896: 282: 249: 190: 187: 174: 135: 4907: 6351: 6288: 5468: 4990: 4952: 4852: 4435: 3802: 3362: 3216: 3208: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2809: 2350: 2239:

SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 2005, ISSN 1479-8484

1555: 1292: 1284: 1257: 1185: 1073:

initially fuelled primarily by rice cultivation and distilleries producing

872: 832: 819: 773: 197: 150: 78: 6411: 6331: 6101: 5887: 5857: 5700: 5209: 5005: 4897: 4892: 4812: 4403: 4387: 4172: 3546: 3094: 2881: 2753: 2678: 1432: 1380: 1315: 1214: 1181: 766: 607: 397: 380: 5927: 5907: 5852: 5847: 5255: 5193: 5112: 4352: 4317: 3745: 3486: 3481: 3068: 3007: 1592: 1480: 1474: 1447: 1401: 1362: 1233: 1122: 1109: 1018: 900: 669: 486: 330: 3496: 1840: 5614: 5604: 5173: 4480: 4367: 3953: 3869: 3821: 3751: 1524: 1507: 1113: 1078: 1074: 1029: 931: 130: 2929: 859:

A French government official and Lao children in Luang Prabang, 1887

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Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

1554:

Kingdom of Laos would become a constitutional monarchy within the

806:

The protectorate of Luang Prabang was nominally under the rule of

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Moppert, François. 1981. Le révolte des Bolovens (1901–1936). In

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A New and Interesting Description of the Lao Kingdom (1642–1648)

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signed an accord recognising the border between French Laos and

6008: 5726: 5639: 4902: 4802: 4445: 4301: 3104: 3015: 2824: 2205:, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland. 1177: 1105:, the Lao might well have lost control over their own country. 1045: 1041: 784: 181: 3198: 2182:

Histoire de l'Asie du Sud-est: Révoltes, Réformes, Révolutions

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would become an early leader in the Lao nationalist movement.

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in 1908. In 1934 he was deposed by the French due to his age.

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Ngaosrivathana, Mayoury & Breazeale, Kenon (ed). (2002).

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Protectorate of France (1893–1899); constituent territory of

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Murdoch, John (1974) "The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion",

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on 11 May 1947, still a member of the somewhat reorganized

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The situation had become chaotic in overall Indochina, the

1261: 1210: 888: 762: 2995: 1977: 1975: 1287:

authorities, who had been put into position following the

843:. The final dissolution of French Indochina came with the 3797:

States and territories in the sphere of influence of the

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List of administrators of the French protectorate of Laos

2203:

The Nidan Khun Borom: Annotated Translation and Analysis

1172:

Between 1899 and 1910, political unrest in the northern

875:

to find possible trade relations for the territories of

1972: 1137:

Local Lao soldiers in the French Colonial guard, c.1900

803:, were annexed into it in 1899 and 1904, respectively. 1691:

October 22 Franco-Lao Treaty of Amity and Association

989:

taxes were introduced and imposed on the population.

1947:, PUF, collection Que sais-je ? 1974, pp. 83–85 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1283:. This was done with reluctant cooperation from the 2013:

Street Without Joy: The French Debacle in Indochina

1203: 1048:was placed under the French Protectorate of Annam. 2113:"Library of Congress – Laos – The Kingdom of Laos" 850: 1885: 942:when France, contrary to promises it had made to 6424: 2102:, tome 1, Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet, 1988, p. 250 1811:, tome 1, Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet, 1988, p. 180 1615:which ended French control of all of Indochina. 1415:Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state) 1310:in the country. He later renamed the country to 967: 16:1893–1953 French protectorate in Southeast Asia 1535:and the Lao Issara fled in exile to Thailand. 6493:States and territories disestablished in 1953 5807: 4199: 3782: 3428: 3184: 2981: 2739: 2694: 2258: 1862: 1538: 1435:and in a last-minute attempt to draw support 1376:To maintain support and expel Thai influence 2496:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon 2058:A Short history of Laos, the land in between 1744:"Auguste Pavie, L'explorateur aux pieds nus" 1730:"Auguste Pavie, l'Explorateur aux pieds nus" 972:In 1898, Laos was fully integrated into the 3578: 2377:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820) 1267: 1089:were Vietnamese, with only an exception of 6503:1953 disestablishments in French Indochina 6488:States and territories established in 1893 5814: 5800: 4206: 4192: 3789: 3775: 3435: 3421: 3191: 3177: 2988: 2974: 2746: 2732: 2708: 2701: 2687: 2265: 2251: 1431:troops were being largely defeated in the 106: 3455: 2356:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 3918:Reorganized National Government of China 2481:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1950: 1408: 1140: 1132: 1055: 854: 6498:1893 establishments in French Indochina 1437:Japan dissolved French control over its 1017:. However, the last King of Champasak, 6425: 4241:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 4163:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3870:Mengjiang United Autonomous Government 2198:. Chiangmai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. 1988: 1531:of Champasak. By May they had reached 1452:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 1369:while a new advisory council for King 1217:grew considerably and the founding of 1051: 871:went on several expeditions along the 824:independence under Japanese occupation 822:, the protectorate briefly proclaimed 5795: 4471: 4187: 3770: 3577: 3454: 3416: 3172: 2969: 2727: 2682: 2476:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 2246: 2054: 2019: 1904:. Cambridge University Press, p. 51. 1468: 936:diplomatic crisis took place in 1893 3954:Provisional Government of Free India 2668:Governor-General of French Indochina 2272: 2010: 1824:, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 1790:, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 816:Governor-General of French Indochina 810:, but actual power lay with a local 3442: 3151:French colonization of the Americas 2211:. "The French in Laos, 1887–1945." 2170:, Squadron/Signal publications 1994 2064:. Allen & Unwin. Archived from 765:between 1893 and 1953—with a brief 13: 4236:List of current sovereign monarchs 3858:South Chahar Autonomous Government 3846:North Shanxi Autonomous Government 2225:(Cambridge University Press, 1997) 1157:among groups of Lao Theung led by 776:in 1945—which constituted part of 31:Phrà Ràaj Aanaachak Luang Pràabàng 14: 6534: 5821: 2229: 867:in 1863, French explorers led by 5971: 4754:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4057: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3834:East Hebei Autonomous Government 3827: 3815: 2431:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936) 1579:. The constitution introduced a 1204:Economic and social developments 887:, which was a vassal kingdom to 723: 703: 662: 640: 618: 600: 578: 87: 71: 4231:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 3894:Provisional Government of China 3645:French domains of the Holy Land 2143: 2130: 2105: 2092: 2083: 2004: 1959: 1937: 1928: 1915: 1849: 1834: 1814: 1801: 1780: 1373:was headed by Savang Vatthana. 1326:. This would erupt into a full 851:Establishment of a protectorate 6513:1953 disestablishments in Laos 4213: 3640:French domains of Saint Helena 2757:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 2648:Paris Foreign Missions Society 2402:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62) 2215:(1995) 29#1, pp. 111–139. 2015:. Stackpole Books. p. 22. 1767: 1754: 1736: 1722: 1709: 1696: 1671: 1656: 1647: 1145:Market in Luang Prabang c.1900 814:, who in turn reported to the 780:. It was established over the 1: 3882:Shanghai Great Way Government 2387:Bombardment of Tourane (1847) 2201:Phothisane, Souneth. (1996). 1679:"Brief Chronology, 1959–1963" 1640: 1521:provisional French government 1386:French School of the Far East 1378:Governor-General of Indochina 1254:French School of the Far East 968:Administrative reorganisation 793:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 4246:List of monarchy referendums 4168:Greater East Asia Conference 3906:Reformed Government of China 3375:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 2602:Charles Rigault de Genouilly 2426:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) 2382:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35) 1427:occurred. At the same time, 1161:, who was a self-proclaimed 1153:in the south of Laos in the 751:Protectorat français du Laos 7: 6508:1893 establishments in Laos 6433:French protectorate of Laos 3967:Republic of the Philippines 3615: and Antarctic Lands 2527:Treaty of Versailles (1787) 2471:French–Thai War (1940–1941) 2414:Sino-French War (1884–1885) 2407:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886) 2189:Journal of the Siam Society 2153:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 88–89 1969:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 76–77 1898:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997). 1859:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 72–76 1777:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 69–72 1764:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 67–68 1719:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 66–67 1706:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 60–64 1618: 1562:renounce the claims of the 1459:Japan's surrender in August 743:French protectorate of Laos 10: 6539: 4027:Occupied Dutch East Indies 2658:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps 2392:French conquest of Vietnam 2160: 1625:History of Laos since 1945 1542: 1539:End of colonialism in Laos 1523:, entering the capital of 1472: 1412: 1314:, with plans to unify all 1302:, prime minister of Siam, 1128: 499:• French restoration 6523:France–Thailand relations 6483:20th century in Vientiane 6478:19th century in Vientiane 6443:History of Laos by period 6384: 6317: 6239: 6230: 6165: 6156: 6060: 6051: 5989: 5980: 5969: 5833: 5658: 5567: 5281: 5044: 4978: 4790: 4781: 4677: 4659: 4591: 4506: 4464: 4396: 4310: 4254: 4221: 4158: 3809: 3728: 3667: 3623: 3606: 3588: 3584: 3573: 3545: 3532:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3505: 3465: 3461: 3450: 3409: 3393:French East India Company 3383: 3355: 3303: 3255: 3207: 3168: 3156:French West India Company 3146: 3118: 3049: 3006: 2965: 2938: 2910: 2872: 2790: 2762: 2723: 2716: 2640: 2582:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 2570: 2557:Treaty of Tientsin (1885) 2519: 2441:1916 Cochinchina uprising 2369: 2316: 2303:France–Thailand relations 2280: 2173:Marini, G.F. de. (1998). 2011:Fall, Bernard B. (2018). 1635:Lao rebellion (1826–1828) 1609:Franco-Lao Treaty of 1953 1494:93rd division of General 1339:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 1332:naval victory at Ko Chang 885:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 863:After the acquisition of 789:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 557: 547: 543: 530: 520: 507: 497: 483: 470: 456: 440: 425: 421: 411: 394: 377: 355: 351: 336: 321: 317: 307: 303: 288: 273: 269: 259: 255: 243: 231: 219: 215: 205: 170: 156: 142: 126: 114: 105: 67: 60: 23: 6065:Administrative divisions 4383:Self-proclaimed monarchy 4137:Occupied Solomon Islands 4125:Occupied Gilbert Islands 4015:Kingdom of Luang Prabang 3671: the Indian Ocean 2622:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée 2562:Geneva Conference (1954) 2298:France–Vietnam relations 1868:Ivarsson, Søren (2008). 1845:U.S. Library of congress 1347:royal house of Champasak 1306:and established his own 1281:entered French Indochina 1268:Laos during World War II 996:and the western half of 869:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée 430:Protectorate established 35:Royaume de Luang Prabang 25:Kingdom of Luang Prabang 6448:Former colonies in Asia 4651:Vatican City (Holy See) 4064:Occupied British Borneo 3579:Uninhabited territories 3090:Saint Kitts & Nevis 2653:Tirailleurs indochinois 2587:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau 2542:Treaty of Saigon (1874) 2532:Treaty of Saigon (1862) 2506:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 2397:Siege of Tourane (1858) 2100:Les Guerres d'Indochine 1985:, Karthala, 1999, p. 77 1662:as Commissioner-General 1653:as Commissioner-General 903:over the Lao kingdoms. 812:French Governor-General 194:constitutional monarchy 182:colonial administration 47:Phra Raja A-na-chak Lao 6453:Former French colonies 4933:Islands of Refreshment 4363:Legitimacy (political) 3509: collectivities 3347:Sanjak of Alexandretta 3200:Former French colonies 2997:Former French colonies 2755:Former French colonies 2710:French overseas empire 2419:Pacification of Tonkin 2308:France–China relations 2293:French colonial empire 2191:62(1), pp. 47–66. 1874:. NIAS Press, p. 102. 1613:1954 Geneva Conference 1577:Indochinese Federation 1549:1954 Geneva Conference 1146: 1138: 1061: 860: 845:1954 Geneva Conference 750: 54:(1945–1946; 1947–1953) 38:(1893–1945; 1946–1947) 28:ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກຫລວງພະບາງ 6518:France–Laos relations 5903:Japanese puppet state 4744:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4333:Criticism of monarchy 4323:Abolition of monarchy 4039:Occupied West Sumatra 3456:Inhabited territories 3388:France–Asia relations 2943:Somaliland (Djibouti) 2592:Jean-Baptiste Cécille 2288:France–Asia relations 2235:Jon Fernquest (2005) 2168:War in Laos 1954–1975 2055:Evans, Grant (2002). 1956:Stuart-Fox, pp. 37–38 1841:Laos under the French 1473:Further information: 1409:Japanese puppet state 1308:military dictatorship 1300:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 1275:On 22 September 1940 1198:Xiangkhouang Province 1144: 1136: 1059: 1002:Preah Vihear Province 938:, culminating in the 895:). Siam, led by king 858: 831:self-rule within the 797:Principality of Phuan 474:Japanese puppet state 207:King of Luang Prabang 143:Common languages 6473:20th century in Laos 6468:19th century in Laos 6458:Former protectorates 6039:World Heritage Sites 4576:United Arab Emirates 4003:Kingdom of Kampuchea 3734:overseas departments 3669:Scattered Islands in 3550: collectivity 3008:French North America 2552:Treaty of Huế (1884) 2547:Treaty of Huế (1883) 2537:Treaty of Huế (1863) 2511:Partition of Vietnam 2451:Vue Pa Chay's revolt 2446:Thái Nguyên uprising 2213:Modern Asian Studies 2098:Philippe Franchini, 1934:Stuart-Fox pp. 34–36 1611:, reaffirmed in the 1581:bicameral parliament 1440:Indochinese colonies 1038:Stung Treng Province 1006:Kingdom of Champasak 906:By the end of 1886, 801:Kingdom of Champasak 522:• Independence 5938:Vietnamese invasion 5893:French protectorate 5772:Trinidad and Tobago 5659:Commonwealth realms 5544:United Baltic Duchy 4687:Antigua and Barbuda 4679:Commonwealth realms 4373:Order of succession 4149:Occupied New Guinea 3930:Kingdom of Thailand 3703:Juan de Nova Island 3590:North Pacific Ocean 3202:in Asia and Oceania 2597:Charles de Montigny 2501:First Indochina War 2456:Bazin assassination 2071:on 24 February 2021 1820:Martin Stuart-Fox, 1809:La France coloniale 1786:Martin Stuart-Fox, 1605:First Indochina War 1421:liberation of Paris 1324:Champassak Province 1052:Colonialism in Laos 841:First Indochina War 826:in 1945. After the 755:French protectorate 6203:Telecommunications 5953:History since 1945 5948:History until 1945 4089:Occupied Singapore 4077:Occupied Hong Kong 3608:Overseas territory 3133:France Antarctique 3120:Equinoctial France 3083:Dominican Republic 2219:Stuart-Fox, Martin 2209:Stuart-Fox, Martin 1925:, PUF, 1974, p. 83 1807:Pierre Montagnon, 1564:house of Champasak 1485:Katay Don Sasorith 1469:French restoration 1304:overthrew the king 1298:Earlier, in 1932, 1227:Route nationale 13 1174:Phôngsali Province 1151:a revolt broke out 1147: 1139: 1095:Savannakhet region 1062: 1015:Champasak Province 998:Champasak Province 861: 828:surrender of Japan 161:Theravada Buddhism 6420: 6419: 6380: 6379: 6226: 6225: 6152: 6151: 6129:Political parties 6117:National Assembly 6085:General Secretary 6080:Foreign relations 6047: 6046: 5963:2007 coup attempt 5933:Laotian Civil War 5923:Ho Chi Minh trail 5898:Japanese invasion 5789: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5474:Piedmont-Sardinia 5226:Sip Song Chau Tai 5036:Thirteen Colonies 4777: 4776: 4181: 4180: 3991:Empire of Vietnam 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3659:Amsterdam Islands 3650:Kerguelen Islands 3598:Clipperton Island 3569: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3537:Wallis and Futuna 3405: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3305:Mandate for Syria 3295:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 3257:Indochinese Union 3164: 3163: 2961: 2960: 2874:Equatorial Africa 2676: 2675: 2486:August Revolution 2223:A history of Laos 1910:978-0-521-59746-3 1901:A History of Laos 1880:978-8-776-94023-2 1822:A History of Laos 1788:A History of Laos 1429:Imperial Japanese 1425:Charles de Gaulle 1365:became the first 1351:Resident-Superior 1194:War of the Insane 1103:Martin Stuart-Fox 761:of what is today 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 698:(Japanese puppet) 683: 682: 534:Geneva Conference 404:National Assembly 341: 338:• 1951–1953 326: 323:• 1941–1945 293: 290:• 1954–1955 278: 275:• 1894–1895 261:Resident-Superior 245:• 1904–1953 233:• 1895–1904 221:• 1868–1895 178:absolute monarchy 165:Roman Catholicism 6530: 6438:French Indochina 6400: 6393: 6237: 6236: 6183: 6163: 6162: 6058: 6057: 5987: 5986: 5975: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5713:Irish Free State 5479:Poland–Lithuania 4788: 4787: 4739:Papua New Guinea 4469: 4468: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3979:French Indochina 3977: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3689:Glorioso Islands 3670: 3621: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3574: 3549: 3522:Saint Barthélemy 3517:French Polynesia 3508: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3452: 3451: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3222:Coromandel Coast 3193: 3186: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3051:French Caribbean 3031:Terre Neuve 2990: 2983: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2703: 2696: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2663:Tonkinese Rifles 2361:State of Vietnam 2274:French Indochina 2267: 2260: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2166:Kenneth Conboy, 2154: 2147: 2141: 2138:Guérilla au Laos 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2109: 2103: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2070: 2063: 2052: 2017: 2016: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1986: 1979: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1945:Histoire du Laos 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923:Histoire du Laos 1919: 1913: 1896: 1883: 1866: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1838: 1832: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1799: 1784: 1778: 1771: 1765: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748:pavie.culture.fr 1740: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1720: 1713: 1707: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1675: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1502:, under General 1400:, on his way to 974:French Indochina 791:, following the 778:French Indochina 727: 726: 719: 707: 706: 699: 687: 686: 678: 666: 665: 656: 644: 643: 634: 622: 621: 612: 604: 603: 594: 582: 581: 575: 574: 559: 558: 466:22 November 1904 448: 446:French Indochina 432: 373: 339: 324: 291: 276: 120:French Indochina 110: 91: 75: 55: 44:ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກລາວ 39: 21: 20: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6376: 6367:Public holidays 6313: 6304:Sex trafficking 6222: 6181: 6148: 6107:Law enforcement 6043: 6024:Protected areas 5976: 5967: 5913:Kingdom of Laos 5829: 5820: 5790: 5781: 5706:princely states 5654: 5590:Kingdom of Fiji 5563: 5309:Austria-Hungary 5277: 5040: 4974: 4773: 4759:Solomon Islands 4673: 4655: 4587: 4502: 4460: 4392: 4338:Democratization 4306: 4250: 4217: 4212: 4182: 4177: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4058: 4056: 4051:Occupied Malaya 4045: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3960: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3799:Empire of Japan 3795: 3765: 3756: 3738:Claimed by the 3712: 3708:Tromelin Island 3679:Bassas da India 3663: 3613:French Southern 3602: 3580: 3561: 3541: 3501: 3469: regions 3457: 3446: 3444:Overseas France 3441: 3397: 3379: 3351: 3337:Greater Lebanon 3307:and the Lebanon 3306: 3299: 3251: 3203: 3197: 3160: 3142: 3114: 3045: 3002: 3000:in the Americas 2994: 2957: 2934: 2906: 2868: 2786: 2758: 2752: 2712: 2707: 2677: 2672: 2636: 2617:Francis Garnier 2575: 2573: 2566: 2515: 2365: 2318: 2312: 2276: 2271: 2232: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2053: 2020: 2009: 2005: 2001:Levy, pp. 89–90 2000: 1989: 1980: 1973: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1916: 1897: 1886: 1867: 1863: 1854: 1850: 1839: 1835: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1802: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1768: 1759: 1755: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1697: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1621: 1573:Kingdom of Laos 1551: 1545:Kingdom of Laos 1543:Main articles: 1541: 1477: 1471: 1463:Kingdom of Laos 1417: 1411: 1343:Savang Vatthana 1289:French defeated 1270: 1243:French language 1206: 1155:Bolaven Plateau 1131: 1099:Bolaven Plateau 1054: 1011:French Cambodia 970: 940:Paknam incident 913:Black Flag Army 877:French Cambodia 853: 837:Kingdom of Laos 724: 718:Kingdom of Laos 717: 713: 704: 697: 696:Kingdom of Laos 695: 691: 676: 675:Kingdom of Laos 674: 670: 663: 654: 652: 648: 641: 632: 630: 626: 619: 610: 608: 601: 592: 590: 586: 579: 536: 526:22 October 1953 523: 513: 511:Kingdom of Laos 500: 493:12 October 1945 490: 476: 463: 449: 443: 433: 428: 416:New Imperialism 406: 400: 389: 383: 371: 367: 365: 359: 346:Souvanna Phouma 342: 327: 294: 279: 246: 234: 222: 200: 186: 184: 163: 134: 101: 100: 99: 96: 92: 84: 83: 80: 76: 62: 56: 53: 51:Royaume du Laos 49: 45: 43: 42: 41:Kingdom of Laos 40: 37: 33: 29: 27: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6536: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6401: 6394: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6283:hybrid variant 6271: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6198:Stock exchange 6195: 6190: 6185: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6144:Prime Minister 6141: 6139:Vice President 6136: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5918:Indochina Wars 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5873:Luang Phrabang 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5819: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5710: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5464:Ottoman Empire 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5424:Kartli-Kakheti 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4833:Central Africa 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4769:United Kingdom 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4426:Prince regnant 4423: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4343:Decolonization 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4297:Personal union 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4267:Constitutional 4264: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4211: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4113:Occupied Nauru 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3956: 3944: 3942:State of Burma 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3794: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3732:Also known as 3729: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3695:Banc du Geyser 3686: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3635:Crozet Islands 3632: 3624: 3618: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3459: 3458: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3342:Jabal al-Druze 3339: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3315:State of Syria 3311: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3110:Virgin Islands 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3074:Saint-Domingue 3071: 3069:The Grenadines 3066: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3036:French Florida 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2953:Isle de France 2950: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2632:Albert Sarraut 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2607:Amédée Courbet 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2461:Yên Bái mutiny 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2255: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2231: 2230:External links 2228: 2227: 2226: 2216: 2206: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2142: 2129: 2104: 2091: 2089:Pinnith, p. 87 2082: 2018: 2003: 1987: 1971: 1958: 1949: 1936: 1927: 1914: 1884: 1861: 1848: 1833: 1813: 1800: 1779: 1766: 1753: 1735: 1721: 1708: 1695: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1655: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1617: 1601:United Nations 1569:United Nations 1540: 1537: 1504:Douglas Gracey 1470: 1467: 1423:under General 1413:Main article: 1410: 1407: 1367:prime minister 1269: 1266: 1205: 1202: 1130: 1127: 1116:people by the 1053: 1050: 1034:British Empire 969: 966: 958:United Kingdom 852: 849: 759:Southeast Asia 737: 736: 733: 732: 729: 728: 721: 709: 708: 701: 684: 681: 680: 667: 659: 658: 645: 637: 636: 623: 615: 614: 605: 597: 596: 583: 571: 570: 565: 555: 554: 549: 545: 544: 541: 540: 537: 531: 528: 527: 524: 521: 518: 517: 514: 508: 505: 504: 501: 498: 495: 494: 491: 484: 481: 480: 477: 471: 468: 467: 464: 457: 454: 453: 450: 441: 438: 437: 436:3 October 1893 434: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 413: 412:Historical era 409: 408: 401: 395: 392: 391: 384: 378: 375: 374: 362:rule by decree 357: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 337: 334: 333: 328: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 309:Prime Minister 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 289: 286: 285: 280: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 253: 252: 247: 244: 241: 240: 235: 232: 229: 228: 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 172: 168: 167: 158: 154: 153: 144: 140: 139: 128: 124: 123: 116: 112: 111: 103: 102: 93: 86: 85: 77: 70: 69: 68: 65: 64: 58: 57: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6535: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6337:Dramatic arts 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6259:Ethnic groups 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999:Deforestation 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5812: 5810: 5805: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:Easter Island 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124:Jabal Shammar 5122: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4616:Liechtenstein 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4419:Queen regnant 4417: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4378:Republicanism 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4358:Head of state 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4292:Non-sovereign 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4101:Occupied Guam 4092: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4068: 4065: 4054: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3957: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3684:Europa Island 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3558: 3557:New Caledonia 3555: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3477:French Guiana 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3332:Alawite State 3330: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3100:Saint Vincent 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2925:Grande Comore 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2842:Four Communes 2840: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2825:Arguin Island 2823: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2800:Côte d'Ivoire 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2744: 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1398:Champasak 1320:Vientiane 1232:Although 1149:In 1901, 1114:Lao Soung 1081:, 85% of 1079:Vientiane 1030:Indochina 978:Haut-Laos 932:ultimatum 930:After an 633:Champasak 460:Champasak 157:Religion 131:Vientiane 63:1946–1953 61:1893–1945 6407:Category 6299:Religion 6289:Language 6274:COVID-19 6112:Military 6053:Politics 6034:Wildlife 6014:Phou Bia 5868:Vat Phou 5863:Lan Xang 5843:Peopling 5827:articles 5752:Rhodesia 5747:Pakistan 5666:Barbados 5635:Rimatara 5625:Rapa Iti 5554:Valencia 5529:Tavolara 5519:Scotland 5484:Portugal 5444:Moldavia 5329:Bulgaria 5324:Brittany 5299:Asturias 5179:Mongolia 5169:Maldives 5031:Trinidad 5021:Suriname 4979:Americas 4963:Zimbabwe 4958:Zanzibar 4943:Wituland 4918:Ngazidja 4913:Ndzuwani 4848:Ethiopia 4571:Thailand 4551:Malaysia 4531:Cambodia 4481:Eswatini 4277:Elective 4262:Absolute 3507:Overseas 3467:Overseas 3325:Damascus 3274:Vietnam 3265:Cambodia 3242:Karaikal 3059:Dominica 2854:Togoland 2520:Treaties 2341:Cambodia 1685:26 April 1619:See also 1560:Boun Oum 1529:Boun Oum 1394:Lan Xang 1390:Lao Nyai 1355:Cambodia 1312:Thailand 1277:Japanese 1118:Lao Loum 982:Bas-Laos 921:Oun Kham 893:Thailand 865:Cambodia 808:its King 771:Japanese 753:) was a 611:of Phuan 548:Currency 462:annexed 444:Part of 238:Zakarine 226:Oun Kham 180:under a 6391:Outline 6332:Cuisine 6319:Culture 6232:Society 6208:Tourism 6193:Fishing 6158:Economy 5994:Borders 5835:History 5742:Nigeria 5717:Ireland 5645:Tahuata 5620:Raiatea 5600:Huahine 5575:Abemama 5568:Oceania 5539:Tuscany 5494:Romania 5489:Prussia 5454:Navarre 5434:Majorca 5414:Ireland 5409:Imereti 5404:Iceland 5399:Hungary 5394:Hanover 5389:Granada 5379:Germany 5374:Georgia 5369:Galicia 5359:Finland 5349:Corsica 5344:Cilicia 5314:Bavaria 5304:Austria 5289:Albania 5261:Vietnam 5204:Sarawak 5194:Qu'aiti 5129:Kathiri 5092:Dapitan 5067:Bukhara 5016:Miskito 4938:Tunisia 4928:Shilluk 4838:Dahomey 4828:Burundi 4818:Bagirmi 4798:Adamawa 4717:Jamaica 4712:Grenada 4697:Bahamas 4661:Oceania 4611:Denmark 4606:Belgium 4601:Andorra 4516:Bahrain 4491:Morocco 4486:Lesotho 4465:Current 4456:Pharaoh 4409:Emperor 4348:Dynasty 4302:Regency 4282:Federal 4272:Diarchy 4226:Monarch 3801:during 3740:Comoros 3497:Réunion 3492:Mayotte 3410:Present 3368:Vanuatu 3356:Oceania 3128:Berbice 3064:Grenada 2920:Anjouan 2912:Comoros 2864:Albreda 2837:Senegal 2805:Dahomey 2782:Tunisia 2777:Morocco 2772:Algeria 2161:Sources 2151:Le Laos 2117:loc.gov 1983:Le Laos 1967:Le Laos 1857:Le Laos 1798:, p. 30 1775:Le Laos 1762:Le Laos 1717:Le Laos 1704:Le Laos 1519:of the 1500:British 1492:Chinese 1293:Germany 1279:forces 1159:Ong Keo 1129:Revolts 1083:Thakhek 948:Bangkok 835:as the 782:Siamese 655:of Siam 653:Kingdom 552:Piastre 532:• 509:• 485:• 472:• 458:• 442:• 427:• 396:• 379:• 325:(first) 277:(first) 188:Unitary 175:Unitary 138:(royal) 127:Capital 6412:Portal 6372:Sports 6342:Emblem 6327:Anthem 6264:Health 6188:Energy 6019:Rivers 6009:Mekong 5825: 5777:Uganda 5727:Malawi 5692:Guyana 5671:Ceylon 5650:Tahiti 5640:Rurutu 5595:Hawaii 5524:Serbia 5509:Saxony 5499:Russia 5384:Greece 5364:France 5354:Cyprus 5339:Crimea 5319:Bosnia 5294:Aragon 5282:Europe 5246:Taiwan 5216:Sikkim 5199:Ryukyu 5184:Najran 5082:Chehab 5062:Bengal 5011:Mexico 4996:Brazil 4923:Rwanda 4903:Maravi 4803:Ankole 4791:Africa 4783:Former 4764:Tuvalu 4707:Canada 4702:Belize 4646:Sweden 4636:Norway 4626:Monaco 4593:Europe 4546:Kuwait 4541:Jordan 4526:Brunei 4521:Bhutan 4473:Africa 4446:Sultan 4397:Titles 4311:Topics 3964: 3320:Aleppo 3288:Tonkin 3247:Yanaon 3227:Madras 3105:Tobago 3026:Canada 3016:Acadia 2930:Mohéli 2815:Guinea 2717:Former 2572:French 2370:Events 2331:Tonkin 1908: 1878: 1828: 1794: 1496:Lu Han 1457:After 1178:Tonkin 1046:Pleiku 1042:Kontum 787:, the 785:vassal 747:French 360:None ( 340:(last) 313: 292:(last) 265: 211: 147:French 115:Status 6398:Index 6362:Music 6309:Women 6278:Delta 6244:Crime 6029:Towns 5732:Malta 5722:Kenya 5697:India 5687:Ghana 5514:Savoy 5504:Samos 5419:Italy 5266:Yemen 5241:Tibet 5236:Syria 5189:Nepal 5164:Mahra 5144:Kumul 5139:Korea 5134:Khiva 5113:Qajar 5097:Hejaz 5087:China 5072:Burma 5001:Haiti 4991:Aztec 4908:Mwali 4898:Maore 4878:Libya 4873:Kongo 4868:Kaffa 4863:Gumma 4858:Gomma 4853:Ghana 4843:Egypt 4823:Bornu 4808:Aussa 4669:Tonga 4641:Spain 4561:Qatar 4536:Japan 3283:Annam 3138:Inini 3079:Haïti 2887:Gabon 2832:Niger 2810:Sudan 2336:Annam 2069:(PDF) 2062:(PDF) 1359:Annam 1219:Pakse 1186:Hmong 1087:Pakse 1023:Pakse 925:Paris 917:Hanoi 769:as a 715:1947: 693:1945: 672:1946: 650:1907: 628:1904: 588:1893: 6352:Flag 6281:cron 6276:and 6180:Kip 5823:Laos 5677:Fiji 5231:Sulu 5210:Shan 5154:Laos 5119:Iraq 5109:Iran 5077:Cebu 5057:Asir 5045:Asia 5006:Inca 4953:Yeke 4893:Mali 4883:Luba 4732:Niue 4582:list 4556:Oman 4508:Asia 4497:list 4451:Shah 4441:Tsar 4436:khan 4431:Raja 4414:King 4255:Type 3657:and 3270:Laos 3232:Mahé 2882:Chad 2346:Laos 2124:2019 2077:2019 1906:ISBN 1876:ISBN 1826:ISBN 1792:ISBN 1687:2014 1547:and 1357:and 1322:and 1262:Pali 1211:Isan 1184:and 1182:Khmu 1112:and 1044:and 980:and 889:Siam 879:and 799:and 763:Laos 741:The 79:Flag 6269:HIV 6102:Law 5439:Man 1291:by 757:in 151:Lao 6429:: 5715:/ 5703:, 3081:, 2221:. 2115:. 2021:^ 1990:^ 1974:^ 1887:^ 1843:, 1746:. 1689:. 1595:. 1583:. 1245:. 1200:. 1097:, 964:. 847:. 749:: 5815:e 5808:t 5801:v 5709:) 5699:( 5274:) 5268:( 5115:) 5111:( 4207:e 4200:t 4193:v 3790:e 3783:t 3776:v 3617:) 3436:e 3429:t 3422:v 3192:e 3185:t 3178:v 2989:e 2982:t 2975:v 2747:e 2740:t 2733:v 2702:e 2695:t 2688:v 2266:e 2259:t 2252:v 2126:. 2079:. 1912:. 1882:. 1750:. 1732:. 745:( 364:)

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