365:
33:
352:, Belgium, on 22 April 1915. Immerwahr reportedly spoke out against her husband's research as a "perversion of the ideals of science" and "a sign of barbarity, corrupting the very discipline which ought to bring new insights into life." Immerwahr was also a witness to the accidental death of one of her former college classmates,
324:
Haber continually neglected his wife and child, leaving for a tour of scientific facilities in the US when his son was only a few months old. When he was in the country, he often spent lunch hours and evenings at work or with his colleagues rather than at home. In a 1915 letter to
Setsuro Tamaru, a
392:. The poorly documented circumstances of her death have resulted in considerable discussion and controversy as to her reasons, including that she opposed Haber's work in chemical warfare and her suicide was a response to him personally overseeing the first successful use of chlorine gas during the
319:
It has always been my attitude that a life has only been worth living if one has made full use of all one's abilities and tried to live out every kind of experience human life has to offer. It was under that impulse, among other things, that I decided to get married at that time... The life I got
375:
Shortly after Haber's return from
Belgium, Immerwahr shot herself in the chest using Haber's military pistol. On 2 May 1915, she died in her son's arms. The morning after her death, Haber left for the first gas attack against the Russians on the
387:
reported that "the wife of Dr H. in Dahlem, who is currently on the front, has set an end to her life by shooting herself. The reasons for this act of the unhappy woman are unknown." There is no evidence of an
249:
Krohn). She grew up on the farm with her three older siblings, Elli, Rose and Paul. In 1890, her mother died of cancer. While Elli and her husband
Siegfried stayed at the farm, Clara moved with her father to
320:
from it was very brief...and the main reasons for that was Fritz's oppressive way of putting himself first in our home and marriage, so that a less ruthlessly self-assertive personality was simply destroyed.
429:(2008), directed by Celia de Wolff and written by Justin Hopper, portray Clara as deeply affected by her husband's research on gas warfare. Their lives are portrayed in the American television series
301:
in 1897. The two had met years earlier at a dance lesson and started a brief romance, but
Immerwahr turned down his marriage proposal at the time because she wanted to remain financially independent.
275:(Contributions to the Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts of Mercury, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc). She was the first woman Ph.D. at the University of Breslau and received the designation
506:
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and buried together with Haber's after his death in 1934. Subsequently, their son
Hermann Haber emigrated to the United States, where he committed suicide in 1946.
437:
308:
that a married woman's place was in the home, her ability to conduct research was limited. She instead contributed to her husband's work with minimal recognition,
421:, written and directed by Daniel Ragussis, attempts to examine some of the issues in the couple's relationship. The Habers also feature prominently in the novel
1086:
Albarelli, H.P. (2009). A terrible mistake : the murder of Frank Olson, and the CIA's secret cold war experiments (1st ed.). Walterville, OR: Trine Day.
325:
Japanese colleague of Haber's, Immerwahr expressed her disappointment that her husband worked "18 hours a day, almost always in Berlin (not in Dahlem!)"
754:
285:" ("our first female doctor"). A few months after obtaining her degree, she gave a public lecture entitled "Chemistry and Physics in the Household."
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279:. Her thesis defense was held in the main hall of the university and was attended by many young women of the city, interested in seeing "
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some of his papers into
English. On 1 June 1902 she gave birth to Hermann Haber (1902–1946), the only child of that marriage.
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Ladies in the
Laboratory II: West European women in science, 1800 – 1900 : a survey of their contributions to research
332:, Fritz Haber became a staunch supporter of the German military effort and played an important role in the development of
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in 1900, after 8 semesters of study (two more than required for male doctoral candidates). Her dissertation was entitled
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356:, who was attempting to tame cacodyl chloride in Haber's lab as part of Haber's research into chemical weapons.
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Beiträge zur Löslichkeitsbestimmung schwerlöslicher Salze des
Quecksilbers, Kupfers, Bleis, Cadmiums und Zinks
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477:
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345:
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Her suicide remained largely in the dark. Six days after her death, only the small local newspaper
219:
movement". From 1901 until her suicide in 1915, she was married to the Nobel Prize-winning chemist
199:
430:
245:
1355:
1164:
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by Judith Claire
Mitchell, where their characters are named Lenz and Iris Alter. Works such as
415:
A number of works have been inspired to explore Fritz and Clara's relationship. The short film
393:
341:
582:
1160:"The Project is Nothing, The Process is Everything: An Interview with Judith Claire Mitchell"
870:"A Modern Dilemma for Chemistry and Civic Responsibility: The Tragic Life of Clara Immerwahr"
822:
788:
759:(5. print., and 1. pbk. print. ed.). Princeton, NJ : Princeton Univ. Press. p. 77.
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208:
132:
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Confiding in Abegg, Immerwahr expressed her deep dissatisfaction with this subservient role:
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909:"Setsuro Tamaru and Fritz Haber: Links between Japan and Germany in Science and Technology"
8:
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207:. She was the first German woman to be awarded a doctorate in chemistry from the
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The
Synthetic Nitrogen Industry in World War I: Its Emergence and Expansion
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Fritz Haber: Chemiker, Nobelpreisträger, Deutscher, Jude: eine Biographie
854:
Fritz Haber: Chemiker, Nobelpreisträger, Deutscher, Jude: eine Biographie
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329:
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452:). Clara and Fritz are also discussed, in brief account, in the book
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32:
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687:"Clara Haber, nee Immerwahr (1870–1915): Life, Work and Legacy"
240:
1244:
Short biography of Clara Haber (Immerwahr) at Doomed Engineers
1103:
Hobbes, Nicholas (2003). Essential Militaria. Atlantic Books;
1218:
How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States
454:
How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States
404:
1220:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux; First edition. pp. 56–58.
368:
The grave of Fritz and Clara Haber, Hörnli graveyard, near
827:. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 50.
507:
Germans rediscover First World War heroine in new TV drama
824:
Fritz Haber : chemist, nobel laureate, german, jew
659:. Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Company. p. 137
243:
parents, chemist Philipp Immerwahr and his wife, Anna (
988:
Hitler's Scientists, Science, War and the Devil's Pact
623:
Hitler's Scientists, Science, War and the Devil's Pact
1066:
Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
962:
Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
685:
Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter (March 2016).
581:
Creese, Mary R. S. Creese; Creese, Thomas M. (2004).
340:). His efforts would culminate in his supervision of
533:
984:
874:Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie
691:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
619:
587:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 143–145.
684:
1267:
1249:Clara Immerwahr Award launched by UniCat in 2011
1123:"Feeding a War (Interview with Daniel Ragussis)"
410:
846:
844:
231:Immerwahr was born on the Polkendorff Farm in
1261:Clara Immerwahr in the Jewish Women's Archive
736:"Fritz Haber's Experiments in Life and Death"
653:Hoffmann, Frederick; Kremers, Edward (1901).
1191:Justin Hopper – Writer and Script Consultant
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203:; 21 June 1870 – 2 May 1915) was a German
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1068:(Online ed.). Jewish Women's Archive
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297:in August 1901, four years after she had
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907:Oyama, Hideko Tamaru (2 February 2015).
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1326:Scientists from the Province of Silesia
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1291:Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism
1286:20th-century German women scientists
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517:
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469:
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261:, attaining her degree and a PhD in
200:[ˈklaːʁaheˈleːnəˈʔɪmɐvaːɐ̯]
13:
787:Travis, Anthony S. (3 July 2015).
524:, jwa.org; accessed 27 April 2015.
399:Immerwahr's ashes were moved from
14:
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1158:Benjamin, Chloe (30 March 2015).
512:
955:
868:Meschel, Susan V. (March 2012).
656:Pharmaceutical Review, Volume 19
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1018:Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (1998).
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851:Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (1998).
821:Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (2004).
342:the first successful deployment
211:, and is credited with being a
1331:Suicides by firearm in Germany
1036:"Clara Immerwahr, verh. Haber"
646:
540:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
527:
500:
282:Unser erster weiblicher Doktor
1:
1121:Meyer, Michal (Spring 2010).
1094:. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
734:King, Gilbert (6 June 2012).
463:
411:In drama, fiction and writing
215:as well as a "heroine of the
1336:University of Breslau alumni
1281:20th-century German chemists
1060:Dick, Jutta (1 March 2009).
537:The Chemists' War: 1914–1918
534:Freemantle, Michael (2014).
239:), the youngest daughter of
7:
37:Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915)
10:
1372:
1301:German Christian pacifists
1216:Immerwahr, Daniel (2019).
1135:(1): 40–41. Archived from
1128:Chemical Heritage Magazine
509:The Telegraph, 29 May 2014
482:Chemical Heritage Magazine
448:was released (directed by
346:weapon of mass destruction
18:German chemist (1870–1915)
993:. Penguin Press. p.
628:. Penguin Press. p.
299:converted to Christianity
257:Immerwahr studied at the
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1276:19th-century German Jews
1024:. Weinheim. p. 356.
964:. Jewish Women's Archive
793:. Springer. p. 49.
359:
348:in military history, in
227:Early life and education
1316:Jewish women scientists
1254:7 December 2022 at the
983:Cornwell, John (2003).
756:Einstein's German world
618:Cornwell, John (2003).
522:Clara Immerwahr profile
1165:Fiction Writers Review
886:10.1002/zaac.201100409
703:10.1002/zaac.201600035
394:Second Battle of Ypres
372:
322:
281:
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192:Clara Helene Immerwahr
47:Clara Helene Immerwahr
1296:German women chemists
926:10.1002/tcr.201402086
753:Stern, Fritz (2001).
367:
317:
306:societal expectations
259:University of Breslau
209:University of Breslau
196:German pronunciation:
133:University of Breslau
476:Carty, Ryan (2012).
913:The Chemical Record
435:. In 2014 the film
423:A Reunion of Ghosts
111:Cause of death
1321:Lutheran pacifists
1187:"The Greater Good"
373:
370:Basel, Switzerland
293:Immerwahr married
115:Suicide by gunshot
100:Kingdom of Prussia
73:Kingdom of Prussia
1109:978-1-84354-229-2
1092:978-0-9777953-7-6
1062:"Clara Immerwahr"
1004:978-0-14-200480-7
958:"Clara Immerwahr"
639:978-0-14-200480-7
478:"Casualty of War"
385:Grunewald-Zeitung
289:Marriage and work
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158:Scientific career
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1311:Jewish pacifists
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1197:on 19 April 2017
1193:. Archived from
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334:chemical weapons
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90:(1915-05-02)
57:21 June 1870
15:
1351:Fritz Haber
1346:1915 deaths
1341:1870 births
857:. Weinheim.
441: [
354:Otto Sackur
330:World War I
310:translating
295:Fritz Haber
221:Fritz Haber
143:Fritz Haber
121:Nationality
1270:Categories
1072:12 October
1045:12 October
772:27 October
663:27 October
553:27 October
464:References
88:2 May 1915
61:Polkendorf
53:1870-06-21
935:1527-8999
894:0044-2313
263:chemistry
168:Chemistry
1252:Archived
1201:18 April
1171:18 April
1143:20 March
943:25645002
806:18 April
721:27099403
600:18 April
492:22 March
350:Flanders
213:pacifist
149:Children
712:4825402
390:autopsy
328:During
304:Due to
252:Breslau
235:(today
233:Breslau
205:chemist
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