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focus of the monastery had shifted to that of construction and arbitrary regulation; monks were being exiled for questionable reasons, or punished in seemingly unjust ways. Another matter of concern included who was permitted into the inner monastery; Ratgar was at the time hosting a criminal in the living quarters. The concept of private and public property was also in contention. With the land of Fulda expanding, the monks desired all property to be public rather than create a contention for private land, while Ratgar opposed this perspective. The "Supplex
Libellus" also attempted to address the issue of the growing secular responsibilities of the monastery. As the school grew and the communities around Fulda expanded, the monastery was feeling the strain of balancing ecclesiastical obligations with its newfound secular prominence. The monks were successful in their grievances against Ratgar, and Louis the Pious sympathized with them. Agreeing that Ratgar's plans were too ambitions for Fulda, and his punishments too extensive, he exiled Ratgar from Fulda in 817, and Eigil became the fourth Abbot of Fulda.
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position of primate over all
Benedictine monasteries in Germany for several centuries. From 1221 and onwards, the abbots would also serve as Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, given this rank by Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, and resulted in increased secular as well as monastic obligations. The increased importance of Fulda resulted in much patronage and wealth; as a result, the wealthy and noble would eventually make up the majority of the abbey's population. The wealthy monks used their positions for their own means, going as far as to attempt to turn monastic lands into their own private property. This caused great unrest by the 14th century, and Count Johann con Ziegenhain would lead an insurrection, alongside other citizens of Fulda, against Prince-Abbot Heinrich VI, 55th abbot of the monastery. The combination of responsibilities to the empire and corruption of traditional monastic ideals, so highly valued by Boniface and the early abbots, placed great strain on the monastery and its school.
510:
under his leadership, and he would lead Fulda to the height of its importance and success. He established separate departments for the school, including those for sciences, theological studies, and the arts. Rabanus made an effort to collect various additional holy relics and manuscripts of historical significance to Fulda and the surrounding the areas to fortify their prominence in the
Frankish Empire. With each relic, the significance of Fulda grew, and more gifts and power were bestowed upon the abbey. Power was, however, not Rabanus's only intent; the increased holiness of the lands would also serve to bring his monks and pilgrims closer to God. The collection accumulated under Rabanus would largely be lost during the looting of Fulda by the Hessians during the
82:
1290:
498:
1384:
483:, at the turn of the century. It contained an inner school for Christian studies, and an outer school for secular, including pupils who were not necessarily members of the monastery. During Boniface's lifetime he had sent the teachers of Fulda to apprentice under notable scholars in Franconia, Bavaria, and Thuringia, who would return with knowledge and texts of the sciences, literature, and theology. In 787 Charlemagne praised Fulda as a model school for others, leading by example in educating the public in secular and ecclesiastical matters.
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67:
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490:. According to the "Supplex Libellus", an account of Fulda's history written by the monks, Ratgar was overzealous, exiling monks opposed to the excessive attention being given to the new church, and punishing those attempting to flee the epidemic that was spreading amongst the population. This prompted a discussion in Fulda as to how the monastery was to be properly run, and the nature of the responsibilities of the monks.
650:
contained the names of those at Fulda, as the power and prominence of Fulda grew, so too did the scope of who was to be included in the
Annales. Patrons, citizens, and nobles of the area would all come to be recorded in this piece of Fulda and its concept of community. The documenting of dates of passing, beginning with Sturm, created a sense of continuity and a reference for the passage of time for the monks of Fulda.
467:
members of the monastery would move from the main building and establish villages in the outlying territories to connect with non-monastery members. They would establish themselves based on trade and agriculture, while still remaining connected to the monastery. Together, the monks of Fulda would create a substantial library, financially stable production, and an effective centre for education. In 774,
506:
support to the papacy through tribute. This unique architectural tie, as well as the growing intellectual importance of Fulda, would create strong ties with the Roman papacy. Coupled with the tomb of Saint
Boniface, Fulda would attract much religious pilgrimage and worship, a site of great significance.
538:
In the later Middle Ages, a dean of the monastic school would functionally replace the abbot concerning scholastic management, once more granting it relative independence concerning ecclesiastical functions of Fulda. However, the monastery and surrounding city would never regain its status as a great
505:
Under Abbot Eigil's leadership, construction of the new church continued at a more moderate pace. He sought to stylize the church after St. Peter's in Rome, adding a notable western transept in the same fashion. The transept was a new architectural style, and in mimicking it, Fulda demonstrated their
453:
to establish a larger church than any other founded by
Boniface. In January 744, Saint Sturm selected an unpopulated plot along the Fulda River, and shortly after obtained rights to the land. The foundation of the monastery dates to March 12, 744. Sturm travelled to notable monasteries of Italy, such
649:
A notable work that the monks of Fulda produced was the "Annales necrologici", a list of all the deceased members of the abbey following the death of Saint Sturm in 744. The monks would offer prayer for the dead listed in the
Annales to ensure their eternal salvation. While at first this record only
534:
Succeeding abbots would carry the monastery down the same path, with Fulda retaining a place of prominence in the German territories. With the decline of the
Carolingian rule, Fulda lost its security and would rely increasingly on patronage from independent sources. The abbot of Fulda would hold the
493:
Until this point, a focus of the monks had been remembering and recording the lives of the deceased, specifically those who were members of the Fulda monastery, in what was known as the "Annales
Necrologici". They would sing psalms for their dead to ensure their eternal salvation. Under Ratgar, the
509:
In 822, Rabanus Maurus became the fifth abbot of Fulda. He was previously educated at the monastery, and was very academically inclined, becoming both a teacher and head-master at the school before becoming abbot. Understanding the importance of education, the school became the main focus of Fulda
466:
The monks of Fulda practiced many specialized trades, and much production took place in the monastery. Production of manuscripts increased the size of the library of Fulda, while skilled craftsmen produced many goods that would make monastery a financially wealthy establishment. As Fulda grew,
462:
for placement directly under the Holy See in 751. Boniface would be entombed at Fulda following his martyrdom in 754 in Frisia, as per his request, creating a destination for pilgrimage in
Germany and increasing its holy significance. Saint Sturm would be named the first abbot of the newly
471:
placed Fulda under his direct control to ensure its continued success. Fulda was becoming an important cultural center to the Carolingian Empire, and Carloman hoped to ensure the continued salvation of his population through the religious activity of Fulda.
317:
1256:
458:, for inspiration in creating a monastery of such grand size and splendor. Boniface was proud of Fulda, and he would obtain autonomy for the monastery from the bishops of the area by appealing to
383:. After Boniface was buried at Fulda, it became a prominent center of learning and culture in Germany, and a site of religious significance and pilgrimage through the 8th and 9th centuries. The
81:
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Around the year 807, an epidemic claimed much of Fulda's population. During this time, the third abbot of Fulda, Ratgar, was carrying out construction on a new church started by
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cultural center it once held during the early medieval years. The monastery was dissolved in 1802. The spiritual principality was secularized in 1803 after the
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literature. It was probably here that an Italian book-hunter in 1417 discovered the last surviving manuscript of Lucretius's
638:, which then became enormously influential in humanist circles. Its abundant records are conserved in the state archives at
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Painting of Prince-Bishop, Prince Abbot Heinrich von Bibra by his court painter, Johann Andreas Herrlein
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Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder: Die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart
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2012:
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642:. As of 2013 the Fulda manuscripts have become widely dispersed; some have found their way to the
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411:) on the prince-abbot. The growth in population around Fulda would result in its elevation to a
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476:
1968:
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1415:
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Raaijmakers. Sacred time, sacred space, history and identity in the monastery of Fulda. 57-92
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Cardinal Gustav Adolf (Baden) (Bernhard Gustav Markgraf von Baden-Durlach) 1671–1677
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established monastery, and would lead Fulda through a period of rapid growth.
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The library held approximately 2000 manuscripts. It preserved works such as
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Benedictine abbey and ecclesiastical principality centered on Fulda, Germany
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Sacred time, sacred space, history and identity in the monastery of Fulda
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Sacred time, sacred space, history and identity in the monastery of Fulda
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Sacred time, sacred space, history and identity in the monastery of Fulda
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Sacred time, sacred space, history and identity in the monastery of Fulda
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Sacred time, sacred space, history and identity in the monastery of Fulda
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in the 9th century, were written there. In 1221 the abbey was granted an
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1811:
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The Catholic World, A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science
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would become a major focus of the monks under Sturm's successor, Abbot
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Location of Fulda and its territory in the Holy Roman Empire (1648)
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Territory of the Princely Abbey of Fulda in the early 18th century
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1174:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved October 20, 2013
1126:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved October 20, 2013
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1211:
The Making of the Monastic Community of Fulda, c. 744 – c. 900
1185:
The Making of the Monastic Community of Fulda, c. 744 – c. 900
1150:
The Making of the Monastic Community of Fulda, c. 744 – c. 900
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resurrected it as the Grand Duchy of Fulda and gave it to the
418:
Although the abbey was dissolved in 1802 and its principality
1676:
1576:
369:
365:
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Siegfried von Eppenstein 1058–1060, also Archbishop of Mainz
576:
in August 1806, fled to Berlin. Fulda was taken over by the
1910:
1895:
1555:
1551:
389:, one of the most important sources for the history of the
2114:
Religious buildings and structures completed in the 770s
560:
along with several other mediatized lands to form the
2119:
Prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany
973:
Amand von Buseck, 1737–1756, Prince-Bishop after 1752
630:
which has the reputation of serving as the cradle of
405:
bestowed the title "Archchancellor of the Empress" (
662:Statue of Saint Boniface (1830) at Fulda, Germany
2065:
943:Johann Bernhard Schenk zu Schweinsberg 1623–1632
901:Hartmann II. Burggraf von Kirchberg 1513–1521/29
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
977:
949:Hermann Georg von Neuhof (named Ley) 1635–1644
923:Wilhelm Hartmann von Klauer zu Wohra 1568–1570
920:Philipp Georg Schenk zu Schweinsberg 1567–1568
917:Wolfgang Schutzbar (named Milchling) 1558–1567
833:Heinrich III. von Kronberg im Taunus 1192–1216
556:The secular territory of Fulda was joined the
2094:1500s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1272:
935:, Bishop of Würzburg, administrator 1576–1602
1101:
1099:
1072:
1070:
1025:
406:
351:
341:
1213:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 292
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92:
80:
2104:Imperial abbeys disestablished in 1802–03
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1067:
940:Johann Friedrich von Schwalbach 1606–1622
914:Wolfgang Dietrich von Eusigheim 1550–1558
501:Seal of Abbot Egbert of Fulda (1047–1058)
34:Princely Abbey; Prince-Bishopric of Fulda
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911:Philipp Schenk zu Schweinsberg 1541–1550
657:
552:Fulda Cathedral (the former abbey) today
547:
529:
516:
496:
415:in the second half of the 18th century.
1162:
1160:
1158:
1014:, 1789–1802, remained bishop until 1814
397:to rule and the abbots were thereafter
14:
2066:
876:Heinrich VII. von Kranlucken 1353–1372
867:Heinrich V. Graf von Weilnau 1288–1313
1260:
864:Markward II. von Bickenbach 1286–1288
434:
368:, in the present-day German state of
1155:
961:Adalbert I. von Schleifras 1700–1714
952:Joachim Graf von Gravenegg 1644–1671
873:Heinrich VI. von Hohenberg 1315–1353
858:Bertho III. von Mackenzell 1271–1272
812:Heinrich II. von Bingarten 1148–1149
574:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
375:The monastery was founded in 744 by
1120:"Blessed Maurus Magnentius Rabanus"
1055:. Amsterdam: In eigen beheer. 1-20.
946:Johann Adolf von Hoheneck 1633–1635
891:Reinhard Graf von Weilnau 1449–1472
879:Konrad IV. Graf von Hanau 1372–1383
824:Burchard Graf von Nürings 1168–1176
562:Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
545:, but the episcopal see continued.
279:Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
24:
2074:Benedictine monasteries in Germany
1220:
1038:(1878). "The Monastery of Fulda".
888:Hermann II. von Buchenau 1440–1449
797:Heinrich I. von Kemnaten 1126–1132
25:
2140:
1247:History of the Bishopric of Fulda
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882:Friedrich I. von Romrod 1383–1395
870:Eberhard von Rotenstein 1313–1315
861:Bertho IV. von Biembach 1273–1286
852:Heinrich IV. von Erthal 1249–1261
653:
523:Bernhard Gustav von Baden-Durlach
1382:
1288:
964:Konstantin von Buttlar 1714–1726
855:Bertho II. von Leibolz 1261–1271
849:Konrad III. von Malkes 1221–1249
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779:Widerad von Eppenstein 1060–1075
399:princes of the Holy Roman Empire
283:
258:
65:
53:
1203:
1190:
1177:
929:, 1570–1606 (exiled 1576–1602)
800:Bertho I. von Schlitz 1132–1134
750:Poppo 1013–1018, also Abbot of
441:List of Carolingian monasteries
1142:
1129:
1112:
1083:
1058:
1045:
885:Johann I. von Merlau 1395–1440
580:. In 1810 it was given to the
38:Fürstabtei - Fürstbistum Fulda
13:
1:
2099:1500 establishments in Europe
1018:
958:Placidus von Droste 1678–1700
933:Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn
794:Ulrich von Kemnaten 1122–1126
791:Erlolf von Bergholz 1114–1122
558:Principality of Orange-Nassau
542:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
477:school at the Fulda monastery
978:Prince-Bishops/Prince-Abbots
7:
2124:Former monarchies of Europe
1200:(C. H. Beck, 2007), p. 203.
1051:Raaijmakers, J. E. (2003).
362:ecclesiastical principality
10:
2145:
1209:Raaijmakers, J. E. (2012)
908:-Schleusingen 1521/29–1541
570:Confederation of the Rhine
438:
429:
1988:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
1938:
1878:
1810:
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1729:
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1550:
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1252:Geschichtsquellen im Netz
1172:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1124:The Catholic Encyclopedia
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348:Prince-Bishopric of Fulda
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999:Heinrich VIII. von Bibra
582:Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
445:In the mid-8th century,
2023:Unencircled territories
898:-Schleusingen 1472–1513
604:Library and scriptorium
408:Erzkanzler der Kaiserin
338:Princely Abbey of Fulda
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927:Balthasar von Dernbach
747:Branthoh II. 1011–1013
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584:, but was occupied by
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818:Gernot von Fulda 1165
815:Markward I. 1150–1165
661:
551:
530:Imperial principality
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133:Elective principality
120:Common languages
2079:Monasteries in Hesse
1295:Upper Rhenish Circle
1227:Germania Benedictina
1042:, 28 (165). 301-309.
968:Adolphus von Dalberg
894:Johann II. Graf von
830:Konrad II. 1177–1192
827:Rugger II. 1176–1177
620:Ammianus Marcellinus
568:refused to join the
426:continues to exist.
346:) and from 1752 the
186:Upper Rhenish Circle
2046: /
1999:Circles est. 1512:
1974:Circles est. 1500:
1297:(1500–1806) of the
803:Konrad I. 1134–1140
735:Branthoh I. 982-991
598:Electorate of Hesse
572:and, following the
401:. In 1356, Emperor
146:Early modern period
2129:Former theocracies
2109:774 establishments
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2020:
2016:
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1961:
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1946:
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788:Wolfhelm 1109–1114
785:Godefrid 1096–1109
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764:Sigiwart 1039–1043
738:Hatto III. 991-997
664:
594:Congress of Vienna
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391:Carolingian Empire
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2013:Electoral Rhenish
1969:Swiss Confederacy
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1609:Büdingen-Birstein
1448:Isenburg-Birstein
1299:Holy Roman Empire
1166:Lins, J. (1909).
991:Adalbert II. von
821:Hermann 1165–1168
806:Aleholf 1140–1148
761:Richard 1018–1039
732:Werinheri 968-982
720:Hiltibert 923-927
714:Helmfried 915-916
588:from 1813 and by
566:William Frederick
512:Thirty Years' War
353:Fürstbistum Fulda
336:), from 1221 the
334:Abbatia Fuldensis
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636:De Rerum Natura
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628:Codex Fuldensis
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592:from 1815. the
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1762:Wächtersbach
1719:Wittgenstein
1709:Wittgenstein
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248:Succeeded by
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72:Coat of arms
37:
2053: /
2009:Upper Saxon
1963:until 1736.
1951:after 1737.
1850:Oberehnheim
1830:Kaisersberg
1747:Falkenstein
1737:Bretzenheim
1633:Kriechingen
1582:Lichtenberg
1542:Zweibrücken
1478:Saarbrücken
1406:Heitersheim
1008: [
1001:, 1759–1788
993:Walderdorff
756:Babenberger
673:Saint Sturm
525:(1671–1677)
454:as that of
451:Saint Sturm
377:Saint Sturm
358:Benedictine
243:Preceded by
142:Middle Ages
2068:Categories
2038:50°33′14″N
2005:Burgundian
1992:Franconian
1870:Weißenburg
1789:Wartenberg
1784:Salm-Dhaun
1769:Mensfelden
1682:Hohensolms
1665:Grehweiler
1653:Westerburg
1648:Hardenburg
1616:Königstein
1587:Münzenberg
1369:Weißenburg
1019:References
626:, and the
624:Res gestae
439:See also:
403:Charles IV
360:abbey and
216:Mediatised
130:Government
2041:9°40′18″E
1957:Reichstag
1906:Straßburg
1891:Friedberg
1886:Frankfurt
1840:Mülhausen
1714:Berleburg
1697:Rödelheim
1638:Leiningen
1567:Imp. Diet
1473:Ottweiler
1441:Rheinfels
1421:Darmstadt
1354:Straßburg
1139:. 167-202
995:1757–1759
970:1726–1737
906:Henneberg
896:Henneberg
773:1047–1058
742:Erkanbald
729:. 956-968
600:in 1815.
564:. Prince
356:), was a
318:‹See Tfd›
45:1221–1802
2001:Austrian
1976:Bavarian
1971:in 1515.
1955:without
1865:Türkheim
1812:Décapole
1757:Meerholz
1752:Isenburg
1742:Dagstuhl
1704:Wetterau
1670:Grumbach
1643:Dagsburg
1626:Stolberg
1604:Büdingen
1599:Birstein
1594:Isenburg
1527:Sponheim
1488:Weilburg
1458:Lorraine
1411:Hersfeld
1339:Bruchsal
1335:Odenheim
1325:Hersfeld
1093:. 57-92.
1080:. 93–134
744:997–1011
727:Hatto II
469:Carloman
1980:Swabian
1967:Joined
1921:Wetzlar
1855:Rosheim
1825:Hagenau
1774:Olbrück
1730:Without
1687:Laubach
1537:Waldeck
1532:Veldenz
1517:Simmern
1500:Kyrburg
1483:Usingen
1468:Idstein
1453:Lautern
1436:Marburg
1426:Homburg
1393:Secular
1109:. 21-56
699:822-842
693:818-822
687:802-817
681:779-802
679:Baugulf
675:744-779
640:Marburg
615:Annales
610:Tacitus
590:Prussia
586:Austria
488:Baugulf
481:Baugulf
430:History
304:Germany
214:•
167:•
124:Hessian
112:Capital
1949:Nomeny
1916:Verdun
1901:Speyer
1879:Others
1835:Landau
1820:Colmar
1803:Cities
1552:Counts
1463:Nassau
1431:Kassel
1364:Verdun
1349:Speyer
1233:
1152:. 227
771:Egbert
752:Lorsch
685:Ratgar
667:Abbots
578:French
322:German
104:Status
2089:Fulda
1959:seat.
1926:Worms
1677:Solms
1621:Mainz
1577:Hanau
1570:seats
1556:Lords
1512:Savoy
1416:Hesse
1374:Worms
1320:Fulda
1315:Basel
1187:. 265
1168:Fulda
1012:]
691:Eigil
370:Hesse
366:Fulda
330:Latin
115:Fulda
1911:Toul
1896:Metz
1692:Lich
1660:Salm
1564:With
1505:Salm
1495:Salm
1359:Toul
1344:Prüm
1330:Metz
1231:ISBN
475:The
311:The
229:1802
208:1752
191:1500
174:1221
60:Flag
1401:Bar
1170:in
1122:in
161:744
2070::
2018:·
2011:,
2007:,
2003:,
1994:,
1990:,
1986:,
1982:,
1978:,
1554:/
1157:^
1098:^
1069:^
1027:^
1010:de
646:.
622:'
618:,
612:'
514:.
372:.
332::
328:;
324::
218:to
1944:.
1337:–
1280:e
1273:t
1266:v
758:)
350:(
340:(
315:(
20:)
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