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Iranian folklore the nodding flowers are described (in comparison with the upright flowers of tulips) as being 'upside-down', this curious posture being attributed to the plant's bowing its (originally upright) 'head' in sorrow upon the death of a mythological or religious personage. Likewise, the glistening drops of nectar at the base of each flower are described as the
552:
The flower has a long and deep connection with the history, religion, mythology and folklore of its native Iran and, as a result, has acquired a wealth of evocative vernacular names, often referencing the pendent form of the blossoms and the tear-like nectar drops borne by the six nectaries. In
379:
grows to about 1 m (3 ft) in height, and bears lance-shaped, glossy leaves at intervals along the stem. It bears a prominent whorl of downward facing flowers at the top of the stem, topped by a 'crown' of small leaves, hence the name. While the wild form is usually orange-red, various
384:
through oranges to yellow. The pendulous flowers make a bold statement in the late spring garden; in the northern hemisphere, flowering takes place in late spring, accompanied by a distinctly foxy odour that repels mice, moles and other small animals.
741:
349:) to Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northern India and the Himalayan foothills. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental and reportedly naturalized in Austria, Sicily, and Washington State, USA. The common names and also the epithet
599:
436:
Fritillaria imperialis is easy to grow in well-drained soil in a sunny site. The plant is drought tolerant, and bulbs should be planted in the early autumn. Note that bulbs do not like to be out in the air for long.
784:
Kiani, Mahmoud; Mohammadi, Shirin; Babaei, Alireza; Sefidkon, Fatemeh; Naghavi, Mohamad Reza; Ranjbar, Mojtaba; Razavi, Seyed Ali; Saeidi, Keramatollah; Jafari, Hadi; Asgari, Davoud; Potter, Daniel (2017-10-01).
361:
729:
686:
1019:
928:
852:"Where tulips and crocuses are popular food snacks: Kurdish traditional foraging reveals traces of mobile pastoralism in Southern Iraqi Kurdistan"
345:
is a species of flowering plant in the lily family
Liliaceae, native to a wide stretch from the Anatolian plateau of Turkey, Iraq and Iran (e.g.
1359:
671:
1434:
557:
which the plant weeps in mourning the departed. Depictions of the distinctive inflorescences may be seen on the sculpted capitals of
1268:
1320:
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1338:
32:
1325:
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909:
Sharifi-Tehrani, M., Advay, M., & Shabani, L. (2015). "Fritillaria (Liliaceae) in Iran: distribution and
Nomenclature".
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1307:
787:"Iran supports a great share of biodiversity and floristic endemism for Fritillaria spp. (Liliaceae): A review"
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353:, literally "of the emperor", refer to the large circle of golden flowers, reminiscent of an emperor's crown.
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Khansar, Iran. This picture shows the six nectaries, dark spots each with a drop of nectar.
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Pieroni, Andrea; Zahir, Hawre; Amin, Hawraz
Ibrahim M.; Sõukand, Renata (2019-11-27).
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https://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/pdf/usefulPlantsOfIranIraq.pdf
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Altervista Flora
Italiana, Meleagride imperiale, Fritillaria imperialis L.
1294:
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578:
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The species and the yellow-flowered 'Maximea Lutea' have both gained the
146:
1377:
570:
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https://www.visitiran.ir/attraction/plain-overturned-tulips-fritillaria
126:
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A few names have been coined for taxa once considered as belonging to
416:. Other cultivars in shades of red, yellow and orange, are available.
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116:
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colours are found in cultivation, ranging from nearly a true
57:
1020:"Bluetits pollinate the plants other creatures cannot reach"
783:
967:
Biota of North
America Program 2014 county distribution map
752:
748:
540:
370:
366:
986:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
849:
16:
Species of flowering plant in the lily family
Liliaceae
1101:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 39
605:Fritillaria imperialis in botanic garden, Germany
1506:
569:is linked to the legend of the tragic death of
1007:Linnaeus, Carl. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 303
945:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
547:
927:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
31:
885:
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856:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
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360:
978:
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419:Like other members of the lily family,
1507:
1017:
707:Fritillaria imperials in Siirt, Turkey
449:but now regarded as distinct species:
1145:
1144:
984:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
940:
938:
423:is susceptible to depredation by the
971:
396:, which makes it a rare example of
13:
1018:Duthie, David (9 September 1989),
935:
14:
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1453:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:535166-1
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719:Illustration in John Edwards,
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1:
1134:Retrieved at 00.08 on 17/6/21
1122:Retrieved at 12.10 on 16/6/21
759:
227:Fritillaria corona-imperialis
219:Fritillaria corona-imperialis
7:
1525:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
911:Taxonomy and Biosystematics
584:) - whence the common name
548:Role in the culture of Iran
440:
410:Royal Horticultural Society
10:
1551:
747:Fritillaria Imperialis in
591:
365:Fritillaria Imperialis in
1153:
1096:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
869:10.1186/s13002-019-0341-0
811:10.1016/j.pld.2017.09.002
573:, (a semi-divine hero in
388:Owing to its large size,
199:
192:
175:
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41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1520:Plants described in 1753
463:Fritillaria chitralensis
665:View of the whole plant
577:'s prodigious national
400:at northern latitudes.
211:Fritillaria aintabensis
1414:Fritillaria imperialis
1401:Fritillaria_imperialis
1185:Fritillaria imperialis
1155:Fritillaria imperialis
1072:Fritillaria imperialis
1046:Fritillaria imperialis
588:('Tear of Siyâvash').
535:Crown imperial plain,
503:Fritillaria imperialis
484:Fritillaria imperialis
469:Fritillaria imperialis
454:Fritillaria imperialis
447:Fritillaria imperialis
377:Fritillaria imperialis
373:
326:Fritillaria imperialis
259:Fritillaria imperialis
247:Fritillaria imperialis
235:Fritillaria imperialis
179:Fritillaria imperialis
25:Fritillaria imperialis
693:Charlottenburg Palace
414:Award of Garden Merit
392:is pollinated by the
364:
680:, Lisse, Netherlands
512:Fritillaria eduardii
493:Fritillaria eduardii
478:Fritillaria eduardii
803:2017PlDiv..39..245K
425:scarlet lily beetle
335:imperial fritillary
279:Imperialis coronata
721:The British Herbal
374:
311:Petilium imperiale
303:Petilium imperiale
287:Imperialis superba
271:[Imperialis comosa
161:F. imperialis
1502:
1501:
1386:Open Tree of Life
1147:Taxon identifiers
394:Eurasian blue tit
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1352:NBNSYS0500000254
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1074:'Maximea Lutea'"
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507:inodora-purpurea
430:Lilioceris lilii
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1373:Observation.org
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791:Plant Diversity
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653:Kurdistan, Iran
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641:Kurdistan, Iran
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629:Kurdistan, Iran
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561:columns, as at
550:
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306:(L.) J.St.-Hil.
295:Lilium persicum
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5:
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1492:wfo-0000767851
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993:978-1405332965
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797:(5): 245–262.
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773:The Plant List
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617:'Rubra Maxima'
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331:crown imperial
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567:F. imperialis
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509:, now called
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421:F. imperialis
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390:F. imperialis
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343:Kurdish tulip
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170:Binomial name
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71:Tracheophytes
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1103:. Retrieved
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1071:
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1052:. Retrieved
1045:
1038:
1027:, retrieved
1023:
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923:cite journal
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551:
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458:chitralensis
457:
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398:ornithophily
389:
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351:"imperialis"
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298:E.H.L.Krause
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24:
18:
1515:Fritillaria
1295:iNaturalist
1179:Wikispecies
1105:27 February
1080:27 February
1054:27 February
917:(7): 49–70.
404:Cultivation
357:Description
239:longipetala
148:Fritillaria
123:Subfamily:
84:Angiosperms
1509:Categories
1427:kew-306669
1422:Plant List
760:References
282:Dum.Cours.
127:Lilioideae
1261:250095930
878:1746-4269
862:(1): 59.
819:2468-2659
678:Keukenhof
582:Shahnameh
347:Kurdistan
155:Species:
117:Liliaceae
54:Kingdom:
1479:18400214
1474:Tropicos
1398:PalDat:
1313:535166-1
1193:BioLib:
1164:Wikidata
1029:16 April
896:31775812
837:30159518
575:Ferdowsi
571:Siyâvash
559:Sassanid
517:eduardii
473:eduardii
441:Taxonomy
204:Synonymy
194:Synonyms
113:Family:
107:Liliales
97:Monocots
1391:1097247
1334:MoBotPF
1274:5300716
1235:1088518
1170:Q161939
887:6882212
828:6112302
799:Bibcode
592:Gallery
498:inodora
488:inodora
382:scarlet
242:auct.
230:Gaertn.
143:Genus:
137:Lilieae
133:Tribe:
103:Order:
58:Plantae
1435:PLANTS
1365:279667
1339:263696
1326:810192
1300:437502
1287:401675
1209:680510
990:
894:
884:
876:
835:
825:
817:
695:garden
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