Fumimaro Konoe - Knowledge

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southward, the decision was made to invade and occupy the southern half of French Indochina, which was formalized in an imperial conference on 2 July. Included in this imperial conference resolution was a statement that Japan would not flinch from war with the U.S. and Britain if necessary. Beginning on 10 July, Konoe held a series of liaison conferences to discuss the Japanese response to Hull's latest amendment to the draft of understanding. It was decided that a reply would not be given until the Japanese takeover of southern Indochina was complete, hoping that if it went peacefully, perhaps the U.S. could be convinced to tolerate the occupation without intervention. On 14 July, Matsuoka drafted a response — through illness — which said Japan would not abandon the tripartite pact. He attacked Hull's statement, which had been aimed largely at him, and the next day he sent the response to Germany for approval. Sending the draft to the Germans without the cabinet's permission was the final straw. Konoe and his cabinet resigned en masse and reformed the government without Matsuoka on 16 July, when Matsuoka did not attend due to illness.

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the heavy responsibility he felt toward the emperor and the Japanese people. Fumimaro recorded his feelings about these issues in pencil at the urging of his son. According to Michitaka, he apologized to his father for his failure to be a filial son, sensing that these may be their last moments together. His father rebuffed him, replying "What does 'to be filial' mean?", then turned away. They sat in silence until Michitaka told his father to go to sleep and asked him if he was going to leave tomorrow. Fumimaro didn't reply but Michitaka gazed at him. Fumimaro gazed back and Michitaka had never seen such a strange and distasteful expression on his father's face. For the first time he perceived the older man's intention to die. Just before dawn, Michitaka was awakened by his mother's excited voice, when he entered his father's room Fumimaro was stretched out, looking calm and serene, as if asleep. A brownish bottle, empty, lay beside his pillow. He had died by suicide by taking potassium cyanide. His grave is at the Konoe clan cemetery at the temple of

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the U.S. cut off negotiations and froze Japanese assets, the British, Dutch, and Canadian governments following suit shortly thereafter. The same day Roosevelt met with Nomura, where he told the ambassador that if Japan would agree to pull out of Indochina and agree to its being granted a status of neutrality, Japanese assets could be unfrozen. Roosevelt implied that Japanese expansion in China would be tolerated, but Indochina was a red line. He expressed how disturbed he was that Japan could not see that Hitler was bent on world domination. Konoe did not take aggressive action in implementing Roosevelt's offer, and could not restrain militarists, led by

2725:(at that time the head of the cabinet planning board) to Konoe with a message urging him to resign, stating that if he resigned Tojo would endorse prince Higashikuni as the next prime minister. Suzuki told Konoe that Tojo realized now that the navy was unwilling to admit that it could not fight the U.S. He also told Konoe that Tojo believed the current cabinet must resign and bear the responsibility of wrongfully calling for the imperial edict, and only someone of Higashikuni's imperial background could reverse it. The next day, on 15 October, Konoe's friend and advisor Hotsumi Ozaki was exposed and arrested as a Soviet spy. 2710:." Konoe responded that, while such a policy was okay for the individual, "if I think of the national polity that has lasted twenty six hundred years and of the hundred million Japanese belonging to this nation, I, as a person in the position of great responsibility, cannot do such a thing." The next day Tojo met with Oikawa and showed some doubt when he told him that it would be a betrayal of those who had already died in the war for the army to pull troops out of China, but that he was also worried about the many more who would die in an eventual war with the U.S., and that he was considering a troop withdrawal. 1919: 2694:, where he secured his commitment of cooperation in acceptance American demands, the navy being acutely aware of the long odds of victory in the event of war with the U.S. Oikawa returned to Tokyo and seemed to secure the cooperation of navy chief of staff Nagano, including Toyoda as foreign minister they formed a potential majority in the next liaison conference. On October 2, Hull delivered to Nomura a statement constituting the preconditions for a summit meeting. Hull made it clear that the Japanese army would have to demonstrate that they were going to pull troops out of French Indochina and China. 2628:

continue to seek peace with Roosevelt, but, at the same time, Japan would commit to war if a peace agreement did not materialize by mid-October. Moreover, Japan would not abandon the tripartite pact. Konoe, Saionji, and his supporters had drafted a proposal that emphasized a willingness to withdraw troops from China, but Konoe did not introduce this proposal and instead acceded to a proposal from the foreign ministry. The difference in the proposals was that the foreign ministry's was conditioned on an agreement being reached between China and Japan before troops would be withdrawn.

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meeting that followed, Tojo declared that the decision of the imperial conference had been thoroughly deliberated, that hundreds of thousands of troops were being moved south as they spoke, that if diplomacy were to continue they must be sure that it would result in success, and that the imperial edict had specifically declared that negotiations must bear fruit by early October (which meant the deadline had already been passed). After this conference Tojo went to see lord keeper of the privy seal Kido, to push for Konoe's resignation.

2401: 2231: 2568: 2239: 168: 2831: 5917: 2443:, since their cooperation was required to mobilize the rural population. Konoe's government pressured political parties to dissolve into the IRAA, though he resisted calls to form a political party akin to Nazi party, believing it would revive the political strife of the 1920s. Additionally, he worried that becoming the head of a political party would be beneath the dignity of a nobleman. Instead, he worked to promote the IRAA as the sole political order. 2336:

meant more than just non-recognition of Chiang's regime but "rejected it" and would "eradicate it". The American historian Gerhard Weinberg wrote about Konoe's escalation of the war: "The one time in the decade between 1931 and 1941 that the civilian authorities in Tokyo mustered the energy, courage and ingenuity to overrule the military on a major peace issue they did so with fatal results — fatal for Japan, fatal for China, and for Konoe himself."

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said that as long as Japan was allied to Hitler an agreement would be next to impossible to achieve. He did not specifically mention Matsuoka, but it was implied that he would have to be removed, as the foreign minister was now advocating an immediate attack on the Soviet Union, and did so directly to the emperor. Konoe was forced to apologize to the emperor and assure him that Japan was not about to go to war with the Soviet Union.

2141: 47: 2474:. In a press conference on 4 October, Konoe said the U.S. should not misunderstand the intentions of the tripartite powers and should help them to build a new world order. Additionally he said that if the U.S. did not end its provocative actions and deliberately chose to misunderstand the actions of the tripartite powers, there would be no option left but war. In November 1940, Japan signed the Sino-Japanese treaty with 2393: 2366:, allowed the central government to control all manpower and material, and rationed the flow of raw materials into the Japanese market. Japanese victories continued at Xuzhou, Hankow, Canton, Wuchang, and Hanyang, but Chinese resistance nonetheless continued. Konoe resigned in January 1939, leaving the war that he had a large part in making to be finished by someone else, and was appointed chairman of the 2698:

negotiation, further postponing a final decision. The army and the navy were in opposition to each other and held separate high-level meetings, each respectively confirming their resolve to either go to war or pull back from the brink. But Nagano continued to oppose open confrontation of the army, while Oikawa did not want to take the lead as the only member of the liaison conference to oppose war.

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home ministry, which had seen great turnover mirroring the political upheaval occurring in the Diet. Konoe's association with the youth hall began two months after the publication of an article in July 1921, where he stressed education of the electorate's political wisdom and morality, and lamented that education only taught youth to accept ideas passively from their superiors. The Youth Corps (

2030:, and land development. The home ministry was also abused to influence elections in favour of the ruling party. Despite having once believed it to be beneath the dignity of a nobleman, Konoe entered into an alliance with important home ministry officials. The most important among these officials was Yoshiharu Tazawa, whom he met after he became the managing director of the Japan Youth Hall ( 2281:, who had attempted to assassinate his mentor Saionji. Konoe retained the military and legal ministers from the previous cabinet upon assumption of the premiership, and refused to take ministers from the political parties, as he was not interested in resurrecting party government. One month later, Japanese troops clashed with Chinese troops near Beijing in the 2714:

take the lead in demanding that the army agree to taking the war option off the table. Toyoda was the only member willing to declare that the imperial conference of 6 September was a mistake, implying that the war option should be taken off the table, while Tojo forcefully argued that an imperial resolution could not be violated.

1675: 2653:, a member of Konoe's cabinet and former prime minister, had been shot six times by an ultra-nationalist because he was seen as too close to Grew.) Konoe told Grew that he was prepared to travel to meet Roosevelt on a moment's notice. Grew then urged his superiors to advise Roosevelt to accept the summit proposal. 1717:, had been politically active, having organized the Anti-Russia Society in 1903. Fumimaro's mother died shortly after his birth; his father then married her younger sister. Fumimaro was misled into thinking she was his real mother, and found out the truth when he was 12 years old after his father's death. 2683:

concessions at the summit but could not commit beforehand due to the influence of the militarists and the risk that any conciliation beforehand would be leaked to the Germans in an effort to bring down the Konoe cabinet. Grew argued in favour of the summit to Roosevelt in a communication on 29 September.

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so much.' Thus, gradually he began to lead to war. And the next time I met him, he leaned even more to war. I felt the Emperor was telling me: 'My prime minister does not understand military matters. I know much more.' In short, the Emperor had absorbed the view of the army and the navy high commands."

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and army minister Tojo, which was an attempt to bring the war hawk in line with Konoe. Higashikuni told Tojo that since the Emperor and Konoe favoured negotiation over war, the army minister should too, and that he should quit if he could not follow a policy of non-confrontation. Tojo replied that if

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On 6 August, Konoe's government announced that it would only pull out of Indochina when the war in China was concluded, rejected Roosevelt's neutralization proposal, but promised not to expand further and asked for US mediation in ending the war in China. On 8 August, Konoe requested, through Nomura,

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wrote Konoe a letter telling him that he should not have let the military occupy southern Indochina while negotiations with the U.S. were still ongoing. Konoe responded that the ships were already dispatched and could not turn back in time, and that all he could do was pray for "divine intervention."

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When Matsuoka returned to Tokyo, a liaison conference was held, during which he voiced his opposition to the draft of understanding, believing it would betray their Nazi allies. After arguing that Japan should let Germany see this draft, he left the meeting, citing exhaustion, Konoe also retreated to

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political bosses as a threat to Japan's political stability. Universal suffrage had opened the vote to the undereducated peasantry, but local bosses, using pork-barrel politics, manipulated their influence on the government. These officials also shared Konoe's concern about party influence within the

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On 14 October, one day before the deadline, Konoe and Tojo met one last time, where Konoe attempted to impress upon Tojo the need to stand down from war and accede to U.S. demands for a military withdrawal from China and Indochina. Tojo ruled a troop withdrawal as out of the question. In the cabinet

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Konoe held a meeting on 12 October with military ministers Tojo and Oikawa and foreign minister Toyoda, which became known as the Tekigaiso conference. Konoe began by saying that he had no confidence in the war they were about to wage and would not lead it, but neither Oikawa or Konoe was willing to

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Konoe met privately with Tojo twice in a failed attempt to convince him to a troop withdrawal and to take the war option off the table on 5 and 7 October. In the 7 October meeting, Konoe told Tojo that "military men take wars too lightly." Tojo's response was, "occasionally one must gather up enough

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administration hoped that Matsuoka's dismissal would mean Japan was standing down from continued aggressive action; these hopes were dashed when the French government, after being threatened with military action, allowed the Japanese army to occupy all of French Indochina on 22 July. Two days later,

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was doubtful about its ability to advance up the Yangtze river valley, and favoured taking up a German offer of mediation to end the war with China. Konoe, by contrast, was not interested in peace, and instead chose to escalate the war by suggesting deliberately humiliating terms that he knew Chiang

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Konoe preferred death to the humiliation of a war crimes trial. The night before he was to leave to Sugamo prison on 15 December 1945, his son Michitaka searched his room for weapons and poison. Konoe and his son talked at length that night about the invasion of China, negotiations with the US, and

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Konoe justified his demission to his secretary Kenji Tomita. "Of course His Imperial Majesty is a pacifist and he wished to avoid war. When I told him that to initiate war was a mistake, he agreed. But the next day, he would tell me: 'You were worried about it yesterday but you do not have to worry

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to a political office must be considered very carefully. Above all, in time of peace this is fine, but when there is a fear that there may even be a war, then more importantly, considering the welfare of the imperial house, I wonder about the wisdom of a member of the imperial family serving ." Six

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On 6 September, the Emperor approved the cabinet's decision at an imperial conference after being given assurance by the two chiefs of staff that diplomacy was the primary emphasis, with war only as a fall-back option in the event of diplomatic failure. That same evening, Konoe arranged a dinner in

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On 29 November 1941, at a luncheon with the Emperor with all living former prime ministers in attendance, Konoe voiced his objection to war. Upon hearing of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Konoe said regarding Japan's military success, "What on earth? I really feel a miserable defeat coming; this will

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and Admiral Osami Nagano to inform him of the cabinet's decision to commit to war in the absence of a diplomatic breakthrough. Alarmed, the emperor asked what had happened to the negotiations with Roosevelt. He asked Konoe to change the emphasis from war to negotiation; Konoe replied that would be

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delivered another amendment of the draft on understanding to the Japanese, but this time there was no recognition of the Japanese right to control of Manchukuo. The new draft also completely rejected the Japanese right of military expansion in the Pacific. Hull included a statement that in summary

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and began to openly criticise Konoe and his cabinet, leading to suspicions that he wanted to replace Konoe as prime minister. Matsuoka changed the U.S. draft into a counteroffer that essentially gutted most of the Japanese concessions in regard to China and expansion in the Pacific and had Nomura

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that Kuomintang aggression had not ceased despite its defeat, that it was "subjecting its people to great misery", and that Japan would no longer deal with Chiang. Six days later, he gave a speech where he blamed China for the continued conflict. When later asked for clarifications, Konoe said he

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would diminish the imperial prestige, undermine the unifying power of the throne, expose the emperor to criticism, and potentially undermine domestic tranquillity. His greatest fear in this period of rapid industrialization would become the threat of left-wing revolution, facilitated by the petty

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about these military preparations. The emperor then questioned Sugiyama about the chances of success of an open war with the West. After Sugiyama answered positively, Hirohito scolded him, remembering that the Army had predicted that the invasion of China would be completed in only three months.

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Nomura met with Roosevelt and told him about Konoe's summit proposal. After condemning Japanese aggression in Indochina, Roosevelt said he was open to the meeting, and suggested they could meet in Juneau, Alaska. On 3 September, a liaison conference was held where it was decided that Konoe would

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would be a quick German victory, and he was now opposed to attacking Singapore because he believed it would provoke war with the western allies. After a series of liaison conferences where Matsuoka argued forcefully in favour of an attack against the Soviet Union and against further expansion

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that he was going to resign, but Kido talked him out of it. Konoe then secluded himself in a villa at Kamakura until 2 October, leaving foreign minister Toyoda to take charge of negotiations in his absence. Toyoda asked ambassador Grew to tell Roosevelt that Konoe would only be able to grant

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Konoe assumed the vice presidency of the House of Peers in 1931. In 1932, political parties lost control of the cabinet. Thenceforth, cabinets were formed by alliances of political elites and military factions. As Japan mobilized its resources for war, the government increased suppression of

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conditions for a withdrawal from China. At the liaison conference of September 25, sensing that summit negotiations were stalling, Tojo and the militarists pressed the cabinet to commit to an actual deadline for war of October 15. After this meeting, Konoe told lord keeper of the privy seal

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At the 4 October liaison conference, Hull's response was still being processed and could not be fully discussed; Nagano changed his position and now agreed with the army and advocated a deadline for war. Konoe and Oikawa were largely silent and did not try to bring him back to the side of

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Is It Konoe or Konoye? The name of the new Premier of Japan, pronounced with the stress on the second syllable and a definite sounding of the letter 'e' as in 'let', is spelled in English as Konoe, according to the officially recognized Japan Yearbook. The full name is Prince Ayamaro

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On 10 September, Nomura met with Hull, who told him that the latest Japanese offer was a non-starter and that Japan would have to make concessions in regard to China before the summit meeting could take place. On 20 September, a liaison meeting passed a revised proposal that actually

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factionalism of Taishō democracy's political factions. He saw the peerage as a bulwark of stability committed to tranquillity, harmony, and the maintenance of the status quo. Its function was to restrain the excesses of the elected government, but its power had to be used sparingly.

801: 2285:. Nevertheless, a consensus emerged among Japanese military leadership that the nation was not ready for war with China, and a truce was made on 11 July. The ceasefire was broken by 20 July after Konoe's government sent more divisions to China, causing full-scale war to erupt. 2343:, Japan had lost a large amount of its gold reserves by late 1937. Konoe believed that a new economic system geared toward exploitation of northern China's resources was the only way to stop this economic deterioration. In response to continued U.S. support for the so-called 2526:, normalization of trade relations, withdrawal of Japanese troops from China, mutual respect for Chinese independence, and an agreement that Japanese immigration to the United States would proceed on the basis of equality with other nationals free from discrimination. 2111:, wishing to prepare him for politics and make him an able proponent of Japan in America. Unlike most of his elite contemporaries, Fumimaro had not been educated abroad due to his father's poor finances. Fumimaro visited Fumitaka in 1934 and he was shocked by rising 2478:, who had been a disciple of Sun Yat-sen and headed a rival Kuomintang government in Nanjing. But Konoe's Government did not relinquish all held territory to Jinwei's government, undercutting its authority, and Wang's government was largely seen as an illegitimate 1762:. Uncharacteristically for someone from a high-ranking aristocratic background, he chose to study at the First Higher School for university preparatory education, instead of staying at Gakushuin. Upon graduating in 1912, he proceeded to study philosophy at 2122:

Konoe's views were thus a recapitulation of those he had expressed at Versailles almost 20 years earlier. He still believed that Japan was the equal and the rival of the western powers, that Japan had a right to expansion in China, that such expansion was

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the western encirclement of Japan were to be accepted, Japan would cease to exist. Tojo believed that even if there was only a small chance of winning a war with the U.S., Japan must prepare for it and wage it rather than be encircled and destroyed.

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a meeting with Roosevelt. The suggestion came from Kinkazu Saionji, the grandson of his deceased mentor Saionji Kinmochi. Kinkazu advised Konoe through a monthly informal breakfast club, where Konoe consulted with civilian elites about policy.

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political parties and what remained of the left wing. Konoe ascended to the presidency of the House of Peers in 1933 and spent the next few years mediating between elite political factions, elite policy consensus, and national unity.

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resigned and Konoe was appointed prime minister again. Konoe did set out to end the war in with China. But Konoe also deemed political parties as too liberal and divisive, thereby aiding the pro-war factions in the military.

1627:, the rigid timetable imposed on negotiations by the military and his own administration's inflexibility set Japan on the path to war. Politically isolated, Konoe resigned as prime minister in October 1941 and was replaced by 2299:

Prime Minister Kiichirō Hiranuma (1867–1952, in office January–August 1939, center, front row) and the members of his cabinet, including Minister-without-Portfolio Fumimaro Konoe (to the right of Hiranuma), Interior Minister

2482:. In December 1940, the British reopened the Burma Road and lent 10 million pounds to Chiang's Kuomintang. Konoe recommenced negotiations with the Dutch in January 1941 in an attempt to secure an alternate source of oil. 1990:, Konoe supported universal male suffrage to forestall serious curtailment of the noble privileges. Konoe believed universal male suffrage was the best way to channel popular discontent and thereby reduce the chance of 2505:

in the event of war with Japan. On April 18, 1941, word arrived from Nomura of a diplomatic breakthrough, a draft of understanding between the US and Japan. The basis of this agreement had been drafted by two American

2351:, Konoe said Japan sought a new order in east Asia, that Chiang no longer spoke for China, that Japan would reconstruct China without help from foreign powers, and that a "tripartite relationship of . . . Japan, 3304:

Although – in accordance with the system adopted by the Japanese imperial government from the Meiji period through the end of WWII – the official English translation of Konoe's title was "prince", the title of

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and pushed through the State General Mobilization Law, placing the country on war-time footing. Konoe resigned as prime minister in 1939 as Chinese resistance continued and the war dragged on.

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Kōichi Kido's advice. In 1946, Hirohito explained this decision: "I actually thought Prince Higashikuni suitable as chief of staff of the Army; but I think the appointment of a member of the

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in 1918. Konoe believed the House of Peers should stay neutral in factional party politics, lest a partisan-seeming peerage have their privileges restricted. He therefore supported Takashi's

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treaty, and there was agreement between the great powers over the establishment of an independent Chinese state. A flourishing party system controlled the cabinet in alliance with industry.

1710:"; Fumimaro would be its 29th leader. While the average height of Japanese people at that time was around 160 cm (5 ft 3 in), Konoe was over 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall. 5920: 926: 2250:, his study of socialism at university, and his support of universal suffrage, he seemed to have had a contradictory attraction to fascism, which angered and alarmed the ageing 1899:

overturned the vote, declaring that the clause needed unanimous support. Konoe took the rejection of the Racial Equality Clause very badly, seeing it as a humiliation of Japan.

1694:. This made the Konoe "head of the most prestigious, and highest ranking noble house in the realm." They had first become independent of the Fujiwara in the 12th century, when 2603:

exports to Japan, surprising Konoe's cabinet. Finding a replacement source of petroleum was paramount, as the U.S. supplied 93% of Japan's oil in 1940. Navy chief of staff

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had planned to assassinate Konoe if peace had occurred with the United States in order for Japan to attack the Soviet Union, which was at war with Japan's ally Germany.

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resigned and the army refused to nominate a replacement. Konoe was recalled after Saionji — for the last time before his death later that year — again endorsed him.

6019: 469: 2060:) was also created, an organization whose purpose was to circumvent and weaken pork-barrel local politics by supporting candidates that were not beholden to 1902:

Upon his return to Japan he published a booklet where he described his travels to France, Britain and the U.S. Konoe noted how he was angered by rising

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until 1940 when he was again appointed prime minister. The Imperial Rule Assistance Association was founded later that year, while Japan concluded the

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took place a month after his appointment and escalated into full-scale warfare. Konoe oversaw Japanese victories during the early phase of the

911: 2773:. In February 1945, during the first private audience he had been allowed in three years, he advised the Emperor to begin negotiations to end 1788:

and became his protégé. After graduation, Fumimaro turned to Saionji for advice about starting a political career, and worked briefly in the

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later that year, the Japanese Army demanded Konoe's return. Yonai had refused to align Japan with the Nazis; in response, the army minister

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for the Covenant of the League of Nations. When the Racial Equality Clause came up before the committee, it received the support of Japan,

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in "Operation Blacklist", which aimed to exonerate Emperor Hirohito and the imperial family of criminal responsibility for the war.

5058: 5969: 3389:樂評人 David Hall 在他的權威著作 "The record book : a music lover's guide to the world of the phonograph" ( 1943年版), 曾經對近衛秀磨這一款錄音有以下之評語: 2523: 1444: 4510: 2835: 2151: 1454: 57: 1986:

had split into two factions and could no longer control the government. During the premiership of Kato Komei and his party, the

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Like his position in regard to the nobility, he believed that the emperor should not take political positions. In his eyes, a

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lovers in his life, he fathered an illegitimate child. And in December 1918, he also published an essay entitled "Reject the

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armies, put the Japanese military in a strategic location to threaten more territory, and would hopefully intimidate the

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In November 1937, Konoe instituted a new system of joint conference between the civil government and the military called

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on 27 September 1940, over the objection of some of Konoe's advisors, including former Japanese ambassador to the U.S.

1934:. After his return from Europe he was aggressively recruited by the most powerful political faction of Japan's budding 1850: 1034: 2522:, and Nomura, included American recognition of Manchukuo, the merging of Chiang's government with the Japanese-backed 2188: 94: 6009: 5285: 5014: 3413: 1889: 1538: 5999: 5312: 4032: 2637: 2599:

On 28 July, the Japanese began to formally occupy southern Indochina. In response, on August 1, the U.S. embargoed

2347:, Konoe rejected it "as he had since Versailles, but left open possible western interests in southern China." In a 3490:

Konoe Fumimaro and the Failure of Peace in Japan, 1937–1941: A Critical Appraisal of the Three-time Prime Minister

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informed Emperor Hirohito that Japan's oil stockpiles would be completely depleted in two years. The same day,

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his villa, also claiming a fever, instead of forcing the issue. Matsuoka pushed for an immediate attack on

1576:. In 1933, Konoe assumed the presidency of the House of Peers. In 1937, on the recommendation of his mentor 2620:, who was a friend and advisor to Konoe, was a member of this same breakfast club; he was also a member of 2177: 83: 5647: 5259: 5070: 2729: 2657: 2539: 2289: 2081: 1994:

As the house of peers became allied with different political factions in the lower house, Konoe left the

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Berger, Gordon M. (1974). "Japan's Young Prince. Konoe Fumimaro's Early Political Career, 1916–1931".

2355:, and China" would "create a new culture, and realize close economic cohesion throughout east Asia." 1029: 789: 777: 5984: 2596:. As minister of war, Tojo regarded the seizure as irreversible due to its approval by the emperor. 1473: 883: 800: 5038:, Translated by Shumpei Okamoto and Patricia Murray, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan, 1983. 5006: 2423:

On 23 June, Konoe resigned his position as Chairman of the Privy Council, and on 16 July 1940, the

2320:, through the German ambassador in China, attempted to negotiate, but Konoe rejected the overture. 2274: 2019: 1861: 1743: 1589: 1534: 1425: 1397: 1019: 1014: 844: 2068:) but was unable to secure popular support and dissolved within two years of formation (in 1928). 5308: 5232: 5178: 2741: 2381: 2263: 2112: 1968: 1918: 1907: 1530: 931: 179: 1720:

Upon his father's death in 1912, Fumimaro not only inherited his father's aristocratic title of

1404: 1359: 35: 5954: 5205: 5097: 2746: 2502: 2450:. The invasion would secure needed resources to wage war with China, cut off western supply of 2367: 2324: 2093: 1927: 1736: 1636: 1596: 1565: 1390: 1081: 966: 742: 326: 275: 4056: 4050: 3972: 3810: 3804: 3768: 3762: 3403: 5994: 5652: 5544: 2588: 2312:(to the right of Yonai, with light military suit), on the inaugural day of his administration 5499: 5453: 2486: 2202: 108: 5944: 5939: 5602: 5486: 5171: 5054:

Annotated bibliography for Fumimaro Konoe from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

4947:, Croom Helm, London, and Nissan Institute for Japanese Studies, University of Oxford, 1987 2555: 2436: 2278: 2108: 2077: 1695: 1516: 1115: 1039: 936: 255: 5612: 5556: 5514: 5198: 5188: 3293:] Konoe. Reference to the Premier as Prince Fumimaro Konoye is not incorrect, however. 2732:

to the Emperor as his successor. Two days later, Hirohito appointed war minister, General

2650: 2377: 2295: 1284: 1179: 306: 267: 8: 5381: 5363: 5107: 3399: 2797: 2789: 2576: 2270: 2076:

In the 1920s Japanese foreign policy was largely in line with Anglo-American policy, the

1763: 1759: 1651: 1616: 1564:

Born in Tokyo to a prominent aristocratic family, Konoe took up his father's seat in the

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before accompanying his mentor to Versailles as part of the Japanese peace delegation.

1699: 1418: 1324: 142: 5745: 5705: 5458: 5391: 2463: 1950: 1364: 5839: 5817: 5812: 5802: 5763: 5463: 5018: 5010: 4966: 4956: 4924: 4883: 4846: 4836: 4274: 4070: 4060: 3824: 3814: 3782: 3772: 3409: 2824: 2766: 2531: 2455: 2348: 2332: 1873: 1828: 1663: 1647: 1508: 1349: 1294: 1239: 1060: 514: 5642: 5351: 5048: 2687: 2580: 2471: 5768: 5710: 5551: 5538: 5443: 5419: 5407: 5396: 5358: 5252: 5242: 4916: 2770: 2562: 2344: 2254:. At a costume party before Saionji's daughter was married in 1937, he dressed as 2247: 2085: 1943: 1877: 1785: 1767: 1577: 1383: 1329: 1244: 1159: 1149: 916: 452: 5277: 5161: 2608: 2567: 2400: 2230: 566: 5989: 5797: 5700: 5657: 5622: 5561: 5374: 5345: 5321: 5225: 5215: 5144: 5117: 5090: 5066: 3979: 3161: 2778: 2632: 2515: 2467: 2413: 2340: 2317: 2305: 1732: 1600: 1319: 1129: 1104: 1054: 1024: 1004: 688: 554: 357: 318: 212: 5834: 5822: 5574: 5509: 5448: 5438: 5414: 5401: 5386: 5368: 5340: 1755: 1411: 1259: 5893: 5869: 5859: 5715: 5695: 5690: 5134: 3135: 2989: 2934: 2908: 2805: 2722: 2548: 2104: 1946:

and generally opposed to democratic reform. In September 1922, he joined them.

1896: 1885: 1832: 1728: 1714: 1289: 1269: 1264: 1254: 999: 761: 616: 502: 5725: 5597: 4850: 2679: 2301: 1185: 5933: 5898: 5854: 5792: 5751: 5730: 5637: 5592: 5579: 5533: 5504: 4998: 4970: 4928: 3315: 2707: 2703: 2621: 2617: 2519: 2490: 2424: 2417: 2027: 2015: 1931: 1789: 1691: 1569: 1344: 1279: 976: 27: 20: 5787: 5585: 5429: 4074: 3828: 3786: 2868: 1674: 704: 5849: 5807: 5758: 5740: 5720: 5617: 5492: 5474: 5468: 4830: 2830: 2774: 2604: 2543: 2479: 2475: 2255: 2089: 1964: 1956: 1724:(duke or prince) but also his debt. Thanks to the financial support of the 1687: 1604: 1550: 1546: 1201: 1191: 1169: 5681: 5524: 2501:

on 13 April 1941, which made it clear that the Soviets would not help the

2439:

as a wartime mobilization organization, ironically in alliance with local

2387: 2328:

Kai-shek would never accept in order to win a "total victory" over China.

2238: 1910:. He also described China as a rival to Japan in international relations. 1831:

as an effort to institutionalize the status quo: colonial hegemony by the

1747: 167: 5632: 5022: 4505: 4028: 3280: 2861: 2733: 2646: 2593: 2405: 1846: 1824: 1774: 1632: 1628: 1542: 1249: 1229: 1224: 1154: 1071: 1066: 941: 224: 2656:

The day after the imperial conference, Konoe arranged a meeting between

2396:

Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe (1891–1945, in office 1937–39 and 1940–41)

2380:

succeeded him as prime minister. Konoe was awarded the 1st class of the

2052:

In 1925, Konoe and these officials formed the Alliance for a New Japan (

1922:

Konoe reading imperial rescript as president of the House of Peers, 1936

1143: 981: 5874: 5844: 5828: 5778: 5735: 4936: 2842: 2813: 2756: 2514:

and James M. Drought, who had met Roosevelt through Postmaster General

2451: 2371: 2119:" to help countries like Japan take care of their growing populations. 1991: 1811:). In this article, he argued that western democracies were supporting 1334: 956: 784: 684: 4945:

The Emperor's Advisor: Saionji Kinmochi and Pre-War Japanese Politics

4880:

The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945

4277:, Pacific War Online Encyclopedia website. Retrieved 11 December 2020. 2158: 1773:

At Kyoto Imperial University, Fumimaro studied socialism, translating

1750:, which was an institution to educate the children of the children of 951: 64: 5884: 5864: 5331: 3948:

The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Starting World War II 1937–39

2801: 2507: 2462:

and increased aid to Chiang. Despite this response, foreign minister

2352: 2277:

attempting to secure pardons for the ultranationalist leaders of the

2041: 1926:

In 1916, while at university, Fumimaro took his father's seat in the

1820: 1812: 1659: 1339: 1234: 4920: 2728:

Konoe resigned on 16 October 1941, one day after having recommended

2140: 891: 46: 2691: 2636:

politically impossible, and the emperor then asked why he had been

2631:

On 5 September, Konoe met the emperor with chiefs of staff General

2259: 2258:. Despite these misgivings, Saionji nominated Konoe to the Emperor 1804: 1725: 1581: 1549:. He also played a central role in transforming his country into a 1459: 1354: 200: 2446:

Even before Konoe had been recalled, the army had already planned

1782: 1662:, Konoe committed suicide in December 1945, aged 54, by ingesting 2838: 2392: 2374:

that the war was an endless series of victories, was bewildered.

2092:

military power in the east, further insistence on limitations to

1136: 1122: 1109: 1099: 927:

League of Diet Members Supporting the Prosecution of the Holy War

719: 2664: 2563:

Third government and attempt to avoid war with the United States

2404:

Konoe with his second cabinet ministers, including War Minister

1795:

But first, Konoe completed two tasks. With Kiku, one of several

2498: 1959:, which drew its strength from the lower house. Eventually the 1881: 1869: 1865: 1796: 1751: 1500: 656: 146: 4055:(1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 3809:(1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 3767:(1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 1533:

from 1937 to 1939 and from 1940 to 1941. He presided over the

5671: 4649: 2827:, became prime minister fifty years later, on 9 August 1993. 2817: 821: 2800:, the first post-war government. He came under suspicion of 2542:

by invading the Soviet Union. Coincident with the invasion,

4993:

The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific

3321: 2785:(a great victory), firmly rejected Konoe's recommendation. 2458:

into supplying Japan with oil. The U.S. responded with the

2412:

Due to dissatisfaction with the policies of Prime Minister

2034:) in 1921. Konoe and his allies saw the influence of local 1860:, Konoe was one of the Japanese diplomats who proposed the 1572:

in 1916. He was a member of the Japanese delegation at the

4721: 4832:

Zen terror in prewar Japan : portrait of an assassin

4661: 4352: 4081: 3835: 3688: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3556: 3443: 3289: 2600: 2304:(second row, between Hiranuma and Konoe), Naval Minister 1686:), was born in Tokyo on 12 October 1891 to the prominent 4637: 4613: 4601: 4541: 4517: 4415: 4379: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4292: 4280: 3732: 3730: 3705: 3703: 3371: 1706:). Japanese historian Eri Hotta described the Konoe as " 4369: 4367: 4113: 4111: 3495: 3431: 3332: 3330: 2804:

after he refused to collaborate with U.S. Army officer

2388:

Konoe's second premiership, the Matsuoka foreign policy

1853:; at the dinner, they discussed pan-Asian nationalism. 4135: 4098: 4096: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3864: 3862: 3520: 3460: 3458: 849: 19:

For the 76th Emperor also known as Emperor Konoe, see

4835:. James Mark Shields. Lanham, Maryland. p. 288. 4772: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4673: 3950:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, p. 176. 3727: 3715: 3700: 3676: 3664: 3568: 3544: 3532: 3470: 2408:, the second row, second from the left (22 July 1940) 2308:(back row, with dark military suit) and War Minister 1642:

Konoe remained a close advisor to Hirohito until the

4819:, Chûô Kôronsha, 1987, pp. 66–67, Bix, ibid., p. 489 4784: 4625: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4529: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4451: 4439: 4427: 4403: 4364: 4304: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4207: 4108: 4009: 3359: 3327: 2757:

Post premiership, final years of the war and suicide

2130: 5307: 4391: 4219: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4123: 4093: 3992: 3953: 3910: 3886: 3874: 3859: 3847: 3742: 3455: 2579:was formally created on 18 July 1941, with admiral 4052:The clash : a history of U.S.-Japan relations 3806:The clash : a history of U.S.-Japan relations 3764:The clash : a history of U.S.-Japan relations 1823:, while actually undermining those ideals through 3973:Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China 1835:. Following a translation by American journalist 1735:, later became a symphony conductor and founded 6035:Imperial Rule Assistance Association politicians 5931: 4048: 3942: 3940: 3802: 3760: 2489:as Japanese ambassador to the U.S. Matsuoka and 1580:, Konoe was appointed prime minister by Emperor 1450:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 2358:In April 1938, Konoe and the military pushed a 2246:Despite his tutelage under the liberal-leaning 2064:bosses. The alliance formed a political party ( 1942:, a conservative, militaristic faction, led by 1520: 6020:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure 2009: 1561:while dissolving all other political parties. 912:Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association 826: 5293: 3937: 3515:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 2649:. (This was somewhat perilous: on 15 August, 2234:Konoe and his first cabinet ministers in 1937 1481: 4037:Foreign Relations of the United States, 1940 2167:introducing citations to additional sources 2071: 1963:was able to gain the Aritomo's support, and 1904:anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States 586:30 September 1938 – 29 October 1938 534:30 September 1938 – 29 October 1938 73:introducing citations to additional sources 2686:On 1 October, Konoe summoned navy minister 1839:, Saionji wrote a rebuttal in his journal, 1035:Withdrawal from the Washington Naval Treaty 972:Japanese Committee on Trade and Information 654:12 October 1916 – 16 December 1945 5300: 5286: 5049:Konoe biography from Spartacus Educational 4983:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4955:(First Vintage books ed.). New York. 4863:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4752:Wetzler, ibid., p. 44; Terasaki Hidenari, 3392: 2538:On Sunday, 22 June 1941, Hitler broke the 1690:, one of the main branches of the ancient 1488: 1474: 166: 6015:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun 2018:was extremely powerful, in charge of the 1908:discriminated against Japanese immigrants 1646:and played a key role in the fall of the 1619:in Nanjing. In 1941, Japan concluded the 5975:Japanese politicians who died by suicide 5067:Newspaper clippings about Fumimaro Konoe 4828: 3398: 2829: 2736:as the next prime minister by following 2663: 2566: 2524:Reorganized National Government of China 2399: 2391: 2294: 2237: 2229: 2157:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2103:Meanwhile, Fumimaro sent his eldest son 1917: 1770:to pursue studies in Marxian economics. 1673: 1529:was a Japanese politician who served as 1460:Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan 1445:American cover-up of Japanese war crimes 922:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 402:17 August 1945 – 9 October 1945 63:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5206:President of the Privy Council of Japan 4804:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 4511:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 3428:『第一高等学校一覧自大正元年至大正2年』第一高等学校、1912年、303頁。 3320:) was actually a closer equivalent to " 2769:in 1944 according to the defeat in the 2765:Konoe played a role in the fall of the 1455:Japanese history textbook controversies 192:22 July 1940 – 18 October 1941 5932: 5031:, W. W. Norton and Co, New York, 1976. 4906: 4877: 4087: 3841: 3736: 3721: 3709: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3517:, New York: Random House, 2007, p. 317 3476: 3449: 3377: 3365: 3336: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3005: 2898: 2894: 2798:cabinet of Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 2645:secrecy with U.S. ambassador to Japan 2571:Konoe with his third cabinet ministers 2370:. The Japanese public, which had been 2273:spent the short time between then and 1623:. Despite Konoe's attempts to resolve 1175:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 288:5 January 1939 – 24 June 1940 6005:Members of the House of Peers (Japan) 5950:20th-century prime ministers of Japan 5281: 5036:Konoe Fumimaro: A Political Biography 4995:, Longman, London and New York, 1987. 4950: 4790: 4778: 4769:, 1991, p. 126, citing Tomita's diary 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4102: 4015: 4003: 3959: 3931: 3919: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3853: 3798: 3796: 3748: 3526: 3501: 3464: 3437: 3217: 3214: 3204: 3191: 3181: 3177: 3165: 3159: 3149: 3133: 3123: 3119: 3095: 3085: 3073: 3063: 3059: 3047: 3045: 3035: 3023: 3013: 3009: 2993: 2987: 2977: 2964: 2954: 2950: 2938: 2932: 2922: 2906: 2902: 2856:Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor 2485:In February 1941 Konoe chose Admiral 1527:, 12 October 1891 – 16 December 1945) 1010:Withdrawal from the League of Nations 237:4 June 1937 – 5 January 1939 5059:Fumimaro Konoe and Asian Pacific War 3348: 2433:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 2134: 1559:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 907:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 730:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 482:22 July 1940 – 24 July 1940 432:18 July 1941 – 25 July 1941 40: 3271: 2362:through the Diet, which declared a 1825:racially discriminatory imperialism 391:Minister of State without portfolio 13: 5029:Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939–1941 3971:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991). " 3793: 2871:, Konoe's villa in Suginami, Tokyo 1658:. After coming under suspicion of 1535:Japanese invasion of China in 1937 339:9 June 1933 – 7 June 1937 14: 6056: 6045:Government of the Empire of Japan 5042: 2777:. According to Grand Chamberlain 2435:(IRAA) was created in 1940 under 2316:Prior to the capture of Nanjing, 2131:Prime Minister and war with China 1913: 1809:eibei-hon'i no heiwashugi o haisu 1541:, which ultimately culminated in 5916: 5915: 4953:Japan, 1941: Countdown to infamy 4871: 4822: 4809: 4796: 4759: 4746: 4733: 2262:, and in June 1937 Konoe became 2150:relies largely or entirely on a 2139: 1842:Millard's Review of the Far East 1595:Konoe served as chairman of the 1539:relations with the United States 890: 799: 56:relies largely or entirely on a 45: 5970:Japanese people of World War II 5098:President of the House of Peers 4900: 4499: 4267: 4042: 4021: 3965: 3754: 3507: 3482: 2495:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 2448:an invasion of French Indochina 1975:government, as did most of the 1837:Thomas Franklin Fairfax Millard 1781:" into Japanese. There, he met 1779:The Soul of Man Under Socialism 1625:tensions with the United States 1621:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 16:Japanese politician (1891–1945) 4767:Shôwa tennô no ju-go nen sensô 4027:The U.S. Ambassador in Japan ( 3422: 3383: 3342: 3298: 2702:courage, close one's eyes and 2360:State General Mobilization Law 2349:declaration on 3 November 1938 2331:In January 1938, Konoe issued 1698:divided the Fujiwara into the 1654:, he served in the cabinet of 1555:State General Mobilization Law 1050:State General Mobilization Law 850: 1: 6025:Suicides by cyanide poisoning 5960:Government ministers of Japan 4882:. Random House. p. 874. 3264: 2781:, Shōwa, still looking for a 2738:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 1949:The opposing faction was the 1669: 1650:in 1944. At the start of the 5152:Minister for Foreign Affairs 5125:Minister of Colonial Affairs 2721:That same evening Tojo sent 2554:Matsuoka was convinced that 1635:broke out following Japan's 1613:invasion of French Indochina 643:Member of the House of Peers 574:Minister of Colonial Affairs 522:Minister for Foreign Affairs 38:when mentioning individuals. 7: 6030:Suicides by poison in Japan 5071:20th Century Press Archives 5003:The Making of Modern Japan. 2884:Ancestors of Fumimaro Konoe 2875: 2849: 2845:on Konoe (17 December 1945) 2788:After the beginning of the 2747:Japan attacked Pearl Harbor 2730:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 2658:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 2082:Washington Naval Conference 2010:Alliance with Home Ministry 1656:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 1521: 957:National Foundation Society 413:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni 10: 6061: 3284:. 2 June 1937. p. 6. 3113: 2999: 2896: 2762:only last 2 or 3 months." 2535:deliver it to Washington. 2323:After taking Nanjing, the 2283:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 2088:of the 1930s, the rise of 1906:and how the US government 1652:Allied occupation of Japan 1586:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1045:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 901:Organizations and factions 25: 18: 5913: 5883: 5777: 5680: 5670: 5523: 5428: 5330: 5320: 5266: 5257: 5249: 5239: 5230: 5222: 5212: 5203: 5195: 5185: 5176: 5168: 5158: 5149: 5141: 5131: 5122: 5114: 5104: 5095: 5087: 5082: 4829:Victoria, Daizen (2019). 4806:, Perennial, 2001, p. 756 4049:LaFeber, Walter. (1997). 3803:LaFeber, Walter. (1997). 3761:LaFeber, Walter. (1997). 3492:(McFarland, 2006): p. 19. 3198: 3179: 3171: 3143: 3121: 3117: 3079: 3061: 3053: 3029: 3011: 3007: 2971: 2952: 2944: 2916: 2900: 2107:to study in the U.S., at 2072:Road to First Premiership 1768:Kyoto Imperial University 1764:Tokyo Imperial University 1746:, he went on to study at 1617:Wang Jingwei's government 1512: 1365:Use of biological weapons 1030:Military Academy Incident 869: 865: 861: 843: 838: 834: 827: 820: 815: 811: 807: 795: 790:Kyoto Imperial University 783: 778:Tokyo Imperial University 769: 757: 753:Konoe Chiyoko (1896–1980) 749: 736: 725: 714: 694: 671: 666: 662: 647: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 610: 600: 590: 579: 572: 560: 548: 538: 527: 520: 508: 496: 486: 475: 468: 458: 446: 436: 425: 418: 406: 395: 390: 386: 379: 375: 363: 351: 343: 332: 324: 312: 300: 292: 281: 273: 261: 249: 241: 230: 218: 206: 196: 185: 178: 174: 165: 156: 140: 6010:Political party founders 5309:Prime ministers of Japan 5007:Harvard University Press 4754:Shôwa tennô dokuhakuroku 4658:, pp. 196–197, 200. 3400:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric 2706:off the platform of the 2058:Senkyo Shukusei Dōmeikai 1862:Racial Equality Proposal 1744:Taimei Elementary School 1708:First among the go-sekke 1615:and formally recognized 1590:Second Sino-Japanese War 1426:Ode of Showa Restoration 1398:Momotaro: Sacred Sailors 1020:League of Blood Incident 1015:Imperial Colors Incident 715:Cause of death 157: 34:. This article uses 26:The native form of this 6000:Kyoto University alumni 5233:Prime Minister of Japan 5179:Prime Minister of Japan 2540:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact 2382:Order of the Rising Sun 2113:anti-Japanese sentiment 1531:prime minister of Japan 1350:Use of chemical weapons 947:Young Officers Movement 932:Great Japan Youth Party 470:Minister of Agriculture 180:Prime Minister of Japan 6040:Politicians from Tokyo 5980:Japanese war criminals 5210:Jan 1939 – June 1940 5102:June 1933 – June 1937 4275:Tsuji Masanobu profile 3402:(2002). "Gakushū-in". 2846: 2796:, Konoe served in the 2669: 2572: 2409: 2397: 2325:Imperial Japanese Army 2313: 2269:Upon assuming office, 2243: 2235: 2117:international new deal 1982:However, by 1923, the 1923: 1858:Paris Peace Conference 1849:. Sun admired Japan's 1742:After graduating from 1737:NHK Symphony Orchestra 1682:Fumimaro Konoe (often 1679: 1637:attack on Pearl Harbor 1631:. Six weeks later the 1574:Paris Peace Conference 1391:How Japan Plans to Win 967:Cherry Blossom Society 884:Statism in Shōwa Japan 5965:Japanese nationalists 5156:Sept 1938 – Oct 1938 4878:Toland, John (1970). 4514:, 2000, pp. 411, 745. 3984:Sino-Japanese Studies 2833: 2667: 2589:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2570: 2403: 2395: 2333:a statement declaring 2298: 2241: 2233: 1930:, upper house of the 1921: 1754:. He was inspired by 1677: 1553:state by passing the 1537:and the breakdown in 1355:Human experimentation 709:Allied-occupied Japan 381:Ministerial offices 5237:Jul 1940 – Oct 1941 5183:Jun 1937 – Jan 1939 5129:Sep 1938 – Oct 1938 4730:, pp. 210, 212. 4361:, pp. 145, 147. 3513:Macmillan, Margaret 3278:"Konoe or Konoye?". 2624:'s soviet spy ring. 2437:Second Konoe Cabinet 2279:26 February incident 2163:improve this article 2094:Japanese naval power 2086:The Great Depression 2078:Treaty of Versailles 1696:Minamoto no Yoritomo 1405:Momotarō no Umiwashi 1377:Media and literature 1040:February 26 Incident 69:improve this article 5260:Minister of Justice 5108:Yorinaga Matsudaira 4951:Hotta, Eri (2013). 4909:Monumenta Nipponica 4670:, pp. 201–202. 4646:, pp. 197–198. 4622:, pp. 192–193. 4610:, pp. 188–190. 4550:, pp. 178–179. 4526:, pp. 175–176. 4424:, pp. 155–156. 4388:, pp. 151–153. 4349:, pp. 143–144. 4337:, pp. 141–142. 4325:, pp. 140–141. 4301:, pp. 135–137. 4289:, pp. 128–131. 4090:, pp. 473–474. 3844:, pp. 472–473. 3697:, pp. 471–472. 3661:, pp. 470–471. 3649:, pp. 467–469. 3637:, pp. 467–468. 3625:, pp. 466–467. 3613:, pp. 465–466. 3601:, pp. 464–467. 3589:, pp. 462–464. 3565:, pp. 459–460. 3452:, pp. 456–457. 3380:, pp. 455–456. 3192:13. Tokugawa Tomoko 2577:Third Konoe Cabinet 2290:liaison conferences 2271:First Konoe Cabinet 1992:violent revolution. 1851:quick modernization 1760:First Higher School 1644:end of World War II 962:Black Ocean Society 878:Part of a series on 774:First Higher School 420:Minister of Justice 370:Yorinaga Matsudaira 5083:Political offices 4943:Connors, Lesley. 4033:Secretary of State 3978:2011-07-21 at the 3504:, pp. 36, 42. 3440:, pp. 23, 33. 3405:Japan Encyclopedia 2847: 2794:surrender of Japan 2670: 2668:Konoe in late 1941 2573: 2512:James Edward Walsh 2487:Kichisaburō Nomura 2460:Export Control Act 2410: 2398: 2364:state of emergency 2314: 2244: 2236: 1998:in November 1927. 1938:of the 1920s: the 1924: 1827:. He attacked the 1817:self-determination 1758:, the dean of the 1700:Five Regent Houses 1680: 1419:The Most Beautiful 1325:Bataan Death March 657:Hereditary Peerage 143:Junior Second Rank 36:Western name order 5927: 5926: 5909: 5908: 5666: 5665: 5276: 5275: 5267:Succeeded by 5240:Succeeded by 5213:Succeeded by 5199:Kiichirō Hiranuma 5189:Kiichirō Hiranuma 5186:Succeeded by 5159:Succeeded by 5132:Succeeded by 5105:Succeeded by 5027:Lash, Joseph P. 4999:Jansen, Marius B. 4889:978-0-8129-6858-3 4842:978-1-5381-3166-4 4815:Fujita Hisanori, 4144:, pp. 26–28. 4039:, vol. IV, p. 962 3946:Weinberg Gerhard 3934:, pp. 32–33. 3907:, pp. 30–31. 3529:, pp. 36–37. 3261: 3260: 3257: 3256: 2825:Morihiro Hosokawa 2792:according to the 2790:Allied occupation 2651:Hiranuma Kiichiro 2532:British Singapore 2456:Dutch East Indies 2378:Kiichirō Hiranuma 2228: 2227: 2213: 2054:Shin Nippon Domei 2003:political emperor 1829:League of Nations 1807:" (英米本位の平和主義を排す, 1557:and founding the 1498: 1497: 1295:Kingoro Hashimoto 1285:Hiranuma Kiichirō 1180:Shōwa Restoration 1061:Taisei Yokusankai 1059:Formation of the 873: 872: 857: 856: 622: 621: 515:Tadaatsu Ishiguro 325:President of the 307:Kiichirō Hiranuma 274:President of the 268:Kiichirō Hiranuma 134: 133: 119: 6052: 5919: 5918: 5678: 5677: 5328: 5327: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5253:Heisuke Yanagawa 5250:Preceded by 5223:Preceded by 5196:Preceded by 5169:Preceded by 5142:Preceded by 5115:Preceded by 5088:Preceded by 5080: 5079: 5063: 5034:Oka, Yoshitake. 4988: 4982: 4974: 4940: 4894: 4893: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4862: 4854: 4826: 4820: 4817:Jijûchô no kaisô 4813: 4807: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4765:Akira Fujiwara, 4763: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4741:Hirohito and War 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4046: 4040: 4035:, 24 June 1940, 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3990: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3275: 2890: 2889: 2881: 2880: 2771:Battle of Saipan 2638:kept in the dark 2585:foreign minister 2345:Open Door Policy 2310:Seishirō Itagaki 2248:Saionji Kinmochi 2223: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2178:"Fumimaro Konoe" 2171: 2143: 2135: 2032:Nippon Seinenkan 2026:, public works, 1944:Yamagata Aritomo 1936:Taishō democracy 1786:Saionji Kinmochi 1752:Japan's nobility 1713:Konoe's father, 1678:Konoe in his 20s 1578:Saionji Kinmochi 1528: 1526: 1514: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1384:Shinmin no Michi 1330:Nanjing Massacre 1275:Jinzaburō Masaki 1245:Uesugi Shinkichi 1160:State capitalism 1150:Ultranationalism 917:Yokusan Sonendan 894: 875: 874: 853: 852: 836: 835: 830: 829: 803: 701: 698:16 December 1945 681: 679: 667:Personal details 652: 613: 603: 593: 584: 563: 551: 541: 532: 511: 499: 489: 480: 461: 453:Heisuke Yanagawa 449: 439: 430: 409: 400: 377: 376: 366: 354: 337: 315: 303: 286: 264: 252: 235: 221: 209: 190: 170: 160: 138: 137: 129: 126: 120: 118: 84:"Fumimaro Konoe" 77: 49: 41: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6049: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5905: 5879: 5773: 5662: 5519: 5424: 5322:Empire of Japan 5316: 5306: 5272: 5270:Michiyo Iwamura 5263: 5255: 5245: 5236: 5228: 5226:Mitsumasa Yonai 5218: 5216:Yoshimichi Hara 5209: 5201: 5191: 5182: 5174: 5172:Senjūrō Hayashi 5164: 5155: 5147: 5145:Kazushige Ugaki 5137: 5128: 5120: 5118:Kazushige Ugaki 5110: 5101: 5093: 5091:Tokugawa Iesato 5061: 5045: 4976: 4975: 4963: 4921:10.2307/2383896 4903: 4898: 4897: 4890: 4876: 4872: 4856: 4855: 4843: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4810: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4747: 4739:Peter Wetzler, 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273:Budge, Kent G. 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4067: 4047: 4043: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3993: 3980:Wayback Machine 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3821: 3801: 3794: 3779: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 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Maeda Sawako 3162:Maeda Yoshiyasu 2878: 2852: 2779:Hisanori Fujita 2759: 2633:Hajime Sugiyama 2565: 2516:Frank C. Walker 2468:Tripartite Pact 2464:Yosuke Matsuoka 2414:Mitsumasa Yonai 2390: 2341:trade imbalance 2306:Mitsumasa Yonai 2224: 2218: 2215: 2172: 2170: 2156: 2144: 2133: 2074: 2012: 1916: 1733:Hidemaro Konoye 1672: 1601:Tripartite Pact 1506: 1494: 1465: 1464: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1320:Manila massacre 1310: 1300: 1299: 1215: 1207: 1206: 1130:Yamato-damashii 1105:Totalitarianism 1095: 1087: 1086: 1065:Appointment of 1055:Tripartite Pact 1025:May 15 Incident 1005:Mukden Incident 995: 987: 986: 937:Shōwa Kenkyūkai 902: 776: 764: 738: 737:Other political 726:Political party 703: 699: 689:Empire of Japan 683: 682:12 October 1891 677: 675: 655: 653: 648: 611: 606:Kazushige Ugaki 601: 591: 585: 580: 561: 555:Kazushige Ugaki 549: 539: 533: 528: 509: 497: 487: 481: 476: 464:Michiyo Iwamura 459: 447: 437: 431: 426: 407: 401: 396: 382: 364: 358:Iesato Tokugawa 352: 338: 333: 319:Yoshimichi Hara 313: 301: 287: 282: 262: 256:Senjūrō Hayashi 250: 236: 231: 219: 213:Mitsumasa Yonai 207: 191: 186: 161: 158: 152: 149: 145: 130: 124: 121: 78: 76: 62: 50: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6058: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5887:, 2019–present 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5675: 5674:, 1947–present 5672:State of Japan 5668: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5325: 5318: 5317: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5265: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5211: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5135:Yoshiaki Hatta 5133: 5130: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5103: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5064: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5043:External links 5041: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5025: 4996: 4991:Iriye, Akira. 4989: 4962:978-0307739742 4961: 4948: 4941: 4915:(4): 451–475. 4902: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4870: 4841: 4821: 4808: 4795: 4783: 4781:, p. 275. 4771: 4758: 4756:, 1991, p. 118 4745: 4732: 4720: 4718:, p. 209. 4708: 4706:, p. 208. 4696: 4694:, p. 204. 4684: 4682:, p. 202. 4672: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4634:, p. 195. 4624: 4612: 4600: 4598:, p. 187. 4588: 4586:, p. 186. 4576: 4574:, p. 184. 4564: 4562:, p. 180. 4552: 4540: 4538:, p. 177. 4528: 4516: 4498: 4496:, p. 173. 4486: 4484:, p. 172. 4474: 4472:, p. 171. 4462: 4460:, p. 159. 4450: 4448:, p. 122. 4438: 4436:, p. 155. 4426: 4414: 4412:, p. 152. 4402: 4390: 4378: 4376:, p. 148. 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4313:, p. 140. 4303: 4291: 4279: 4266: 4264:, p. 115. 4254: 4252:, p. 114. 4242: 4240:, p. 113. 4230: 4218: 4216:, p. 111. 4206: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4120:, p. 124. 4107: 4092: 4080: 4065: 4041: 4029:Joseph C. Grew 4020: 4018:, p. 104. 4008: 3991: 3964: 3952: 3936: 3924: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3819: 3792: 3777: 3753: 3741: 3739:, p. 475. 3726: 3724:, p. 474. 3714: 3712:, p. 472. 3699: 3687: 3685:, p. 470. 3675: 3673:, p. 469. 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3577:, p. 460. 3567: 3555: 3553:, p. 462. 3543: 3541:, p. 456. 3531: 3519: 3506: 3494: 3488:Kazuo Yagami, 3481: 3479:, p. 457. 3469: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3421: 3414: 3391: 3382: 3370: 3368:, p. 455. 3358: 3341: 3339:, p. 453. 3326: 3297: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3136:Maeda Nariyasu 3132: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098:Fumimaro Konoe 3094: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990:Konoe Atsumaro 2986: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935:Konoe Tadahiro 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2909:Konoe Motosaki 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2866: 2858: 2851: 2848: 2823:His grandson, 2806:Bonner Fellers 2758: 2755: 2742:imperial house 2723:Teiichi Suzuki 2688:Koshirō Oikawa 2581:Teijirō Toyoda 2564: 2561: 2549:Masanobu Tsuji 2472:Kikujiro Ishii 2389: 2386: 2318:Chang Kai-shek 2275:war with China 2264:Prime Minister 2226: 2225: 2161:. Please help 2147: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2073: 2070: 2028:Shinto shrines 2011: 2008: 1969:prime minister 1928:House of Peers 1915: 1914:House of Peers 1912: 1897:Woodrow Wilson 1894:U.S. President 1886:Czechoslovakia 1833:western powers 1821:hypocritically 1801:Anglo-American 1671: 1668: 1611:, launched an 1566:House of Peers 1523:Konoe Fumimaro 1504:Fumimaro Konoe 1496: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1401: 1394: 1387: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1345:Sexual slavery 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1290:Kanji Ishiwara 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1270:Masanobu Tsuji 1267: 1265:Tanaka Chigaku 1262: 1257: 1255:Nobusuke Kishi 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1220:Fumimaro Konoe 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1140: 1133: 1126: 1119: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1077:Kyūjō incident 1074: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000:March Incident 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 887: 886: 880: 879: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 851:Konoe Fumimaro 847: 841: 840: 839:Transcriptions 832: 831: 824: 818: 817: 813: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 797: 793: 792: 787: 781: 780: 771: 767: 766: 762:Konoe Atsumaro 759: 755: 754: 751: 747: 746: 740: 734: 733: 727: 723: 722: 716: 712: 711: 702:(aged 54) 696: 692: 691: 673: 669: 668: 664: 663: 660: 659: 645: 644: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 617:Yoshiaki Hatta 614: 608: 607: 604: 598: 597: 594: 592:Prime Minister 588: 587: 577: 576: 570: 569: 564: 558: 557: 552: 546: 545: 542: 540:Prime Minister 536: 535: 525: 524: 518: 517: 512: 506: 505: 503:Toshio Shimada 500: 494: 493: 490: 488:Prime Minister 484: 483: 473: 472: 466: 465: 462: 456: 455: 450: 444: 443: 440: 438:Prime Minister 434: 433: 423: 422: 416: 415: 410: 408:Prime Minister 404: 403: 393: 392: 388: 387: 384: 383: 380: 373: 372: 367: 361: 360: 355: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 330: 329: 327:House of Peers 322: 321: 316: 310: 309: 304: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 279: 278: 271: 270: 265: 259: 258: 253: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 183: 182: 176: 175: 172: 171: 163: 162: 154: 153: 151:Fumimaro Konoe 150: 141: 132: 131: 67:. Please help 53: 51: 44: 32:Konoe Fumimaro 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6057: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5985:Shōwa Statism 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5955:Fujiwara clan 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5922: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5162:Hachirō Arita 5154: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5092: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5062:(in Japanese) 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5015:9780674003347 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4825: 4818: 4812: 4805: 4802:Herbert Bix, 4799: 4793:, p. 11. 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4762: 4755: 4749: 4743:, 1998, p. 41 4742: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4400:, p. 27. 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4283: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4228:, p. 72. 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4204:, p. 68. 4203: 4198: 4192:, p. 70. 4191: 4186: 4180:, p. 57. 4179: 4174: 4168:, p. 56. 4167: 4162: 4156:, p. 67. 4155: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4132:, p. 40. 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4105:, p. 54. 4104: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4006:, p. 52. 4005: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3968: 3962:, p. 32. 3961: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3928: 3922:, p. 39. 3921: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3901: 3895:, p. 29. 3894: 3889: 3883:, p. 47. 3882: 3877: 3871:, p. 28. 3870: 3865: 3863: 3856:, p. 38. 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3751:, p. 37. 3750: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3467:, p. 35. 3466: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3425: 3417: 3415:9780674017535 3411: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3354: 3353: 3349:堺屋太一 (2006). 3345: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3283: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2844: 2841:performing a 2840: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2745:weeks later, 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2623: 2622:Richard Sorge 2619: 2618:Hotsumi Ozaki 2613: 2610: 2609:Hachirō Arita 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2520:Hideo Iwakura 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2425:Yonai Cabinet 2421: 2419: 2418:Shunroku Hata 2415: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2368:Privy Council 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242:Konoe in 1938 2240: 2232: 2222: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2180: – 2179: 2175: 2174:Find sources: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2152:single source 2148:This section 2146: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2128: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016:home ministry 2014:The Japanese 2007: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932:Imperial Diet 1929: 1920: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815:, peace, and 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1790:home ministry 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692:Fujiwara clan 1689: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:Fascist Italy 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597:Privy Council 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570:Imperial Diet 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543:Japan's entry 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315:Mass killings 1313: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1280:Kuniaki Koiso 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 991: 990: 983: 980: 978: 977:Fleet faction 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 898: 897: 893: 889: 888: 885: 882: 881: 877: 876: 868: 864: 860: 848: 846: 842: 837: 833: 825: 823: 819: 816:Japanese name 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 791: 788: 786: 782: 779: 775: 772: 768: 763: 760: 756: 752: 748: 745:(Before 1940) 744: 741: 735: 731: 728: 724: 721: 717: 713: 710: 706: 697: 693: 690: 686: 674: 670: 665: 661: 658: 651: 646: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 618: 615: 609: 605: 599: 595: 589: 583: 578: 575: 571: 568: 567:Hachirō Arita 565: 559: 556: 553: 547: 543: 537: 531: 526: 523: 519: 516: 513: 507: 504: 501: 495: 491: 485: 479: 474: 471: 467: 463: 457: 454: 451: 445: 441: 435: 429: 424: 421: 417: 414: 411: 405: 399: 394: 389: 385: 378: 374: 371: 368: 362: 359: 356: 350: 346: 342: 336: 331: 328: 323: 320: 317: 311: 308: 305: 299: 295: 291: 285: 280: 277: 276:Privy Council 272: 269: 266: 260: 257: 254: 248: 244: 240: 234: 229: 226: 223: 217: 214: 211: 205: 202: 199: 195: 189: 184: 181: 177: 173: 169: 164: 155: 148: 144: 139: 136: 128: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: – 85: 81: 80:Find sources: 74: 70: 66: 60: 59: 58:single source 54:This article 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 33: 29: 28:personal name 22: 21:Emperor Konoe 5995:Konoe family 5827: 5750: 5627: 5607: 5584: 5566: 5543: 5491: 5473: 5406: 5373: 5350: 5258: 5231: 5204: 5177: 5150: 5123: 5096: 5035: 5028: 5002: 4992: 4952: 4944: 4912: 4908: 4901:Bibliography 4879: 4873: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4811: 4803: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4766: 4761: 4753: 4748: 4740: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4531: 4519: 4509: 4501: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4083: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4023: 4011: 3986: 3983: 3967: 3955: 3947: 3927: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3849: 3837: 3805: 3763: 3756: 3744: 3717: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3514: 3509: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3472: 3445: 3433: 3424: 3404: 3394: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3351: 3344: 3306: 3300: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3097: 2860: 2822: 2810: 2787: 2782: 2775:World War II 2767:Tōjō Cabinet 2764: 2760: 2751: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2700: 2696: 2685: 2674: 2671: 2655: 2643: 2630: 2626: 2614: 2605:Osami Nagano 2598: 2574: 2553: 2544:Cordell Hull 2537: 2528: 2484: 2476:Wang Jingwei 2445: 2440: 2430: 2422: 2411: 2376: 2357: 2338: 2330: 2322: 2315: 2287: 2268: 2256:Adolf Hitler 2251: 2245: 2219:October 2019 2216: 2206: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2173: 2149: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2102: 2098: 2075: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2013: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1965:Hara Takashi 1960: 1957:Hara Takashi 1951: 1948: 1939: 1925: 1901: 1855: 1840: 1808: 1794: 1772: 1756:Inazo Nitobe 1741: 1721: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1688:Konoe family 1683: 1681: 1648:Tōjō Cabinet 1641: 1605:Nazi Germany 1594: 1563: 1551:totalitarian 1547:World War II 1522: 1503: 1499: 1417: 1412:Moyuru ōzora 1410: 1403: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1260:Nisshō Inoue 1240:Shūmei Ōkawa 1219: 1202:Pan-Asianism 1192:Expansionism 1184: 1170:State Shinto 1142: 1135: 1128: 1121: 1114: 845:Romanization 765:Maeda Sawako 739:affiliations 700:(1945-12-16) 649: 612:Succeeded by 581: 562:Succeeded by 529: 510:Succeeded by 477: 460:Succeeded by 427: 397: 365:Succeeded by 334: 314:Succeeded by 283: 263:Succeeded by 232: 220:Succeeded by 187: 135: 122: 112: 105: 98: 91: 79: 55: 31: 5945:1945 deaths 5940:1891 births 5860:Y. Hatoyama 5781:, 1989–2019 5706:I. Hatoyama 5648:Higashikuni 5354:(caretaker) 5334:, 1868–1912 5324:, 1868–1947 5243:Hideki Tōjō 5005:Cambridge: 4506:Herbert Bix 4088:Berger 1974 3989:(1), p. 15. 3842:Berger 1974 3737:Berger 1974 3722:Berger 1974 3710:Berger 1974 3695:Berger 1974 3683:Berger 1974 3671:Berger 1974 3659:Berger 1974 3647:Berger 1974 3635:Berger 1974 3623:Berger 1974 3611:Berger 1974 3599:Berger 1974 3587:Berger 1974 3575:Berger 1974 3563:Berger 1974 3551:Berger 1974 3539:Berger 1974 3477:Berger 1974 3450:Berger 1974 3378:Berger 1974 3366:Berger 1974 3337:Berger 1974 3314: [ 3281:Rafu Shimpo 2965:9. Kotohime 2862:Nanshin-ron 2734:Hideki Tojo 2680:Kōichi Kido 2647:Joseph Grew 2594:Hideki Tojo 2493:signed the 2466:signed the 2406:Hideki Tojo 2302:Kōichi Kido 1892:. However, 1856:During the 1847:Sun Yat-sen 1775:Oscar Wilde 1633:Pacific War 1629:Hideki Tojo 1250:Koki Hirota 1230:Sadao Araki 1225:Hideki Tojo 1186:Hakkō ichiu 1155:Corporatism 1072:Pacific War 1067:Hideki Tojo 743:Independent 732:(1940–1945) 718:Suicide by 602:Preceded by 550:Preceded by 498:Preceded by 448:Preceded by 353:Preceded by 302:Preceded by 251:Preceded by 225:Hideki Tojo 208:Preceded by 5934:Categories 5779:Heisei era 5430:Taishō era 4851:1139137433 4791:Hotta 2013 4779:Hotta 2013 4728:Hotta 2013 4716:Hotta 2013 4704:Hotta 2013 4692:Hotta 2013 4680:Hotta 2013 4668:Hotta 2013 4656:Hotta 2013 4644:Hotta 2013 4632:Hotta 2013 4620:Hotta 2013 4608:Hotta 2013 4596:Hotta 2013 4584:Hotta 2013 4572:Hotta 2013 4560:Hotta 2013 4548:Hotta 2013 4536:Hotta 2013 4524:Hotta 2013 4494:Hotta 2013 4482:Hotta 2013 4470:Hotta 2013 4458:Hotta 2013 4446:Hotta 2013 4434:Hotta 2013 4422:Hotta 2013 4410:Hotta 2013 4398:Hotta 2013 4386:Hotta 2013 4374:Hotta 2013 4359:Hotta 2013 4347:Hotta 2013 4335:Hotta 2013 4323:Hotta 2013 4311:Hotta 2013 4299:Hotta 2013 4287:Hotta 2013 4262:Hotta 2013 4250:Hotta 2013 4238:Hotta 2013 4226:Hotta 2013 4214:Hotta 2013 4202:Hotta 2013 4190:Hotta 2013 4178:Hotta 2013 4166:Hotta 2013 4154:Hotta 2013 4142:Hotta 2013 4130:Hotta 2013 4118:Hotta 2013 4103:Hotta 2013 4066:0393039501 4016:Hotta 2013 4004:Hotta 2013 3960:Hotta 2013 3932:Hotta 2013 3920:Hotta 2013 3905:Hotta 2013 3893:Hotta 2013 3881:Hotta 2013 3869:Hotta 2013 3854:Hotta 2013 3820:0393039501 3778:0393039501 3749:Hotta 2013 3527:Hotta 2013 3502:Hotta 2013 3465:Hotta 2013 3438:Hotta 2013 3287: [ 3265:References 2869:Tekigai-sō 2843:postmortem 2814:Daitoku-ji 2802:war crimes 2556:Barbarossa 2452:Kuomintang 2189:newspapers 2080:, and the 1803:-Centered 1670:Early life 1660:war crimes 1335:Sook Ching 1308:Atrocities 1197:Propaganda 1165:Militarism 1116:Shintaisei 1094:Ideologies 785:Alma mater 705:Tekigai-sō 678:1891-10-12 95:newspapers 5885:Reiwa era 5850:Y. Fukuda 5818:Hashimoto 5769:Takeshita 5759:Z. Suzuki 5741:T. Fukuda 5731:K. Tanaka 5711:Ishibashi 5684:, 1947–89 5682:Shōwa era 5653:Shidehara 5643:K. Suzuki 5568:Takahashi 5557:Wakatsuki 5552:Hamaguchi 5545:Shidehara 5539:Hamaguchi 5534:G. Tanaka 5527:, 1926–47 5525:Shōwa era 5515:Wakatsuki 5482:Takahashi 5432:, 1912–26 5382:Matsukata 5364:Matsukata 5332:Meiji era 5264:Jul 1941 4979:cite book 4971:863596251 4929:0027-0741 4859:cite book 4031:) to the 3352:日本を創った12人 2508:Maryknoll 2384:in 1939. 2353:Manchukuo 2339:Due to a 2159:talk page 2109:Princeton 2066:meiseikai 2042:Seinendan 2024:elections 1996:kenkyukai 1988:kenseikai 1977:kenkyukai 1955:, led by 1940:kenkyukai 1813:democracy 1748:Gakushuin 1340:Hell ship 1235:Ikki Kita 796:Signature 770:Education 758:Parent(s) 707:, Tokyo, 650:In office 398:In office 335:In office 284:In office 233:In office 188:In office 65:talk page 5921:Category 5813:Murayama 5803:Hosokawa 5798:Miyazawa 5764:Nakasone 5754:(acting) 5691:Katayama 5613:Hiranuma 5588:(acting) 5570:(acting) 5547:(acting) 5510:Ta. Katō 5500:Yamamoto 5495:(acting) 5487:To. Katō 5477:(acting) 5464:Terauchi 5454:Yamamoto 5410:(acting) 5397:Yamagata 5377:(acting) 5359:Yamagata 5023:44090600 5001:(2000). 4075:35990234 3976:Archived 3829:35990234 3787:35990234 2876:Ancestry 2850:See also 2783:tennozan 2708:Kiyomizu 2692:Kamakura 2675:hardened 2510:priests 2260:Hirohito 2125:survival 2105:Fumitaka 2049:system. 1984:seiyukai 1973:seiyukai 1961:seiyukai 1952:seiyukai 1805:Pacifism 1729:Sumitomo 1726:zaibatsu 1715:Atsumaro 1704:go-sekke 1582:Hirohito 1509:Japanese 1144:Gekokujō 982:Yūzonsha 125:May 2024 5899:Kishida 5840:Koizumi 5701:Yoshida 5658:Yoshida 5603:Hayashi 5505:Kiyoura 5449:Katsura 5444:Saionji 5439:Katsura 5420:Saionji 5415:Katsura 5408:Saionji 5073:of the 5069:in the 4937:2383896 3307:kōshaku 2839:coroner 2441:meiboka 2203:scholar 2062:meiboka 2047:meiboka 2036:meiboka 1967:became 1722:koshaku 1664:cyanide 1568:of the 1517:Hepburn 1439:Related 1360:Slavery 1137:Bushido 1123:Kokutai 1110:Statism 1100:Fascism 952:Tōseiha 720:cyanide 596:Himself 544:Himself 492:Himself 442:Himself 344:Monarch 293:Monarch 242:Monarch 197:Monarch 109:scholar 5990:Kazoku 5875:S. 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