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1028:("Journal for all natural sciences") charged that "The founding of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes in Dahlem was the prelude to an influx of Jews into the physical sciences. The directorship of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical and Electrochemistry was given to the Jew, F. Haber, the nephew of the big-time Jewish profiteer Koppel". (Koppel was not actually related to Haber.) Haber was stunned by these developments, since he assumed that his conversion to Christianity and his services to the state during World War I should have made him a German patriot. Ordered to dismiss all Jewish personnel, Haber attempted to delay their departures long enough to find them somewhere to go. As of 30 April 1933, Haber wrote to
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not having extensive experience or education. On the day that he met her, it had been raining and she gave him an umbrella to use to which he replied "I lay the umbrella into your arms and myself and my thanks at your feet". She replied "I'd rather like the contrary". They began seeing each other and he would soon propose to her. Charlotte rejected the proposal at first due to their large age difference but eventually, she agreed. Charlotte, like Clara, converted from
Judaism to Christianity before marrying Haber. The couple had two children, Eva-Charlotte and Ludwig Fritz ("Lutz"). Again, however, there were conflicts, and the couple were divorced as of 6 December 1927.
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difficult pregnancy and died three weeks after Fritz's birth, leaving
Siegfried devastated and Fritz in the care of various aunts. When Haber was about six years old, Siegfried remarried to Hedwig Hamburger. Siegfried and his second wife had three daughters: Else, Helene, and Frieda. Although his relationship with his father was distant and often difficult owing to Fritz being associated with the death of his first wife, Haber developed close relationships with his stepmother and his half-sisters. Siegfried displayed love and care for his three daughters but never fully accepted Fritz as his son.
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1222:(HUJI) established the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, based at the Institute of Chemistry of the Hebrew University. Its purpose is the promotion of Israeli-German scientific collaboration in the field of Molecular Dynamics. The Center's library is also called Fritz Haber Library, but it is not immediately clear whether there is any connection to the 1936 homonymous library of the Sieff (now Weizmann) Institute.
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763:, announced in 1884, which states that when a system is in equilibrium and one of the factors affecting it is changed, the system will respond by minimizing the effect of the change. Since it was known how to decompose ammonia in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst, one could derive from Le ChĂątelier's principle that the reaction could be reversed to produce ammonia at high temperature and pressure.
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obtained visas allowing them to immigrate to the United States. Hermann's wife
Margarethe died after the end of the war, and Hermann committed suicide in 1946. His oldest daughter, Claire, committed suicide in 1949; also a chemist, she had been told her research into an antidote for the effects of chlorine gas was being set aside, as work on the atomic bomb was taking precedence.
586:, which at the time was the only known method for the prevention of cholera. That epidemic ended up being isolated and resulted in their possession of a sizeable amount of unused calcium hypochlorite, which is unstable. This caused a rift between Siegfried and Haber, with his father telling him to go back to his university studies as he did not belong in the business world.
494:(now KÄpno, Poland). An important Prussian edict of 13 March 1812 determined that Jews and their families, including Pinkus Haber, were "to be treated as local citizens and citizens of Prussia". Under such regulations, members of the Haber family were able to establish themselves in respected positions in business, politics, and law.
384:. It is estimated that a third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the HaberâBosch process, and that this food supports nearly half the world's population. For this work, Haber has been called one of the most important scientists and industrial chemists in human history. Haber also, along with
1036:, president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, to tender his resignation as the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, and as a professor at the university, effective 1 October 1933. He said that although as a converted Jew he might be legally entitled to remain in his position, he no longer wished to do so.
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as another chemical story (R4, 1415, 16 Feb 01). Fritz Haber found a way of making nitrogen compounds from the air. They have two main uses: fertilizers and explosives. His process enabled
Germany to produce vast quantities of armaments. (The second part of the title refers to a process for obtaining
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Haber married his second wife, Charlotte Nathan, on 25 October 1917 in Berlin. When out travelling, Fritz was staying at the Adlon Hotel which was near the
Deutscher Klub. At this establishment, Fritz met Nathan, who was one of the secretaries and sparked his interest with her accomplishments despite
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Haber had received a PhD in chemistry by this time, but his father required him to take handwriting courses and become a salesman to learn more about the company. Haber urged his father to transfer from natural to synthetic dyes, but his father refused. Eventually, his father followed global business
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Haber was the son of
Siegfried and Paula Haber, who were first cousins who married in spite of considerable opposition from their families. Haber's father Siegfried was a well-known merchant in the town, who had founded his own business in dye pigments, paints and pharmaceuticals. Paula experienced a
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In the 1920s, Haber searched exhaustively for a method to extract gold from sea water, and published a number of scientific papers on the subject. After years of research, he concluded that the concentration of gold dissolved in sea water was much lower than that reported by earlier researchers, and
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Haber defended gas warfare against accusations that it was inhumane, saying that death was death, by whatever means it was inflicted and referred to history: "The disapproval that the knight had for the man with the firearm is repeated in the soldier who shoots with steel bullets towards the man who
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Haber worked in a variety of areas while at
Karlsruhe, making significant contributions in several areas. In the area of dye and textiles, he and Friedrich Bran were able to explain theoretically steps in textile printing processes developed by Adolf Holz. Discussions with Carl Engler prompted Haber
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during the Great War. He received the Nobel Prize for
Chemistry, yet there were moves to strip him of the award because of his work on gas warfare. He pointed out, rightly, that most of Nobel's money had come from armaments and the pursuit of war. After Hitler's rise to power, the government forced
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In his studies of the effects of poison gas, Haber noted that exposure to a low concentration of a poisonous gas for a long time often had the same effect (death) as exposure to a high concentration for a short time. He formulated a simple mathematical relationship between the gas concentration and
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With his degree, Haber returned to
Breslau to work at his father's chemical business, where their relationship continued to have difficulties. Through Siegfried's connections, Haber was assigned a series of practical apprenticeships in different chemical companies to gain experience. These included
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By the time Fritz was born, the Habers had to some extent become assimilated into German society. He attended primary school at the
Johanneum School, a "simultaneous school" open equally to Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish students. At age 11, he went to school at the St Elizabeth classical school,
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Haber and Clara's son, Hermann Haber, lived in France until 1941, but was unable to obtain French citizenship. When Germany invaded France during World War II, Hermann and his wife and three daughters escaped internment on a French ship travelling from Marseilles to the Caribbean. From there, they
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Her reasons for suicide remain the subject of speculation. There were multiple stresses in the marriage, and it has been suggested that she opposed Haber's work in chemical warfare. According to this view, her suicide may have been in part a response to Haber's having personally overseen the first
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and chemical feedstocks, which was previously dependent on acquisition of ammonia from limited natural deposits, now became possible using an easily available and abundant base: atmospheric nitrogen. The ability to produce much larger quantities of nitrogen-based fertilizers in turn supported much
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In 1906, Max Le Blanc, chair of the physical chemistry department at Karlsruhe, accepted a position at the University of Leipzig. After receiving recommendations from a search committee, the Ministry of Education in Baden offered the full professorship for physical chemistry at Karlsruhe to Haber,
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Haber was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work (he actually received the award in 1919). In his acceptance speech for that Nobel Prize Haber commented "It may be that this solution is not the final one. Nitrogen bacteria teach us that Nature, with her sophisticated forms of the
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Following Haber's wishes, Haber and Clara's son Hermann arranged for Haber to be cremated and buried in Basel's Hörnli Cemetery on 29 September 1934, and for Clara's remains to be removed from Dahlem and re-interred with him on 27 January 1937 (see picture). Albert Einstein, his longtime friend,
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Haber successfully passed his examinations at the St Elizabeth High School in Breslau in September 1886. Although his father wished him to become an apprentice in the dye company, Haber obtained his father's permission to study chemistry at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin (today the
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GrĂŒnwald and Company (a Budapest distillery), an Austrian ammonia-sodium factory, and the FeldmĂŒhle paper and cellulose works. These experiences drove Haber to learn more about technical processes, and persuaded his father to let him spend a semester at the Polytechnic College in
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A special troop was formed for gas warfare (Pioneer Regiments 35 and 36) under the command of Otto Peterson, with Haber and Friedrich Kerschbaum as advisors. Haber actively recruited physicists, chemists, and other scientists to be transferred to the unit. Future Nobel laureates
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Haber and his son Hermann also urged that Haber's children by Charlotte Nathan, at boarding school in Germany, should leave the country. Charlotte and the children moved to the United Kingdom around 1933 or 1934. After the war, Charlotte's children became British citizens.
790:). After the introduction of the Haber process, naturally extracted nitrate production in Chile fell from 2.5 million tons (employing 60,000 workers and selling at US$ 45/ton) in 1925 to just 800,000 tons, produced by 14,133 workers, and selling at $ 19/ton in 1934.
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as the 'Japan Fund' (Hoshi-Ausschuss). Haber was asked to manage the fund, and was invited by Hoshi to Japan in 1924. Haber offered a number of chemical licences to Hoshi's company, but the offers were refused. The money from the Fund was used to support the work of
629:. By making careful quantitative analyses, Haber was able to establish that "the thermal stability of the carbon-carbon bond is greater than that of the carbon-hydrogen bond in aromatic compounds and smaller in aliphatic compounds", a classic result in the study of
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in a class evenly divided between Protestant and Jewish students. His family supported the Jewish community and continued to observe many Jewish traditions, but were not strongly associated with the synagogue. Haber identified strongly as German, less so as Jewish.
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in Bunte's institute, taking on teaching duties related to the area of dye technology, and continuing to work on the combustion of gases. In 1896, the university supported him in travelling to Silesia, Saxony, and Austria to learn about advances in dye technology.
1082:. Intelligent and a perfectionist, she became increasingly depressed after her marriage and the resulting loss of her career. On 2 May 1915, following an argument with Haber, Clara committed suicide in their garden by shooting herself in the heart with his
1121:(1986). Hermann's daughter Eva lived in Kenya for many years, returning to England in the 1950s. She died in 2015, leaving three children, five grandchildren, and eight great-grandchildren. Several members of Haber's extended family died in
1191:. He accepted, and left for the Middle East in January 1934, travelling with his half-sister, Else Haber Freyhahn. His ill health overpowered him and on 29 January 1934, at the age of 65, he died of heart failure, mid-journey, in a
913:. Regarding war and peace, Haber once said "during peace time a scientist belongs to the world, but during war time he belongs to his country". This was an example of the ethical dilemmas facing chemists at that time.
1211:, where it was dedicated as the Fritz Haber Library on 29 January 1936. Hermann Haber helped to move the library and gave a speech at the dedication. It still exists as a private collection in the Weizmann Institute.
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confronts him with chemical weapons. The gas weapons are not at all more cruel than the flying iron pieces; on the contrary, the fraction of fatal gas diseases is comparatively smaller, the mutilations are missing".
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to Japan for Japanese support for German scholars in times of financial hardship, a Japanese businessman named Hoshi Hajime, the president of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company, donated two million Reichsmark to the
858:(to which Germany was a signatory). He was promoted to the rank of captain and made head of the Chemistry Section in the Ministry of War soon after the war began. In addition to leading the teams developing
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774:, the process was successfully scaled up to produce commercial quantities of ammonia. The HaberâBosch process was a milestone in industrial chemistry. The production of nitrogen-based products such as
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gold from sea water. It worked, but didn't pay.) There can be few figures with a more interesting life than Haber, from a biographer's point of view. He made German agriculture independent of Chilean
652:. He had been interested in the area for some time, and had worked with another privatdozent, Hans Luggin, who gave theoretical lectures in electrochemistry and physical chemistry. Haber's 1898 book
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574:. In the Fall of 1892, Haber returned again to Breslau to work in his father's company, but the two men continued to clash and Siegfried finally accepted that they could not work well together.
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from Friedrich Wilhelm University in May 1891, after presenting his work to a board of examiners from the University of Berlin, since Charlottenburg was not yet accredited to grant doctorates.
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The annual world production of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is currently more than 100 million tons. The food base of half the current world population is based on the HaberâBosch process.
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in 1889, while he was serving his required year in the military. Clara was the daughter of a chemist who owned a sugar factory, and was the first woman to earn a PhD (in chemistry) at the
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who was intensely interested in the chemical technology of dyes and the dye industry, and the study of synthetic materials for textiles. Engler referred Haber to a colleague in Karlsruhe,
1341:. Thiessen describes Haber as a tragic figure who strives unsuccessfully throughout his life to evade both his Jewish ancestry and the moral implications of his scientific contributions.
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1071:. She converted from Judaism to Christianity in 1897, several years before she and Haber became engaged. They were married on 3 August 1901; their son Hermann was born on 1 June 1902.
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Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter (2017), Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter; Renn, JĂŒrgen; Schmaltz, Florian (eds.), "Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber",
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Haber left Dahlem in August 1933, staying briefly in Paris, Spain, and Switzerland. He was in extremely poor health during these travels. Haber specifically suffered attacks from
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The institute most closely associated with his work, the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem (a suburb of Berlin), was renamed
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The discovery of a new way of producing ammonia had other significant economic impacts as well. Chile had been a major (and almost unique) exporter of natural deposits such as
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In the meantime, some of the scientists who had been Haber's counterparts and competitors in England during World War I now helped him and others to leave Germany. Brigadier
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family. Despite Haber being a common family name in Breslau, the family has been traced back to a great-grandfather, Pinkus Selig Haber, who was a wool dealer from
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Bunte and Engler supported an application for further authorization of Haber's teaching activities, and on 6 December 1898, Haber was invested with the title of
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in electrochemical terms, differentiating between dry and wet autoxidation. Haber's examinations of the thermodynamics of the reaction of solids confirmed that
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depicted Fritz Haber's decision to embark on the gas warfare program and his relationship with his wife. The film was written and directed by Daniel Ragussis.
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662:. In the book's foreword, Haber expresses his gratitude to Luggin, who died on 5 December 1899. Haber collaborated with others in the area as well, including
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Haber received much criticism for his involvement in the development of chemical weapons in pre-World War II Germany, both from contemporaries, especially
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from Judaism to Lutheranism, possibly in an attempt to improve his chances of getting a better academic or military position. Knorr recommended Haber to
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In December 2013, Haber was the subject of a BBC World Service radio programme: "Why has one of the world's most important scientists been forgotten?".
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Fritz Haber's other son, Ludwig Fritz Haber (1921â2004), became an eminent British economist and wrote a history of chemical warfare in World War I,
658:(Outline of technical electrochemistry based on theoretical foundations) attracted considerable attention, particularly his work on the reduction of
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His and his wife's life, including their relationship with the Einsteins, and Haber's wife's suicide, are featured prominently in the novel
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The Einstein Dossiers: Science and Politics â Einstein's Berlin Period with an Appendix on Einstein's FBI File (translated by A. Hentschel)
541:. In addition to Liebermann's lectures on organic chemistry, Haber also attended lectures by Otto Witt on the chemical technology of dyes.
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2019:
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Haber was a patriotic German who was proud of his service during World War I, for which he was decorated. He was even given the rank of
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Geissler, Erhard: "Biological warfare activities in Germany 1923â1945". In: Geissler, Erhard and Moon, John Ellis van Courtland, eds.,
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in Haber's unit. In 1914 and 1915, before the Second Battle of Ypres, Haber's unit investigated reports that the French had deployed
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The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler
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2132:"Reaction Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Improved Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis from Hierarchical High Throughput Catalyst Design"
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service in the Sixth Field Artillery Regiment. Upon its completion, he returned to Charlottenburg where he became a student of
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eulogized Haber with the following words: "Haber's life was the tragedy of the German Jew â the tragedy of unrequited love".
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Gas warfare in World War I was, in a sense, the war of the chemists, with Haber pitted against French Nobel laureate chemist
874:. The team Haber assembled consisted of more than 150 scientists and 1,300 technical personnel. Haber also helped to develop
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Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European women in science, 1800 â 1900 : a survey of their contributions to research
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and was first broadcast on 23 October 2008. It was directed by Celia de Wolff and written by Justin Hopper, and starred
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were less forgiving of Haber's involvement in poison gas warfare: Rutherford pointedly refused to shake hands with him.
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has broadcast two plays on the life of Fritz Haber. The description of the first reads: from the Diversity Website:
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From 1919 to 1923 Haber continued to be involved in Germany's secret development of chemical weapons, working with
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Dunikowska, Magda; Turko, Ludwik 2011 "Fritz Haber: The Damned Scientist". "Angew. Chem. Int. Ed." 50: 10050â10062
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A photograph of their gravestone in Hörnli Cemetery, Basel can also be found in the book written by Stoltzenberg.
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Master mind : the rise and fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel laureate who launched the age of chemical warfare
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chemistry of living matter, still understands and utilizes methods which we do not as yet know how to imitate."
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Biologische Waffen, nicht in Hitlers Arsenalen. Biologische und Toxin-Kampfmittel in Deutschland von 1915â1945
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Technology & economics: Papers commemorating Ralph Landau's service to the National Academy of Engineering
824:. In 1953, this institute was renamed for him. He is sometimes credited, incorrectly, with first synthesizing
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719:(1908), later regarded as "a model of accuracy and critical insight" in the field of chemical thermodynamics.
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Die Chemie im Kriege; fĂŒnf VortrĂ€ge (1920â1923) ĂŒber Giftgas, Sprengstoff und KunstdĂŒnger im Ersten Weltkrieg
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To further develop the process for large-scale ammonia production, Haber turned to industry. Partnering with
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in 1933, Haber resigned from his position. Already in poor health, he spent time in various countries before
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Master mind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare
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1145:. Repeated angina attacks can cause lasting damage which likely contributed to his death the next year.
514:. Haber was disappointed by his initial winter semester (1886â87) in Berlin, and arranged to attend the
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and the measurement of electrolytic potentials. Haber's work on irreversible and reversible forms of
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The grave of Fritz and Clara Haber (née Immerwahr) in the Hörnli graveyard of Basel, Switzerland
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Haber greeted World War I with enthusiasm, joining 92 other German intellectuals in signing the
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A terrible mistake : the murder of Frank Olson, and the CIA's secret cold war experiments
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under conditions of high temperature and pressure. This discovery was a direct consequence of
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Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production
3884:"The Project is Nothing, The Process is Everything: An Interview with Judith Claire Mitchell"
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Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production
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hold for the electrolysis of crystalline salts. This work led to a theoretical basis for the
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Enriching the Earth Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production
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A fictional description of Haber's life, and in particular his long-term relationship with
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in October 1914. Haber played a major role in the development of the non-ballistic use of
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Between genius and genocide : the tragedy of Fritz Haber, father of chemical warfare
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Haber then sought an academic appointment, first working as an independent assistant to
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A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments
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The New International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the year 1918
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in Germany, and the possible safety of his friends, associates, and family. Under the
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Fuller, Jon; An, Qi; Fortunelli, Alessandro; Goddard, William A. (19 April 2022).
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4145:
4009:
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2597:
Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry
2505:
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150:
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In the summer of 1889, Haber was conscripted and left university to perform his
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4998:
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1364:
Haber to resign from his professorship and research jobs because he was Jewish.
1360:
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917:
863:
783:
447:
420:
393:
4279:
3124:(Interview). Interviewed by Jad Abumrad, Robert Krulwich. New York, NY: WNYC.
3116:
Stern, Fritz; Charles, Daniel; Nasser, Latif; Kaufman, Fred (9 January 2012).
2817:
2730:
2344:
701:
are considered classics in the field of electrochemistry. He also studied the
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4878:
4826:
4806:
4755:
4579:
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4435:
4375:
4039:
Bernstein, Barton J. (1987). "Birth of the U.S. biological warfare program".
2482:
2300:
2155:
1441:
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1103:
1029:
740:
615:
519:
463:
436:
361:
278:
145:
4246:
3852:
3688:
3654:
3228:
3211:
2473:
2456:
2422:"Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory"
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567:
450:
invited him to become the director of the Sieff Research Institute (now the
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5436:
5420:
5368:
5317:
5261:
5189:
5161:
5145:
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4407:
4343:
4251:
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3087:
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1422:
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1386:
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978:
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663:
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641:
634:
595:
432:
4196:
4068:
2804:
Szöllösi-Janze, M. (2001). "Pesticides and war: the case of Fritz Haber".
1570:
955:, and helping both Spain and Russia in the development of chemical gases.
554:(About a Few piperonal Derivatives) in 1891. Haber received his doctorate
427:. His work was later used, without his direct involvement, to develop the
5716:
5568:
5552:
5532:
5528:
5305:
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4512:
4415:
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3292:
One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences
1774:
1466:
by Judith Claire Mitchell. The characters are named Lenz and Iris Alter.
1394:
1382:
1344:
1000:
967:
626:
607:
578:
trends and switched to synthetic dyes. Haber's next suggestion, during a
571:
412:
397:
92:
3797:
3744:
958:
During the 1920s, scientists working at Haber's institute developed the
5789:
5468:
5404:
5384:
5309:
5117:
5022:
4970:
4894:
4775:
4771:
4599:
3639:. Archives of Anthony Phillips (who composed the music). Archived from
1256:
1033:
992:
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879:
829:
805:
801:
775:
767:
377:
312:
260:
175:
1179:
offered him the directorship at the Sieff Research Institute (now the
1102:
to oversee gas release against the Russian Army. Originally buried in
1098:, resulting in over 67,000 casualties. Haber left within days for the
977:
From 1919 to 1925, in response to a request made by German ambassador
483:
5089:
4715:
4252:
Termination of Employment Letter to Ladislaus Farkas from Fritz Haber
1635:
1161:
996:
903:
895:
779:
greater agricultural yields, supporting half the world's population.
744:
706:
630:
545:
403:
Haber, a known German nationalist, is also considered the "father of
5978:
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917â1925)
4127:
Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945â1961
3149:"The Forbidden Zone review â poisoned by a 'higher form of killing'"
818:
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
563:
3906:
1449:
1436:
1079:
756:
752:
655:
Grundriss der technischen Elektrochemie auf theoretischer Grundlage
428:
416:
385:
373:
369:
1469:
Haber's life and relationship to Albert Einstein was portrayed in
1133:
1048:
491:
376:
gas. This invention is important for the large-scale synthesis of
1695:
1184:
1064:
871:
748:
648:
In 1897 Haber made a similar trip to learn about developments in
579:
479:
455:
365:
353:
62:
2325:
1322:(Goethe Medal for Art and Science) from the President of Germany
625:
Bunte suggested that Haber examine the thermal decomposition of
2923:"Clara Haber, nee Immerwahr (1870-1915): Life, Work and Legacy"
2632:
1142:
928:
the necessary exposure time. This relationship became known as
921:
487:
4212:
4176:
Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew: A Biography
1168:, Haber lived and worked for a few months. Scientists such as
816:). A large part of his work from 1911 to 1933 was done at the
431:
pesticide used for the killing of more than 1 million Jews in
4314:
1401:
as Colonel Peterson, Conor Tottenham as Haber's son Hermann,
1192:
854:, in spite of the proscription of their use in shells by the
467:
88:
4167:: "Together and Apart: Fritz Haber and Albert Einstein", in
3184:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from
1010:
By 1931, Haber was increasingly concerned about the rise of
3294:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 45â67,
2671:
825:
771:
712:
Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen: sieben Vorlesungen
352:; 9 December 1868 â 29 January 1934) was a German
2182:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1991. p.
1032:, the national and Prussian minister of Education, and to
705:
of non-rare metals and the effects of electric current on
3115:
2129:
1440:
aired a segment on Haber, including the invention of the
1016:
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
717:
Thermodynamics of technical gas-reactions: seven lectures
709:
of metals. In addition, Haber published his second book,
6018:
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
2857:
1571:"Fritz Haber: Jewish chemist whose work led to Zyklon B"
518:
for the summer semester of 1887, where he studied under
5993:
Academic staff of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
3552:. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 1935. p. 11.
1979:
Fritz Haber : Chemist, Nobel laureate, German, Jew
1326:
906:, a supposed chemical weapon, against German soldiers.
5973:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
4247:
Fritz Haber: Jewish chemist whose work led to Zyklon B
3069:"Reflections: Fritz Haber and the ambiguity of ethics"
2113:
2111:
1207:
Haber bequeathed his extensive private library to the
602:
between 1892 and 1894. During his time in Jena, Haber
5983:
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
4097:. LIT-Verlag, Berlin-Hamburg-MĂŒnster, 2nd ed., 1999.
2921:
Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter (March 2016).
2879:
Creese, Mary R. S. Creese; Creese, Thomas M. (2004).
2507:
Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I
1300:
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
273:
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
5968:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2633:
Gad, Shayne C.; Kaplan, Harold L. (2 October 1990).
1007:
that gold extraction from sea water was uneconomic.
544:
Liebermann assigned Haber to work on reactions with
510:), with the director of the Institute for Chemistry
415:. He first proposed the use of the heavier-than-air
3481:
Practical chemical thermodynamics for geoscientists
2108:
1282:
Honorary Member, Chemical Society of England (1931)
1255:Bunsen Medal of the Bunsen Society of Berlin, with
3540:
2927:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
2885:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 143â145.
2803:
1723:"Seven Billion Humans: The World Fritz Haber Made"
1175:In 1933, during Haber's brief sojourn in England,
882:filters which could protect against such weapons.
804:reactions, the separation of gold from sea water,
407:" for his years of pioneering work developing and
4275:Chlorine nitrogen and the legacies of Fritz Haber
3411:. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 125.
3289:
2920:
2551:. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 247â316.
2323:
1314:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
470:, Switzerland hotel on 29 January 1934, aged 65.
5988:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
5889:
3712:"Feeding a War (Interview with Daniel Ragussis)"
2715:(in German). Berlin: Comino Verlag. p. 50.
1972:
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1920:
1918:
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1908:
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1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1691:"The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions"
677:and an associate professorship, by order of the
4110:Biological warfare from the Middle Ages to 1945
3252:"Remembering Controversial Chemist Fritz Haber"
2704:
2593:
2583:. Government Printing Office. 2008. p. 15.
2170:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1160:arranged for Haber to be officially invited to
5714:
4280:The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions
3118:"How Do You Solve a Problem Like Fritz Haber?"
2057:"Ueber einige Derivate des Piperonals (cover)"
1981:. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
1295:, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1932)
5700:
4300:
4238:"How do you solve a problem like Fritz Haber"
3477:
2665:
2626:
1749:"Fritz Haber's Experiments in Life and Death"
1661:"Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch â Feed the World"
1025:Zeitschrift fĂŒr die gesamte Naturwissenschaft
3685:Justin Hopper â Writer and Script Consultant
3039:(1st ed.). Walterville, OR: Trine Day.
2916:
2914:
2878:
2510:. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 6.
2497:
2235:
1976:
1853:
1421:In November 2008, Haber was again played by
1023:
710:
653:
549:
4112:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999,
3344:"The Library: Library: Special Collections"
2543:Novak, Igor (2011). "Science and History".
2317:
2080:
2078:
1078:activist and according to some accounts, a
1043:
735:from 1894 to 1911, Haber and his assistant
473:
5707:
5693:
4307:
4293:
4267:
4207:The Synthesis of Ammonia from Its Elements
4200:
3807:
3754:
3549:Report of the National Academy of Sciences
3432:
3430:
3244:
2838:
2600:. Oxford University Press. pp. 102â.
2587:
2236:Collier, Simon; Sater, William F. (2004).
1320:Goethe-Medaille fĂŒr Kunst und Wissenschaft
1018:of 7 April 1933, Jewish scientists at the
633:of hydrocarbons. This work became Haber's
364:, a method used in industry to synthesize
31:
4205:including the Nobel Lecture, 2 June 1920
4038:
3510:
3379:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
3309:
3299:
3227:
3032:
2946:
2911:
2874:
2872:
2839:Sprang, Christian; Kato, Tetsuro (2006).
2472:
2380:
1658:
1385:and the strain it put on his wife Clara (
800:Haber was also active in the research on
582:epidemic, was for his father to purchase
3881:
3875:
3850:
3814:
3604:
3598:
3484:. New York: Academic Press. p. 43.
3066:
2968:
2966:
2075:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1132:
1047:
6053:Scientists from the Province of Silesia
4216:â A biographical film about Fritz Haber
3844:
3637:"Bread from the Air, Gold from the Sea"
3436:
3427:
3374:"Book of Members, 1780â2010: Chapter B"
3209:
3026:
2778:
2503:
2454:
2229:
2226:. p. 77 (Data from "Nature Geosience").
2205:
2203:
2001:
1995:
1335:, appears in Vern Thiessen's 2003 play
1214:In 1981, the Minerva foundation of the
210: 1901; died 1915)
6068:World War I crimes by Imperial Germany
5890:
4178:(Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2005),
3779:from the original on 21 September 2016
3471:
3007:
3001:
2869:
2772:
2743:
2737:
2672:Salem, Harry; Katz, Sidney A. (2014).
2547:Science : a many-splendored thing
2362:from the original on 18 September 2009
2223:Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung
1568:
666:, a student and later an assistant of
5688:
4288:
4257:Newspaper clippings about Fritz Haber
3945:
3863:from the original on 17 February 2015
3709:
3703:
3661:from the original on 13 November 2012
3478:Fegley, Bruce; Osborne, Rose (2008).
3404:
3398:
3146:
2972:
2963:
2863:
2710:
2542:
2536:
2524:from the original on 23 February 2024
2436:from the original on 22 December 2019
2419:
2413:
2401:from the original on 23 February 2024
2117:
2040:
1841:from the original on 23 February 2024
1820:
1797:
1601:"Fritz Haber | Biography & Facts"
1356:Bread from the Air, Gold from the Sea
1244:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1236:
1164:, England. There, with his assistant
946:
522:. He then returned to Berlin, to the
339:
313:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
6023:Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism
6008:Technische UniversitÀt Berlin alumni
5998:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
4140:
3832:from the original on 4 November 2020
3607:"Broadway Review: 'Einstein's Gift'"
3446:Indian Journal of History of Science
3366:
3354:from the original on 3 February 2022
3128:from the original on 4 November 2020
3076:Proceedings Western Pharmacology Soc
2675:Inhalation Toxicology, Third Edition
2294:
2288:
2240:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, England:
2200:
1785:from the original on 9 February 2023
1703:from the original on 25 October 2023
1629:
1581:from the original on 18 October 2020
1327:Dramatizations and fictionalizations
1202:
551:Ueber einige Derivate des Piperonals
462:. He accepted the offer but died of
3851:Williams, Mike (27 December 2013).
3605:Saltzman, Simon (19 October 2005).
3568:
2841:Japanese-German Relations 1895â1945
2581:Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
2276:from the original on 7 January 2018
2266:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918"
2008:(1. ed.). New York, NY: Ecco.
1550:from the original on 3 January 2022
548:for his thesis topic, published as
13:
4171:. Princeton University Press, 2001
4061:10.1038/scientificamerican0687-116
3965:
3946:Hager, Thomas (9 September 2008).
3655:"Afternoon Play, The Greater Good"
3439:"Fritz Haber â A Conflict Chemist"
3341:
2744:Shapin, Steven (26 January 2006).
2594:Coffey, Patrick (29 August 2008).
2374:
2324:Benzenhöfer, U; Passie, T (2006).
1611:from the original on 18 April 2020
1377:as Haber. It explored his work on
943:, and from modern-day scientists.
862:and other deadly gases for use in
14:
6079:
4190:
4129:. Oxford University Press, 2006,
3882:Benjamin, Chloe (30 March 2015).
3586:from the original on 29 July 2022
3556:from the original on 20 July 2023
3528:from the original on 29 July 2022
3498:from the original on 20 July 2023
3415:from the original on 20 July 2023
3159:from the original on 29 July 2022
2989:from the original on 20 June 2019
2899:from the original on 20 July 2023
2760:from the original on 20 June 2019
2692:from the original on 20 July 2023
2653:from the original on 20 July 2023
2614:from the original on 20 July 2023
2455:Witschi, Hanspeter (1 May 2000).
2295:Smil, Vaclav (27 February 2004).
2096:from the original on 12 June 2018
2063:from the original on 8 March 2021
2022:from the original on 20 July 2023
1671:from the original on 19 June 2021
1524:from the original on 12 June 2018
1316:, 1929â1933; Vice-President, 1931
812:, and free radical research (see
411:and other poisonous gases during
360:in 1918 for his invention of the
4537:
4220:A short biography of Fritz Haber
4028:â Trine Day LLC, 1st ed., 2009,
3894:from the original on 17 May 2019
3386:from the original on 8 July 2018
2420:Gross, Daniel A. (Spring 2015).
2326:"The early history of "Ecstasy""
1827:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1755:from the original on 16 May 2019
1729:from the original on 30 May 2023
1022:were particularly targeted. The
828:(which was first synthesized by
234:
5963:German chemical weapons program
3791:
3761:
3738:
3673:
3647:
3629:
3335:
3283:
3274:
3203:
3171:
3147:Clapp, Susannah (5 June 2016).
3140:
3109:
3060:
2832:
2797:
2573:
2448:
2258:
2123:
2049:
2045:. University of Oklahoma Press.
2034:
1977:Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (2004).
1767:
1569:Bowlby, Chris (12 April 2011).
1479:from 25 April to 27 June 2017.
852:chemical warfare in World War I
610:, a chemistry professor at the
589:
392:as a method for evaluating the
230:
207:
6043:Max Planck Institute directors
3311:11858/00-001M-0000-002D-7FF9-2
2211:"Brot und Kriege aus der Luft"
1741:
1715:
1683:
1652:
1623:
1593:
1562:
1536:
1510:
1494:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1409:and Janice Acquah as Zinaide.
1393:as Haber's research associate
1220:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
839:
726:
679:Grand Duke Friedrich von Baden
1:
5958:20th-century German inventors
3710:Meyer, Michal (Spring 2010).
2381:Grundmann, Siegfried (2005).
2238:A history of Chile, 1808â2002
2136:Accounts of Chemical Research
1504:
1452:, and the death of his wife,
1412:In 2008, a short film titled
870:(22 April to 25 May 1915) in
847:Manifesto of the Ninety-Three
528:Technische UniversitÀt Berlin
508:Humboldt University of Berlin
419:gas as a weapon to break the
125:Technische UniversitÀt Berlin
120:Humboldt University of Berlin
38:
6063:War criminals of World War I
6013:Heidelberg University alumni
5928:20th-century German chemists
5923:19th-century German chemists
5913:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
4015:Resources in other libraries
3991:Resources in other libraries
3853:"Nitrogen: Forgetting Fritz"
3580:National Academy of Sciences
3452:(2): 153â173. Archived from
2678:. CRC Press. pp. 130â.
2299:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2148:10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00789
2086:"Fritz Haber â Biographical"
1634:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1518:"Fritz Haber â Biographical"
1489:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
1287:Society of Chemical Industry
7:
4261:20th Century Press Archives
3920:. June 2017. Archived from
3301:10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6_4
3179:"Lutz F. Haber (1921â2004)"
2639:. CRC Press. pp. 99â.
1665:www.thechemicalengineer.com
1482:
1477:National Geographic Channel
1369:The second play was titled
1229:in 1953 and is part of the
486:, Poland), into a well-off
10:
6084:
3939:
3769:"Sloan Science & Film"
3722:(1): 40â41. Archived from
3716:Chemical Heritage Magazine
3210:Witschi, H. (1 May 2000).
2979:Chemical Heritage Magazine
2843:. Routledge. p. 127.
2557:10.1142/9789814304757_0004
2242:Cambridge University Press
1277:Société Chimique de France
482:, Kingdom of Prussia (now
435:in the greater context of
16:German chemist (1868â1934)
5933:German chemical engineers
5815:
5799:
5780:
5764:
5743:
5724:
5343:
5044:
4785:
4546:
4535:
4326:
4010:Resources in your library
3986:Resources in your library
3008:Hobbes, Nicholas (2003).
2818:10.1017/S1062798701000096
2345:10.1007/s00115-005-2001-y
1242:Foreign Honorary Member,
699:electrochemical reduction
526:in Charlottenburg (today
326:
305:
295:
288:
253:
245:
184:
133:
107:
99:
77:
48:
30:
23:
5948:Jewish German scientists
5938:German physical chemists
5461:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
4740:Wendell Meredith Stanley
4320:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4174:Stoltzenberg, Dietrich:
4079:(New York: Ecco, 2005),
3212:"Fritz Haber: 1868â1934"
3067:Huxtable, R. J. (2002).
3033:Albarelli, H.P. (2009).
2779:Charles, Daniel (2006).
2457:"Fritz Haber: 1868â1934"
2043:The Story of Fritz Haber
2002:Charles, Daniel (2005).
1824:The Story of Fritz Haber
1659:Flavell-While, Claudia.
1605:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1307:USSR Academy of Sciences
1250:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1128:
1123:Nazi concentration camps
1044:Personal life and family
856:Hague Convention of 1907
761:Le ChĂątelier's principle
723:who accepted the offer.
474:Early life and education
358:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
267:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
6058:Scientists from WrocĆaw
4233:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4169:Einstein's German World
3437:Wisniak, Jaime (2002).
2272:. Nobel Media AB 2014.
2092:. Nobel Media AB 2014.
1775:"No. 2287: Fritz Haber"
1448:, his involvement with
1264:German Chemical Society
966:, which was used as an
733:University of Karlsruhe
612:University of Karlsruhe
341:[ËfÊÉȘtÍĄsËhaËbÉ]
318:University of Karlsruhe
5953:Jewish Nobel laureates
5918:German Nobel laureates
5821:Nobel Prize recipients
5801:Physiology or Medicine
5625:Emmanuelle Charpentier
5613:M. Stanley Whittingham
4584:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
4024:Albarelli JR., H. P.:
3888:Fiction Writers Review
3799:Einstein and Eddington
3348:weizmann.libguides.com
3216:Toxicological Sciences
2939:10.1002/zaac.201600035
2750:London Review of Books
2461:Toxicological Sciences
2209:Albrecht, Jörg (2008)
2041:Goran, Morris (1967).
1821:Goran, Morris (1967).
1499:LugginâHaber capillary
1446:Second Battle of Ypres
1428:Einstein and Eddington
1367:
1138:
1096:Second Battle of Ypres
1056:
1024:
1020:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
984:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
868:Second Battle of Ypres
711:
654:
640:Haber was appointed a
550:
425:Second Battle of Ypres
4995:Christian B. Anfinsen
4635:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
3405:Colby, Frank (1919).
3229:10.1093/toxsci/55.1.1
2711:Haber, Fritz (2020).
2636:Combustion Toxicology
2474:10.1093/toxsci/55.1.1
1630:Smil, Vaclav (2004).
1354:
1227:Fritz Haber Institute
1136:
1069:University of Breslau
1051:
524:Technische Hochschule
516:Heidelberg University
337:German pronunciation:
115:Heidelberg University
6038:German war criminals
5657:Karl Barry Sharpless
5154:Dudley R. Herschbach
4979:Luis Federico Leloir
2973:Carty, Ryan (2012).
2504:Richter, D. (2014).
2387:. Berlin: Springer.
1312:Board of Directors,
1154:William Jackson Pope
1052:Haber's first wife,
618:, who made Haber an
584:calcium hypochlorite
444:Nazis' rise to power
409:weaponizing chlorine
233: 1917;
156:HaberâWeiss reaction
6033:German nationalists
5649:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
5561:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
5298:Jens Christian Skou
5266:F. Sherwood Rowland
5178:Charles J. Pedersen
5142:Herbert A. Hauptman
4835:Vincent du Vigneaud
4452:Richard WillstÀtter
4336:Jacobus van 't Hoff
4224:Bretislav Friedrich
4053:1987SciAm.256f.116B
4041:Scientific American
3918:National Geographic
3914:"Scientists at war"
3643:on 2 February 2009.
3010:Essential Militaria
2783:. London: Pimlico.
1725:. 2 November 2011.
1464:A Reunion of Ghosts
1270:Wilhelm Exner Medal
1189:Mandatory Palestine
1166:Joseph Joshua Weiss
1158:Frederick G. Donnan
1119:The Poisonous Cloud
989:Richard WillstÀtter
741:HaberâBosch process
737:Robert Le Rossignol
731:During his time at
460:Mandatory Palestine
362:HaberâBosch process
67:Province of Silesia
5609:John B. Goodenough
5537:William E. Moerner
5417:Richard R. Schrock
5389:Roderick MacKinnon
5361:K. Barry Sharpless
5186:Johann Deisenhofer
5015:Geoffrey Wilkinson
5011:Ernst Otto Fischer
4935:Robert S. Mulliken
4871:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂœ
4819:Hermann Staudinger
4639:IrĂšne Joliot-Curie
4199:on Nobelprize.org
4093:Geissler, Erhard:
3773:scienceandfilm.org
3681:"The Greater Good"
3459:on 17 October 2014
3262:on 16 October 2014
3012:. Atlantic Books.
2866:, p. 235â236.
2216:3 May 2022 at the
1520:. Nobelprize.org.
1407:General Falkenhayn
1237:Awards and honours
1231:Max Planck Society
1216:Max Planck Society
1181:Weizmann Institute
1139:
1090:successful use of
1057:
1012:National Socialism
970:, especially as a
947:Between World Wars
600:University of Jena
535:one-year volunteer
478:Haber was born in
452:Weizmann Institute
300:Physical chemistry
71:Kingdom of Prussia
6003:ETH Zurich alumni
5885:
5884:
5682:
5681:
5665:Moungi G. Bawendi
5585:Richard Henderson
5429:Roger D. Kornberg
5397:Aaron Ciechanover
5230:Rudolph A. Marcus
5134:Robert Merrifield
5070:Peter D. Mitchell
4843:Cyril Hinshelwood
4604:Friedrich Bergius
4528:Richard Zsigmondy
4444:Theodore Richards
4392:Ernest Rutherford
4157:978-0-262-69313-4
4075:Charles, Daniel:
3972:Library resources
3957:978-0-307-44999-3
3522:www.nasonline.org
3321:978-3-319-51663-9
3256:The Chemical Blog
3046:978-0-9777953-7-6
3019:978-1-84354-229-2
2975:"Casualty of War"
2722:978-3-945831-26-7
2685:978-1-4665-5273-9
2646:978-1-4398-0532-9
2607:978-0-19-971746-0
2517:978-1-78346-173-8
2394:978-3-540-31104-1
2339:(1): 95â6, 98â9.
2193:978-0-309-04397-7
2015:978-0-06-056272-4
1988:978-0-941901-24-6
1834:978-0-8061-0756-1
1434:In January 2012,
1399:Stephen Critchlow
1305:Honorary Member,
1285:Honorary Member,
1275:Honorary Member,
1262:President of the
1203:Estate and legacy
1170:Ernest Rutherford
974:in grain stores.
953:Hugo Stoltzenberg
570:), studying with
466:mid-journey in a
356:who received the
330:
329:
290:Scientific career
141:Surface chemistry
6075:
6028:German Lutherans
5823:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5673:Alexei I. Ekimov
5659:
5653:Morten P. Meldal
5643:
5631:
5619:
5603:
5587:
5577:Jacques Dubochet
5571:
5555:
5539:
5523:
5507:
5501:Robert Lefkowitz
5495:
5487:
5471:
5465:Thomas A. Steitz
5455:
5439:
5431:
5423:
5413:Robert H. Grubbs
5407:
5391:
5379:
5363:
5336:
5334:Hideki Shirakawa
5320:
5312:
5300:
5284:
5268:
5252:
5244:
5232:
5224:
5222:Richard R. Ernst
5216:
5208:
5196:
5180:
5164:
5148:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5100:
5098:Frederick Sanger
5084:
5078:Herbert C. Brown
5072:
5064:
5056:
5054:William Lipscomb
5037:
5025:
5017:
5005:
4989:
4987:Gerhard Herzberg
4981:
4973:
4961:
4953:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4901:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4863:Frederick Sanger
4857:
4849:
4847:Nikolay Semyonov
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4801:
4799:Glenn T. Seaborg
4778:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4726:
4724:Artturi Virtanen
4718:
4710:
4708:George de Hevesy
4702:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4669:
4661:
4649:
4641:
4629:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4606:
4594:
4586:
4574:
4566:
4564:Heinrich Wieland
4558:
4556:Theodor Svedberg
4541:
4540:
4530:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4482:
4476:
4468:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4368:Adolf von Baeyer
4362:
4354:
4352:Svante Arrhenius
4346:
4338:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4271:
4204:
4161:
4125:Maddrell, Paul:
4072:
3961:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3691:on 19 April 2017
3687:. Archived from
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3617:on 19 April 2017
3613:. Archived from
3611:U.S. 1 Newspaper
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3313:
3303:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3258:. Archived from
3248:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3090:. Archived from
3073:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2550:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2476:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2233:
2227:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2142:(8): 1124â1134.
2127:
2121:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1818:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1379:chemical warfare
1371:The Greater Good
1289:, London, (1931)
1084:service revolver
1027:
962:gas formulation
814:Fenton's reagent
810:electrochemistry
755:and atmospheric
714:
657:
650:electrochemistry
553:
405:chemical warfare
390:BornâHaber cycle
351:
350:
349:
343:
338:
238:
236:
232:
220:Charlotte Nathan
211:
209:
166:Chemical warfare
161:BornâHaber cycle
84:
58:
56:
43:
40:
35:
21:
20:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6072:
5943:Jewish chemists
5888:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5819:
5811:
5795:
5776:
5760:
5739:
5720:
5713:
5683:
5678:
5662:
5646:
5637:David MacMillan
5634:
5629:Jennifer Doudna
5622:
5606:
5590:
5574:
5565:Fraser Stoddart
5558:
5549:Paul L. Modrich
5542:
5526:
5510:
5498:
5490:
5485:Ei-ichi Negishi
5477:Richard F. Heck
5474:
5458:
5445:Osamu Shimomura
5442:
5434:
5426:
5410:
5394:
5382:
5366:
5353:William Knowles
5350:
5339:
5330:Alan MacDiarmid
5323:
5315:
5303:
5287:
5282:Richard Smalley
5271:
5258:Paul J. Crutzen
5255:
5247:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5199:
5183:
5174:Jean-Marie Lehn
5167:
5151:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5115:
5103:
5087:
5075:
5067:
5059:
5051:
5040:
5035:Vladimir Prelog
5028:
5020:
5008:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4964:
4956:
4940:
4932:
4927:Robert Woodward
4924:
4919:Dorothy Hodgkin
4916:
4904:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4781:
4769:
4764:William Giauque
4761:
4753:
4748:Robert Robinson
4745:
4732:James B. Sumner
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4679:Leopold RuĆŸiÄka
4675:Adolf Butenandt
4672:
4664:
4652:
4644:
4632:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4612:Irving Langmuir
4609:
4597:
4589:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4497:Frederick Soddy
4494:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4424:Victor Grignard
4421:
4413:
4405:
4400:Wilhelm Ostwald
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4322:
4313:
4193:
4158:
4021:
4020:
4019:
3996:
3995:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3966:Further reading
3958:
3942:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3342:Reznik, Anton.
3340:
3336:
3322:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3191:on 12 June 2010
3188:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3097:on 7 April 2014
3094:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2971:
2964:
2919:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2837:
2833:
2806:European Review
2802:
2798:
2791:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2742:
2738:
2723:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2395:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2303:. p. 231.
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2234:
2230:
2218:Wayback Machine
2208:
2201:
2194:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1975:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1835:
1819:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:. p. 156.
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1485:
1475:which aired on
1403:Malcolm Tierney
1338:Einstein's Gift
1333:Albert Einstein
1329:
1239:
1209:Sieff Institute
1205:
1131:
1061:Clara Immerwahr
1054:Clara Immerwahr
1046:
949:
941:Albert Einstein
911:Victor Grignard
842:
743:, which is the
729:
695:glass electrode
675:Extraordinarius
668:Wilhelm Ostwald
592:
539:Carl Liebermann
476:
421:trench deadlock
388:, proposed the
345:
344:
336:
322:
284:
241:
240:
237: 1927)
228:
224:
221:
213:
205:
201:
198:
196:Clara Immerwahr
180:
129:
108:Alma mater
95:
86:
82:
81:29 January 1934
73:
60:
59:9 December 1868
54:
52:
44:
41:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6081:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5786:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5660:
5644:
5632:
5620:
5604:
5597:Gregory Winter
5593:Frances Arnold
5588:
5572:
5556:
5540:
5524:
5517:Michael Levitt
5513:Martin Karplus
5508:
5496:
5488:
5472:
5456:
5453:Roger Y. Tsien
5449:Martin Chalfie
5440:
5432:
5424:
5408:
5392:
5380:
5364:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5326:Alan J. Heeger
5321:
5313:
5301:
5294:John E. Walker
5285:
5269:
5253:
5245:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5209:
5197:
5194:Hartmut Michel
5181:
5170:Donald J. Cram
5165:
5149:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5110:Roald Hoffmann
5101:
5094:Walter Gilbert
5085:
5073:
5065:
5062:Ilya Prigogine
5057:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5031:John Cornforth
5026:
5018:
5006:
4999:Stanford Moore
4990:
4982:
4974:
4962:
4954:
4947:Ronald Norrish
4938:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4855:Alexander Todd
4850:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4802:
4795:Edwin McMillan
4789:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4670:
4662:
4655:Norman Haworth
4650:
4642:
4630:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4595:
4587:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4489:Walther Nernst
4484:
4477:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4384:Eduard Buchner
4379:
4371:
4363:
4360:William Ramsay
4355:
4347:
4339:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4209:
4192:
4191:External links
4189:
4188:
4187:
4172:
4162:
4156:
4138:
4122:
4121:
4106:
4091:
4088:
4073:
4047:(6): 116â121.
4036:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:By Fritz Haber
3997:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3924:on 5 June 2017
3905:
3874:
3857:BBC World News
3843:
3822:"The Bad Show"
3813:
3790:
3760:
3737:
3726:on 1 June 2019
3702:
3672:
3646:
3628:
3597:
3567:
3539:
3509:
3491:978-0122511004
3490:
3470:
3426:
3397:
3365:
3334:
3320:
3282:
3273:
3243:
3202:
3170:
3139:
3108:
3059:
3045:
3025:
3018:
3000:
2962:
2933:(6): 437â448.
2910:
2892:978-0810849792
2891:
2868:
2856:
2849:
2831:
2796:
2790:978-1844130924
2789:
2771:
2746:"Tod aus Luft"
2736:
2721:
2703:
2684:
2664:
2645:
2625:
2606:
2586:
2572:
2566:978-9814304740
2565:
2535:
2516:
2496:
2447:
2412:
2393:
2373:
2333:Der Nervenarzt
2316:
2310:978-0262693134
2309:
2287:
2270:Nobelprize.org
2257:
2250:
2228:
2199:
2192:
2169:
2122:
2107:
2090:Nobelprize.org
2074:
2048:
2033:
2014:
1994:
1987:
1852:
1833:
1796:
1766:
1740:
1714:
1682:
1651:
1644:
1622:
1592:
1561:
1535:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1349:Afternoon Play
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1204:
1201:
1177:Chaim Weizmann
1150:Harold Hartley
1130:
1127:
1076:women's rights
1045:
1042:
1003:, and others.
948:
945:
864:trench warfare
841:
838:
834:Anton Köllisch
784:sodium nitrate
728:
725:
715:(1905) trans.
691:Faraday's laws
591:
588:
475:
472:
448:Chaim Weizmann
394:lattice energy
328:
327:
324:
323:
321:
320:
315:
309:
307:
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302:
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134:Known for
131:
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128:
127:
122:
117:
111:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
87:
85:(aged 65)
79:
75:
74:
61:
50:
46:
45:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6080:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6048:Silesian Jews
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
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5999:
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5909:
5906:
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5896:
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5893:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
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5863:
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5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
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5843:
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5835:
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5828:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5703:
5698:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5674:
5670:
5669:Louis E. Brus
5666:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5642:
5641:Benjamin List
5638:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5618:
5617:Akira Yoshino
5614:
5610:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5581:Joachim Frank
5578:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5545:Tomas Lindahl
5541:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5522:
5521:Arieh Warshel
5518:
5514:
5509:
5506:
5505:Brian Kobilka
5502:
5497:
5494:
5493:Dan Shechtman
5489:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5470:
5469:Ada E. Yonath
5466:
5462:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5430:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5401:Avram Hershko
5398:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5378:
5377:Kurt WĂŒthrich
5374:
5373:Koichi Tanaka
5370:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5319:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5290:Paul D. Boyer
5286:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5243:
5242:Michael Smith
5239:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5202:Sidney Altman
5198:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5106:Kenichi Fukui
5102:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5004:
5003:William Stein
5000:
4996:
4991:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4951:George Porter
4948:
4944:
4943:Manfred Eigen
4939:
4936:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4888:
4887:Melvin Calvin
4883:
4880:
4879:Willard Libby
4875:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4827:Linus Pauling
4823:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4811:Richard Synge
4808:
4807:Archer Martin
4803:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4756:Arne Tiselius
4752:
4749:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4736:John Northrop
4733:
4728:
4725:
4720:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4580:Arthur Harden
4576:
4573:
4572:Adolf Windaus
4568:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4505:Francis Aston
4501:
4498:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4436:Alfred Werner
4432:
4429:
4428:Paul Sabatier
4425:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4377:
4376:Henri Moissan
4372:
4369:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4185:
4184:0-941901-24-6
4181:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:. MIT Press.
4149:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:0-19-926750-2
4132:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4118:0-19-829579-0
4115:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:3-8258-2955-3
4100:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4085:0-06-056272-2
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4034:0-9777953-7-3
4031:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:"Fritz Haber"
3571:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:"Fritz Haber"
3513:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3382:
3375:
3369:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:(1): 97â108.
2811:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2629:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:Distillations
2423:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2301:The MIT Press
2298:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2120:, p. 90.
2119:
2114:
2112:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2037:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1645:9780262693134
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1549:
1545:
1544:"Fritz Haber"
1539:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:Haber Process
1439:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:Rumford Medal
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
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1126:
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1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:Eastern Front
1097:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:Bernhard Rust
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
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975:
973:
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923:
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873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:Berlin-Dahlem
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
791:
789:
785:
780:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
747:formation of
746:
742:
739:invented the
738:
734:
724:
720:
718:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
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688:
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680:
676:
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669:
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623:
621:
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581:
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573:
569:
565:
559:
557:
552:
547:
542:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
520:Robert Bunsen
517:
513:
512:A. W. Hofmann
509:
503:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
471:
469:
465:
464:heart failure
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
437:the Holocaust
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
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379:
375:
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319:
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308:
304:
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298:
294:
291:
287:
280:
279:Rumford Medal
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
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248:
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215:
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190:
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177:
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172:
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159:
157:
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152:
149:
147:
146:Haber process
144:
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138:
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126:
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121:
118:
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113:
112:
110:
106:
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98:
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90:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
51:
47:
37:Fritz Haber,
34:
29:
22:
19:
5851:
5733:
5601:George Smith
5481:Akira Suzuki
5437:Gerhard Ertl
5421:Yves Chauvin
5369:John B. Fenn
5357:Ryoji Noyori
5344:2001âpresent
5318:Ahmed Zewail
5278:Harold Kroto
5262:Mario Molina
5190:Robert Huber
5162:John Polanyi
5146:Jerome Karle
5082:Georg Wittig
4967:Derek Barton
4959:Lars Onsager
4911:Giulio Natta
4907:Karl Ziegler
4899:John Kendrew
4667:Richard Kuhn
4592:Hans Fischer
4473:
4408:Otto Wallach
4344:Emil Fischer
4241:
4232:
4211:
4206:
4175:
4168:
4165:Stern, Fritz
4146:
4142:Smil, Vaclav
4126:
4109:
4094:
4076:
4044:
4040:
4025:
4005:Online books
3998:
3976:
3947:
3926:. Retrieved
3922:the original
3917:
3908:
3896:. Retrieved
3887:
3877:
3867:16 September
3865:. Retrieved
3856:
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3825:
3816:
3798:
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3772:
3763:
3745:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3724:the original
3719:
3715:
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3689:the original
3684:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3649:
3641:the original
3631:
3619:. Retrieved
3615:the original
3610:
3600:
3590:16 September
3588:. Retrieved
3579:
3570:
3558:. Retrieved
3548:
3542:
3532:16 September
3530:. Retrieved
3521:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3480:
3473:
3463:16 September
3461:. Retrieved
3454:the original
3449:
3445:
3417:. Retrieved
3407:
3400:
3390:16 September
3388:. Retrieved
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3347:
3337:
3291:
3285:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3260:the original
3255:
3246:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3186:the original
3173:
3163:15 September
3161:. Retrieved
3153:the Guardian
3152:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3121:
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3092:the original
3079:
3075:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3035:
3028:
3009:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2982:
2978:
2930:
2926:
2901:. Retrieved
2881:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2780:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2753:
2749:
2739:
2712:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2674:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2635:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2596:
2589:
2580:
2575:
2546:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2506:
2499:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2432:(1): 16â23.
2429:
2425:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2383:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2336:
2332:
2319:
2296:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2269:
2260:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2178:
2172:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2098:. Retrieved
2089:
2065:. Retrieved
2051:
2042:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2004:
1997:
1978:
1843:. Retrieved
1823:
1787:. Retrieved
1778:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1664:
1654:
1631:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1604:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1574:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1546:. NNDB.com.
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1512:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1423:Anton Lesser
1420:
1414:
1411:
1387:Lesley Sharp
1375:Anton Lesser
1370:
1368:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1302:, USA (1932)
1224:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1174:
1147:
1140:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1092:chlorine gas
1088:
1074:Clara was a
1073:
1058:
1038:
1009:
1005:
979:Wilhelm Solf
976:
957:
950:
938:
934:
930:Haber's rule
926:
915:
908:
892:Gustav Hertz
888:James Franck
884:
860:chlorine gas
845:
843:
799:
795:
792:
781:
765:
730:
721:
716:
687:autoxidation
683:
674:
672:
670:in Leipzig.
664:Georg Bredig
660:nitrobenzene
647:
642:Privatdozent
639:
635:habilitation
627:hydrocarbons
624:
619:
596:Ludwig Knorr
593:
590:Early career
576:
560:
555:
543:
532:
504:
500:
496:
477:
441:
433:gas chambers
402:
332:
331:
306:Institutions
289:
151:Haber's rule
83:(1934-01-29)
18:
5908:1934 deaths
5903:1868 births
5898:Fritz Haber
5734:Fritz Haber
5717:Nobel Prize
5569:Ben Feringa
5553:Aziz Sancar
5533:Stefan Hell
5529:Eric Betzig
5306:Walter Kohn
5274:Robert Curl
5250:George Olah
5238:Kary Mullis
5214:Elias Corey
5206:Thomas Cech
5158:Yuan T. Lee
5126:Henry Taube
4659:Paul Karrer
4647:Peter Debye
4627:Harold Urey
4513:Fritz Pregl
4474:Fritz Haber
4416:Marie Curie
4229:Fritz Haber
4197:Fritz Haber
3977:Fritz Haber
3665:22 November
3195:11 February
3052:9 September
2366:11 February
2280:8 September
2100:8 September
2067:8 September
2026:8 September
1395:Otto Sackur
1391:Dan Starkey
1383:World War I
1345:BBC Radio 4
1094:during the
1001:Leo Szilard
968:insecticide
840:World War I
727:Nobel Prize
685:to explain
608:Carl Engler
572:Georg Lunge
423:during the
413:World War I
398:ionic solid
378:fertilizers
333:Fritz Haber
176:Fertilizers
100:Nationality
93:Switzerland
42: 1919
25:Fritz Haber
5892:Categories
5790:Max Planck
5745:Literature
5405:Irwin Rose
5385:Peter Agre
5310:John Pople
5118:Aaron Klug
5023:Paul Flory
4971:Odd Hassel
4895:Max Perutz
4776:Kurt Alder
4772:Otto Diels
4600:Carl Bosch
3836:12 January
3560:18 October
3502:18 October
3419:18 October
3358:2 February
3266:23 January
3222:(1): 1â2.
2864:Hager 2008
2850:041545705X
2756:(2): 7â8.
2731:1136163177
2467:(1): 1â2.
2251:0521827493
2118:Hager 2008
1789:9 February
1779:www.uh.edu
1505:References
1298:Elected a
1257:Carl Bosch
1059:Haber met
1034:Max Planck
993:Max Planck
900:gas troops
898:served as
836:in 1912).
830:Merck KGaA
806:adsorption
802:combustion
776:fertilizer
768:Carl Bosch
616:Hans Bunte
568:ETH ZĂŒrich
442:After the
382:explosives
261:Iron Cross
171:Explosives
55:1868-12-09
5792:(Germany)
5736:(Germany)
5726:Chemistry
5719:laureates
5090:Paul Berg
5045:1976â2000
4786:1951â1975
4716:Otto Hahn
4547:1926â1950
4327:1901â1925
4316:Laureates
4240:on NPR's
3950:. Crown.
3783:30 August
3330:159561319
2826:145487024
2483:1096-6080
2156:0001-4842
1636:MIT Press
1361:saltpetre
1162:Cambridge
997:Otto Hahn
904:Turpinite
896:Otto Hahn
880:adsorbent
876:gas masks
808:effects,
745:catalytic
707:corrosion
703:passivity
631:pyrolysis
622:in 1894.
620:Assistent
604:converted
566:(now the
556:cum laude
546:piperonal
4242:Radiolab
4144:(2004).
3898:18 April
3892:Archived
3861:Archived
3830:Archived
3828:. 2012.
3826:Radiolab
3777:Archived
3730:20 March
3695:18 April
3659:Archived
3621:18 April
3584:Archived
3554:Archived
3526:Archived
3496:Archived
3413:Archived
3381:Archived
3352:Archived
3238:10788553
3157:Archived
3126:Archived
3122:Radiolab
3088:12434507
2993:22 March
2987:Archived
2957:27099403
2903:18 April
2897:Archived
2764:18 April
2758:Archived
2690:Archived
2651:Archived
2612:Archived
2528:30 April
2522:Archived
2491:10788553
2440:20 March
2434:Archived
2405:30 April
2399:Archived
2357:Archived
2353:16397805
2274:Archived
2214:Archived
2164:35387450
2094:Archived
2061:Archived
2020:Archived
1845:30 April
1839:Archived
1783:Archived
1753:Archived
1727:Archived
1701:Archived
1675:30 April
1669:Archived
1615:19 March
1609:Archived
1579:Archived
1575:BBC News
1548:Archived
1522:Archived
1483:See also
1450:Zyklon A
1437:Radiolab
1218:and the
1080:pacifist
972:fumigant
964:Zyklon A
832:chemist
757:nitrogen
753:hydrogen
637:thesis.
429:Zyklon B
417:chlorine
386:Max Born
374:hydrogen
372:gas and
370:nitrogen
246:Children
5782:Physics
4318:of the
4263:of the
4259:in the
4069:3296173
4049:Bibcode
3940:Sources
3928:12 July
3657:. BBC.
3132:2 April
3101:2 April
3082:: 1â3.
2948:4825402
2696:15 June
2657:15 June
2618:15 June
1759:12 June
1733:12 June
1707:12 June
1696:YouTube
1585:21 June
1528:13 June
1381:during
1195:hotel.
1185:Rehovot
1065:Breslau
960:cyanide
920:by the
918:captain
872:Belgium
788:caliche
749:ammonia
598:at the
580:cholera
484:WrocĆaw
480:Breslau
456:Rehovot
366:ammonia
354:chemist
239:
227:
223:
212:
204:
200:
185:Spouses
63:Breslau
5663:2023:
5647:2022:
5635:2021:
5623:2020:
5607:2019:
5591:2018:
5575:2017:
5559:2016:
5543:2015:
5527:2014:
5511:2013:
5499:2012:
5491:2011:
5475:2010:
5459:2009:
5443:2008:
5435:2007:
5427:2006:
5411:2005:
5395:2004:
5383:2003:
5367:2002:
5351:2001:
5324:2000:
5316:1999:
5304:1998:
5288:1997:
5272:1996:
5256:1995:
5248:1994:
5236:1993:
5228:1992:
5220:1991:
5212:1990:
5200:1989:
5184:1988:
5168:1987:
5152:1986:
5140:1985:
5132:1984:
5124:1983:
5116:1982:
5104:1981:
5088:1980:
5076:1979:
5068:1978:
5060:1977:
5052:1976:
5029:1975:
5021:1974:
5009:1973:
4993:1972:
4985:1971:
4977:1970:
4965:1969:
4957:1968:
4941:1967:
4933:1966:
4925:1965:
4917:1964:
4905:1963:
4893:1962:
4885:1961:
4877:1960:
4869:1959:
4861:1958:
4853:1957:
4841:1956:
4833:1955:
4825:1954:
4817:1953:
4805:1952:
4793:1951:
4770:1950:
4762:1949:
4754:1948:
4746:1947:
4730:1946:
4722:1945:
4714:1944:
4706:1943:
4673:1939:
4665:1938:
4653:1937:
4645:1936:
4633:1935:
4625:1934:
4610:1932:
4598:1931:
4590:1930:
4578:1929:
4570:1928:
4562:1927:
4554:1926:
4526:1925:
4511:1923:
4503:1922:
4495:1921:
4487:1920:
4472:1918:
4450:1915:
4442:1914:
4434:1913:
4422:1912:
4414:1911:
4406:1910:
4398:1909:
4390:1908:
4382:1907:
4374:1906:
4366:1905:
4358:1904:
4350:1903:
4342:1902:
4334:1901:
4182:
4154:
4133:
4116:
4101:
4083:
4067:
4032:
3974:about
3954:
3806:
3753:
3488:
3328:
3318:
3236:
3086:
3043:
3016:
2955:
2945:
2889:
2847:
2824:
2787:
2729:
2719:
2682:
2643:
2604:
2563:
2514:
2489:
2481:
2391:
2351:
2307:
2248:
2190:
2162:
2154:
2012:
1985:
1831:
1642:
1554:19 May
1472:Genius
1444:, the
1309:(1932)
1279:(1931)
1272:, 1929
1266:(1923)
1259:(1918)
1252:(1918)
1246:(1914)
1152:, Sir
1143:angina
1104:Dahlem
922:Kaiser
894:, and
564:ZĂŒrich
492:Kempen
488:Jewish
396:of an
296:Fields
281:(1932)
275:(1932)
269:(1918)
263:(1915)
254:Awards
103:German
5852:1918
5766:Peace
5715:1918
4222:, by
4213:HABER
3746:Haber
3457:(PDF)
3442:(PDF)
3384:(PDF)
3377:(PDF)
3326:S2CID
3189:(PDF)
3182:(PDF)
3095:(PDF)
3072:(PDF)
2985:(2).
2822:S2CID
2360:(PDF)
2329:(PDF)
1454:Clara
1415:Haber
1193:Basel
1187:, in
1183:) in
1129:Death
878:with
751:from
468:Basel
454:) in
368:from
229:(
225:
206:(
202:
89:Basel
5877:1923
5872:1922
5867:1921
5862:1920
5857:1919
5847:1917
5842:1916
5837:1915
5832:1914
5827:1913
5808:None
5773:None
5757:None
5749:1918
4700:1942
4693:1941
4686:1940
4619:1933
4520:1924
4481:1919
4466:1917
4459:1916
4180:ISBN
4152:ISBN
4131:ISBN
4114:ISBN
4099:ISBN
4081:ISBN
4065:PMID
4030:ISBN
3952:ISBN
3930:2017
3900:2017
3869:2014
3838:2012
3804:IMDb
3785:2016
3751:IMDb
3732:2018
3697:2017
3667:2008
3623:2017
3592:2014
3562:2016
3534:2014
3504:2016
3486:ISBN
3465:2014
3421:2016
3392:2014
3360:2022
3316:ISBN
3268:2017
3234:PMID
3197:2008
3165:2018
3134:2014
3103:2014
3084:PMID
3054:2014
3041:ISBN
3014:ISBN
2995:2018
2953:PMID
2905:2017
2887:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2766:2017
2727:OCLC
2717:ISBN
2698:2017
2680:ISBN
2659:2017
2641:ISBN
2620:2017
2602:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2530:2021
2512:ISBN
2487:PMID
2479:ISSN
2442:2018
2407:2021
2389:ISBN
2368:2008
2349:PMID
2305:ISBN
2282:2014
2246:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2160:PMID
2152:ISSN
2102:2014
2069:2014
2028:2014
2010:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1847:2021
1829:ISBN
1791:2023
1761:2023
1735:2023
1709:2023
1677:2021
1640:ISBN
1617:2018
1587:2018
1556:2014
1530:2017
1156:and
826:MDMA
772:BASF
380:and
235:div.
78:Died
49:Born
4265:ZBW
4057:doi
4045:256
3802:at
3749:at
3306:hdl
3296:doi
3224:doi
2943:PMC
2935:doi
2931:642
2814:doi
2553:doi
2469:doi
2341:doi
2184:110
2144:doi
1425:in
1405:as
1063:in
820:at
770:at
530:).
400:.
5894::
5671:/
5667:/
5655:/
5651:/
5639:/
5627:/
5615:/
5611:/
5599:/
5595:/
5583:/
5579:/
5567:/
5563:/
5551:/
5547:/
5535:/
5531:/
5519:/
5515:/
5503:/
5483:/
5479:/
5467:/
5463:/
5451:/
5447:/
5419:/
5415:/
5403:/
5399:/
5387:/
5375:/
5371:/
5359:/
5355:/
5332:/
5328:/
5308:/
5296:/
5292:/
5280:/
5276:/
5264:/
5260:/
5240:/
5204:/
5192:/
5188:/
5176:/
5172:/
5160:/
5156:/
5144:/
5108:/
5096:/
5092:/
5080:/
5033:/
5013:/
5001:/
4997:/
4969:/
4949:/
4945:/
4909:/
4897:/
4845:/
4809:/
4797:/
4774:/
4738:/
4734:/
4677:/
4657:/
4637:/
4602:/
4582:/
4426:/
4231:,
4063:.
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